1.1.

3 OPERATION OF NUMBERS
Addition
1. Addition is the process of finding the sum or total of two or more number.
2. The sign of addition is +.
3. Total, plus, more, increase and altogether are words used for addition.
4. Sum is the answer to an addition operation.
5. We may use following steps to solve addition
Step 1 Align numbers at the right.
Step 2 Add units column. If the sum more than 9, carry tens digit.
Step 3 Moving left, repeat Step 2 until all place values are added.

EXAMPLE 25
Find the sum of the following.

a) 88656 + 40560 b) 325689 + 784521 + 654

Answer Answer
88656 325689
+ 40560 784521
+ 654

c) 4253 + 869 + 531 + 6532 + 235 d) 78123 + 98651 + 6 + 5 + 86 + 396

Answer Answer
Subtraction
1. Subtraction is a prosess of finding the difference between two numbers or finding the
remainder when a smaller number is taken away from a larger number.
2. The symbol for subtraction is .
3. Words for subtraction are subtract, take away, difference, less than, minus, decrease,
fewer than, reduce.
4. Difference is the answer to a subtraction operation.
5. We may use following steps to solve addition
Step 1 Align minuend and subtracthend at the right.
Step 2 Subtract units digits. If necessary, borrow 1 from tens digit in minuend.
Step 3 Moving left, repeat Step 2 until all place values are subtracted.

EXAMPLE 26
Subtract of the following.

a) 89564 9653 b) 4789562 5689 56423

Answer Answer
89564 4789562
9653 56423
5689

c) 125600 9653 5864 32 d) 125638 8956 45236 544 1

Answer Answer
Multiplication
1. Multiplication is the process of repetetive addition of the same number.
2. The symbol for multiplication is .
3. Key words for multiplication are multiply, multiple, times, sets of, lots of, groups of.
4. The answer of multiplication is called product.
5. We may use following steps to solve addition
Step 1 Align multiplicand and multiplier at the right.
Step 2 Begin at the right and keep multiplying as you move to the left. First partial
product aligns at the right with multiplicand and multiplier
Step 3 Move left through multiplier and continue multiplying multiplicand. Partial
product right digit or first digit is placed directly below digit in multiplier.
Step 4 Continue Step 2 and Step 3 until multiplication is complete. Add partial
products to get final product.

EXAMPLE 27
Evaluate each of the following.

a) 223 43 b) 456 257

Answer Answer
223
43
669 [multiplying 223 by 3]
+ 892 [multiplying 223 by 4]
9589

6. Multiplying by zero (0) produces zero.

EXAMPLE 28
Evaluate each of the following.

Multiplication Answer

a) 256 5696 8985 96523 0 =

b) 2236353 89569 15233 365 0 =
Division
1. Division is a process of equal sharing or equal grouping.
2. The symbol of division is .
3. Key words for division are divide, share, group, left over, remainder, factor, divisible by,
quotient.
4. The answer to an operationinvolving division is called the quotient.

EXAMPLE 29
Evaluate each of the following.

a) 456 19 b) 665 35
Answer Answer
24
19 456
38
76
76
0

c) 664 28 d) 1292 34
Answer Answer

5. Division by zero (0) is meaningless or undefined.

EXAMPLE 30
Evaluate each of the following.

Division Answer

a) 256 2 0 =
b) 253925 5 3 0 =
 TUTORIAL 3

1. Find the sum of the following.

a) 6045173 + 2146185 i) 8938 + 271 + 5093 + 872
b) 1274538 + 82714 j) 3929 + 271 + 1623 + 829 + 637 + 285
c) 3748295 + 208 + 737 k) 3829 + 184 + 73 + 8294 + 2370383
d) 7532 + 961 + 673829 l) 5432 + 987 + 2163 + 47 + 378 + 2906
e) 9024382 + 5839 + 207 + 91 m) 320483 + 562 + 7387 + 21 + 109 + 3763
f) 6473 + 291 + 8372918 + 356 n) 6291 + 873 + 102 + 8372 + 3526 + 104
g) 7384 + 735 + 837 + 26 + 13 o) 635 + 6213 + 4038 + 267 + 162 + 739 + 2
h) 403 + 8291 + 6372 + 82 p) 586 + 652 + 978 + 632 + 236 + 0

2. Subtract of the following.

a) 56374 13258 i) 62531 58729 350 55
b) 78569 14265 8 j) 80000 25364 1436 348
c) 63072 5872 100 4 k) 72412 38795 999 46
d) 48647 9325 25 2 l) 82019 42891 890 466 5
e) 80595 34826 1000 20 m) 62371 17283 346 24
f) 75284 36117 1534 29 n) 82827 53621 34 66
g) 80638 59472 2347 34 6 o) 72618 26452 1000 358
h) 71325 8773 250 76 p) 5863 865 9332 6533 0 562

3. Evaluate each of the following.

a) 815 204 i) 6220 52
b) 762 761 j) 672 47
c) 2918 62 k) 2723 39
d) 916 516 l) 981 75
e) 4699 78 m) 720 26
f) 845 66 n) 926 35 142 48 0
g) 419 91 o) 771 53 25689 0
h) 323 68 p) 559 785 0
4. Evaluate each of the following.
a) 1803 60 i) 1560 39
b) 4740 57 j) 1846 26
c) 9732 38 k) 3936 48
d) 5503 82 l) 2400 40
e) 7659 87 m) 2225 89
f) 1396 48 n) 2856 68 0
g) 6768 72 o) 2964 57 0
h) 6715 85 p) 2569 23 0

5. Evaluate each of the following.

a) 4345 55 + 132 16 + 132 i) 7565 85 + 4555 214
b) 241 22 + 2345 67 3 j) 603 42 1127 38 5
c) 23 5159 77 + 1256 k) 1306 40 + 523 53 67
d) 6862 94 2 + 123 + 45 l) 634 14 + 1226 51 + 456
e) 7448 76 56 99 m) 8524 77 + 562 23 77
f) 307 17 + 4410 49 23 n) 7380 83 + 173 53 33
g) 56 + 321 + 2 2812 74 o) 1278 + 4984 43 + 468 31 0
h) 4880 61 + 314 36 + 244 p) 256 + 4560 5 + 4 30 0
BODMAS RULE
1. When performing arithmetic operations there is a particular order in which the operations
must be done. If we fail to do things in the correct order, we may end up with the wrong
answer.
2. The order of operations is
a) Brackets
b) Order (Powers and Square Roots, etc.)
c) Division and Multiplication (left to right)
d) Addition and Subtraction (left to right)

EXAMPLE 31
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.

a) 3 + 3 10 b) 3 ( 7 + 2 ) + 6
Answer Answer
= 3 + 30 = 3 (9) + 6
= 33 = 27 + 6
= 33

c) ( 5 2 6 ) ( 3 6 2 ) d) ( 9 1) 2 7 + 62
Answer Answer
= (10 6 ) ( 3 3 ) = ( 10 ) 2 7 + 36
= 40 = 5 7 + 36
=0 = 35 + 36
= 1

e) 3 ( 6 2 )3 5 f) 18 16 24 + 32
Answer Answer
= 18 16 16 + 9
= 3 ( 4 )3 5
= 18 1 + 9
= 3 64 5
= 26
= 192 5
= 187
3. If an expression contains more than one set of brackets, evaluate the innermost brackets
first.

EXAMPLE 32
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.

a) 64 ( 2 + 6 )2 + 18 [ 3 + ( 4 6 ) 21] b) 6 2 [99 3 4 11 + 7 3 ]
Answer Answer

c) 10 5[ 6 (2 4) 2 (7 13)] d) 3[2(4 2) + 2(2 3)] 1

Answer Answer

e) 8[(2 2)2 2 (13 9) 8] + 7 f) [2(4 2) 2(43 16)]2 10

Answer Answer
 TUTORIAL 4

Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.

1. 6 3 [ 3 ( 2 + 6 ) (18 6 ) 3 ] 21. 9 3 + (70 5)2 + 30 + 15 + (17 4 2 )

2. ( 8 + 8 3 ) 4 5 (10 2 + 7 6 4 ) 22. 13 + 6 2 + (5 3)2 + [( 8 + 2)2 9 ]

3. 21 4 [15 6 3 + 5 18 2 ] + 7 23. 60 5 5 + 30 2[68 2 + 7 3 ]

4. 6 [5 ( 4 6 ) 25 ( 3 5 )] 24. 44 2 10 + 45 [ 3(8 4) 2 2 ]

5. 5 + 3 [6 (10 2 ) 5 2 ( 6 4 )] 25. 50 2 + 12 + (2 2)2 + [(9 + 11) 4 ]

6. 4 5 [ 3 ( 2 3 ) 6 ( 6 ) ] 4 26. (30 3 5) 3 + 19 + [4 + 6 3 3 ]

7. 10 5 [ 6 ( 2 4 ) 2 ( 7 3 )] 27. 90 9 + (50 2)2 [18 + 12 6 ]

8. 17 3 [ 4 + 3 6 3 5 2 ( 3 6 )] 28. 62 2 + 12 6 3[12 42 6]

9. 8 [ 4 ( 2 6 ) 3 4 3 (10 4 )] 29. 450 9 + 6 3 + [(7 + 1)2 + (10 6)2 ]

10. 6 2 [ 2 ( 4 2 ) 3 2 ( 8 5 ) ] 30. 2 42 4 56 + [6 (2 + 3 2 ) 4 ]

11. 20 4 [1 5 ( 2 3 + 8 )] + 6 31. 7 + 2(60 3 3) + [30 (4 2) + 3 ]

12. 20 3 [2 + 8 3 3 2 4 ( 2 4 )] 32. (9 3 2)2 (18 6) + (6 2 4)

13. (10 + 2 ) 2 1 2 + 15 33. 9 2 + 4 2 + (4 2 )2 1 + [10 + 7 2 ]

14. 37 4 [12 2 4 + 6 15 5 ] + 8 34. (6 6 ) 3 2 1 + 11 2 + [7 2 20 ]

15. (7 + 7) 2 + (8 4)2 + (4 + 3 2 ) 35. [(3 + 1) 2 ]2 5 2 + [6 + 12 4 2 ]

16. 12 + 35 5 125 5 + (10 2 3 ) 36. (3 [12 9 ])2 3 + [( 3 + 9) (2 + 1)]

17. 60 2 3 + 23 5 + 36 (6 2)2 37. 7 + 5 (2 + 5)2 + [4 3 13 4 ]

18. 4 + 7 2 + 33 3 + 28 (4 2 2 ) 38. [(3 + 1) 2 ]2 5 2 + [4 5 12 ]

19. 250 3 2 + 23 + 5 + 2 + (4 + 3)2 39. 7 2 7 3 2 + [(6 + 4)2 9 ]

20. 6 5 + 9 3 + 56 + 25 + (4 3 13 4) 40. (3 5) 15 + 10 + [6 + 4 2 + 3 2 ]
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
Adding Fractions
1. Adding fractions is the process of finding the sum of two or more fractions.

2. To add fractions, the denominators of the fractions must be the same. The numerators
are then added

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
1 3 5 2
a) + b) +
9 9 6 3
Answer Answer
1+3 5 22
= = +
9 6 32
4 5 4
= = +
9 6 6
9
=
6
1
=1
2

3. To add a fraction and mixed number, convert the mixed numbers into improper
fractions and then perform the addition like adding two fractions

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
1 1
2 +3
2 5
Answer
5 16
= +
2 5
5 5 16 2
= +
25 52
25 32
= +
10 10
57
=
10
7
= 5
10
Subtracting Fractions
1. Subtracting of fractions is the process of finding the difference between fractions.
2. To subtract fractions, the denominator of the fractions must be the same. The
numerators only are then subtracted.

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
4 1 3 2
a) b)
5 5 4 3
Answer Answer
4 1 33 24
= =
5 43 34
3 9 8
= =
5 12 12
98
=
12
1
=
12

3. To subtract a fraction froma mixed number, convert the mixed numberinto improper
fractions with a comoon denominators, then subtract them.

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
1 2
2 1
2 3
Answer
5 5
=
2 3
53 52
=
23 32
15 10
=
6 6
5
=
6
Multiplying Fractions
1. When multiplying two fractions, multiply both the numerator and denominator
respectively.
2. When multiplying a fraction by a mixed number, convert the mixed number into an
improper fraction before multiplying.

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
3 2 3 2
a) b) 4
4 3 8 5
Answer Answer
32 3 22
= =
43 8 5
6 3 22
= =
12 85
1 66
= =
6 40
13
=1
20

Dividing Fractions
1. When dividing a fraction by a whole number, multiply the fraction by reciprocal of the
whole number.

EXAMPLE 33
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
2 3
a) 3 b) 1 4
7 8
Answer Answer
2 1 11
= = 4
7 3 8
2 11 1
= =
21 8 4
11
=
32
2. The division of a fraction by another fraction can be done by multiplying the first
fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.

EXAMPLE 34
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
6 5 5
a) b) 3
15 12 6
Answer Answer
6 12 6
= = 3
15 5 5
72 18
= =
75 5
24 3
= =3
25 5

3. When dividing a mixed number by another mixed number, change both mixed numbers
into improper fractions. Then multiply with the reciprocal of the divisor.

EXAMPLE 34
Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.
3 4 3 8 1
a) 3 6 b) 1 2
4 5 5 9 3
Answer Answer
15 34 8 8 7
= =
4 5 5 9 3
15 5 8 9 7
= =
4 34 5 8 3
75 72 7
= =
136 40 3
9 3
=
5 7
27
=
35
4. The important steps to carry out a combined operations on fractions, mixed numbers
and whole numbers are:
a) Do the operations in the brackets first.
b) Then carry out multiplication and division from left to right.
c) Finally, do the addition and subtraction from left to right.

EXAMPLE 35
Simplify the following arithmetic expression.

1 1
a)
3 3 1 4
3 2 3
1
b)
5 15 3 3 3 4 6
Answer Answer

=
3 15 1 4 1 1
3 2 3
4
=
5 3 3 3 3 1 6
4 1 8 1
=3
9 = 3
3 1 2
9
= 3 1 16 1
4 = 3
27 3 2
=
4 1 15
= 3
3 3 2
=6
4 1 45
=
3 2
2 135
=
6
133
=
6
1
= 22
6
EXAMPLE 35
Simplify the following arithmetic expression.
7 7 3
+
a) 8 2 4
5 5

3 6
Answer

= +
7 7 3 5 5
8 2 4
3 6
= +
7 2 3 10 5
8 7 4 6
= +
1 3 5

4 4
6
6
=1
5
6
=
5

4 4
5
b) 3 5
5
3
6
Answer

= 5
4 4 5
3
3 5 6

= 5
4 5

5 18

3 4 6

5 5 13
=
3 6
= 15 5
6
3 13
10 6
=
3 13
20
=
13
7
= 1
13
 TUTORIAL 5

1. Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.

4 5 7 6 9 1 1 4 3
+ + 3 4
a) + b) 1
5 6 2 3 2 5 6 7 7 5

1 2 + + +
c) 2 4 3 d) 3 1 1 1 3 5
8 4
3 5 10 4 7 2 4 7 8
2 5 6 3 1 6 2 5 5 1
+ + 1 3
e) + f) 4
3 6 4 4 6 7 3 8 12 2 5
g) 3 1
5 4 1
1 h) 1 1 + 3 5 1 + 3
5 6

2 2 12 4 7 8 32
i) 4 +
1 5 1 5 j) 4 1 + 5 + 4 11 + 3
3 9 5 6

7 2 8 3 12 8
2 7 1 1 3 7 3 7
8
k) 7 5 1 l)
+ + +
3 3 8 16 4 10 3 5 12 4 8
2 1 7 1
+ 1 1 3 + 1 + 2 + 2
m) 1 n) 5 3 1 8 1 8
3 5 8 2 3 8 4 4 21 4 21
2 5 3 1
3 1 + 2 +
5 1 2 4 1 1 4
+ + 1
o) p)
5 7 4 2 8 3 3 5 2 2 10
11 23 5
+ 4 + 6
q) 4 1 2 1 + 6 3 + 3 + 1 r) 1 4
+
6 2 7 4 4 6 12 24 7 3 9
s) 2 3 9 3 4 t) 6 2 1 + 4 2 6 5 13
+
5 7 10 8 5 4 3 8 15

2. Simplify the following arithmetic expressions.

a) 6 8 b) 5 1 6
9 11 5 + 5
7 14 6 2 5
12 5 4
2
9 6 9
c) 5 2 3 2 d) 7 1 1 1
1 7 6 +1
4 5 5 5 8 4 2 5
2 5 1
1
3 6 2
8
3 2 +
e) 4 4 f) 1 1 1
3 6 4 24
3 24
1 4
8 15
2 10
 9 3 1
5
g) 3 3 5 h) + 4 1
5 8 2 20 4 5
2 2
3
3 8
i) 3 1 8 4 j) 2 9 7
1 + +
7 5 9 9 5 10 2
5 3 1 2

6 4 2 5
1 1
2 +
k) 10 l) 2 2
2 4 4 3
2
6 1
3 1
3
m) 1 1 5 n) 1 1
3 + 4 +1 5
2 4 6 4 3
2 1 3 1
+ +
3 4 14 2
o) 4 4 3 p) 1 7 1
3 2 1 +
5 5 15 2 8 4
8 7 1
62
10 20 4
q) 2 4 11 r) 1 3 3
+ + 14
3 5 15 7 9 8
1 4 1

3 5 2
s) 3 11 6 t) 2 1 3
+ + 5
4 18 3 5 2 7
4 1
5
5 9
OPERATION ON DECIMALS
Addition and Subraction
1. Decimals are added and subtracted in the same way as whole numbers.
2. When two decimals are added together or subtracted from each other vertically, the
decimal points must be placed directly one below the other and digits written in the
correct place value column.

EXAMPLE 36
Calculate each of the following.

a) 58.646 + 0.38 b) 5.68 + 56.8 + 0.094

Answer Answer
58.646 5.68
+ 0.38 56.8
59.026 + 0.094
62.574

c) 5.27 0.257 d) 48.3 8.38 0.459

Answer Answer
5.27 48.3
0.257 8.38
5.013 0.459
39.461
Multiplication and Division
1. To find product of decimals, multiply the numbers in the same way as for whole numbers
first. Then, put in the decimal point.
2. The number of decimal places in the answer must be the same as total number of decimal
places in the decimals being multiplied

EXAMPLE 36
Calculate each of the following.

a) 0.526 17 b) 0.94 0.6

Answer Answer
0.526 3 decimal places 0.94 2 decimal places

17 0.6 1 decimal place

3682 0.564 3 decimal places
+ 5260
8.942 3 decimal places

3. When dividing a decimals by a whole number, the long division is used and the decimal
point is placed in the same position as the divided.

EXAMPLE 36
Calculate each of the following.

a) 38.64 4 4
b) 0.64
Answer 5

9.66 Answer
4 38.64 5
= 0.64
36 4
3.2
24 =
4
24 = 0.8
24
24
..
4. Performing computations involving combined operation on decimals must used the same
rules as those for whole numbers. (BODMAS)
5. We perform operations in this order
a) Brackets
b) and , from left to right
c) + and , from left to right

EXAMPLE 36
Calculate each of the following.

a) (3.52 + 4.2) [6.4(4.31 2.2) (6.82 2.2)]

Answer
= 7.72 [6.4 ( 9.482 ) ( 3.1)]
= 7.72 [60.6848 3.1]
= 7.72 [57.5848 ]
= 444.554656

[2.32 + 3.24] [0.9 0.3 ]

b)
0.5(5)
Answer
( 5.56 ) ( 0.6 )
=
2.5
3.336
=
2.5
= 1.3344

[2.5 2] [0.39 0.23]

c) 25
( 2.5 + 3.5 )
Answer
5 ( 0.16 )
= 25
6
4.84
= 25
6
= 0.806666666 25
= 24.19333333
 TUTORIAL 6

1. Calculate each of following.

a) [(3.2 - 0.82) + (1.5 + 3.8)]( 7.44 6.7)
b) 13.3 + [14.61 (6.2 7.5) + (8.22 4.5)]
c) [18.3 9.2(18.61 + 0.42)] - [63.91 3.3]
d) (3.14 + 8.35 ) - [0.34(5.62 5.6)]
e) [6.62(20.3 9 - 15.6)] - [0.34(52.4 4.3)]
f) [3.2 0.17 ][75.5(5.6 0.3) 5.3]
g) [99.4 7.5(76.3 - 18.7)] + [(2.35 1.5)]
h) [36.61 7.9] + [12.6(3.45 9.4) - 15.2(8.55) ]

i) [4.8 0.21] + [74.5 0.53(3.6 0.72)]

j) 8.2 (18.6 0.37)] [0.91(8.2 - 0.37)]

k) [0.36 0.02(21.6 - 0.41)] + (8.45 0.89)

l) [0.62 7.1(10.5)] [5.7(0.84 - 0.4)]

m) [45.1(8.28 - 0.37)] [0.09(0.62 7.7)]

n) [0.86 + 0.22] + 3.75 [2.01(8.2 2.55)]

o) [15.5 - 4.26(8.2 0.28)] + [7.53 2.17]

p) [8.2(1.6 - 1.45)] (6.5(5.5 - 0.25) - 5.4)

q) [3.6(0.97 - 0.67)] + [4.8 (2.53 0.1)]

r) (2.2 - 0.7) [0.20 + 4.5( 0.6 3)]

s) [3.5 6(3.6 + 1.45)] (2.35 - 6.2)

t) (7.4 2.5) + [2.4(5.6 2.6) + 7.92]

u) [8.2(4.9 - 3.2) 2.45)] - [1.86(2.5 - 1.2)]

v) (8.2 - 2.45) + [(4.3 5.58)(4.2 3.3)]

w) [7.3 + 21.8] - [4.5(7.2) - (20.63 4.7)]

2. Calculate each of following.
[3.05 2.4] [0.3 0.9 ] [0.04 5.1] + [0.3 + 0.9 ]
a) m)
[7.3 + 9.9] [4 0.61]
4(0.82) + [2.5 + 9.5 ] 3(24.7) - [0.6 2.3 ]
b) n)
(5 2.5) 2.1
[19.2 2.45] + [0.3 0.9 ] [4.15 3.8] [0.23 2 ]
c) o)
2.5(5) (7.9 4.1)
[8.74 2.23] [0.3 0.9 ] [8.25 12.42] [11.16 6.2 ]
d) p)
(2.3 + 9.7) 2.6(3.9)
[5.88 0.4] [0.3 0.9 ] [0.65 2.6] [0.3 0.9 ]
e) q)
[18.45 0.5] 2.5(5)
[7.5 9] [0.34 0.97 ] [3.29 1.4] [0.3 0.9 ]
f) r)
[0.015 0.02] 2.65(2) + 2.5
2.5 [93.91 4.3 ] - [6.6 - 3.5] [0.276 0.6] [0.3 0.9 ]
g) s)
7.9(2 0.55) [19.36 4.1]
3.05(0.96 0.6) [0.3 0.9 ] [2.94 4] + [3.99 - 0.29 ]
h) t)
3.6(2.3) [4.5 0.5]
[7.3 1.5] [4.5 + 3.6 ] 2.5[7.65 + 3]
i) u)
6.5(2) [7.3 + 9.9] (9.2 7)
[5.5 + 7.5] [8.8 - 4.4] - [3.10 1.5 ]
j) v)
[4.5 2] + [9.2 6] 2.5
2.5 [0.5 0.7 ] + 3.5[7.2 2] [3.5 + 3.5] + [9.25 3]
k) w)
[5 2.5] [9.9 8.9]
2.5 [0.25 9 ] + 0.4[6.5] [2.32 + 3.24] [ 0.9 0.3 ]
l) x)
[3.6 + 8.5] 0.5(5)