Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
T h 1. On ...
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l E lA~N 1 7 B S2 K
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GILBERTO FREYRE
R O l> \ V. H O R T O N
L UDW I G L A UE I<l I A S S , J R .
1 1 l .. 5 6 7 Il l)
To T 11 E .\ 1 f: .\ l O R Y O F
Gilben o Amado
L ca .\liguel-P'7 ra
A U GU Sl'E CO~ITE
Trans lator's Note
Ir
__ Educaticu aud L'rban Culture -'/ ~3
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Prcface lo tlu: ElIglh-Lall!,1UJge Edition
1'IIIS ROO", OR IGISAt . l." PI)B LlS IIEIl in Porrugucse undcr rhe tit le
Orde111 e Progreeso, is now in its third edirion in that languagc: [WO
in Hrazil and one in Po rtugal. Ir wil l soon appear also in Iralian and
G erman. N O\v, t hrough rhc initia rive o A lfrcd A . Knopf lne., we
havc nn E nglish-language verxion in the cxccllcnr rranslation uf Rod
\ V.lforton.
Chrcnologically, Urdcr and 'rogress covc rs thc half-ccm urv o
Brazilan histo ry be rwecn t hc fi rsr de cisivo steps in th c carly 1870's
towa rd rhe abolirion o slavery and rhe years immediarcly fol1o wing
Brazilian participation in rhe Firsr \ \'orld \Var. Ar rhe suggest io n o
M r. Knopf his inrroduc rion is wrinen in an anempt ro show how
rhc devclcpments o rhar half-ccnrury atfec rcd subsequenr deca dcs.
Ir seeks ro point out . in a rarhcr imprcssionisric way, sorne of rhc
significant contemporary characrcnsr ics of Brazl as a Repu blic ami
ro show how t hcse c haract eristics have bcen rhe resu lt o f a series of
rransitions: (mili a purely colonial soc iety. th rough stagcs w hich
could be callcd pre-narionat and narional, ro t he country's presenr
srate as a u nifi cd cu ltu re wit h inc rcasingly importanr inre m arional
inreresrs and responsibilties. In thc course of t hese transinons. Hraxil
has beco a colony. a mona rc hy, and a democratic Rcpublic. without
having cntircly losr ccrrain cultural characrerisrics from each of irs
prcviou s stages. As a Republic. ir has ncver ceased ro show vesrigcs
of ts monarchica! pcriod. panicularl y in irs spcradic rcacrio ns
againsr whar sorne polircalleaders-c-and thcir mo rc or lcss scholarly
advisers-cconsider to be excessivc manifesterions of cccnormc and
polirical liberalism, of sratcs righrs in opposition ro narional uniry.
and of partisau polirics in co nfi icr wirh national intercst .
x i ji
Xl'L' Preiace 10 tbe Ellglish-Langu<1gc Ed tion
social siruarions. This tend encv was charactcrisric of Jos Bonif cio
de Andrada e Silva. rhar rcrnarkable scholar. pocr, and scientist who
sparkcd thc rnove roward political ind cpendencc ar the beginning
of t he nincreenrh centu ry. If J os Bonif cio had becn srricrly a
rationalisr in 1 Hn . he would have worked for rhe establishment of
an indcpcndcnt Brazilian Republic, climinatin g a11 rhc illogical rnyt h-
clogy and ritual of a rn onarchy. l lowevcr, chis man o f acrion real -
izcd from rhc ourscr rhat such myt hs and rires had an incradcablc
place in rbc airead )' dcvclopc d Brazilian crhos and should be allowed
ro conrin uc in a free and indcpcndcn r lirazil.
Jos Honif cio de Andrada e Silva's polirical and social philosophy
may be considered rypical o f wha t has sincc his time developcd inro
an inrellccrual fc undation fo r most- if not all-c-of the solun ons t hat
Brazilians have fou nd, and continuc ro fi n d. Ior rheir nacional prob-
lems. H e also seems to have bcen the firsr ro con ncct in tellecruals
with political and national activirics in Hraz.il. Larer inrcllecruals of
Ru y Barbos a's type. however, did not n cccssarily confo rtn ro the
model of Jos Honifcio. Barboso. rhoug h b rlis nr and sc holarly,
was too rhcrorical as wel l as too mnch of a ju rist an d a gram-
marian ro avoid fo rmalism in his dcaling wirh practical problems.
Bur J os Bonif cio has bcen the proto type o f th c intcllecrual as man
of action, as staresrnan or politicia n. and as such. he has had a suc-
cession o f followcrs whose bchavior has bcen in sha rp con rrast to
Spanish-Amcrica n and cven An g lo~ATll eri can inrellccruals o [he
rath er abstraer typc whc, if involved in active polines. are inclined
to he srrictly logical or rarional in rheir altitudes. .\ fen like Halrhazar
Brum in U ruguay. rhe G arca Calderns in Peru, Estanislau Zeballcs
in Argent ina. J os Vasccncelos in ,\ lexico, and W oodrow \ Vilson
and Adlai Srevenso n in the U nitcd Srares all secm to heve been too
intellcctual for their polirical positions and, conseq uendy. to havc
failed in their polirica l carcers. In Brazil, o inrellccruals like the V is-
counr do Rio Branco in [he Empirc. and his son, Baron do Rio
Branco, in rhc IllH9 Republic; o f the t wo Nabucos-c- Jos T homaz,
th e famous jurisr and sta tesman of the Dom Ped ro era, and Jo aq uim,
rhe g reat abolitionist. polit ical leadcr. and later Amb assador to t he
United Statcs; of Baron de PeneJo, Amaro Ca \'alcame . David Cam~
pista. Epiteio Pessoa, PanJi Calgeras, and Barbosa Lima. it may.
perhaps. be said that they were eith er rclat ivcly or complerely s u c~
eessfu l. in their political careers. The)' fo llo\\' rhe J os Bonifcio
model in not being ovc rlogical or rat ional in handling problems t hat
invol\'c ccrtain irt ational or illogical considcrations.
Preface to the Engisb-Language Edition IXIIJ
rhropological. sociolog ieal, gcog raphicai. and histo rieal srud ics. Ir
was at [his university rhar social and cultural anrh ro po logy was fi rsr
stu dicd in Brazil. w hen specifi c Brazilian problcms were co nside red
Preoce to tbe RIlfl,lisb-LallJ!,lIage Edtion .rrv
ORDER ASl) P R(}(RESS is the third VOI Ulll C o the series beg u n with
T be .\fasters .J1IJ tbe Slrces and connnucd with Tbe ,11,m ions snd
tbc Sbmnes. The series witl be complercd by a fourrh volu me tem a-
ticely cntitlcd T ombs and Sbsikn G rat'es. Together. rhis tetralogy
will Iorm a sociological and anthropological int erpretation of rhc
history o Brazi lian parr iarc hal socicey.
"' Ve carcfully analyze rhc prcsent in order bcttcr ro undcrsrand
rhe past and rhus be rrcr ro plan [or rhe furure," wrore V icente
Licno Cardoso in his ess a)' (JO Brazilian authors w hose birrh CO~
incidcd with thc founding o thc Republic.' "-Ir own c rirerion, in
rhe work ar hand, is quite diffcrenr : rhe analysis of a rcccnt period
of rhe Hrazilian pasT in o rde r bcrrcr ro com prehend rhat naron's
p resent and furure. and ar t hc sarue time tu show the fonn s and
p rocesses of rhe rhree periods: rhcir similarities, rhcir resisrancc ro a
progress often more apparent than real, and rhcir occasional differ-
ences, resulting in rhc erosion of insrirun ons once considcred sta ble
and end uring. It will also take inro accounr the variarions in r ancrns
of living which makc ir impossiblc to considcr the Brazi of t he
pcriod as a single unir in a homogeneous srarc of dcvclopment. Thc
Iives of Anttlnio C onselheiro an d R odrigues Alves, for example.
reecred entirely dffereru times and cultures. atholl~h t bcy we re
conrem po rarics and each was exrrcmely impo rtant in his w ay.
The parriarch al soc ierv examincd in rhese four volumcs is sccn as
cssenrially consranr in form bur some whar variable in subsrance .
var iarions which may be reg ardcd as merely chro no logical or hisrori-
1 Vicente Licnio u rdo su: A ,\lilr.l:<'m J iI Hist ri.r JiI R epliblr il ( f ootrlotes 10
tr.e lfislOry o f ,he R epublid (R in de ].neiro, 19 ' 4 ) .
%% 1%
N ote 0 1l Metbod
ca l rarhcr t han social. \ \ ' har Intereses us more dosel)' hcrc are the
in remal changes wirhin rhc social srructu re, which carne about as a
rcsulr o f thc p rcduminating incq ualirics o f rcgions. classes, raccs, and
cultures. Thus, obscrvarions ma je in the firsr volume of rhis series
are carricd ovcr intc rhc sccond. ami rhose o f rhe sccond pass inro
the prcscnt vclume. This lcads [() a certain arnount of reiteration,
pcrhaps u ndesirable from rhc literary o r aesthenc stand pcint bu t
necessar)' in a study of rhis narurc. For rhc sanie rcason, rhcre is
conside rable flex ibiliry in thc chapter di ... isicns of rhc present \'01-
ume, which attem pts 10 covcr fi fry )'cars of Hrazilian sccicry.
T his sociological introduction ro thc hisrory of Hrazilian patri-
archal sociery has from the ourscr fo lloweJ rhe rhess t har rhc de-
vclopmcnr o f Brazil has seen. nor prog res.~. but rat her a series o f
progrcsscs. Ir has also rak en t he view that Brazil is not une mono-
lirhic socicry . bur rat hcr a variety of social orders joi ned toget hcr
into a narional system. a narion both singu lar ano p lural in its life
and cultu re. Thus while 0 0 une level progre~ can be discerned, on
another we fi nd dsordcr and lack o f unty. The sense of Carholic
order ma nifcsted by D om V ital, Bishop o f O lind a, ar a dramaric
poim in Braziliarr hisrory- mer w it h a sensc of political ordc r of an
ami-cle rica l narure. T he princi pal staresmen of the Empire w ere
rhcre forc aligncd againsr rhe c nhodox c1ergy in an odd antagonisr n
involvng t wo of rhe basic elcmcnts, not only of narion, bur also of
patriarchal socicey. Again. wirhin the Church itsclf, we find Cacho-
[ic pf()gres.~ furthcrcd hy rhe su pprcssicn of cerrain popular riles o f
indubirabl y Africa n origin in an cfforr t o regain an c rrhodcx pu riry.
And in rhc cconomic secto r, agricultural p rogrcs:s is sacrificc d in
fa vor o f a more ra pd ind ust rial adva ncc.
In his classic H mnsn N ature 1111d tbe Social Order, P rofcssor
Charles H orron Coolcy w arns o f rhc d ifficulries of srudyiog a past
era markedlv d ifferent from our own. " ' Ve can scarcelv rid our-
selves of rh~ impression thar the wa)' o f life we are use:i tu is t he
normal ami rhe other ways are eccentric." he sa)'s.3 T hus there is a
ren Jcncy ro consider rhe n inereemh cemur)'. anJ evcn Ihe begin-
nings o f rhe tw entierh. as more picruresque lhan commonplace.
bizarre in its manners. absurd in somc of its customs. In contrast to
[hese o<ldit ies. I calcu late the more "normal" presenr as begin ning, if
Shurt-lind bU[ dramalic upr i, ing> uf a "lilxc ra}"' chHaC lcr, in which r,ome mili-
car)' otfk crs panicil'alcd, no! as che Arlll}" or Ihc ~a\' }" , bU! a. "liberal. " or llral -
lans w'lh "liberal ideal, ." (T ramlator.)
XXXII N ote 011 M etbod
tions of rhese races, an d of many and div erso cccupanons, social and
intellcct uallcvcls, and rcligious prcferences.
The qucsrionnaires, which werc ,oer)' diffi cult ro asscmble, were
sent ro more than 1,000 Brazlians, sorne closc fricnds, ot hers u n-
known ro me. Sorne had ro be p rotfered orally, sincc rhc persons
inrerrogatcd wcre illiteratc. Xarurally, nor e\'eryone respon ded ro
rhc inqui ry. Orhers otfcred informanon on a srricrty confi denual
basis, confide nces w hich havc bccn scrupulously prcscrved. In all,
nevcnhcless, ncarly 300 usablc rc phes were gathereJ ami Iorm rhc
basis for rhis srudy.
In add nion to the quesrionnaircs, a large number of fresh material
has bcen employcd in t he form of personal documcnrs: letrers, post-
cards, diaries, polirical p ape IS, slave rcgisrcrs. invcnrorics. wills. in-
voices for family purchases (mainly of clothing), family albums,
songbooks, schoolbooks. cookbooks. Thc flavor of the pcricd was
also caughr by exnmining lamps. china, glasswarc, fans, dolis, and
children's toys. Parricu larly inrcresting werc t he Brito A lves collcc,
rion of cigar bands and the R ica rdo Brennan d collecrion of w allers,
eameos, and snu ffboxes from rbe Im pe rial period o
St ill furrher mater ial has been garhered from rhe newspapers o f
rhe time, particularly rhc classiticd advc rrising, rhe obiruaries. wcd-
dings, and anniversary noriccs, a[ong wirh political, cconomic. and
fi nancial ne ws. ll lustrarions, childrcn's sccr ions. and caricatu res we re
also srudicd.
Some itcms on IllY qucstionnairc. apparcntly insignificant, aimcd
at discovc ring arrirudcs and valucs which applicd subtly ro <jues-
rions o f much grearer rnoment-c-rhe use of the walking cane. for
exam ple: an objec r which ac tcd as a pow erfu l sym bo l of masen-
linit y ar [he time. as wel l as o f thc parrician class. Ir ab o suggcstc d
mcrnbership in a superior racc. as d id thc abundanr c urlcd musrachcs
affecred by the same canc-c arry inp gentr)" since neithc r t he A friean
no r rhe Amerind ian race is noted for an abundance of facial hair.
As fo r cthnic aninnles. virtually ever)' person respcnding ro my
quesrior mairc insisred t har he did not fo srer rhe slightesr trace of
racial prejudice. But whcn rhis quesrion was follow ed by one testing
his attirudc toward a hy pothetical marriage betw een one of his chU-
d re n and a person o f darker colo r. the responses were m ost interest-
ing, bot h from rhe anl hropological and t hc psychological vie' v-
points. T hey broug ht liS back more than half a cenmr)' to a period
of Bra7.ilian histor), long gone and ),et srill alive in the very existence
of these w irncsscs . Pcrhaps some of rhese peorle. were rhey srill
alivc today (Ihe qu estionnaires w ere eirculared in rhe 1940'S and
earl)' 1950'S) , wo uld fi nd ir nccessa r)' ro modi fy rheir ethnoccntric
N ote 0 11 Aetbod XXX III
---_o rween 1870 and 19w t hro ugh irs vale sysrcm, refl ccrcd in ma te rial
things: houscs, money. furn itu re, vehicles, clorhing, jewelry, app li-
anccs, common household objccrs. L< wel l as in sueh Iacrors as politi-
cal and social ideolog ies, norioos o f honor, pamcnsm. race. famly ,
and religi n. The cornhinanon of rhese vales. as acccptcd more or
lcss auromaticalty by rhc majority, o r hy various significant minori-
t ies. consrirures altogcrher the mosr vnlid picture of a narional cul-
tu re.
Sueh val es are, naturally , constanrlv in rransinon, IllJking ir
neeessary for thc invcstgaror ro accept the idea of consrant tra ns-
mutation, ro ec ho rhc words of P ro fessor Earl E . j ohnson," as " a
basic historic al conccpt." bu r at t he same time ro p reserve an awarc-
ness of rhe overall cu ltural panerns and p roc csses within w h ich
these changes rake place. T o study rhis social uidiry more clcscly, ir
is neces.<ary to subordin are t he convcnricnal preoccupation with facr
ro an empat hctic study of t he pasr as a living thing, expressing its
exisrcncc thro ugh a vib rant complcx of valucs and sym bols. Ir is
fo r rhis reason thar P rofcssor J ohoson cncou ragcs his readcrs ro "rry
y our bese to creare a nosralg ia fo r rhc past ":" in orher words. ro
cultivare the anri-sociological " sin" of w hich Bral ian schola rs have
fr eque ntly been accuscd-c-thar of too clase an em otion al identifica-
[ion w irh the period unde r srudy . P rofesso r j ohnson recognizcs the
nccessitv for rhis cl ose idcnri ficarion if w e are ro u nderstand how,
rhrcug h the centurics. t he past has extended intc rhc p resento Pcr-
haps it was preciseIy the conrin uing im pact of these past values and
sym bols whic h t he Pusitivists had in m in d when they stated that
" T he li,-jng are governed by t he dea d."
A stud y o f rhe peri od of Brazilian hisro ry w hich fo llowed rhe
cl ase o f the Paragu ayan \Var and includcd [he )assage o rhe l.aw
of the F ree \ Vomb. the R cpuhlican ,\ 1an ifesro o 1870, lhe a/fair o
~ Earl S. John~n : TbtOTY IInd Prllrtire of tbe Sod lll SruJitl (N ew York, 1955).
p.60.
~ Ibid., p. .f
XXXI't' Note 011 Metbod
the bish ops, thc corning o f rhe R epu blic, the First \"orld \ \'at. and
thc Versaillcs Peace Confcrencc shows clcarly the rcsistance of rhose
social consrants ro criscs which in other Latn -American counrrics
have brougbr about a disi ntegratinn of rhc narional culture. h is
rhrouph rhc pcrs isrencc of its basic culture thae Brazil has shown ir-
seif ro be bc rrer balanced than t hose othcr counrrics. By ami large.
the scnse of narion al arder which developcd from t his balance is
artriburahle ro rhe cornbinarion of aurhornaria n governmcnt and
pat riarc hal fami ly structure w hich obrained during rhc days of rhe
Empire. a ccm binario n which, insread o f hin deriog . ucruelly in most
aspeCts positively fevored rhc developme nr of Brazil inro a modero
democ ratjc socicry.
G.F.
Note 0 1/ Mmletary Vatues
R.\V.H.
x xx v
Historical Naif
had bccn srilled and rhc countr)' had gained an interna] equilibrium
w hich was to lasr fo r more rhan a gcncrarion .
As aman. Dom Ped ro 11 is probably t he r nosr bcloved fi gure in
Brezilian history. Schola rly. dignified, devorcd ro his dutics, an ex-
cmplarv family man (unlike h is rathcr rakish fathcr ). Dolll Pedro
loved his pcoplc and was lovcd by thcm in rerurn. Ncvcrrheless. as
he himself was t he fi rst ro rcalizc. the times wc re againsr rhc con-
rin uarion o a monarc hical form o f go vcrnmcnr in t he New \\'o rld .
Ir was his ho pc [Q use his regime to effccr a grad ual and pe aceful
rransition ro an eventual Hrazilian R cpublic. presumably ro be estab-
Iished afrer his dcar h.
Liberal as his forcsigh rs were, however, D om Pedro 11 did not
have t he neeessary tem perament ro leed rbis rransition. Althmlg h
progrcssive in ideas, he was aristocraeic in rasrcs and nor nvcr-
energetic in dcvclopin g ncw prog rams to tir the chauging soc ial
nccds o f his day. As a resu lt, his rcgimc was allowcd mcrcly ro drifr
slowly in rhc general dircction of rbc {uturc. insrcad of adopting a
dynamic, clea-ly cha rped course rowar-d liberal republicanismo Ry
the lasr decades of rhe century. rhc pmcncc o f num crous ardent re-
publicans had worn rhin ami D om Pedro. rhoug h liked and rcspccted
as aman. had been wrinen off complercly as a polieical leade r and
was heing ccnremptu ou sly re errcd to as " Ped ro Banana.' an cpirber
rhar spcaks for irscl.
In addirion to being regardcd gcncrally as an inacrive ruleroPedro
11 by 1889 had ro conrcnd wirh rhc active opposieion o f mosr o f che
powerful special intcresr groups o f che narion. T hc big agriculmral-
isrs had bccn hard hit by rhc uncompcnsared abol irion of slavery in
1 RRR; the Chu rch [elr vicrimizcd by the Frnpcrcr's rarhcr casual at-
ritude roward rhc rig hrs of the esrablished religiou s hic rarchy; and
rhc Army was srnarting unde r its rule r's on ly thinly disguised con-
tempt for all aspects of rnilita ry life. Rep ublicans, of coursc, were
againsr the monarchy on pri ncipie and werc vehcmcnr in th eir agita-
rion for a c hango of polirical fo rmato Ev en rhe forrne r slaves, though
grarcfu l ro th e regimc fo r having granted them thcir freedom. gave
most of the c redit fo r th is accom plishment 10 che Princess Isabel. an
ardent aholitionist w ho had signed t he emancipa tio n proclamation
( Lei A ureJ) in he r capacity as regent du ring th e absence of her
Empernr-fat her, in Europe at t he tilIle to receive rrearnlent for di-
abetes. This illness. by 1888 in a serious stage, had g reatly under-
mined the Em peror's phy sica l strength and was begi nning to arouse
H storcai N ote XXXIX
rhar rhey wcre deposcd und that he would ask tite Empcror ro ap-
poim a new govcmruenr. Deodo ro rbcn rcmmcd tu his home, whcre
he was sooo joincd by Benjamn Consranr, Q uintino Bocay c va, and
Ruv Barbosa. This t rio finally succeedcd in convincing Dcodoro
that if Dom Ped ro did accede ro his req ucst ro appoint a new min-
istry, ir would almosr ccrtainly be hcadcd by Dcod oro's arch encmy
Scnator Siveira .\ 1anins o Rio Grande do Sul. This inforrnarion
pllt an cnd ro Dcodoro's w avcring and he agrccd to join t he republi-
can cause. For his concessicn, he was made nominal leader of rhe
movcmcnt and narned provisional Presidenr o f t he nc w Rep ublic.
w hich was p roclaimed formally in downrow n Rio de Janeiro rhat
afrernoon. R u y Barbosa was madc Minisrcr of Finance and Q uint ino
Bocayu va .\ l inister of Foreign Affairs. Bcnjamin Consrant receivcd
thc war porrfolio.
In rhc faee of chis virrually bloodless bur appsrcntly successful
coup, Pedro 11 showed considerably more spirir th an had been ex-
pccrcd fr om rhose who had bcen ealling him " Ped ro Banana." H e
refused ro accept the O uro Pr tc resign aeion ami. aftcr hcing pcr
suadcd rhat such refusal was irnpossible undc r thc circumstanccs,
delay cd appoinring a new Prime \ I j n i~ter un til he could explore rhc
possibiliey of including th e vacillaring Deodoro d a Fonseca in th e
new govem ment. Only whcn he was convinccd that Dcodoro was
irrevocably commincd ro the rcpublican cause d id he agree to ahdi-
cate. H e was c rde red ro leave rhc co untry wirhin t wenry -four hours.
which would have givcn him until rhc afrcrnoon of November 17.
bur for fear of popular dernonst rations of symp aehy the grace period
was subsequcn rly shorrened by sorne eight hou rs. At dawn on ;-':0-
vcm ber 1 7 [he royal family. accompanicd by a [e w close fricnds
and retaincrs, lefr for European exilc. O n December :8, 1889. rbc
[ormer Emprcss died in O po rto of a hearr arrack. \Vit hin twu ye ars
the Emperor h imsclf fo llow ed her tu rhc grave. Ir was nor unril
19 : 0 rhar the edicr of banishmenr was revokcd and the remains of
t he roy al pair werc b rought back [O Brazil from the BraRanza roy al
plot in L isbon and entomhed in t he old summer capital of P ctr{
po lis.
,\I ean while. t hings wece no r going well with the new Rep ubl ic .
As provisional President. Deod oro da Fonseca showed himself ro be
qui te de"oid of po lirical sk ill and un abl e to accept t he attacks upon
his reg ime as other th:m person al insults. Althou gh e1ected 6 rst
pennanent Presid ent o f rhe C,oostit urional Republic on F cbruary
H storcat N ote xli
R.\V.H.
I Under ,he: Rruilian COm';tlll;on. n" Pres ident m~y socceed hmsclf.
Historical Out/hit,
1864 - 1914
G.F.
A utbor's Preface l o tbe Paperback Edition
Ii
ii Autbor's t'reface IQ tbe Paperback Rdition
port to an ccclcsiasticis m rcscmbling t hat dominara III S panish
Am erice. Thcrc wa s no such ccclesiasticism in Brazil.
In t he rnattc r of monumcnts, rh c Bralian equivalcnt of rh c
cathcd rals of Spanish Amrica was un usual: at tirst ir consis tcd of
imposing Big llouses: latcr, of statcly city mansions. al so grand
ami imposing.
\\"ith (he establishment of thc rcp ublic. so rne of the ciry mm -
sio ns he10nging to privar e cit izcns hceamc noble gon:rnmen( build-
ings. That is what happe ncd lo th e prcsidcr uial palacc in Ca tete.
formcr rcsid cncc of a titlcd mun of wealth , ami also ro the Itamarari
Palace. Thcsc monumental palaces huilr as privar e rcsidenccs borh
carne lo he importan t scats of polirical pow er. Thcy show how
pri vare iniriati vc in Bra zil urrivcd al so bold a dcg rcc of ostenr ation
as lo rcsult in architcctural grandcur approvcd by a republic of
posit ivists who wcre in man)' \\-ap aust ere di sciplcs of Auguste
Comt c and almost worshipers of Cloli lde d e Vaux . lt was thesc
snmc po sit ivists who conrrivcd to gel one nf thcir d..cn-inairc con-
l'Cp lS includcd in th c n ation's tlag, which was arbitrarilv altcred lO
ad m i! a sl'n:ilic aJly politi...-al choice .
It is curous. howevcr, that in spite o f thi s iniuallv sclf-sufficicnr
doctrtnai rism. thc republic of I K81) pro c ccdcd 10 assimilate much
of thc mcnarchv . Ir assimilatcd t hc habir s. vinucs. ami pl' r
sonalirics of crnincnt statesme n and ot hcr fi gu res from public life.
O ne of thcsc mcn, Baron de Lucena, carne lo hl' thc right arm.
"r hc brnwn cm incuce," the m entor 01' ,\ Iarshall D eodoro d a
Fon scca, ami was glorife'(1as tx: ing th c rea l foundcr of thc rcpublic.
Baron d...' Lucena wa s succu-cdcd hy Baro n d o R io Branco. a !l1;11l
highly velued for his skill in intcmarionol affai rs. Though always
a mona rch ist , Rio Hrancu was th e srrongcst , the most dominanr,
ami rhc most prcstigious figure in thc ncw rcg irnc. Ile wa s tlll' son
of V iSCOIlITt d o Hio Bralll.'ll. w ho w as eonsi defl't! by some l'xpert s
in th",' se m,lIters lo be t hl' grl'atesl man in Brazilia n publ ic life in
the d ay s of PI,.' ilro 11. T hese two men of the Siln Paranho fa mi ly,
by lhei r se n 'ice lO Bra l. enob ll'il. di gn ified , ami em he llished our
nal ion's publie scn"ice ,
Whal 1 w ish tu em phasize i ~ lhal lhe Brazili an Hepublic of ',111) ,
afl l'r t'mtMrking Ih e (lId em pl'ror ami lhe imperial fam ily for
ElIrope. did almost evcryt hing possiblc in ils atl cmpl lo fl.'('(gni ze
Ihe " alue of mell lhen in puhlie lifl'--Statesmcll. pol itie ians . ad -
m ini stralors- w ho wefl' Jill ing im po rt ant pOSIS in I'l'l.1ro Il's gO\
Author's l'reface ro tbe PaperfJl1cR lidition hii
cmment , and to fac ilitare t hcir transfercnce 01' high public servicc
from the cmpirc In t he republtc .
Hesides t hc twc barons rucmioncd . Viscoum d e C abo Fro was
kept on in the ~ lini stry o f Forcign Rclat ion s bccausc 01' h is
thorough knowledge (JI' tbe function s (JI' that important m in istry .
Further, a ra thcr s i ~ n i fi ea nt n umhcr 01' im perial nd lu-rents wit h the
ru le consetbeirc jcincd the nanonal scrvicc of rcpubtican Hrazil, with
thci r titles prcscrved int act. It bappened so wirh Con sclhciros Rod-
r igues A lves and Anrnio Prado in Sao Pauto. witb Consclhciro
Afonso Pena in " tinas Gerais, wit h Consclhciru Rosa t' Si lva in
Pernam buco , with Conselhciros Lus Yiana ami Ruv Barbosa in
Hahia, alt of whom cuntinuc...1 tu serve the Hraxilian nation with
their cxpcricncc, rhcir profcssioua l apritudc, rhcir talcnts, and thcir
id ent ificati on with grl'a l nationa l CHl Sl'S,
It illa)' pcrb ap s bl' seid that n cver in the O cciden t ha s there lx-en
a Iransition from mona rchv to rcpublic wit h tlu- rcpublic assimila r-
ing so nun)' valuabh - mona rchic cervices n-presente...1 by eminent
persons,
Of course t here wcrc a few uuconver tcd monarc hi-a s. a mong
thcm t he profcssor am i journalist C arlos de Lact . A not her, fo r a
long time, was j oaquim Sabuco who, huweve r-, did consen t ro
serve t he republic in a d iplomatc post , with h is monarchis t convic-
tions elway s rcspcctcd . .\ 1H1 he fin;l lly lx-carne Braz il \ am ba ssador
in W ash ington , whcrc he di d conspicuous scrvice lo thc cause of
hringing rhc two grcat nations of rhc American coruiucnt closcr
ro gcthcr.
It is te he rcgrcned, howcvc r, tha r j oaqu im ;";abueo cense...l to
he a p olitician wit hin Hrazil irsclf upo n rh c proc lamation of the
rcpublic. For, in thc ficld of interna! polines. no ortho dov rc publi-
can could havc, in the slighrcst dcg rcc. substit utcd for h im in a
cause WhOSl' g rand champion he had bc c omc. T I\<,; cau se "as t hnt
of making potcnt al Braxilia n ci tizcns out u f t he S t-gnl sla vcs. frt't'd
hy t he abolirion act of 1 HHH, SO nthcr man had so p rcparcd himsclf
to serve as lcadcr of rhat irnporrant cause.
In his rcmarkablc spccchcs bcforc parl iament d llrillg t hc last
rears of the rnonarchy . J O;Hl un Sabuco shmn ... 1 h im sdf to be a
true Iransabolit ionist, so dl"Cp w as his cOllcern for the freed sla\'l's .
\rhat Ihe enw rgt'nl')' d t'lll;lI11kd \\'as Ih;lt gon'fl ll11t'lIts, C h ureh .
am i im lustrialists of a tIt' \\' Iy pe gi\' t' thei r t'arne!tt attentioll , under
trust \\'ort h y Icadership--sllch as the great aiJo lil io nist \\'ou ld have
I iv A utbor's Preface lo tbe Paperback tidition
p rovidcd-c-to thc great ncc cssit v of prcpari ng the frecd slaves for
their dutics as cirizcns. Thcre was no prcparation. ami the frced-
men. com plercly abaudoned, hccamc rnarpinal mcn whu wcrc hor-
riblv maladj usted.
Some of the slaves clcrtvd tu rcmai n wit h th cir fcr mer maste rs.
Hut t hc laucr , nor h:l\-in g: bc cn awarded a ju st indcmnity. found
rhemsclves naucially inca pable of assu m ing the responsibilit v of
maintaining their formcr slavcs .
X cvcr be forc in Hrazil had a grca t cause fo und irsclf so bcreft uf
a grcat lcadership ro serve it . j oaquim N abu co's great poliricallv
consrruct ivc efforr as an admirabl e lead cr would have con tinucd
had he nor given up in tcmal polit ics for an eth ical rcason .
In pbilosopbizing abo ur this mat rcr . onc rccognizes that sorne-
t imes un excess of cthics is countcrprod uctive. If j oaquim Nabuco
had tcmporized wit b th c ncw political rcgimc in his ami o ur uation ,
he m ight lu ye accom plishcd tbe incorporation nf th c frved slave in
the Hrazilian prolctariar, of which sorne abs rract-st ylc positivists
spokc rh ctorically wit hou t passing from verbal cbstractions 10 uuly
objcc t tvc uction..,
At rhis point it is appropriarc to add to t he eOlTl mcntary un Ordrr
and I'rf!J!, ffss a word about the hook's f ar frorn in signifi cant in nova-
tio n in r nethod. Thc hook may he characterized as bc ing ostcnsibly
J collection of close-ups rha t captu re realities scen as d ose as possi-
blc. wit h no attempt at a panoram ic apprcach.
l low did rhc aut hor givc (lrder and ProJ!,rm , in stead of a
panoram c pcrspcctive. rhc perspec tivo. sociophotograp bcall y
spcaking . of close-ups that prCSl'!1t subiects ami ohjects su close as
to givc thc readcr a f,x'ling of ha\-ing rhem alwa vs with in reach ,
not ool y of his e)'l's, but also of hi s hands? (Socicphot og raphy is a
ncologi sm invcntrd by thc author in analogv wir h socolng uisrics.)
First nf all, thc author gathercd about hi m a grollp uf pt'rs(lns w hll
agrccd ro act as am hors in thc prcparanon o f aur obiographical
ma tt.'rials ro uch ing o n ct.'ftain essl~ nt ia l IXlint s. so th;1I thcir rl'
spo n sl's to m y IJucsl ionnairc cOllld he co m pared from a sOI,:ioan-
thropol ogi cal poinr (lf view . This ab solut e innllvat ion in sc it'm ific
ll11'thod h ad nen'r. 10 m y km )\\ !t"t.!ge, ht't'n Iried in Bruil (Ir in an)'
olher eo nntrv in lIlod crn times.
The rcsu lts uf t his pioneering ex pc rimc nt \\ ere sign iticam _ Fnr
exam plc , rhe p<-'riod o f transil iol1 from t he m on a rt~h y to th t' repu h
li c, and fmm s1a\'e labor ro free lal Klr , \\'as stud it"t.l through its
prCst'n t-da)' su rvin lrs. ITlt'n am i womt.'!l o f ' -ariolls raee , dass.
A utbor's l'reface lo tbe Paperhack h Jirirm 11.'
and regin. Ami it was found tha t thc Hrazilians of thc transi-
tional pcriod borc k,ss rcscmblancc lo their fordx.'ars than to rheir
nmtelllpora ru-s.
The assembling uf thcse auto biograp hies p rcscrucd serious
di tfi cultics; neven heless. ubout IWOhundrcd of th cm were collcctcd
by rhc aut hor of ttrdcr and ProgreK Prming lo be extrcmclv valu-
ablc, t hev scrvcd as a propt'r basis for por haps thc rnost scrious
psychological inrcrpreration uf this importaru pha sc of Hraxilian
life ever anemprcd . Thcrc werc many rcfusal s. including th at uf
(; ellio Vargas. Ir is int crcsti np that he refuscd cirbcr lo confirm
or ro d isavow the pe rson aliry protile lmilt up by this au thor . Ac-
cording to thar p rofilc, in place of rhc dcccptivelv smiling ruan of
Lourival Fontcs' propaganda, there appearcd thc Brazifian of Rio
Grand e du S ul t hat he wa s. thc H'ry ncg ation of the picturcsquc
imagc madc popular h y thc Flores da C un has, by thc O svaldo
:\ranhas, ami cvcn by thc N eves d a Fontouras. lndced . as a man
of t111,' mis sionarv ty pc , he was not onlv intro spect ivo end taciturn ,
as I had prcdictc...I, offerng in proo f his refusal to furnish me an
au tobiographica ! n 'sx lnse lo my q uc stion nairc . he could also be
sad, mclodramat ic, even tragc. Alt hough my sketch of rhis com o
plcx Hrazilian fi gure madc no im prcssion o n Brazilians, ir arou scd
rh c artention of an im clligcn t Portuguc sc gentleman , Cou nt d '
Aurora . Ile took note of it ami, wben G ctulio Varga s confirmcd
thc trut h of t (by his su icide), 111,' wrorct u me. I had spokcn as une
wh o had see n wit hin C l'u tio Vargas a G et lio different fro m t he
man madc known by thc po slers.
I ought lo mcrnion that sorne of the rcprcscn tarivc Br:lziliam
whose aurobio g rapbics I solicitcd proposcd a comprom iso. th cv
agrccd to furnish dcposit ions or ma ke confessions bUI ir wo uld
have 10 lit, d one orally . as if I had lx-en a priesr to whom Ihey
confcsscd undcr scal of Sl -c-rccv. \ \ '!l ,l l 1 W :IS afrer wa s Ihe IJh,,'k in
the whte , ami 1 rejoee in ha\'ing sl,'l.'ured il, Iha nks to Ihe mosl
eoo pl.'ra ti\"l', impartia!. and trut hfu l sUfvin lrs o f Ihe Ira nsilonal
p hase llnd er t'ollsidcralio ll. Fro m these au to biog raphies ir IJeeamc
d ear hO\,' co nlf(wers ial a fi gure Huy Barhosa was among t he sur
,ivors , A numllt.'r o f Ihem accu.scd him of impro pr ielY in his co n-
duc!. There was llnanimou s ap plallse for Sa ntos Dumon t ; Ihere
\\"efe \'a rio us re:lct ions lo ()011l Ped w 11 and lO Flo ri:lllO Pl'xoto.
Some nformaton gn 'n the au tho r was confidellliai in nature
bm 11 0 1 au w biographical: serious crit icism o f the ma nn er n w hch
the Thrteenlh of .\ Iay was fl'alill'l.l, and Ihe sallle in n -gard lO tht'
tvi Autbcr's l'reface I Q IIx Paperhack tidt on
l-iftecnt h of :"\ml'Ill IM.' r. ;\ precious document wa s haudcd ovcr for
the benctir of (mure gcncration s: rhe rnanuscr ipt d i:lry of Jos
Cavalcarn d a Rocha wa nd crfcy. Haron de Tracun ham.
X cvcr. tu m)" knowlcd gc, has a book bc en writn-n in an)' lan-
gu age on the order of tlrder and i'r{)gress, that is. nnc th at presente
ami comp ares rcac tion s to thc samc. or similar, stim uli, as, for
exarnple , lo rhc IlSC of canes by aristo c ratic gentlcmcn. or to the
cu t nf nu-n's mu stachcs or beard s.
llow lll ;lJl)' and what wcrc thc at ritudes during th is transnional
pcriod as 10 marriage of whit c with colored pc r ~ollS? Sorne re-
sp ondcnts said thcv wc rc ahove racial prcjudicc hut , whcn askcd
spc cifi callv how th l')" would fccl about a daugbtcr's marriagc 10 a
man of color. the tone of rhcir respollsl' changcd .
O nc aSM.'ct of thc interp rctm ion of thc aut obiographics, wit h
th ci r ra ndid clnsc-u ps that wcrc intcnt ionallv irum ediatc. d ircct ,
an d indiscrcer. was this: rhe facts did not pe rmit hci ng charac-
tcrizcd as PUf(' Iact, inasmuch as they involvcd con tlic rs of atti-
rudc on thc part of thc com ponents o f or participante in this one
cpoch . ' l'ltcse antt udcs wcrc pr ojcctious of psydlOslKiolcgieal q,:os,
SOI1I(' anccstrnl, w'hcn facrd wit h sccia llv ncw crcumstences pre-
scnrcd by the time, It was Ortegn's dile mm a: '" am 1 aud my
.
ctrcurnstanccs. "
Ir might he suggestl'd thar th e exrrcmely valuablc autobiogra ph ic
mat erial elk-ited ami organiz cd by thc aut hor of t his innovativc
'" IO\.; k'ml s itself ro fnr ming ;1 quantirativc statistic:l1 record . bur
only in pa n . .\ la ny o f th c aut obiograp hical rract ionv are qualitat ive
and, for th at very rcason . all t hc more sig nifican tl.\" rcvcaling as 10
the naturc of the pe r iod under considerarion .
Thc author shou td cxplain that in pcrforrning thc in nova tivc task
uf cont rasring, ccmpar ing, ami arriving at conclusions in rCSpl'l't ro
intimare. personal, and even cnnfidcnr ial aut obiographics. he had
to tr)' to aSSUllle as stro ng a feding of l'm p;lIhy as possible. 111.'
anemptl'll lO placc himsclf wit h in the mind ;lTld fcclings o f each of
t he alltohiog raphl'rs who, after all, had agreed to be a s'lCl'il'S o f
cO:lllt ho r of this all-embral'ing , com prehensivc boo k. Em path)" ,
wh en fu lly rcalizcd , is an emotion al statl' Ihat makes one a p;lrlici.
pant in the reaclion s of a hl'terog l'lll'<lll S gro llp lo the sallle slim uJi .
It ttlJkes h im a kind of Eng lish nm'dist on a g rand scale. He
hl'<:omes sens ili\'c to imi mate d etails ami also lo dl'<:e pti\T ah era-
tions of intimate react ion, il1tH l'oll\'e lltional real' lions. I'crhaps a
h it of psychoanalys is cnt ers here, ;\ b it of psychoana lysis \\'it h
Autbor's Preface lo tbe Pap'rhJc~' Hdilirm tvi
relations 10 rcality. On tbis poinr t hcrc is agree mcnt alllong sc icn-
rifi c obscrvers of such so cia l realirics :lIno ng I11cn in an agc thar
re nds re live more hy ana !og y 111;In by ra rionalit y or logic .
Among thc aurobiog ruphies clicircd and compilcd by thc author
of (lrder 1J1Id Progrf);, werc found varicus attcmpts on thc pan of
thcir autbors lo rationalizc altit ud es, but almost alwa ys thcy fel l
into contrurlictions. It is nor to Il(' expccted of an y age thal its
rnemb e rs livc in a strietl)" log iea[ ami rationa l manne r. Thcv do
not . Thcy livc to a largc cxtcnt with no lhollghl of rurionalit v Uf
uf informcd pracricc. Thcy live illogicallj-, intuitively, according lo
insrinct s or according tu the ulrrainxt inctual modern-day cquiv-
alcnts so strongly re pudiatcd by sorne psvcholo gisrs . C an ir he
rhat thest' in stinctual cquivalcnts will h e ro utcd by rhe am i-
instinctivists ? It is dou lnful. T he qucstion is com plcx. In a \\"ay , it
relates te thc oblig.nion on the part of ccrtain mcn in puhlic lift, to
have ccnfi dcncc in, ami admit te. their {)U'1l bcnt am i dispo sition
whtch . in rhe case of public figures. appcaranct' rcnds to conccat
nr disguise. So ir was wit h G t"t lio Vargas, who. wh cn asked
by the aut hor of Urder and P,ogress lo furnish autobiogra p h ical
material, rcfuscd te do so ; let me rqx'at , refuscd absolutcly.
Pcrha ps he hopc d lo avoid rc vcaling his esscnrial sel f in say ing:, as
he did ro me, "1 am not a ma n ti) rcvcel mysclf bUI one \\"hn r nust
he dcciphcrcd by ot hcrs." Onlv by suicide did he partlv rcvcal
himsclf.
In Urder and ProgreJs spccial unent ion is givcn to ncw Eu ropc an
presences in Bra l. \\"ilh th c foundiug of tln- rcpublic. their
n u m hcr sharply increased . Bcs t likcd wcrc rhc h alians. l Iard work-
crs, said many a Brazilian of good stock. y et not avcrsc lo Iratcmiz-
ing wit h rhe pcople of the land in cclebrarion of sainrs' davs. in
pro c ession s ami mer rymakiog: hght-opcra singe rs learncd w sing
Bra/jlian dillic!>. ([alians wen' lI ~Cfll l 111 tillo' llilti" nal l ' Cllll o lll y a ~
su b~t i t ll tc s for sla\"cs in the coffee seclor. In the en's of nol a fe\\"
Brazili ans, t hey had t'm ig rat cd to t he rcp llblic as ~oc ial Illessiahs
anointt-d w ith intcl ligence; I.atin am i C alholic, lil ey st'emed id eal
ror raising the k \"d of t'lIhure in th t" n ;lI ion .
:\1though Brazili:min "l.l G t"rmans might be \'a!m'd as dcsccndan ts
o f intclligelll Europea ns wi th a capacilY fo r hard \\"1l rk, Iht" idt'a!
for tTl:l ny of us sce mt'(l lO he Brat.ilian Lalioil)' . Ru )' BarlKJSa, io
an d( KI"cnt .s lx'<."1.'h, I'KJilltt'd out that thc c \"ilil.alion that would
elOhe llish Brazi! was nol Ihat of dcscem lalll s of the ( ;uarani hut o f
continuers of Ih e l.at in s.
h:ji Autbors I'nf ace to tbe Pllper!Jack Iidition
In t he early d ays of the rcpu blc thc rc wa s sorne talk of thc
ucccssity for Arvanizng thc nar ion's popu latio n , m aking it whitc,
or sl'cm ingly so .
Ycr we wcrc not wit hout a Roq uenc Pinto, ent husiast for Bral.il's
Ind ian or igi ns , not lo rncnrion his lucid , cnrhusiasric book Rundnia,
c-hich . of coursc, tb rcw into bold rclicf (h e figu re of Genera l
Ci ndi do Ronden. T he sume pcri od , ho w-c\.....r , could lxust a b ril-
liant c_x llIment of A ryanism in thc pers( ll1 of thc ''' lCiolog ist Olivcira
Viana , who wa s also a fine writc r .
Thcrc was no one 10 give his auenrion or parusanship to thc
Afro- ;":cgro whu, aftcr all, ha d bc cn so rcspon siblc for Brazil's
dcvclopmcut us a tro pical uarion . Tropicalitv was anot hc r Brazilian
subjcct avoidcd by rhinkc rs u f thc time. T here was an u nwilling-
ncss te recognizc thc fact tha t Brazil dcfinitclv bclongcd lo the
rropcs, thnr it wa s rclluricall y tropical .
Thcrc was evcn more un willing nesv lo rccog nizc a sympat hctic
valu in thc hybrid Braxilian, cvcn whcn cugenc . In th is rcgard ,
Ro q ueu e Pinto's scholarly uncrancc s{(lod alonc hUI 'la s soon
joitll"l! hy Ihal uf Froc s Fon scce, a maste r (JI' the su bject .
Onlv littlc by littlc would t he A rvanization m vr h be dis p oscd (JI'
rhroug h rccogniriou of the hybrid Brazilian's valu. that is. ni
course, whcn h e is cugcnic-cor whcn h e is of rhc fcmininc gcndcr
and, as suc h . praiscd fo r acst hctic qualitics.
A s lo t ha t , rh c crnpcror Ped ro 11 ha d ant icipated t his valorizarion
01' IIIt' Brazilian lad y tuuc hcd with Xcgro bluod but nf superior
cducation. hy bi s choice 01' a favorit c-c-cxuuordinary term for a
mi-ccgcncrcd wo man.
Th~ 1M" aw. km, "'a"J' >t rin!" dnd ha, a I",..in: un ,h~ ; f~ " f
~a, h and c'Tr~' onc " f \1': and lIle ,wdy ..f Ihi, 1"" , m"' e Ilu "
mere ' ''''''are h . 1><I fUlllma.;;ng: in rtw an-hiw>: ir , .., . ,hcmurc
III ..." ,it i, it ~, .
Epigraph. 1"tx .HolSlm- an 1'" Sla:n, ,<1 En~li, h- la"!1U 3;! e ,...l il ioo C":e\\ York, .\ Ifrcd .\
KO'~lf, , ,/.\6), 1' , Ii,',
' ''S,.: i. 1 Lif,' in Bro,il io lhe \ Iidd lc or lhe :"il><'1<",mh Ccm ury ," I/p""it .-1",,,;,,,,,
11;<10,*,,1 nr<m ', j , 1>0. " (" o,,cm!>er, ")" ), PI" W...(; jo.
, ..\ "omprcllcn<i' c l>ihli,,!!nphy ." , r n 'Y" 1>" y'" tu h., l' " bli,ll<'d . 'file 1""'1 In d31e,
\\'I>i"I> <,d,,<I.... m.g" im- . <1<1 n""" p"I" " . rt id .-" j, (",,,,<1 in (; ilh"rl" Frcy.., ()~'" ""o/hiJa,
In
lx l ntroduction lo tbe flaperhack Edition
int cllcctuallifc is hard to cxaggcratc . 111 1t)33 rhc pu blc arion of TIx
Jlasftrs and tbe Steces (Casa grallde e senzalai, thc first volumc of the
trilog y rhat is concluded here with Order and t'rogras . carne as both
revelation ami shoc k ami quickly cstablishcd his rcputation as a
lcading intcrprctcr of t he Brazilian pas!. T he work st irrcd con-
lron'rsy from the OUIs1't . For sorne, like novclist Jorge Amado. ir
wa s Sl'1,:11 as a revolutiun in Brazil's literature , cult ural life , ami
nat ional dcvclopmcnt ;' For or hcr s, it wa s a di stortion of hi story
bascd on an cxccssively sexual ami racial int er pretatinn of so cicry.
It was bot h hailed and condcmncd bccausc " f its rncthodolog y. its
h ighly d etailed contc nt , its literarv sty!c, ami irs bia s in rreating
social ami economic d eveloprncn ts ut th e l' X lt'IlSC of polirical
chrcnolog v. Ove- time, wha t had lxcn SC1'n as cithcr pion cer ing ur
audacious in the H)jOS had bccomc cla ssic nr pa ssf by t he II) Ros.
Whe thcr inaccurarclv branded as radical or rcact ionar v. Frcyrc's
work ha s ccrtain ly bc cn unorthodox ami individualist ic.
Abroad . Frcyrc was, along wit h O sear Nicmcyer in archit cct urc,
Jo rge "1I13do in fietin n, Cndido Port inari in painung, Ileitor Vila
Lo bos in music , and C armen Xti randa in fi lm, on e of the fcw
Hr.tzjljans of his gcncraron 10 gcin rccognition in the Unitcd Su tes
ami Eurcpc. H erc, too , public accla im carne carly whcn Sranford
Univcrsity invin-d him to be a vis iting profes-or at th c age o f
thi rtv-onc. ,\ long succrssion nf prives. honorarv degrees (Colum-
biu, San Marcos, Coimbru. the Sorbonne, M nstcr. S ussex], nnd
awa rds (including rhc presrigiou s Aspcn A ward] followcd. .-\ 1 agc
sen'nt y..one Qllc.'l'n Hizaberh 11 appointcd h im an l lon orary
Knig hr Commandcr of the Ordcr of rhe Hrirish Empire. .\Iore
important , howcver-, wcrc the contacts he estahlixhcd wit h inrellec-
tuals ovcrscas ami his interese in the developing rheorctical ami
r nct hodclog ical tcudcncics in hisrorv and the soc ial sciences. Fir st
in rhc Am erican Scbool in Recife. then as an un dergraduatc at
Baylor Univcrsity. ami later as a graduare st udent ;11 Columbia he
was d rawn to American scholarsh ip ami fel! undcr Ihe influencl' o f
blJl i"gr. phy hy Ed .. ," :"cry' ,1> Fo" ...."'. (Ri.. ,k J . nci...., ~"u :\ gu;l. r , "'i7 ). PI' . " '41-
.. >lI 7. s...., . 1.., F"m cra'. ..G il1>......" Fr.yrc ,'m tin(u. in!lba, - C;~J r "/'mpin>, " . no. ,
(j ll ly_l k..:cmher , . OjII .I ). I'l" l iJ -l~ :
' Jorge .-\".. <1.., 'C. ", !1rande e >Cll1al. ' C rC\"\l~j" cuh ur.I,- in (jil/vrJ o frry rt: ""f
.,'""a, ""' fif- fia , "'~ aY/r ( ~ i" ,k J . nei.,->; J'",,; ( l lymp"" ',It .. ), p. 1' . T hc , ~ her . n id c.
in ,hi, w lk...."t~' n " ffer . uricly of " 'o...,,"'....,, of his '"!'n1ribut i"",. ",ri!len 10 ' o", n",,,,,,r>!e
lh,' l\<'cnly_ft h . oni......, ..)'" . ,f Ca" l['~ndr r srn::ala. Fnr Freyrc', re' p" " " " l<> hi, c.i, in, ,",oc
hi. - 1'Td ..c 'o t I><' S" co nr1 Engli, h-l.a"gu' g' "'J i l ~ J!l" ,,( '( b< .1I...lm_ and l b< .~l<..." 1'1'-
ni ii_n iii. h iii-I".
lntrcduction Ir! thr: Paperbact: Rdt an /xi
such acadcmc giants as thc gcologist John Caspar Branner, the
soc iolog isr Franklin Hcnry Giddings. the historian Carlron J. 11 .
I layes, and cspeciallv t he ant hropologist Franz BOls. Thc new
history: thc epplicaticn nf the scient ific merhod 10 the slud y of
socicrv ideas uf cult u ral diffusion, racial cquality. ami accult ura-
tion- all an ractcd h im and scemcd u scful approacbcs for ;1 bettcr
undcrsta nd ing o f Brazil. T hro ugh st udy ami rravcl Frcyrc also
gaincd an abiding apprcciatio n of Europcan thought ami showcd ,1
spcc ial affinity for Frcnch anthrop ologists. likc Rog er Hasridc. ami
historian s of the Anuales school." Il e lec ame 1Il importanr dual
cond uit , chan neling new ecadcmic cur renrs into Braxi! ami spread-
ing knowlcdgc of his homelaml abroad.
D cspite bis growing int ellcctua l cos mopoliranisr n, Frcyrc has
rema incd refres hingly p rovinci al. Thc more he rravclcd, rhc more
he feh a nced ro rer u rn te his "hometo wu" Rccifc, capita l of Per-
namb uco in Brazil's northcast . Thcre he could studv ami writ e ami
draw spirima l nouri shmcm fmm the famil iar surroundi ngs of his
boyho od pasl ami fmm t he intimare h islorical past of h is familv .
city . and rt.'g ion. :\hO\"(' all, Frcyrc is a regional w riter , w ho , as life
worc on , regulad)' dcclined \i sit ing appoin nuent s at prcsrigious
uuivcrsities in orhcr pa n s of Braxi l and in othcr countries in ordcr
to live in Apipucos (a suburh of Rcc ifc) and to work at thc Insti tuto
j oaquim Nabuco tic Pesquisas Sociai s (Thc joaquim Nabuco lnsti-
tu te of Social Rcsearch), which he foundcd in 1<)-+9 . Likc many
other grear regional writers, such as Thomas \\'olfe ami \\'illiarn
Faul kncr in rhc United Sta tes. he achicvcd a national ami uni versal
t ransccndcncc. bUI , Iikc Faulk ncr and unlike Wolfe, he elways fclt
cc r npcllcd to go home agai n. In ordcr lo understa nd h is vision of
Brazil ami the b roadcr Lu so-tropical world-c-thu t unique cu lt ural
variant wbich he bclicvcd thc Portuguc-,c had crcatcd nol only in
Bra l, but also iu " art s uf Atrlca und ,\ ~ i ,--olle m ust bcgiu with
thc zona da mala (t he tropical coasia l 7.om ') of Pernambuco. For it
wa s in this seuing, as hc put it , Ihat tlt h t'gan his utl co nsciolls
, Ilio~::ral'hica l ,k toil, on heF~ .re found " FU lKlJ ~ao) ( :trl i" Ya'l:.'. C'nr.... , k- 1',....
't'JI ,"' ,. 1 ), "" m.:n. ~i(J de 11' <lilri. G mtem p..r';n... ,~ , IIr. , I. J)rcl("'~r" hJiriMhiogrJfio
"r<Milti"', '\I_I (~ '<)8J (l !tio de J an" ir,,: Ft..-en", t.: tli\'er",~ri. , [l <!l.1), ' -01. >. pp, 1; ..... , ; 71,
. ntl hl"", S '''- d. Fu" "-,,,. , "-<:" "'<>]' 'l,i i. ,1. ,'itla e d. " ]," ," in G ill>,," o Freyre. Obra
n
NOIb1Ja. pp, 4' >-1>6 . "l'h,' ".-\n" . le, "..h. w,l ,,kr<; ,,, . t""'P of Fr"nch h<I" rian' " hu
emplu,in:d .h, iml,ort an", of ,...w '",ni." .",1 ,..ca] h"' ,,-y .".1 .ri,...I ." " ",,,. 'e .h. ."' hi,""...
of .l. ;ly life in rhe 1"" " Ir. "",,,bc..hl' nd ud,'<i ,\ b rc m<>ch, I.u,icn Fd " re, . ",1 h 'm."d
Ilra l1<1d ",1 ml l<"h "f Ih" " w"r~ " "' I' uh],hed in rhe ..- ,m al "\" ""1,,,. f:"' m""" " . J""Nlh.
rit'di$"' ~"J.
lxii huroduaion tu (be Pllperhllck Ed tion
prepararion to bcc omc a historian by askin g his gram lmot hcr qll CS 4
trying 10 sy nthcs izc and dis til l the ('sscnn' of Brazil's historical
ex pc ricncc, Frcyrc ,liso strives to valorizc" thc pa sl in tellcc tually-c-
th at is, 10 ma kc it apprcciatcd as well as underwod . ro con\'ey a
positi vo as wcll as an uccuratc picturc o f the un iquc cont ributi nn
rnadc bv Brazil ro the flo w of wcste rn civilizat ion. In rbs cfforr he
plays the dual role of nationalist and histori an ,
Id eas of cultural and racial fusion are central ro Frevrc's histori cal
analysiv. natiunalist view, ami social thcorv. \\'ilh in thc parriarchal
structurc groundcd in a planration cconomv, the Porrugucsc.
American lndian s, and Afr ican X egrocs int crminglcd scxuallv and
socially in a more in timare fashion than clscwhcrc in t hc Am rica s.
Thc rcsult , he i1 rglles , lcd l O a Catholic , Lu so- tropical cult ure more
opt.'n lo msccg cnarion, which al first dcvelopcd a softcr form of
slavery and eventually a Iy pe of socia l d emo cracv which was not
pla gucd by the rgid colo r han-icr s rhat characterizcd ra cc rcla rions
in thc U nitcd Su tes for so 1111Il)" decades. 111.' also arg l\('s rhat thc
socicty was more o pen tu non-I bc rian . Europea n elcmcnrs than
was mosr of S pan ish Americe. Unlike carlicr Hrazilian w ri({'rs whn
be moaned the mong rcl aspccr of rhcir so c ictv and advoc atcd
policics of whin-ning and Europcanizarion , Frcvrc hcld this fu sion
ro be the great strength and contribu ti.m of Brazilian cult ure. In
t his he applicd more mod er o ant hropological views of cult ural
auronomy and racial equality lo h is histori cal iuvestiga rion . At rhc
samc lime . by carryi ng thc argumcnt for Brazil's socia l dcmo c racy
lo thc point u f exaggcration , he was in effcct crcating new natjonal
myth s and Icft hi msclf n pl.'tl lo fut ure chargcs o f whitewavhing Ihe
count rv's record wirh rcspcct lo race rclations. Bc t hat as it ma y .
h is contr ibu t ion here as J nationalist has bc cn formida ble. As thc
Colu m b ia U nivcrsit y historian Frank T annenhaum has poinrcd
out , onc major sign ifi cance of Frcvrc's work has been it s SI ll'CC SS in
ch;lIlgi ng Brazil's imagc o f it w lf. 1le hcl p.......1 tu d avh \\ hat w as once
a national inferioriry com plcx ; he ha s giH'1l Hrazilians J pndc in
w hat Ihc)" are ami a n ew h asis for con fi dcncl' in Ihe fu lu rc . '"
In Ihis \"Olu mc. Order and /'rogrm , mYlh making" y iclds to h isto r-
, T I.... term ,. I"ri." or ".I..r;1.a ti"" i. ..h e" "",tl 1>)' FrcJIl: . ud < ~ he r IIr31 ili. " \\ riter, ;"
the ;"nerol "'''''' .. f "nh."cin; l he ,. l" e ..f ",",ething. lt, ",.~ ,tem, fr"", the ,'.r,..",
" '~ Jril-"I i,," 1'1. " . ;"'1'' '''-..1 by Ihe II r i!i. " .:< " ,..-mm<nl <ince the early nH' nticth centll r~
lo ' "1'1''''' hihcr cnff"" prin., .
,. #lm" KI" cti,," ro ( ;IIJ.m .. Fre) re-' Tbe ,1/dJl$JQJlS ,;IIJ be 5b.mlm l'\c\\ Y..rk, .\ lfr<-..J .\ ,
n
" Th~ 1,."Unll"ms " ...re h.... ,,;ly ,'l.litN fu.. ;nd u,.,,, in IOC En~I; ,hI. ,,:u':'" <~I l " '" 1,,,1...
1" I" od 1>)' " "" pf, . nd 111<: OO"'l'kl'" 1.>;"I;' .l'h....1 I,,n: ,,{ lh~ , ~ .. ~' I. " I<l ...n" " .. o",iuN
cm;,dy. F.., fh...", " ..... t;, lheno F",)" re, (),drm P"1-lT"tm!, H ~ . , ( 1(" .1... J.,,,.;.....: Jo'"
O J)", p;" . ' 9591, PI' lnwi-ewi;.
" "l: n sr.nd li" ", >u , le lI,t s;l." .i n"uln; t:,.,nom;n, " /s, rrc'i/i...;",,,. ~ , no, ,I IJ ul\"
S';I''''",I,,'r, "15 l, PI'. ..,........ "'.
" " IOlr,. I" <',;" ,,," "l"ht , 1I~n"'m' ""d IIv SM'l/ln, p, ""
lO "I'n:la."" 1" Ih.' Engli,h, Lans". .:-e Ftlifion, " Ord" ",, I'm!:rro C"" " Y"r k: .\ lfr<s l .\ .
Kllop!". "no), p, H";;,
t ntroduction ro tbe Papt'rback Hdit irm
nonprufessional thinkcr ami s ocia l critic who had prcvailcd in Bra zil
until Freyrc's gcn eration. In t his scnse, Frcyre was borh ;1 cont in uer
o f thc old ami a harbi nger of t hc ncw, a p ivota! and t ra n sitiunal
figu re wh ose work wil l havc enduring importan ce ami appea l." Il is
hisrorical studics are of valu, then , not onlv for t hcir inr crprcration
and descr iprion of thc pa,q, bUI alsc for their rcvelation s about
cOllIl'mporary inrcllcctua l life in Brazil.
Than ks to th e long-tcrm interest of Alfrcd ami Hlanchc Knopf
who fi rst l.rough t TIJe Masu r; and tbe Slaoes, FIJe ,uIJIlJOflS and tbe
Sbanties. ami tlrder 11111/ t'rogress to thc English-rcading publie, and
to the Univcrsitv of C alifornia l'ress which h as now rcp ublished
all thrcc volumcs in th is uniform papcrback cdition , Frcvrc's major
historical wo rk is again availablc to rcadcrs who would likc to share
th e author's joy of unde rstandi ng thc old soci al ordcr. In so doi ng
thcy wil l come to ha vo a dccper app reciation of p rcsen t-day Hrazil,
to SlT sorne o f wha t lics bchind it s dvnamism , it s p ositivo sdf-
image, its problcms , ami it s confi dence in rhc fur ure. The forcign
rcadcr ma)" also broadcn his perspectivo of Bra l wirh othcr works
nuw av a llablc in Fng lish . Classcs suc h :lS Ret ettion i n tbc HdCklllrlds
(Os srrtocs) by Euclid es d a Cunha" am i th e ocvels of .\ I:Kll;Id o de
Assis, for cxa m ple, h clp ro give balance tu Freyre's view of Hra-
xilian devclo pmcnt at t he un-n of the cl'lltu ry. Fo rrunarclv , a g row-
iug ourput by Hrazjlian authors appears in Engti sh eH'ry )'l'ar. th us
bringing lo a widcr aud icncc works rhar carlier might ha vc re-
maincd "buried" in thc Portu gucsc languagc. Hccausc of cxrensive
sourcc cira rion in notes ami sup plemcntery h ibliog raphics, the
Frcyre volumes also serve as a gui dc lo further srudy on Hrazl."
Gilb c rto Frcyrc contines to stud y, write , lec t urc, travel occa-
sionally . ami ('n joy life at hom e in Apipucos o n th e outskirts o f
Recite. l l s last book , in fact , is a sketch on thal sulJll rh. Thl'fl' he
lin 's wirh h is w ife iu t he Big I fou sc, sur wu nd ed hy l)1M )ks, mCIlll"n-
tos, ami Olt'tllories, by his cau e coltect ion aud fami ly I'M Jrl ra its. I le
is plcascd {hat Apipu('os has be('n ahle lo resist the mo st di saslrou s
iuro,lds of uri u tlizat ion aud t hat pl'' Opk th Cfl' can st ill turn lo t he
" ,\ l uch (lf Frey"" , " (lrl i, r<li"larly ....;" " ,..1 in Ilronl . n,1 . lIr",,'! Ca", l:rtmJ, , :(m ;;;/"
. l,," c h"s g< "'c Ih ruugh mure Ih. " l\O enry.;"c edi rinns . nd l'ri nl;ngs, m. l inll ;1 Ulle uf IOC
. !l-li"", 1l.."1 fI"fI"h, II, ,,- ili. ,, Iww.k. F... ehild....1l ir h.. n C1l "p \,eu<~l In a pil'rlJ' i. 1
' -<'" i,"', Ca", g,.a.nd, , fNfO<1 Ia. m1 qu.uinnhm (R.., lk J anci,,,, EJ , R,,,si!-"\ m ril'. , ,'K, l.
.. F,.. d " l,', da <:ul1l1., R,bd lk", '" Ibr na."k/ilnd< (Chicag", e ni","i,,- uf Ch;,: >!!" f'rc",
' w-+ )' 11,is " " , l , lih ' rbr .11"'1'" nd IIx Slat'a , " as lramlatl...J b\' Sanllld Pllfnallf , "hu
ca ll s fJ, <nl ks ll,..,il\ wea ll"ll I:o:"k" (p. iii).
l ' T he R..7ili." <..lil i"", al"\> ,'' '''' (" 11,,, .nd " " " l' 11 ,,-,(,,1 In ,h, re' I""'I,
t ntrodncuon lo tbe PaptT!ltlck Edition
goo d thi ng s in life-c-rnusic. rhe festival of San Joao as it is cele-
bran-d in rh e interior . C hrisnnas. N cw Ycar's, ra ising ch ickrns .
and plant tng jasmine . Thc typical ltrazlian houscs rcman. rhcrc
is no violcnr cr imc. no mansion of a nouvcau tichc, no drugstorc.
ami no mise-y. Thcrc {he older townspcoplc likc hi mself of more
thn n eig hty )TarS , ca n spcnd thcir tim e ndmiring 1l00H'rs am i tas t-
ing th c mnngoes and cashcws frum thci r orchard s;" as if wa it ing
lo bccomc a par! of thc Brazilian pasl which Frcvrc h as 100 l and
undcrsroo d so wcll .
""-
~
",."" I
8""'711 Mn~
z
' -\:':':';':";";1
""(, 7 ,"'U II
R I L
.. ,.....c.
.\lik r ~_C=:-_C=:-""!
"
,,, ..."","~
:
I
,
o"
~i'~ ,
"
/. 'l....
.., <>
.-' T O GROS SO '1'" .
"'.~.,,
O
.l.
".}
( " 1. , '
"
., l '. ,
BR A ZI L
r wr iall~ poli l
mo GR A N es
...... U'A"'... I in tbc early nsentetb centur y ,
DO S U L including .veas considcred territo nes.
' _'.
'.
"~
furlO "It'grt '"
}'''' ' ' . ;4lcl lll>s
Tb e ctes are tbose tbat tonrisbvd
II IUJ,U,,(y !
,
~,Viti . ~
;11 tbat periodo
The Fifteentlt rif Nooember
1 1'rinda.le is a Bru ilian i,land off the coa, f of Riu de jarwiro, nor IU be (on_
fused wirh the British "Iand uf T rinidad (al,,, called Trndade in Portug ucse), ~l r .
"' night's . hip was the Alerte. (1' un,b'or. )
6 a rder and Progress
picrure for thc adrniration o rhc Brit ish visirors. T hc chu rchcs and
houses o rbe u ppcr c ity sccrncd to glisten Iike marble, palm trces
and ot hcr tropical forms of \'cgctaton broke into the cvcning sky ,
forming a charming backdrop fo r the vasr patrern uf houses and
wcll-lighrcd srrcers. In rhc lower city rhc buildings sccmed to rhc
men of rhc A lert e ro he cmcrging majcstically dircctly from thc
glistening moonlir warers.
But mu ch o rhis sup poscd magnifi cencc was drasrically modified
rhe nexr moroiog whcn thc English mcn saw t he l-iry by rhc lighr of
day . Romantics only at night, rhcse dayrimc realisrs of the A lerre
saw that rhe old "Portcgucse city," w hile undoubt edly picrurcsque.
cou ld with difficulty be considcrcd "magnificcnr." 2 Filrhy streets
. .. A confusion of screaming co lors-of peoplc, anim als. 1'ar-
ro ts, t he tur bans of N egro womcn, rhe strange fruits . . . An
cq ual confusin of strange smclls in g reat va riety. thc srnclls of pov-
en )' and diseasc, possibly cvcn rhat of rhe drcaded ycllcw fever.
A ciry of noise as wcll: uf church bells consrant ly rolling an d
fircworks r-onrinuallv exploding in midair in w hat K nig he desc rib es
as t he Bahian obsession wit h a constant cele bration of hol)' days.
T he ciry is callcd rhc Ciry of Al! Saines prcciscly bccause every da)'
of t he year is marked as rhe festival of one of the bcarified the
parron of one of the guarrers of thc city, or of sorne strccr, or sim-
pI)' of sorne individual f amily. If rhc racket of thesc barbarous rcli-
gious cclebrarions ever ceased, J\ 1r. Knig hr fclt , the inhabirants of
Salvador would be rcrrifi ed. ce rt ain thar sorne g rcat misfortune had
suddenly descended upon thc city: carthquakc o r re volu tion.
From Salvador, t he Englishmen of rhc A lerte co nrinucd ro rhe
island of T rin dade, inrcodin g to ret urn to the capital of Bnhin after
a few mom hs of persistcnt search for a pe rhaps rnyrhic al rreasure."
T his rcrurn, thc firsr of two, took place in january. 1890, on which
occ asion rhc explorcrs norcd thar a strangc flag Hoared ovcr rhc
forrs and puhlic build ings. as we ll as frolll Ihe masts of the small
BraziJian boa ts in t he bay oT his fl ag was unli ke an)' banner Ihey h;ld
seen bcfore. \Vhat had happened in Brazil? \Vhat kind of rcvolu-
~Edward r, Kni~ tlf : T br Cmiif uf ,be A lerte. Tb r S JTTJfit.r of J SeQTcb fo,
T , r"su, r on fbc Derert 11llm J uf T ,i" iJ"J (London, 1!lQo), p, 140.
3 1t is I"""ibk that K n igh l' ~ expcdid on un T , ind. dc conu ibuted lO the Britsh
uccupat iun of the i~t and a fc", yn rs lat~r. The ca<.e "'as s.et'l lcd Ihrough Ihe media.
tion uf Po"ug~ l s lC1lueslcd by the Brazilian F o re i~n .\ l ini, tcr. Counsclor Carlos
de Car, . lho. T he incidem h~, been ttcaled rccendy by J. de C:l.~ ro :-Ouncs in
Algulls lfomrm do Mnl T rmpo (Rio de Janeiro. ' 957 ) , p, ~6.
T be Fiteentb of N ocember 7
t ion could have taken place? Thc Eng lishmen wcre mysrified until
'\Ir, Knighr, upon cnrcring [he small boar rhar was ro rakc him
ashore, questioned thc oarsrnan. in bad Portugu esc. as ro rhe mean-
ing o f rhe chango. The Negro replicd wit h an inditferent air, "Ah,
rhc Repu hlic ." T he answcr was so <.'001, so matter-of-facr, so
much like thar o f rhc E ng lishman in a thousand Brazilian jokes, rhar
\ 1r. Kn ig ht was convinced that thc Hrazilians were a people " al-
mosr oriental" in thcir aparhy: an indolenr racc. ~
An E nglishman residcnt in Baha," a ship's ch andlcr named \ \'il-
son, larer oflercd a mo re derailed cxplanation: rhere had bcen a
Rcvolution thar had drivcn "rhc bcloved Empe ror" from rhe
throne. Ir had heen a rhird-rate Rcvolut ion, ro be sure, without a
single casu ahy to lend ir dignity o r respec eabihry. Thc people, said
Mr . t v ilson. secmcd to be ashamcd of thc cvcnt and fcw cven
ment ioncd ir in rhe city.
Pcrhaps :\lr. \Vl son undcrestimared t he local apat hy. Pcrheps he
didn'r realize rhar thc City Council of Salvador hall officia lly raken
a proud stand againsr rhc Republic. proresting its solidariry wirh t he
Ernpcror. Or thae this anirudc, in lcss ostensible form, had bccn
voiced by many ind ividual Bahians who, like most Brazilians of
rhcir t ime, werc luk ewa rm adhcrcnrs of rcpublicanism and rolcrared
rhe idea of a ncw rcgime (01)' so long as ir guarantecd them the
same order and unir)' rhcy had enjoycd for so many years under rhc
Empire,"
t Knighr, op. cir., p. ' -f0' T hc national l1.ag had m,t yet hu n cho,en at the rime
of "Ir. Kniglu 's arr ival in Baha afeer his t", " isil 10 lhe isJ and of T rindade lhe
one he saw flri og o ver rhe fo rts. public buildings . and hart><Jt eraft was mercly that
u f th c oew srate of Bahia.
S Ibid. p. JO~.
6 lt is c u'tom ary in Hrazil lo cmploy rhe seare name in refeuing 10 rhe capilal
city of Bahia. T hu" the names Saha d"r and Hahia are uscd interc hancably.
(T renstaror.)
f Th i ~ au itudc extended n en lO the fo rmer nobtuy. T he Baron do Rio Branco,
a me mber of the Paranholl family and SO " uf a Bahian vir.cu unt, cuntinued loyal ro
rhe uId regime ah hough condcscending ro lhe exisrenc e of rhe new in rhe inrer_
esrs of dome'tic o rder and econornic pr"gre"~. Rio Branco w roee ro Ruy Barbo, a
(acc<Jtding 10 the hi,w rian Luis Vana ) t hat rhe <u""tion was 1l<Jl une of
choice " between lllona rehy and repu blic. hur l..::rw een repuhlie and anarchy.' .\ l ay
rhe new regme ,ucceed in " rn aintaining nrde r, a' , uring . like rhe fomler. the in-
tegriey. rbc pt<! pricry, and thc glury of our great and belo\"ed Btazil and at rhe
saruc time in eo nsolidating th e liben ies l..::qucathed us hy ou r fordarhers. llberti..
rardy found in SO man y so-c alled rcpublics of Sourh Am enca." T his, cond udcd
Rio Bronco, was his "mo' t sincere desire" (jo", Carlas Rodrigues: Religits
ANI/icQS (Rio de janciro, lYOO ), p. 11 9/ .
8 arder and Progress
Ir is certain rhar among Brazilians in gen eral th ere wcrc many
who conformed immcd iarely and casily ro thc victo ry o rhc Re-
public Mee rhc monarchy: a monarchy which. largely rhrough rhc
weakness o rhc Emp erne. had shown irsclf incapable o otfcring
armed resisrancc ro rhc dcclaration o f thc fifreemh o Novcmbcr.-,
rhar surp risc mo vc befare which even thc harons o rhe Empi rc had
momenr arily bccn srruc k durnb. Thc almosr suicidal way in w hich
thc old regimc had marchcd row ard its downfall had caused cvcn its
natu ral allies ro fee! indirfercm ro the fare of the Crown. H ow then
cou ld rhe simple folk-ceven those Negree s and mesriros whose
gratitude ro Princcss Isabel should have bccn strong cnough (oc
thcm ro oppose an)' republ ican movemenr-e-bc expccrcd ruiracu-
lously to become sud dcnly unired in the facc of rhc new regime?
Still, there had becn sorne token opposirion ro rhc new Rcp ublic
on thc parr of the rcccntly cmancpared blacks. T he ne wspaper Ita-
tiaia in t he provincc of Rio de Janciro stared rhat ex-slaves had t e-
fused ro w or k "on the plantanons w hose owners had jo ined rhc
rcpuhlican party.~ ::Ill('ging rh:u rhey would nnr serve pcrso ns rebel-
ling against rhe Princess R egenr who had fr eed them. There were
othcr manifcsrarions of rhis so rr as wc ll." 9 And "rhc g eneral public
would d ispense itsclf Hr)' willingly o this bencfit [the Republic ]
that tbe spiteful and sclfish had accordcd rhcm wirhour consult ing
rheir wishes o r c cnsidcring their t radirions," said the Era No ca in
an editorial of J anuary 27, 1902. " l oe Irccdrncn saw t he Prineess as
rheir rcdeem er and idolizcd her. . . . AII Hrazilia ns except a small
number of rcpublicans wc re ovcrcomc with asronishmenr when
th cy lcarned t har thc Republic had be en proc1aimed in R io de j a-
. "
ncrro.
There was rhu s among rhc colored peoplc a dccp-seatcd spirit of
g ranrude to thc parcrnalisric monarcby for having given rhem rhe
prorecnon necessary for thcir dcv elopment in a democracy that
was rruly social. j oaquirn Xabucc remembercd (bis whcn he cired
thcse g cnuinc ly expressive srarcrnenrs by rhe fine ReboUt;as,t a pu re
Negro, on tbe attitude o f the Brazilian monarchy toward bis peo.
pIe: the Porr ugu ese court, from its carliest days, had tried " tb rou gh
its w ise pronounccment s, incorporatcd im o la\\', to comb at and ex-
~
A Pr<x :incu (July , o, IRIl9).
9 According ro oral ' ''''im"ny gh'en in H}4 1 b y vari"us p"f>OIlS who r..calk d ,he
event, of the p<' riod. amon g ,h..m , he Bam o..ss (lf Bonfi m.
1 Aodr Rehou". , (J S,!i- l i'tl)/l ), d"'e fri.."d .nd . dvi,e r of Pedro 11, ..,nies as
one of ma"y ..umpl... " f ,h e f.c' lh a, ca"ial c h' '''''leri., ks "'ere nol in th..msehes
bar ro adnnc..mem under ' he Empre. (Tran.ln or.l
T be Fiteentb of N ovember 9
tingu ish entirely :m y prejudice aga insr rhc acciden r o f race in all
colon ial territories." T hus, according ro Reboucas, "all men of
mixed blood should particularly dc fcnd rhc consrirutional mon-
archy, an insrirution which mig br not be so vital to orher Hrazilian
cirizens." 2 C onsequendy, thc so-callcd " Imperial Black Guard"-
formed out of gratimdc by hu mble N egrees and mestiros- rose to
rhc dcfensc of t hc monarchial cause which had rraditionally pro-
rccted such people againse rhc wealt hy.
Perhaps rhc reaction of ,\ Ir. K night tu t he rcpu blican Revolurion
of lSR9 had nct bcen bis alonc or that of his corup anions in adven-
ture, bur also t har of numerous Europeans in contacr wirh P orru-
gucse A merice and symparhctic ro t he rctent ion of rhc r nonarchist
fonn of govcmment wh ich still formeJ. a sort of bridge ro the cul-
ture of t he O IJ. World. In al! other parts of Latin America, rhe
predominating rcpublicanism had become nororous for its turbu-
Icnce, for rhe frcqucncy of irs rcvolurons, for rh e cndless pa rado of
its leaders. generally mcssianic gcnerals who bccarne Prcsidenrs by
decrce. O nlv, arisrocraric Chile and ,\ I exieo were free from rhis state'
o f things, rhc lan er because of t he somewhar bcnevclenr Posirivisr
dictarorship of Don Porfri o . Brazil was the on ly nation thar for
y ears had avoided the com mon uproar known as Larin republican -
ism, which ma)' have been t he real reason for thc political "apat hy"
that Mr. Knig hr regarded as a racial c haractcrisric.' Or ber short-
sighrcd Eu rope ans shared :\Ir. K nigtu's attitude, and it was thus
that the s!<lry has beco tcld and rcpeatcd in the orficial hisrory
bcoks. Bur ir was nor in [act so. "With rhe proclamation of the
Hrazilian Republic, hlood was shed in Sao Lu is (de :\1aran hao ) by
severa! Negrees who were convi nced rhar they owed their Iibcny
ro rhc rhronc," records a Positivist and republican sympat hizer,
Jos Luso T rrc.s (b. Maranho, IS79)' "Thc bullers which killed
them wcre fi red by a plateen of thc Fifth Battalion and after thar I
respecred ,\ t ajor T avares T rres [commander of rhe plateen ] more
rhan ever."
T hus Luso Trres's dcposition was aetua lly in favo r of the re-
~ The refer~ncc i. 10 {he c;ly uf PClrl'''lis. sile of {he Imperial sumrncr palace.
(T f;lnslal"r.)
8 Medciros e Alhu' lu" rquc , M inhll Vid~ dll ln fancw Q M oeidllde-Memrws
( 1867- 1891 ) (, nd ed n., Rin de j ancjro, 19H ), pp. IJ ~, " 5.
7 Capoeirll , once a lighrnjng h '1 met hod " f figh{ ing wilh Ihe feel, which were
" f{en . rmcd w;lh knjves ~ ji has no w h"c ol11" s{y ll1.cd m" the C'n rcmcly pie_
tu resquc ,]ow- mm iun co mhinalinn uf wrestling and acrohu jcs display~d [ur Ihe
tnu ri,{ {l";Ide ;n (he cily " f S.l vador. ~e G l<....' .ry . l'\<). (T f;l nslall>r. )
T bc Fiiteentb of N ovembcr tt
8 T he Paraguap n \Var ( . U 5- 70l - in ", hich Rrazil, in alliance ", ilh Uru!!uay anJ
Argentina , fuughl ag.in" Ihe ,mhborn force, u f lhe Paraguayan dietar"r FranciM: o
Solano l." l'cz--cru ted a oum!>e r "f natioo.l he me, hut 00 Jcc i.in Oliliu ry vic_
torK.-s. T hc b"u nJ ary Jilference'S w hich were " ne uf Ihe caU\CS of the ",.r "'ere
fi n.lIr \.ettk d br IrUIYnn :\laf>:'h : 7. ,Kr: . (T e. o, lalOr.)
~ :-;hon \ \'ern.ck Sude: " 'lIlOTa"''> d o S" condo lmpirio (Sao P. uln, " '> )9) .
R. .\I . galhiiC5 Jn ior: lJ codorQ,.> Ei pa, cOIma o Im prio (Sao Paulo. 1957). l.
J IO,
2 O ral l~ imo o y gh'en lhe '11l hor b~" ,le\.ee ndant' u f H oc cio Pires Gah'io,
12 O rder and Progrese
sidercd shameful and degrading. Coelho Neto rcca lls associatmg
wit h colorcd laborcrs-shortly afr cr the Paraguayan \ Var-in
a rder ro "lcarn rhc sccrc ts of capoeiragem, so useful for rhosc in
politice, in tcaching. or in rhc Army and Xavy." Later, w hile a
rncmber o f rhc federal lcgislat ure as a dele gare From \laranhiio, he
had considcrcd sponsoring a proiccr ro make rhc rcaching of ca-
poeira obligatorv in rhc Armcd Forr es as bcing a truly national
Sport . Thc attcmpt, nccdless ro say o was nnsuccessful." T he
F rcnch man milc Allain classified capoera as " a gymnasric exercise
or spccial dance . . ." ' - any thing but t he "blor on Hrazilian civi-
lizarion" alleged by rhe rcpublican yourh. who could nor bring
t hernselves ro pardon rhe X cgrocs for rhc skill and courage wirh
which thcy had cmploycd rhese art s in rhcir lasr-dirch mar tyrdotu
ro dcfcnd a regime that was to rhem, in the rendcrcst sense of rhc
word, the I' tris, Al though admning t he exisrence of diso rd ers
among the pracnrioncrs of capoeira, Allain S3 v.: no lack o f safery in
Imperial Rio de J aneiro; o n rhc cOntrarr, he c laimed, rhere were
few cines whcrc borh rhc cen rer ami the sub ur bs we re cq ually tran-
qu il da)' and nighr.
\ Vhen rhc Alerte anc horcd in Hahia for the rhird time, ir was no
longer a banner o f thc starc o f Bahia whieh fl oared provisionally
from th e mastheads, but rarh er on e similar to rhar of th e now-
defuncr Empirc." K night w as moved to nsk hrmseif if t here had n't
bcen still anorbcr Rcvolution in his ahsencc, aO(I if sorne "srrangc
Iorm of gc vemrncnt-ccornmunisr, ohgarchy. or what y ou will"
was being rr icd in Hrazil." Nor. nccdless to say, as a resulr of the
wi ll of the "apatheric race which dwcle rhcre" (so the Bri risher
musr have rhcughr ) hur forced upon incrr masses by uneasy im cl-
lecruals and bookish militar)' t)'pes who too k advan ragc of the pas-
siviry of the pcoplc ro conduct thcir political experimcnts. The ncw
a Among Ol hcn, D uque Estrada Tci ~ ci ra , C31'm n Au lib, S ogucira, l.ieutena nts
Lopo ond Lelc Rihciro. ,\ lidshiprn1n Antr) ni" Sompaio, ood "J uco Paronh"., who
gloried in Ihe tide " f Ro Bu nco in his grear work in rhe ltamaraty and who, in
his YOUl h, wss 3 de,""tee, 3 hCI in which he to ok great pri.le and te which he
referl"C'd o flen in C011\c...,ati" n." C"dho S eto : 8 ~z.lr (O po no, ' '1 ,S ), p. J I O .
' lO:mile Allo in: Ro de lanero, Quelqllu Donn es rur la Ca ptale et sur I'Ad ~
mnislr:lfion d I' Rrh il (, nd edn., Rio de Joneiro, , Sfl6) , p. '7%. See 01.0 J. C. Alves
Lima; RecordJf6es de Homem e C OUJa l do Me.. T em po ( Rio de Jmeitl>, 19 , 6 ) ,
~ T he illl po.'rial tlog was the me color and general compo<ilion os thu " f Ihe
p resen( Brazilian Rcpublic. bur lhe cenler diamond cont3ined , he Imperial C03t of
arrns imtead uf t ite lil"ll<' . nd Republican mono "O rJem e !'rogu sJo," (T u ns-
loror.)
6 Knight : op. cit., p. J 11.
T he Fiteentb of N ovember 1]
fl ag, of eourse, was rhat of the Republ ic. wir h its Positivisr slogan:
"Ordcr nnd Progrcss." To sorne rhis mono might have bcen inter-
p rcred as a confcssion rha t rhc Rcvolut ion was cssenr ially a conscrv-
ativc onc-c-r har as a prcrcquisire tu the dcsircd progress, rhcy would
rcquire thc mainrcnance of civic and social ordcr. Ir scemcd ro in di-
cate that rhc new ordcr. howcver progrcssivc, would ncvcr lose
sight o f the tradirion of ordcr which had bccn ene o the cou nrry's
srron gcst and mosr unique c haracreristics, differenriating ir fr om
rhc Boliv arian rendcncics o f Spanish Am rica. L ike rhe Anglo-
Saxons of the Ncw \\'o rld , thcsc rcpublicans were progrcssives. Bur
like the Anglo-Saxons of Eu rope over [he past [ WO centurics, rhcy
werc indi ned to effccr their rechnical and social prog ress wirhin rhc
framcwork o f a strong p ublic order. Bcsidcs, rhe Brazilian Posiriv-
ists suspcceed rhc violenrly libertaran merhods of t he French Revo-
lunon which, since the heginning o f th e ninereem h ccntury, had
been repudiared in France by rhc radic als rhcmsclves: by Saint-
Simon and Fou rier and, mosr cmphatically. by Augusre COlme.
F rom rhcse radicals carne new ideas which had far grcater rcpercus-
sions in rhe Brazilian Ernpire and in th e Unir cd Sutes rhan in the
Spanish-Amcrican counnies. where a dccp and lasring comminnent
to rhc spirir o 1789 prevented receprivity ro rhc new revoluriona ry
ideas which supcrscded thc mystique of the rcpublican guillotine.
Such crccds. cmanaring fro m thc "goddess of rcason," had been
eonspicuous for their violem and even macabre revolutionary
rnethods. From thc id eas of philosophers such as Comte, Brazilians
u ndcrsrood t hat the desire for progress wenr hand in han d wir h thar
for a harmony among men. alllong classes, narions, races. an d sexes:
and that t bis harmony could be repr esenecd only by a true sense of
order, borh narional and internarional, evcn ro rhe point o f adrnit-
ting t he exisrence of dictarorships as powerful as th e mosr vgorous
rnonarchica l govemmenrs. O n this subjcct, th e no tes o f a Frcnch
eng ineer, H enriquc Augusto " h let, who arri ved in Brazil in 18.p ,
had recently been published in Portu gucse. This Olan (if nOt truly
Positivist, at least para-Positivist ) w as the d isciple of another French
cngineer. Louis U ger V authier, who had been perhaps the fi rsr
European ro arte mpt ro introd uce systematica lly im o t he Brazilian
Empire the socialist and, in a sense, pre-Posit ivist ideas o f Fourier.
Mi let_ 1 who hccaOle a Brazilian, ma rried a Brazilian woman. and
1 Among .\ Iilet's sociologcal works the an id e "O Quebn-Quilos e a Cri:se da
Lavoura," pu bli~hed in !he Jo rn~1 do R ecife in 1876 and lafer in the same year in
A Prod ncia, is of especial in!erest. H ere .\ liIet points out, in antcip ation of Eu .
Order al1d Progress
D Demtrio Ril"" iru w~s a repu hlican P"Sil v i~t frum Rio Gran de do Su!' I le was
.\ Iinisrer uf Agric ulture in lhe pro\" i~ i"nal g(l\'ernment. hUI e\"entually jnined the
provincial opposition group headed by J1io de Ca~til h,,~. (T ra n<l ator.)
1 Mal{ Leclerc, CilTfa, J o Bra,. Innslated fro m Ihe French, "",ilh prdace and
16 arder and Progress
D om Pedro II com bincd with "affability and simpliciry in dress and
man ncrs a reluctancc ro cake sirles," ro ta kc acrions w hich would
make him in Eu ropcan e)'es a " mor e paternal. liberal. and unprcju-
diced sovercign." Alrhough he was skillful in unobt rusively nnpos-
ing his will upo n his ministe rs, "an instin ctive lack o confidence in
thc youngcr elcmenr ga"c his policics, if nor his ideas, a reacrionary
tinge." Thus Dom Pedro dcvelopc d a " po wer o inertia" to opposc
his ministers and adviscrs who callcd for civil marriage laws, and fo r
a naturalizarion codeolle had neve r raken a favorable view o Eu-
ropean immig ration 0 0 a large scale, fcan ng tbat "the Brazilian
elemenr would Le submerged and tha t Brazilian customs would ds-
ap pear or be alrered. "
From whar Lccerc wro re o f Pedro 11 and orher E u ropeans oh-
serve d at fi rsr hand, it would seem t har rhc lasr Empcror of Brazil
had a m ore liberal cffccr on Europe and the Unired Srares rhan he
achieved locally or nation ally . Brazil, as a Spaniard once poinrcd
out, required a go\'ernrnent w hich wo uld conserve rhe pun irive
w eighr of rhc Luso-Carholic tradirion, a government which kncw
how t cope wirh rbese parernalist ic and burdensomc attirudes and
even ro pcrform rhc more di ffic ulr rask of tu rning rhem to advan -
tage in effecting c hanges for rhe bener. It developed, howc ver, rhar
ir wss difficu lt for D om Ped ro 11 t live the double life necessary
fo r t he role in w hic h he casr himself piously attending mass and
making t he sigo o f rhe Cross before cro wds o Brazilians ami , on
other occesions, adop ting a Volt airian pose for the Europcans. The
upshot was th at thc European-c-and probsblj- more aut hcntic-c-sidc
o f his nature evenrually triumphcd ovcr rhe anri-Europcan and ant i-
progressive rcndcncics. Thus in rhc c riscs w irh the hishops ami wi t h
rhe Anny he behaved cxactly like any republica n liberal (even anti-
cl erical) po liticiao, ma king no p romscs eit her to rhe Chu rch, whch
w as upbclding rhc princi pie of legit imare aurhoriry cver that o in-
subo rdin atio n, o r t t he milirary, equally concerned in ma intain ing
irs dig nity againsr the ultra-republican d emagoguery o an irre-
sponsible press rolerared by t he liberals o thc Empire an d cven by
t he Emperor himself.
Le t us in o ut hcarts
Build an altar [O rh s goddess.
\ \'ith out gift of Rcason
,\ ta ke secure her throne.
t v hcn from t he heights o moun rains
Thc g uiding ig ht spa r klcs
0 0 rhe pur e spring water-e-
.\Iay we in t he public s{juare
Shout : Long live [he Rcp ublic
In r he [an d o rhe Hlcsscd Cross!
moer a ceotury. I~ foll" " crs have bccn inc rca~ing in rcccne re~ rs and probably
now uumbc r wcll ovcr I million, aldwugh thcr e is eonsiderahle divcrsiey in rhe
eypt:s of spiritualism practiced. fru m sancc,. ahlc rapl'ingo;, and e xt r~,'cm.o ry
I'e rceplioo ro ritual, invol\-iog dem"o. aod spirits d",dy akio 1<' Afr ic an or Amer-
ican Indian n liginn,_ Bru ilia", group thcse di\-ergencies unde r rhe headings of
"higher" or "lowcr" ' piriTU alism. Spiriru alisrs of all levels howe\'C r, are a...wci~t ed
wifh a cenTral federal i"o whkh maimams places nf wo""hip in larger eifies. For
0" " 1 dn(ll ee.. sp ifiTU alsm i, a uHgion in il'il'lf, bUT snme of enUT'\ e rema in nnm-
inall)" C' lholie on the grounds Thaf ".,ne cao nen,r TeH:' (T ra nslator.)
3 Camp.,s Porto : op. c it., p.Il]6.
T be Fiteentb of N O'1.J e1J1bC'r
transformation o Brazil from a monarchy inro a Rcpublic roo k
place wirhoue a single faraliry.
T o somc Hrazilians, bowever, t his scnsc of acccmrnod arion was
not suffi cicntly evident, cven afrer t hc dearh of Ped ro 11, ro make
rhem admit rhat the Rcp ublic w as cirhcr neccssary or inevitab le.
Anglicizcd sratcsmcn like Ruy Barbosa' nr Joaquim X abuco saw
rhc Empire as cvcnrually adapring irsclf ro rhc c hallenge of th e fu-
turc and bccomin g a mod ern monarchical sysrem-c-deccnrrslizcd,
Ameri canized, federal, hut still a monarchy. " Iore widcly scparared
from the inucnce of rhe Church and rhc propcrtied than had hce n
rbc monarchy of Ped ro 11. ir could be come, thcy hopcd, mo re
dosel)' idenn fied wir h thc Anncd l-c rces and wirh rhc civilian rnid-
dlc class.
In one of his memorable anid es aga inst che policcs of rhe Vis-
count of Ou ro Pr ro," Huy Barbosa was particularly cr irical of thc
latter's anti-federalism, of his placing t he Crown against rhc federal
cause, and o f isolaring the Fmpcror from thc so-called "armed
classes" by replacing tllany for mcr Army functions wirh clcmcnts
from the N ational G uard . This was a tremendous error, said Ruy,
bccause in a country like Brazil t hc Armed Forces scrved as a sta-
biJizing force againsr "disordcrs, cxaggeration. ami utopianism."
This criricism o rhe moderare polic ies o f O uro Pr to was made, not
as an anti-monarchist , bu r rarher as a simple fcdcralse and cnemy of
che mcssianic rcndcncies Ru v liarbosa perccived in rhc mo re radical
repu blicans.
In a society suc h as that o f Brazl, where rhere was a lack of
"poinrs of rcsisrancc." Ruy conrinucd, rhe Armed Forces wcrc "rhc
grear palladium of peacc, of liben )', and of the Co nstirurion.' H ow
t hen could the ap parem champicns of monarchism rcplacc rhis rra-
diriona lly narional ho dy, rhcsc non parrisan defcndcrs o "i nstitu-
tions and order" with a "guard" cntirled naricnal but really a pam-
san rnilitia whosc funcrion it w as to guard t hc royal family "against
rhc narion"? e Ilow could rbis milicia bc givcn "exccllcnr anos su-
perior ro rhose of t hc line forccs"> H ow could o ne justify its being
Ruy RJt bosa, one o[ lhe gre JI Buzilians of Jll time , was a BahiJn SUlcsman
and ontot who, though no rad ical, heeJme a ]uding rcp ublican Ihrough ({m,"k-
tion thJt the Empire had omlived ils lime. lI i, name will tcoceur fre quent ly.
(T rano;l atnr.)
~ Ou to Prel(> W:l.S the laSI Prime .' linisler uf the Brazilian Emp ile. (Tran:Jatot .)
8 Anide : "O Plano eo ntra a P:lria" from the newspapcr Di.irio d~ ....' OIi/u, in
Campos Pono: op. cit., p. llXV.
z8 arder and PTogTesr
rnade inro a son o super. arrny? lf we can't have confi dence in [he
Army, he wc nt on, thcn we can't have confidcnce in the narion
irscl f.
In taking rhis stand, however, Ruy was pcrbaps overlooking the
fact thar thc siruarion the Viscounr o O uro Pr ro was atrempring
ro corrcer by reorganixing rhar militia had becn developing for
years and stem med frorn t he p<ltenr, sysremat ic disdain of Pedro 11
for rhc Arrncd Forccs an d the militar)' leaders. Under rhc shadow
o rhs disdain, a considerable portien o rhe Armcd Forces had
inc reesingiy allowcd itsclf ro be seduccd by rc publican-Positivist
ideologics. Con sequently. ir had bccorne quesrionablc w hether the
Army and N avy were any lcngcr willing ro gi"c rbe supporr ncces -
sary ro rhc survival of t he Cro wn . W ere nor rhese insritur ions de -
veloping into a nar ion al force superior ro rhar of (he monarchy ir-
sclf? A nd if so, was no t rhe V iscounr of O uro Pr ro ecring wiscly,
fro m a lirerally conscrvarive and monarc hist po inr of view, in organ-
izing thc N ario nal G uard into a body which could d efend rbe
C ro wn in t he crirical days that followed (he precipita re aholirion o f
slavcry on .\ lay 13. IBSB? Ami since rhis rniliria was d rawn from
rhe work ing class, was ir nor, consequcntly, quite as narion al----or
even more national- rh an if it had bcen fonned solcly from rh e
middlc class?
From rhc viewpoinr of t he conservative clemcnrs, whose weak -
ness R uy Barbosa had lamenred, t he abolirion of slavcry w as a he-
rrayal of the agrarian inrercsts. T rue, t hese intereses were disorgan-
izcd and wiehour a political spokcsrnan; rhc planrcrs and "ugar
barons had ro sorne degree losr their po litical power ro their collcge-
t rained sons-in-law, as was the case wirh j oo Alfredo and the
Baron o f G ciana.t Bur even so, they stil l rcpresentcd a su bsran nal
g roup whosc di recr- -or indircct-c-support of the re publican cause
could nor help bur re presetl( a loss of srability on rhc pan of the
C rown . Furthermore, rhis loss of srab iliry wa s nor mer ely regional
but na rionwide, since ar rhe cnd of rhe nineteenth ecnru ry the
Brazilian agra rian and p astoral system extended from thc n orth
ro rhe sout h. from rhe coast ro t he int erio r. as a po werful civilizing.
rhough feuda l, presenc e in the vast rropical landscape.
T he reaction of imporran r Bra li:l.n newspapers, incl uding rhose
connccred most directl y wirh consen'at\'e ag rarian inrerests, ro the
7 Juan Alf redu ( Curre i~ de O li\"eira ) w a~ Prime .\ ti nter during he l:l~t years
of he Republie. H e wa~ he Baron uf G oian so.min-Ja w. (T n mJalO r.)
T be Fteentb o N ovember '9
Revolut ion of Xovember 15 i~ as significanr as that of rhc nobles
already cired. T hc Rio de J aneiro Gezeu da T arde notcd in an edi-
torial of N ovember 16 ; "One could 5ay rbar thc ncw form of gov-
ernmem w as acceprcd almosr unanimously, for in the lase years of
the mcnarchy evcn the mosr dcdic ared royelisrs clcarlv placcd the
narion aboye all ot her considerarions." This acceptance was sharcd,
lec me emphasizc onc e more, not onlv by militar)' meo cool ro rhe
rnonarc hical cause and by srannch Car holics disatlcc red by the con -
rinued royal opprcssion of the bishops, bur also by rhe great planta-
rion lords who fclt bctraycd by rhc suddcn abolition o f slavc labo r,
lr was natu ral t har, for al l rhese solidly conservativo grou ps, t hc
monarchisr c ause had crumbled intn insignificancc ami no longer
aroused in thcm rhc slighrcsr feeling of solid ariry . A lt hough d isin-
clined after N ovcmcr ' 5 ro go abour shouting "Down wit h che
Em pire; long live the Republic!" rhcy ncvenhcless concurred
wirh t hc arrirudc of newspapers such as thc Gazeta da Tarde in
saluring t he narion irsclf and , along wi th their 'lin.Ja for Brazil and
rhc fat hcrland, indu ded a few disc reet chccrs for "libeny" and " de
mocracy." In good conservaeive rnanncr. the Gazeta da Tarde ex-
pressed the wish rhar the ncw rcgimc would "leed tbe nation to-
war d irs g reat destiny'' and rhar the victors wo uld legicimize rheir
assumption of power w it h rhc seal of mc dcrarion, " prevcnting an)'
violence w harever roward the vanqnished." Discnchanrrncnr with
rhe monarchy did not succced in making al l of t he disenchanted
inro republicans or even inro willing fellow trevelcrs, but nearly all,
if not wilhng to sup po rt, wcre at least ablc to accept t he new order.
This was also rhc artirudc o f thc newspaper N ocidades, wh ich on
N ovember ' 5 noted t hat t hc populace of t he capital had been sur-
prised rhar mo rning by "thc ncws of even ts which wcnr bcyond al1
predicric n." An emptiog ro spcak "in rhe name of rhc narion and in
the natiooul int ercst," NO'L'dad es emphasized t hc neccssity o f " p re
serving t his g rand emit)' callcd Brazil along with aH the forcign and
nat ional int erests ir reprcsents." It was through the cooperat ioll o f
" all living {orces" t hat Brazil would " decide ou r destiny " and the
nation's future. A l! of t hese forces shou!d bccoll1e, aho ve e\'ery.
t hing, " defende rs of t he social o rder." T hc new po lit ical sim:l.tint\
could have no oth er bases t han thnse of "order, libeny. and na
tona! integ rit y." ,\ fay w e, ;thove aH orher int erests, share " t he id ea!
o( a strong, unitcd , well-dircctcd bnd," which will " mainrain irs
staru re as a grcat natioo," The militar)', w hich had [aken pan in t he
30 O rder m d Progress
~ Ed uar do Prad o : "0 D r. Rar reto e Ciencia: ' a polernlc article agains[ Pere ira
Barre tc puhli,hed in [he jour nal C011"nerdo Je 5.io l' arJ o (19011. Fou nd in
CoJeti lleaJ (Sao Pa ulo, I'}O ) , IV, 169-7.
v l bid.. p. '7S.
l ln no! scn di ng [hl'se cong ratu lalion. OVer hi, own signature. jt ls pos'ible that
Ruy Barbosa was r<:act ing te anorher series of Pra do", ctilicisms of [he Bra zilian
republic an regime , as well as 10 his rncmorsblc obsc rvatioes 00 [he period of th e
rnonarchy , publishcd in [he Ret'ista Je 'om,!?a) undc r Ihe pseudonym "Fredericc
de S." In th cse ameles. Pra do had more than o nce r efcned unfavcrably lo Ru.y
Ramosa, eallins: him "l he garrulous Ru y Har bcsa" and accusing him o f a iack of
scruples in accepting prl'SC nn f mm ~en ain pernllls he f:l.\'on:d fUf th e p"''l of
.\ln;"ler of S[ale. T hc "preseOl'" concerned ",ere no simple hust ur 'lal ue, port raic
" r medal, bUI "notbing lcss th an a Iarge and beaul iful palaee in t hc pielUlesque
quarter c f Laranjeiras" ( Ed uardo Prado, "Pra l icas e T eoras d a Diladura Repub-
llcana no Bra, il," Re-.iJtll de Portugal IO port o, ,ll<;o 1, lll , 9) .
T o Eduardo Prado [his gifl was a sean dal; rhe memory uf the passing of Ruy
Barbo.a ,n' o fhc rellUhlican canop o hc ...tcd, wtl"ld he fore\' er Illu kcd "by [he
seoaes of Ihe palaee he had gained w hile adminisrering the puhlic fund, ," A nd,
in 1 uurst of demasogic bad lasre unworthy of his inlel liSence, Pra do speculated
[hat "per haps .ome day po pular indignal ion Iwoul d ] desrroy Ihi. housc of 's-
nominy."
T he [ttllh ls [ha[ Ruy BUU<.l$a h ad nOl rcceived t he hou", as a pTcsent. As PI&-
fessor Lus Viana Filho uplaios in his life uf Ru y Ih rbosa (A Vida J I' Ruy Rn _
borll (Si o Paulo , 'w ' , p. ' 74). Ruy had acquircd ir Ihrough rwo mcrtga ge lu ons
coverin g t he purc bacc price. " 'hi le Profc. "..,r Viana admits [ha[ in [he spccd ",ilh
which [his de.l Was made Ruy was gui lry of ''.;e rious imprudence"- and I'erhaps
c\"en woese_ he rnnsocl ion was not t he crude open \.Candal denounced by
Eduardo Pra do and mirtore d io l he cu rre nt sellliments of Bra zilian people, who
saw Ruy Bar bosa as an unscru pul ous man suddenly enrich ed Ih rough public of-
ce.
34 a rder and Progress
In his apologics for [he monarchy and for Luso-Carholic dce ds.
Prado did nor always unleash bis polirical passions against the ot her
side. B is snll- farnous book A l usdo A mericana was, o course,
markcd by an exaggerarcd anri-republicanism and Yankccphobia.
Still, he was nor lacking in hisrorical and soc iological pe rspective in
cr itieing Hraxilian Pan-Ar ncricanisrs who ingcnuollsly saw t hc
ncw Republic inrcgraring itsclf, as if by magic. in a continental
brorherhood of nations similar to thosc cst ablishcd by govc rnmcnts
of Anglo-Saxon originoIn American rclationships with rhe majoriry
of rhcsc repu blics. which had adoprcd a caricature o rhe Unircd
Srares examplc, only the naivc failcd ro pcrccive rh e disdain o rhc
strong for rhc weak, rhc scorn of an ordcr ly people for a ser of
rowdics who, hy mere accidcm, happcncd to be rheir ncigh bors.
And only rhos e ignorant of thc psycholopy of the U nircd Srarcs
and of rhc hisrory of irs rclarions with Latn Amrica could be un-
awarc of irs rclativc csrcem for Brazil-in spitc of its mixtu re of
races-in conrrasr ro ehc disdain exhibired for ncarly all other Latin-
A merican count rics. T his rc l.n ivc cstccm w as bascd upon [he con-
sidcrsrion tha t Imperial Bra l rcpr escntcd a Iorrn of governmcnr
favorable ro unit y and stabilty and thar the Luso-American Em-
pire, rhrough t he involvcmen r of its arisrocracy in the puhlic scrv -
ice, had managed ro preserve a Europcan scnse of dign ity an d
rcspcctabiliry in irs polirical behavior. Such vales we re rcvered by
Arncricans; rhcir nwn rcpublic was in somc respeets an electivo
monarchy crcarcd on somerhing bcrwcc n an Imperial and a federal
partern. Amc rican s werc also scnsirive ro t he mystique of arisro-
eratie rirles, even when t hese rieles wcrc not carricd hy pcoplc of
A ryan origin. Thus Thomas Ewbank, visiting Rio de janciro in the
days of Pedro 11, had obscrved t har in spirc of being a tropical
counrry. in which many of the first famil ies had an adrnixrure o
Negro blcod. t he Bra lian Fmpire ran ked next ro France among
rhe Larin naricns in irs achicvemcnr of progress. Und ersranding
thar rhe tropical siruarion of Bra l ohliged ir to develop irs own
particular systelll of ci\'ilization, he wrore " . . . it is for rhem to
dctermine how far science anJ t hc arrs w ithin the rro pies can com-
pete with their progress in t he tempcrare "'.(lnes." 2 T his was a tre
mendous task, hc aJdcJ , and to con front it the nar ion w as retaining
its monarchical fon u of govcrnment ami its aristocraric soeier)',
wh ilc dc vcloping ;ln ethnic democ rae)'.
2 T h"", 1~ Ewbank: Life in HT~ :iJ OT rhe Land of tbe Co c o~ and rbe Pa/m (Lon.
don, 18f 6) , p. 46.
T be Fiiteentb of N ovember 15
In spi re o f be ing an An g lo-American, Ewha nk significanrly
avoided rhe simplicism o f \\'ehh and orhers o f his comparriors and
was clearly ablc ro undcrsran d rhc Hrazilian parsdo x in w hich a
demoerat ie fo rr nof govcmmcnr, an arisrocra ric soc ict y, and an eth-
n ic cqualiev formed a unique corubination o f clcmcn ts o f tremen-
do us p rom ise and im pcrrancc ro rhc furure of Hrazil's modern civi-
Iization-c-a fut ure whic h p romised ro arrain rhc high c ultural leve!
found in t he most civiliz cd nat ions o f I he temperate zone.
Ir wa s prccisely bccause of the Braxilian cape citv to stand out, ar
k m among the t ro pical countr jes of t hc N cw World, rhar Ed uardo
Prado was con vinccd. rhro ugh his stud y o f rhe Luso-A me rican
pasr, rhar " of alI rhc tropical rransplantaticns o f Eu ropcan races and
civilizarions. thar of rhc Porrugucsc in Brazil has had rhc mosr com-
plete, comprehensivc, ami lasting succcss. \\'e enjoy advanrages
over our Spanish- America n neigh bo rs w ho, in rransform ing rhern-
selves inro ma ny nations, havc fragmenrcd rhe rommon origin
which leJ rhem thrcug h rhcir t erritorial conquesrs in rhc A mc ri,:an
rropics." 3
To sorn e srudc nrs of Brazilian socicry , rhis was exactly what thc
countr)' had done in separating itsclf polirically from Portugal; in
continuing rhe monarehy ir had had (he clcar advan ragc of preserv-
ing a social fo rm wirh all t he clernen rs of Eu ro pcan race and civili-
za ricn and, simulrancously . undcr rhc infiucnce o f tropical A m r ica.
of dcvelcping a !lCW racc and a ncw civilizarion. Ir was rhc mon-
arc hy which hall prevcntcd-c-and thc Repu blic which Iavorcd-c-rhe
romant ie ami scmcwhar ana rchic republican exper imenratiun rhat
had so fragmcnted Span ish Americe. In his epologics for rhc mon-
archy, Edua rdo Prado in dic ated that t hc R epublic had ccased to he
rhe sociological conr muarion o f Imperial unity and that it hall
rar her Tended ro favor an open con icr bcrwecn ordcr and p rogress,
which had beco conraincd d urin g rhc Empire by rhe alrnosr ex-
cl usive maintenancc of rhe former at thc expense o f rhc lat te r. Since
d eda ring its indcpcndence in Etl n , Brazil, following rhe rimely
w arnings of J os Booif cio,i had c ominued the form o f govem-
menr w hic h ncr only rcpresen red a rder bur w hic h-c-in a w ay
unique in Sourh Amrica. exeepr perhaps fo r rhc Paraguay of Fran -
cia an d the fi rsr Lpez-had de velop ed a socio-polirica l mysrique of
te rritorial unity in a land exrendi ng from rhc Amazon ro the Ro de
la Piara.
Ir is clcar from rhc newspaper accounrs of rhc fi rsr years of
Hrazilian indcpcnd encc thar t he monarc hica l regimc was regarded
by most journalists as being the most suirable for rhe Fururc of rhe
ccuntry: hut t he colon ial past was nor dcspised. execpr by a Iew
extreme national ists.
On J uly 30, 18 30. O Cnaeiro, a "polirical, litcrary , and mercan-
rile journal," pubhshed a long arriclc 0 0 the qucsrion o thc hest
form of gcvernment. Ir adoprcd rhc conrradicrory linc of viewing
rhe current siruation as "one of rcforru of forme r monarchical
abuses wit hour rhe nccessity o desrroving or impcding the pri vileges
of ro yalty: ' ami . ar rhe sume time, wirhou r denying rhe rig hts of
rhc royal subjecrs. T hc rcgime had distinguishcd irsclf by its moder-
ariou, and was consequendv thc bes r availahlc fo r che well-bcing of
Brazil and for rhc "dcvelopruenr of its future prosper uy" wirhin the
panern o roy al ordcr and political and social progress, a pau een no
country o f Spanlsh Amrica had bccn ahlc ro realizo in ma ny r ears
o f terrible-often sanguinury-c-uphcaval.
Such thoughrs also occurred ro Edua rdo P rado sixry y ears later.
In his essay "Thcory and Pracrices o f Republican Dic tatorship,"
publishcd in rhe Reiism de Portugal in 1890. Prado exprcsscd rhe
fcar t har rhc Repu blic wou ld bring ro Brazil the dangerous espanb-
olnno o rhc South Amer ican rc publics. Nor without reason, he
showed that th e Repu blic of 1889 had already inrroducc d a few o
ehese cspanbotinuos iota Bcazil in crearing t he t itle of "Ge nerals-
mo," and in cmployinp the tcc hnique of the pronunc emento, or
milita r)' promotions "m ade by acclamarion." These innovanons
Prado artribured ro O uinrino Bocayuva. "that admire r of Argen-
rinc ami G u atarnalan civilization." Bur he also suspecrcd rhc hand o f
Bcnjamin Consranr, w ho is reponed [O have told G en eral D eodoro
t har "[he Ilrazilian mon archy was an obsracle ro rhc union o f rhe
A merican peoplcs." an opinion Prado shows to have been unsound
by reviewing t he amicable rclationships o f Brazil with the Spanish
also highly impo nanr political ligu r.... duri ng rhe early fun of Brazi\ian nde-
pendencr. (T ran, laror.)
T be Fiteentb of N ooember 37
republics and with rbe United Stares. Funhermore. Prado cites [oa-
quim Nabuco's remark thar, paradoxically, the Brazilian Ernpire
was che only true "Rcpublic " in rhe scnse of baving continucd rhc
righr of t he Jarg e rns joriry o f irs c itize ns 10 inf1uence the direction
of go vernmenr affai rs. ,\ Im t of thc so-calle d "republics'' were sm-
r ious; as onc-man governmcnts, rhcy wc rc monarchics in rhe worst
sensc o f the word. For insrancc. wasn'r Rosas, a type of despot
more Asian than European. "inimical ro Wesrem civilization'?
And wercn't Sanr'Anna. Guzmn Blanco, Daza, i\ lclgarejo, and
Pierola of rhc samc st ripc> Or rhe picturesque Santos of U ruguay,
who had indulgcd in rhe oricnralluxury of owning " a parasol en-
crusrcd with d iamonds"? A lon gsidc rhese. Prado continued, Pedro
II made a st riking contrasto in rhe lack of Imperial majcsty in his
d ress and acrions. Ir was in rhc spirit o f this ascedcism, more repub-
lican rhan t he rcpublicans, rhar he had agrecd suicidally ro rhc ac-
tion of rhc fi frecnrh of Novcrnbcr.
Various fo reign obscrvcrs pointcd out Pradc's exccssive simplifi-
carien of the case , H owever , none hcrter srrcsscd rhe impo n ancc o
this Imperi al suicide morif than the Po rt ugucsc w rircr R amalho
O rtigo, in his almosr sociologcal analysis of "The Social Aspccrs
o f rhe Brazilian Revolurion." ~ Omgo was astonishcd at rhe sur-
roundi ngs in which rhc Imperial family lived. in rbc palace of Sao
Cristvo. with its sad air of a " pe or linlc convenr," its plain, un-
decorared sraircase, irs rooms "without carpers, wirhour owcrs.
wirhc ur srat ues," adorncd onl y by furnirurc "uncharacrcristically
modero in modc." In chis ascctic palacc, che Emperor lived the arid
life of a burcaucrar. H e didn'r cvcn havc a military staff; he was
repelled by marrial airs, and [he "sound of sabers ' rnade him un-
coruforrable. Even the Emprcss w as not surroundcd by w cll-
drcssed and wcll -coiffeurcd baroncsses and viscounresscs. Tberc
was no longer a Haroness of Esrrla ro ser hersel f up as a modcl for
her tim e and social position (thc Haroness was self-exiled in P aris) .
Ped ro II was as suspiciou s of exccssively elegant baronesscs as he
was of cxcessivcly progrcssive harons like \b u. 6 This aversion to
~ Ramalho On igao: "O Q uadro Social da Re" olu~ ao Bu "ileira," Re'dlla de
Portugal (Opono , 180,10), JI, 79'""" ' 01,
<l lrineu Evangeli'la de Sou<a, Baron (Jaler \' iscoum) of .\ laua ( 1 ~ l l - I 8Q<,) , i.
oflen spoken of a. Ihe BraTiliao J. P. .\ Iorgan , A nath'e of Rio Grande do Sul,
"!au, Ihro ugh hi, po werf ul banking orga nizolion, wa, lhe lnding force be hind
lhe denlo pmem of BUlilian u an"po ruli nn s)"Slems. H e huih {he Rio-Petri'polis
n ilw ay and Ihe {nlous Rio de Jan eiro lfeCleu systent. A pubJic l'lJ uare anJ one
8 arder and Progress
splendor ano ro all rhc trappingli of mo narch y natu rally commu ni-
cated itself ro rhe diplcmanc corps, wh ich adopted rhe practico o
going ro the royal rcccprons by srrecrcar, th us avoidt ng che trials
of fd iog in a ca rriage over hu mpy roads. En rout e ro rhis plain and
dismal palacc, rhc d iplomats W O Te prosaic lincn dusrers ami simple
dcrby hats; rheir carriages, hcaring unir their diplcmatic hats and
ot hcr f incry. werc scnt on ahead, ano their owners madc rhe neccs-
sary changcs of dress ar rhe palace itsclf.
Ar Pcrr polis. ir was rhe same story. Arnid "che lively colors of
rhe countryside," rhe srraw hars, fans. and whire parasols. B is
:'\1ajesty. when he appearcd at all, was an ausrcre black blor 011 rhc
scenc. D rcsscd in a frock coar and high har ar eighe in rhc mom ing,
he carried under his arm a plain umb rella testifying to rhc philo-
sopher- Empcror's contcmpt for (he militar)' sword he had thc right
to wear. " 'ith rhis artitudc, ir was on ly natural thar l) O I11 Ped ro also
considered th e annu al open ing of Parl iament on j anuary 2 a son of
burlcsque. O bligcd ro carry a sce ptcr and ro wcar rhe cro wn and
rhc famous cape adomed with parror Iearhers. rhe E mperor did his
du ty in rhe rnanner of one force d against bis will ro d rcss fo r a
masqueradc. Ir was pan o f rhc lirurgy of monarchy, classical as
well as modern, bur it hcld no interese whatever ro a spirit so puri-
tanically ausrere and ph ilosophically middlc class as t hat of Ped ro 11,
Thus Ped ro 11 was rhc very reverso of rhc chicf of state d e-
manded in rhe circumsranccs. \ Vhat was nceded, wrotc O rtigo,
was "a your hfu l King, nor in age l nn in tem perament, a person in
whom the immaturity o f judgment and impetuosity of acticn char-
acterisric of the X ew \ Vorld might havc joined e ffccrivcly with t he
European scnse o f discip line ami the digniry o f cornmand" ; one
who could have bccn " a bulwark of arder and an agent of prog-
ress, as well as an erfcctivc inu cnce on future civilizarion." Orrigo
-
felr, howevcr, t hat although Pedro 11 was not a marrial ruler, his
go vernmcnt co uld have led ro rhe order and progress of Brazil had
he on ly developed the suppOrt of a " disciplined , b rilliant, well-
trained A rmy: ' one "capable of ser\'ing as an example ro t he nation
in its physical perfect ion, its st rcngt h, and its sk ill, a practical dem-
onst ration of discipline and rcspect." 7
If there was any defici ency which smod out during the reign o f
Pedro JI, it \Vas the lack o f the tYIle o{ educarion {or which Ortigo
of the prioc ipal railway Slalium io Rio de Janciro were oamed in hb honor.
(T ranslalor.)
' O" . p. "".
n ,gao: 01" CIt., _,,-
'[be F iteentb of N ovember 39
was a spo kcsman in Portugal. Efforrs roward the complete educa-
rio n of y oung pcoplc. wirh artenrion gi ven ro physical as well as
intellecrual traning , ano in which discplined practica] know ledge
was supe rim posed upo n rhe mere devclopmcnt of memory, of ora-
rorical skill, and of the po wers o f absrracnon. wcrc almosr rotally
lacking un dcr [he rule of Pedro I l. (l is chief pleasure was re attend
the c1egant compcritions for teaching po sirions in the Im perial h igh
sc hools ano univcrsirics, ap plauding dcmonsrrario ns of erudition, of
m emo r)', and of Iacilc orato ry .
" A n old and ailing empero r cannot maintain rhe complete cohe-
sien o f a tro pical o r sem i-tropical counrry almosr as vasr as Eu rope,
having onl y ten m illion inhabitanrs and struggling w it h che prob-
ler ns o f a most dcficicnt sys tem of communication,' said Tb e T imes
(Londcn} , w hich dcvotcd irs N ovem bcr 11 , 111 119, issuc to a discus-
sion of thc Brazilian situ anon, though ir ncglccrcd to observe that
the rccenr ly dcposcd Empc ror, in his horro r of the active lifc, of
militar)' martc rs, ami of "morbid' physical exerc ise, had been old
since edolcsccncc. In fu rther cditorials t hc great E nglish paper
pointcd out, w ith characrcrisric British honcsty an d a ra rc [ou m alis-
tic hutn ility , t har to evala te the furure of rhc new R epublic wirh
any degree of confidcnce, one w ould nccd a "minute knowledge of
al1 rhe circumst anccs and condirions'' behind rhc rransformarion of
Brazil from mcnarc hy to Republic, a knowledge "which no one
possesses herc und few possess in Brazil." T he only in formarion
made available ro Europc by rhe provisional govern meTlt had been
merely " rhe supcrfluous tclcgrams so casily cxpcditcd by the T reas-
ury Mi nisrcr," rhe exn beranr (cven in telcgrams) Counselor Ru y
Barbos.
A t much rhc sarne da re as rhc Times editorial, anothcr English
joumalisr, a ,\ 1r, Comcly , wrotc a scnrenrious am ele on rhe Hrazil-
ian siruation, rcaching ccnclusions Iar more drasric tha n rhosc of
rhe more expcricnccd pa per. .\ Ir. C omcly was rarher cruel ro Ped ro
11. \V hy , he asked, <lid t he Ernpcror ha vc ro spend so m uch tim e in
Euro pe? W asn'r he needed in Hrazil? (T his w as unjusr, fo r Ped ro
ac tu ally rnadc very few tri ps ro Europc.)
,\ Ir. Corncly's crit icism carne inro [ he category of rhose rhat con-
sidercd rhe de rhroncd Er uperor to ha ve qual ieies cxccllenr in a pri-
vare cit izen bur unsuirahlc in a ruling monarch .8 A chief of starc in
a monarchical regim e is the ship's pilor, said \ Ir. Corndy, and
8The s~me point uf ,-iew w1' nprt's..cd, more direetly, by O rt igio 10d, indi-
R edy, by E~ 1 de Q U..irol. in "A lJl tim1 C1rt1 d ~ Fu .\ Iendes."
O rder and Progress
ought ro pass his days and nights at rhc helm. Or, ro change t he
mctaphor. he is a soldcr, and as a sold ier should ncver abandon t hc
crown and sword.
"His legs were not made tu resr in t hc velver of some insrirurional
c hair, but ra ther ro be ad jusred vigorously ro t he saddle of a bartle
srecd." So far as rhis somew hat Ccrly lean E ng lishman was con-
ce rn ed, D Ol1l Ped ro 11 would bave done bcner " if insrcad of bcing a
sovereign o t he academics, he had bcc n a militarv man from head
te Icor, a soldicr's snldier, rcady to receive wirh bullets all discon -
tented slave-owncrs, republcan conspirarors, and [ournalisrs low
in funds" , and he would still hnvc continucd ro be Em pcror of rhe
Brazil ians."
There were many orher Europeans who rcecrcd to rhe fifteenth
o f November by lamenting the lack o f spirit o f the derhroned Em-
r eror and by regrcmng t hat Brazil had ceascd ro be an Em pire. But
rhere wcre no fewc r who fo resaw in rhe vicrorious Re pu blic a con-
nnuation of the monarchy in a d ifferent contexto A considera ble
number of Europea obscr vers. man)' of whom were wel l vcrsed in
li razilian affairs, wcrc ho pcful rhat the new leaders would be ablc to
avoid thc excesscs of pu re rcpublicanism and ro give greater ernpha-
sis ro che social aspects of gove rnment.
The London corrc spondcm for thc [ornal do Commercio o Rio
de j anciro reponed thar, a few davs aftcr rhe fi freenrh of X ovem-
ber, the Brdsh Undersccretary of Sute for Foreign A ffairs, Sir
James Fcrgusson, had recommendcd nor only prudence and firm-
ncss. bur also "fid eliry ro the promiscs of rhc pase' in rhe difficu lt
rask o f Brazilian rcconsrrucrion. T his sent irnenr w as cchocd by Tb e
T imes of Xovcmber 18, in irs staremenr rhar the "new a rd er o
t hings" in Brazil would probably be as srable as the old. Attriburing
rhc fal l of Dom Ped ro 11 ro (he fac t rhar his go\"crnmcnt had becn
"mo re liberal t han t he m;lSSCS o f its subjccrs," T be T imes felt rhat
rhere was no rcason wby th c Republic "should nor be as hon esr in
paying its debes as a r nonarchy." T hc Dily N eun o f rh e same dale
pointed ou t rhar since " 100 million pounds ste rling of rhe Brirish
pcople'' depended ufxm rhe order and progrcs,,> of the ncw Brazilian
rcgimc, it was concomed o\"er lhe Republic 's abi lity to remain es ~
sentially che same tyre of government as rhe monarchy. Ir was nec-
essary to dete rmine w har the fmu re o f the country would be u nder
th is more popular regime. " Is it preparing Brazil for self-go vern-
9 T hc Corncly anicle i~ ci!cd in Campos " ",rto; 01'. cit., p. 8'9. (Thc origini
"'urce uf the an icle <; not ghcn. (T rn<lalor.))
T be Fiiteentb of N ovember
mcnt>" Would thc ncw Rcpublic "mainrain rhe uniey and inrcg riry
w hich has bcen characrerisric o f monarchical Brazil amidsr rhe con-
sranr tu rmoil and repcatcd d ismcmbcrrnenrs of the S outh American
rcpublics! "
T hc words of these and orhcr noted Europcan [ournals formcd a
son of judgme nt of rhe Iurure, a "con remporary Iuturc," as sorne,
e ne has callcd it , in rhc scnse rhar such responsible foreign analysis is
borh dispassionate and well inforrncd. Ccrtainly. sorne mernbcrs of
rhe provisional govcmmcnr cou ld appreciate such criticistn: con-
scious of having to sorne exrcnr broken with the national pasto and
pledged ro continu in rhcir cuurse, rhcy undoubred ly found much
ro salve rhcir conscicnccs in t hese jour nahsric prcviews of rhc fu -
t urc. T he more lucid and intelligent members of the ncw regime
rried ro adapr their course ro rhc prcdicrions, ar leasr in mat tcrs
which would be visible ro fo reipn eyes. T hey srrove te ccnvince
oursiders that rhc gove mrucnt was conccrncd with the scrupulous
maintenance o f public order, with naricnal unty. wirh territoria l
intcgriry, and wit h rhc respecrful rrearmcnr o f t he vanquishcd fac-
tion. Indeed, such rrcarmcnt Frcqucnrly extended so far as ro in-
el ude r nernbcrs of t har faction in thc ncw govern ment. The Baron
of Lu cena rcplaccd Ru y Harb osa as poltica ! and ju ridical ndviscr ro
General D codorc. and soon many orher rirled members of che old
regime werc called ro the scrvice o f rhe R epu blic. Thc facr that
sueh persons wc re allowcd ro rcrai n and use their tides m ust have
caused satisfacrion in Bri tish circles.
O ne Hrirish pronoun eement which could no r fail ro carry weight
was rhat o f t he great G ladstone. In a spccch gvcn in M anchesrcr a
few days afr cr the proclarnarion of the R epub lic, tbis most liberal o f
Brirish staresmen was cmphaeic in his ad mirar ion fo r the dcrhroned
Emperor: "No monarch has cver bccn more dcdicat cd ro rhe happi.
ncss o f his pcople." 1 Bur at the same time he comrncndcd rhe Bra-
zilian revolutionaries for thc way in which they had rcplaccd t hc
monarchy with thc Republic, "without the slig hlcst anempr at vio-
lence, w it hout disrurbancc, so to speak. of the social arder. wi thotlt
interrupting t he coursc of business for more Ihan [wenty-four ro
forry . eight hou rs. w ithout firing a shot. without arrests, and with-
OUt bloodshed- t hollgh I bdievc t hat one accidental in ju r)' is the
sote exccption 10 my statement-and all [his in a distant soc iery
whie h could be considcred a b:l.ckward ei\'ilization, a socicty whieh
u ntil a few days ago struggled, if it is not st ill slruggling, again::;r the
I bi d., p. Il. 8.
a rder md Progrese
pcm icous curse o f slavcry , and where [he morality of rhc enrire
cou nrry r nusr hace been considerably rcrardcd in its developmcnr
by rhe exisrence o f thar deplora ble institurion."
W as there not somcthing Brirannic in rhe w ay in w hich rhe Bra-
zilians, srruggling againsr al1 rhcse d isadvanrages, nevertb elcss re-
placed rhc monarc hy wit h the Republic in a manncr so pcaccful, so
sobcr, so und isturbin g ro the course of business? From Gladsrone's
words wc would conchr de that thcrc was, that Brazil had shown
that ir was a less backward sociery than t he Knig hrs and t he \Vilsons
believed, in t heir confusin of sobriety wir h public aparhy. The
fi freenrh of November had doubrless show n up rhc apathy o f Era-
zilians tuward t heir trad icional sysrem o f government but ir had
also dernonstrared t he c ivil rcsponsibility of rhe revolurionarics,
panicularly those in t he militar)' torces.
In rhe Unircd Starcs, rhe fi rsr ncws o f t he proclamaricn of t hc
Brazjlian R cpublic b rough t joy ro th c hcen s of thosc interesred in
Latin-Amer ic an affairs; Brazil now sccmed ro have idcnnficd itsclf
more closely wirb the continental sYStelIl of govcmmcnr. "T hc
Unired Srares of Brazil is now a natural ally o rhe Unired St nres of
Ar ncrica. " clairncd rhe N eui Y ork T rbune, a lirrle rherorically,
th oug h ir cxplained rhar its eonfidence in th e Iut ure o f Brazil was
based upon irs fespccr for thc former monarchy. "The Rcpublic
will make good progress, bccausc it is prcpared ro do so thro ugh rhc
free insriru rion s alrcady en joycd thcrc." 2
For rhc New York JI'orld rhe Braxilians, in adopting rhe rcpubli-
can sptem o f go vernmcnt, had fr eed rhcmselvcs o f rh c burden of
" med ieval and hcredit ary t raditions"; a King, on rhe America n con-
tinenr, was " rhc rnost absu rd of al l anac hronisms." One should
neverrhelcss recognizc rhar Dom Pedro had bccn a "good man." 3
In rhc opinion of rh e H crald, howc ver. ir was rhis facr of heing
mc rcly a " good man" rhat "had lcd ro his own downfall ." T be
N e'W Y ork T im es did not agrcc ar all; Dom P edro was dct hroncd
by violcnce. fn a scriou s editoria l of N overnbcr 17 thc Tim es. w hile
syruparhcric toward Brazil, exprcsscd its apprchension ar a R cvo-
lution which represenred thc violcnr fa lI o a liberal monarehy Icd
by a man [Dom Pedro ] sincercly dcdicared ro prosperity o f his
eo um ry.~
2 Ibi,J., p. 6 j).
3 N e-w Y ork IVorld, :";'ovcmbcr '0, l flR9.
4 "[be N e-w Y ork T imes, ;-';o\cm bcr ' 7, 1!lll9.
Tb e Piteentb of N ovember 43
T hus from rhe Unircd Srarcs too thc new Brazilian lcaders heard
words of advicc which, instcad of acccntuanng their revolutionury
rad icalism or mcssianic rcndencics, mus r havc scrved ro make thcm
evcn more aware of their debr ro che mo narc hical past, an aware-
nCSS that (according t the besr Anglo-American authcriries) would
constiture the strongcsr gu arantec of rhc counery's repub lican fu-
ture.
Ir was not only rhc Unircd Statcs rhar felt this way; fro m Chile
and A rgenrina carne opinions only parrly fa vorable te t he Brazilian
innovation. From t he Buenos Aires corrcspondcnt of rhc R io Jornal
do Connnerc o on D ecem ber 7 ca rne rhe news rhar " for the rnasscs.
which knew only rwo rhings ahout Brazil -y eltow fever and the
narne of D om P edro," rhc R cvolurion of Novcmber 15 had bec n
"likc the fall of rhc Eiffcl Tower." ~ To neig hboring Argentina,
thc llame of th c Empcror and t he polieical st are o the rnonarchy
im parred ro Brazil, dcspirc rhc ycllow fever, a11 appearancc o f solid,
almosr monumental organizarion confirmcd by rhc "monetary su-
premacy" o f rhe Empire. Argenrine busincssmen, rhe correspon
denr conrinucd. "som cwhar cnvious of rhc financia] and moncra r)'
siruarion of mcnarchical Brazil," wcre qui te pleascd with the mili-
t ar)' pronuncismento in Rio de j ancirc, wh ich would pcrhaps be
"r hc source o f disorder and intern a! warfare" in the ncw Rcpublic
and would lead tu the end o f Brazilian lTlonerary suprcmacy. This
anirudc on rhc pan of Bucnos Aires businessmen musr aga in have
scrvcd ro make rhc new Brazilian leaders aware of their responsibili-
rics to thcir monarchical past : a past w hich could not be under-
rarcd, bur must rat hcr he conrinued in order ro preset\'e thosc
vales rbat could go on lending presrige to t he new republican
order. The actions of rhc A rmy during t hc proclamarion o f the
Republic had causcd wonder among rhe Argcntincs. rhc sanie cor-
responde nt ccntinucd, becausc lhe soldicrs liad bccn coutcnt t o cr)"
" 'd ,t'a' ro rhc Republic and ro ,\ larshal D eodoro, w irhout cven
rhnki ng of rhe pleasures o f sacking stores ami warehouscs." 6
T he rrurh is rhar rh e more rhe Brazilian Arm)' remO\'cd irsc1f
from rhe exce~si\'cl y provincial Pedro 11, and rhe more irs off1cers.
afrer rhe Paraguayan \ \'ar, bccame repub licanized (t hro ugh rhe in-
Rucnce o Positi\'ism and or her "isms" ), rhe g rearer rhe distincrion
grew berween the Brazilian milita r)' trad irion and rhat of the armics
s Campos Pii rt o o(J p. cir., p. 6H,.
e b id., p, 68,.
44 Order and 'rogress
of Bolivarian Americe. Through a conjun crion o circumsta nces
peculiar ro Brazil, rhc Army did nor dcvelop inro a fo nn o militar)"
arisrocracy , ir nccepred young men of a1l faces and from al] walks
o life ami. unlikc the Nevy, became a rruly democraric bo dy.
Moreover, ir did chis wirhour allow ing irsclf ro he scduccd by [he
dcmagogucs w hn so ofren unleashcd rheir arracks against rhc majar
political, militar}', and cccles iasrical figures of (he periodo
In his A ponumem os P.m1 J llirtri.1 d<l R epblica dos Estados
Unidos do Brasil (Notes for tb e H istory 01 tb e R epublic of the
Unired States o Rrazil) , ,\ 1. E. de Campos P rrc t ranscribes an in-
reresring editorial from [he ardcndy rcpu blican Corre o do 'ovo
of Ro de Janciro. A fe w days aftcr the prod amation of thc R epub-
lic, rhis editorial tr ied 10 attribute th c " reserve of thc European
press'' ro the facr thae rhis press was "pardal ro rhc old insritunons"
and consequcnrly incapable of undcrsrandmg anyrhing new or dis-
tinctively Amer ican. More specificay, ir w as ig no rant of condi-
rions in Brazil, " bcrh of the polincal and social aspects of rhc sirua-
t ion and of t he rare qualincs of the Hrazilian pcople." The extcnt of
European inforrnarion. the Correio do Povo indicared, was thae rhc
eountry was governed by a fricnd of the arts and scicnccs so
superior to his subjccts that the European mind could hardly g rasp
thc anorualy of a ruler of ' 4 million Tups and Negrees being a
mcmbcr of the Aea demy of Sciencc.
Bm ir was in rcfcrnng ro rhc "milirary characrerisrics of thc
movemen r" rhat thc Correio do 1'01.'0 got to rhc hearr of t hc allegcd
reserve e n [he part of che Old world press, In irs apologv. more
Posnivisr and soeiological than pclitical, rhc cdirorial mad e a point
well wo rt h bringi ng ro rhe atten rion of European ne wspapers. Ac -
cusror ned tu South American military pronuncumemos, tbesc
papees, wit h [he possiblc excepron of T he T imes, had madc t he
mistake of seeing the inrervcnrion of the Brazilian Armcd Fo rces in
t he political scenc as just another crudc, purely military cou p,
"Given rhc siruaron of a ruodc rn cirizcn body in which t he o ld-
linc conven rien of an arisrocraric Arm y in th e scrvice o the King
has trans formed itself into rhar of a popula r miliria in t he sen"ice of
t he eount rr, ir is not possible ro have w hat co uld truly be ca lled a
narional revolmion againsr t he will of rhe armed forces," said t he
Correio do 1'0,,'0 (antieiparing rhe revo lutions of the rw enrieth cen-
tilry ) . " One might add rhar. w ith rhe perfeetion of t he seience of
taerics anJ di~eipline and of w eapons of moJern v.'arfue. t he vic-
T be Fiteentb af N ovember 45
buco rbou ght quite diffcrcntly, and alrhough Huy Barbo sa ad-
mirrcd rhe possibility of combining federation wirh mcnarchy,
Vcr fssimn's poin t of view is srill wort h considcrarion. If t he co ncil-
iation dcsired by N abuco and adrnitrcd by Ruy was impossible,
t hen Ra mal ho (Jnigo, disagrccng wit h Eduardo Prado, was COf-
rect in saying rhar "rhc r nan who brought about rhe militar)' acci-
den! o the fiftcenth of X ovcmber. so diversely inrerprcrcd by t hc
European prcss. had mcrely accelerared progress in simpliying rhe
resohnion of t he Brazilian social problcm rhro ug h the suppression
o f supc rfiuous c1cm cnts." 5
by loc al ~ mment uf a ll~g:c ,l rcgiun al ncglccr on fhe I"'rt nf rhe cent",1 govcr n_
m e nto
Vcr issimo's point in !his ""mplieated p' '''ge 5e~l1\~ ' " he tb,t cbe Cro wn m, de
prog re, in nati"nalifing ltal , despite t b~ eeon"m i~ ditTetences and comnlllniC3 -
rion prub lerns in 1 buge and bighly <! iH .... ified leTri"'!): emergi ng h um a. colon ial
s)'Slel1\ rh at did Ihtlc to prevido a seuse of polirica! un it)'. T be perslsr cra suc-
ccsson o f rcpublican rnov cmcnts. howe vcr, restified 10 the comin ued fceling that
rrue federari" n co uld "ur l>e ac hie\"C J unde. a monatcbical ,,,,rem. (T randator.)
~ On igio , " p. cit., p. '''l.
Brtuiluui Socief)'ill the
Late Niuetecnili CentU1Y
2 A gam~ in whic h "bo~~" orders e. ....h mcmber o f ,he group tu perforol a !.~k.
T he fint tu Cl>mplet~ his l. sk h~col1l<:'S the nex! " bms." (T ranslalo r.)
3 Ceee"! peru;' janus, plam of lhe c. cfU' f.milr , similar to [h~ night_hloo ming
c ~ rcus . .\ l OS1 uf , hese names . re exp l. incd in Ihe Gl"s.. ry . (T r. n, latur.)
Brmilian Society in tbe Late N netecntb Cenmry 5,
th e cou nt ry , pear, apple. pcach, ami straw bcrry heing alllong rhc
ncwcomcrs. And ir was almost rragic rhat, fr om rhc beginning of
rhe modcrn izarion of t hc ciev undcr :\ b yo r Passos, rhe E nglish
spa rrow hegan tn dri ve rhe narive Brazilian birds from rhc Carioc a
yards and gardcns. T hc child ren of Rio, along with thuse of Bclm.
were also rhc f irsr ro suffcr th c impacc of urban elcctrification:
srreetcar wires had an inhib iring etfecr on rhc rradi tional pasrime o f
kitc yi ng. a SpOrt which has sincc been in decline in all rhc p rin -
cipal cities of B raz i l. ~
,\ la n ucl Bandcira lcamcd his alphabcr in Recife in a linlc school
in the Rua de S olcd adc run by rhc Barros Barrero sisrcrs. Larer, he
transferred ro unorher run by V irgnio \ !arq ues Ca rneiro Leio.
H e rells lIS rhar in ncirher of these schools was therc a playground,
and in rhe laeter rhe po11mo1fr was still in use. As a rcsult. the chil-
dren played on ly ar borne or in the st recrs. or in rhcir d aily walks to
ami from school. School was a place for study, for duty. And it was
also a place of punishmcm and blisrers rom the pahllarria for
rhose who did not know rhcir lessons or who commirred sorne
ma jor dcvilm cnr. For rhese childrcn, it was rhc srrecr that repre-
senrcd freedom, fr eedo m from lxnh t he routine of home life and
th e dull monotony of rhe sc hoo lroom.
Evcry blcsscd d a)' except Sundays. holiday s. and sainrs' days,
J oaq uim Amaral J am en rrudged rh rou gh rhc strccrs of Rio de Ja -
neiro carryng norebooks. pcncis, nnd lu nchbcx, a child Irom a
strict patriarchal bcusehotd dcl ighting in each n cw sighr che strccts
had ro otl cr. In his prc-scbool y cars. bc orc chis daily advcntu re-c-
which soon bccamc a rourinc-of going ro sc hool cach moming, he
had enjoycd himsclf ma inly by p lay ing in t he yard (Ir ying his kirc
in rhc fi elds behind t he house. The street had been somcrbing he
had seen only fr om rhe windows. rhe verand a. nr rh c [ ronr doo r. It
w asn'e long befare he discovered rhat th:1.t litr le strerc h of rhorough-
fare wasn 't t he who le world. It was also che st rett of rhe milk ped-
dler, a musrachioed Pon u!>"Uese oeatl)' always named "'lanuel, w ho
sold his pmduct, frtsh an d unwatcred , drawn no t he spo r by his
nonc-too-clean hands for a couple of pen nies a g lass. Ir w as the
4 Emiliano Ribciro de Almcida Bra~a (b. Sii o Lu s de Maran hiio, . 873 ) bdi~, ~s
thar rhe "ites /io,,"n during his c hildhood were rhe besr in Brazil. T h is mos'1 rradi-
tinnal Bralian lOy ,..a s nor unl}" bclo.-ed uf c hiIJ n 'n, bUI aho of "docro r., collcge
graduares, pr iests, b w}"ers, and judges." Ad ulr k ioe flying app arenoly cxte nded
rhrough<>ut rhe nnnhcrn pan u f Ihe c nunory , from Recife ro ,\ b na".
Order and Progress
nI}' FaLte<: io J OWOIOWO Ri" dc Jan ciw . Ri" Branco wa. a high ]iH r, and "'r~y re
fr eq u('ntly n:fers lO his repuu lion as a gnu rnund and COllllujsscur uf prcny
w"men. (T n nslalO r.)
1 H and wrin en manuscripl in the aUlhur's pos'-t~siun.
Brr ian Society in tbe Late N neteentb Century 59
rhcric, literal)" and soc ial matr era. From thi s o ur forrn er frcqucnrer
of Susana's girl s ded uces that subscqucnr gcnerations of Hraxilian
yourhs are becom ing "lcss ami less viri lc rhrough rhc ab use of rhe
cu lr of foo rball. Ir is a facr wcll csrablish cd by rhosc who havc stud-
icd Hraxilian socicry rhar lcsbianism has incrcased alanninglv cven
in rhc bighcst social circles. ro say nothing of amon g ehe 100\'('r
classcs. Could thi s be an indication of this 10s5 of viriliry > Ar one
time, in ma kin g ccrtain psycbological srudics . . . I dccidcd ro ex-
am ine aspects of lcsbianism in our soc icry nfrer 190 0 . I soon quit
rhe amcunr of marerial l asscmblcd was fnghrcning."
Thc highcr class of Rio prosrirurcs during rhc late Empirc and
early Republic was ro be fo und in rhe Catete scction ami in the Rua
Senador Dam as. As a bov, 1LA. rememhers the celebrarcd ll orcl
Ravor, in rhe Rila do O uvidor: " A two-storv building- which occu-
picd half a bloc k, with rhc girls in wrappcrs searcd i~ rhe windows
or leaning on rhe sills heekoning rhc passcrs-by." The chcapcr type
of prosrirurion was ro be found in rhe Rua Sere de Scrcmbro or rhc
Rua Uruguaiana up ro Rossio Squarc, spreading from rhcre ro Lapa
and rhc ,\ Iangue secrions." In addirion. rhere werc "branches ex-
rending ro thc hay fronr, rcachi ng into thc Gl ria sccrion .. ."
One ge ts the impression rhar ar rhc cnd of t he ninerccnth cenrurr
rhcrc were more brorhels rhan ordiuary shops in R io de [ aneiro.
Because of rhc hig h priccs bro ughr in by coffec, S o Paulo ar
rhe bcginning of t he rwenricrh ce mu fY also arrracted irs share of
high-class French girls. Its ccnters of opcration we rc also hotcls and
"boardinghouscs" similar ro thc {amous one in Rio kuown as " " Iere
Louise," and rhcsc csrablishmcnrs we re parronizcd not only by fcd-
eral dcput ies hur :1 [SO by scnarc rs and Suprcmc Courr judgcs. Sao
Paulo had irs Susana in t he person of ,\ t me Pommer y, who was por-
rrayed in a book publishcd in 19 1 9 as having cxerci scd conside rable
c hango in Paulisra CUStoIllS. One suc h inno var ion w hich spread ro
polirc socicty bor h in Sao Paulo and in Rio de J aneiro w as t hat of
t he rango-tea." Similar Susanas cxisted ar the t ime in Sal\'ador Ja
Bahia. in Reci fe. and especial!y in Bd m and ,\ la naus. The last e ity
~Speaking uf rhe pro1>1 irution uf mulan". in Rio de Janciro, Lam1xrg uh' cn-c d
thar "thcre are mulartn girls uf elc"cn or rwd \'c whu alrcady are mothcn: ' He
nm cd. ho wc"Cf, thar lhc;e nad\' c I'coM ilurcs a l wa ~'s Hpn...ervcd a re rta in deccncy-
almust a een ain dig nily- in rhcir ealling." Ir was "only in the large cirics, under
lhe bad example gi,-en uy F.uropean cuu l1csans, l hat thc\.C nati,-c cu,rom~ are
' puiled" (,\ I aur cio L ambcrg' O Brasil , tran, laled from l he G c rman [ Rio de
Janeiro, ' 8</i], p. 6,) .
9 H ilrio T cito : Mad,me l' ommery (Sio Paulo, ' QIQ) , p. ' 51 .
60 arder and Progresr
bad nur only Frcnch girls. bur also a numbcr o Iralians and Ger-
mansoall decked wirh Icarhers. laces, and silks. covcred with [ewels.
bigh-priced councsans-c-somc vinually [ennnes fatales-com pcting
with rhc near-nude dark-skinned caboctas or rhe imponed Bahian
gi rls w ho rivalled thcir Frcnch sistc rs in dispcnsing subtlc amorous
and gasrronomic dclights.
Some of t hcsc Frcnch Susanas grcw old in Brazil and ado ptcd rhc
airs o rhe grande datne, arrending mass C\'Cf)' Sund ay and bccom-
ing almosr rhe second wivcs o rieh indusrrialisrs. military meo, law-
yers, docrors, husincssmen, ami cngincc rs. Hut there were alsc rhose
wh o rcrurned to thcir co untry of crigin, a retum which ofteo caused
rcjoicing in rhc more sedare bourgecis families of thc pcriod, fa mi-
lics alarmcd by the spcll casr ovc r malc mcrnbcrs of rhe tribe by
these blond sircns. Wivcs much prcferrcd t bat rheir wayward hus-
bands seck rhc company of native, fresh-warcr charr ncrs, Negrcsses
oc mulattos of local origin, despire rhe lancr's bad habit of attempt-
ing ro retain thcir lcvers by black magic of Af rican origino
Ferrcira da Rosa, in his work O L upanar-s-Eetudo sobre o Cal
i i S11lO e a Prostituirao 110 Ro de [anero (The Bordelio: A Study
ol Procuring and I'rost tution in R o de Janeiro ) , confirms much of
II.A .'s infonuarion about rhc French girls of rhe Brazilian capital
during the late nineteen rh cemu ry. ,\ Iost Iivcd in two-stoey houses,
t hree , fou r, or more girls together with rheir superior. Such houscs
were faun d in thc downrown strcets of So Francisco de Assis, Serc
de Sctcmbro, Lus de Camcns, Lavradio, V iscondc do Rio Branco,
and in Tiradcntes Square. T he sight of t hese prosrirutcs grouped in
the windows (producr of procurers prorected by Brazilian
cusrom) consrirured a sad ta blcau.' "The srrccrcars, rbe customary
mcans of rran sportanon ehroughoue t hc cit y, carry rhousands uf
passengers daily ami cause them tu wmcss the mase ext reme cvi-
Jences of this lawlcss tratiic cxhibitcd by rbese women in the win-
dows, or cvcn in t he inreriors of thcir depravcd habirarions. . , .
Suc h womcn are in grcal num bcr thc rejccrs of t he brut hcls of
India, of the River Plare, and of rhe Brirsh eolonies . .. women
wh o bave lost aH respect for pubtic deeeney . . . almost all of
them l l ungarians, Germans, Poles, 1\ussians." 2 Ver)' few were
1 Fcrre ira da Ro : O f.up.11l<lr- Elw Jo sobre o C~l tismo e ~ ['roHiuirao no
R i" Je ~ neiro ( R io de Janeiro. '&;6/. 1'1" ' ], ' 5' - ' . See al"" Fra ncl"Co f erraL de
.\ !acedo: T ese A presclJt~Ja j Facu/J"J.. J .. M eJ i 1l.J Jo Rio J e aneiro ( Rio de
J:meiro, 18]: / and f1ere ulano AlIgu~tu L a~>anee Cunha: A l'rosrimirao, e11l
P"rticuiar n~ Cid"Je do Rio de j ..,,";ro (R io de Janciro. 1145/ .
2 Ro: 01' . cit. p. 'B'
Brezitim Society in tbe Late Nin eteentb Cemury 61
Frencb , thc real Frenc h cou rtesans w cre rhe artjsts of t hcir c lass,
mem bers of rhc elite .
In 1879 Tiro de Xl atos. t he courr cbicf of police, directcd bis
delegare Flix da Costa to c onduce an investigation inro prosriru-
ton. The latrer acknowledgcd rhe prescncc in rhc co unc ry of an " as-
sociarion com poscd of Russian j cws, G ermans. Ausrrians, and othcr
. nationalirics'' fo rmed for rhc purpose of importing prostirutcs.
Sorne of these procurcrs opc rarcd under a {ronr as jcwcl mcrcbanrs.
O ne of rhe mosr notoricus was Sicgmond Richcr. aman whom the
police wishcd ro deport ami wh o t ricd vainly ro rcrain the brilliant
Ferreira de .'\1 eneses in his defcnse. Anot her lawycr was foun d in his
secad. a Brazilian at rhe start of his brilliant carcer, c-he pre ved t hat
Richer was aman of probiry an d a Hrazilian citixcn by Imperial
dccrce. "What can't ene prove wirh a linle good will ! " cumments
Ferrcira da Rosa in rclating t his ncidenr. "
T hc samc Sieglllo nJ R ich er, upon sceing himsclf denounccd as a
procurer in rhe newspapcr O P.Js, requestcd Pohce Chicf Andr
Cavalcanri to furnish him wieh a wr it rcn sratcmcnt as ro "whct hcr
or nor he had evcr becn convic rcd or dcporrcd [o r being a pro-
curer." The reply carne in due cou rse clcarly stat ing r har "rhc
referred perso n has nevcr bccn con demncd or depcrrcd as a pro-
cu rer," rhcs giving rhc pctinoner an otficial documcnr for rhe pro-
recrien of his c riminal acr iviries. " t v hv di dn'r rhe otficial documenr
proclaim ' rhe rcferred pcrson never was deponed bccause he is a
naruralizcd Hrazilian c irizcn, but it was preved in the formal invest -
garions of Au guse 26 and Septem ber 30. 18 79, rhar he is a pro-
cure r'>" asks Ferrcira da R osa. Anothcr procurer of rhc carlv R e-
public managed, rhrough a bribc, ro be appoinrcd second licurcnanr
in the Netion al G uard. One fine day rhc supreme commandcr of
t har militar)' body . G eneral O uriq ues j acques. ordcr ed t har t he
c ommander of rbe Ninrh Infantry barralion " fo rmally ind ucr Len-
ren anr lzido ro K appler." The induction nevcr rook plac e, becausc
rhe com mander peririo ncd 'w as nonc ot her than Flor iano Peixo to
and "che liem enam's cUllllllission gr antcd Izidoro Ka pplcr e v ent u ~
aH)' w as can celled, desp ire rhe enn rm ous effo rts of irs spo nso r," "
In [hc houdoir of A nit a, o ne of Izido ro's w hite slaves, " rhere
were frcqucm and co ntinu OllS meet ings of federal depuries.
wealth)' husinessmen, an d to p-fl ig ht law)'ers, journalists, and mili-
t ary men." A nita w as beauriful and im elligent, and her ch:l.fins
3 bid., pp. 46, 49.
.. b id., pp. IZ, 11], 119.
arder and Progress
den rh c hearrs of m an)' V ict orians stil l among usoCe rrainly rhc Em-
peror was a ma n of ausrcrc bchavicr ami sim ple habit s w ho shunncd
all outward manifesrarions of sexo Bur, as head of a monarchical
govem r ncnr, had he the right t o disda in all worldlincss. cve n rh ar
r nosr natural to his t)' pe of govcmmcnt ? Thc truth is tbat such
w orldlincss would pro bably havc cn couragcd rhe developmcnr of
rhe arts and w ould havc aidcd rhe solution of na tional problcms by
bringing rc gether socially vario us naricnal leadcrs who scarcely
knew nne ancrhcr an d whose associarions we rc limit ed to rhe course
of rhcir bureaucraric dutics.
lr secms thar Ped ro ll's dismal yourh lacked rhe infl ucncc of such
foreign ladi cs, an in uencc which. as Senhora de Bar ral rold him
larcr in life. would have given him g rearer fceling for thosc grae es
and subrlcries he nevcr really leam ed ro apprcciarc. Bis reeently
publishcd lo ve lerrers re rhat lady lamenrably suppOrt this conclu-
sion ; a disc rcet silcncc on his pan would have becn much more ele-
ganr." G ra nred as a privare individual Ped ro would havc had rh c
righr ro be as unworldly as he plcascd. in a rnona rch rhis anirudc
was a grave dcfccr, particularly ar a t ime when a more dramaric
monarc hical imape should han bcen c reared. Jf only fo r the psy -
c hologica l effccr , he eould han lived a some whar more imaginativc
life. cve n in his less public r noments: dinners an d receptions, roj-ally
sponsored artisr ic cvcnrs, rhe concerrs he atrended . Suc h a coursc
w oul d ha ve made him a much mo re imposing figure and, rhrough
rhe perso nal conracrs w hich would have cnsued. would havc giv en
rhe Empire greater presrige in its relations with thc countries of
Europc.
And this co nract wirh E uro pe would nor havc becn limitcd to rhc
acadcmies o f scicnce. bur would have extended ro rhe more yourh-
fu I aspects of t hat conrincnt. t o t hc vibranr, experimental Europe of
arr shows, schools of sculprurc, and arc hirccrure. From suc h dcvel-
oplllenrs Ped ro 11 livcd in almosr rotal isolation-c-even worsc rhan
thar of D om j oao V I- and t his ar a time when Brazil despetarc1y
needed t he stimu lus of European inf1 uenc e, not onl)' in R io de j a-
neiro hm in atl other secrio ns of the countr)' as wc1L \Vh<ltever
contact of rhis sorr di d rak e place was m ade, nor by rhe dilertante
asrronomer of rhe Imperial palace ( his eyes rur ned ro thc hea\'ens) ,
bur by Gallicized pro vinciall eaders such as the Pem ambucan Baton
, A1cind ro SoJr, cd .: A brinJo um Cofre: C~rtiU de Dom l'~dro 11 J COIldeJ1,J
d~ B02" "! ( Rio J e Janciro, 19 \6) .
arder and Progress
de Boa Vista, who had eres for Frcnch architecrurc rhar extended ro
[he practica! considerarions of engineering and city plan ning. It is
[fue that rhc Empcror rook a ccrtain inrcresr in [he Frcnch gardcns
of .\ 1. G lawu in Rio de J aneiro ; [mt such an isolared interese dces
nor makc up for [he lack of Imperial iniriarive in [he improvement
of rhc urban sccnc and in rhe social life of rhe coum r)', maners
which, ovcr a long pcriod of years. rhc Emperor allowed ro cake
ca rc of rhcmselves.
Old ar twenty. Pedro had airead)' impresscd Eur opcans as a
brccding, rircd man, in conrrast [O his far her, whom .\ Ia:.. Radiguer
describcd as "a dvenrurous, impcruous, and galam as a Frcnchman
of [he good old days." ~ Radiguct saw che ciries of Pedro 11 as "sad,
mean. sordid, and completely out of kcy with rhe splcndors of th e
landscapc." T he mosr irnpcnant public buildings gave rhc irnpres-
sion of barracks or hospirals; onl y rhc churchcs and convcnts re-
rained rhcir true characrer.
And the samc observarions applied ro rhe sociery of Rio de ja-
neiro. "Compet ed [ O rhar of Spanish-Amcrican cirios. rhc r rivare
!ife of Rio de Janeiro is confined to [he borne." Ir was rhus difficulr
ro apprcciarc [he Brazilian characrcr. particu larly rhar of rhe Brazil-
ian woman. although Radigucr was able [ O rcspond ro t hc qualities
of [he young misses, noting rheir "indolenr grace," t heir "rnclan-
choly and pcnsive charru" as rhcy red ined in rheir hamrnocks dur-
ing [he hcar of rhc day." ' '''ha[ a pit y rhar [he higher circles of
sociccy did nor possess sorne of t har charrn, howcver melancholy.
and rhat che Em prcss Teresa Cristina. who for sheer rnelancholy
was rhe equal of hcr husband, did nor encourage rhe inclusion of
sorne of rhis yourhful beauty in developing a court arr uospbere
wonhy of a Brapanca-Hapsburg.
On rhe other hand. rhe aristoc raric Brazilian ladics in Europe-
who unforrunarely lacked a H enry James- were won hy of a soci-
ological and psychclogical srudy. Wirh rhcir rirled hushands-bar-
ons, viscounrs, generals-rhey formcd a rnosr inrcresring group of
expatriares who madc thc dcsignarion "Brazilian" famou s in rhe
wo rld of socicry and culture. not as social c1imhers or nom-cmrx
ricb es, hu t as an exoric elemcnt of [roe aristClcracy.
T riumphs of chis son mained by Brazilians like rhe Baroness de
8 :'ttax Ralliguct : SOlr..'enirs de r Amh iq/U' F:sp ~r.:n Ql e-C;'jJ i-- l'hQ u-B rifil
(Par s 8;6 ) , p. 185.
~ Ibid.. 16 .
Bmzilian Society in tbe Late N netcentb eenmry 6f
Estrla gave Eurc peans rhe impression t hat such cxquisitely seduc-
tive ladies we re represcn rativc of rhe court of Ped ro 11 . Far from ir.
In facr, they were flecing a socicry which did not givc rhcm rhe
slighresr oppcrtunity or encouragemcllt, 00 rctuming from rheir
rravels, to cxcrc ise a discrecr fo rce in convinc ing t hc swccr-c-ncarly
alway s plump-carisrocranc ladies of Brazil, roorcd likc abbcsscs in
their tcwn houscs or rhcir pla nrat ion bornes. ro fu rnish those ho mcs
in bcrrcr tuste, ro decorare rhem with painrings and sratues by legit i-
mare artists, and ro surroun d them wirh fiowerbeds or tro pical
planrs and flowers insread of t hc ercrnal rose gurdcns bordcred wirh
oyster shclls. They m ighr also have succecdcd in teaching t hcm ro
spcak less st ridently and ro wcar fcwe r jewels when rhey wc nt
shopping. or ro givc dinners in which thcre was a grcater dcgrce of
rcstraint ovcr rhe num ber o f courscs. Such acrivity on (he pan of
reru rning \'oyagers would havc consn ruecd rhc cquive lcnr, on a
higher plane, of rhc insrruction givcn rbc sons ami husban ds of
rhcse ladics by rhe cocottes, rhc acr rcsses. and rhc nrodistes: lessons
of discrerion in spining. in pic king onc's tecth. dressing, blowing
one's nose, laugh ing, in using pcmadcs 01\ rhc hair or brilliantine on
thc bcard. perfuming onc's handkerchicf and in wearing diamon ds
on t he fi ngers. c utis, or shirt fronts. T ruly , as a civilizing for ce in
Brazilian lifc, rbcsc cocottes, ucrresscs, and modistes descrvc grearer
r ecogllltlon .
A nor her form of instruction was t he auction, alrcedy rnentioned,
where less travcled Br azilians could purc hasc o r becomc acquaint ed
w irh rhe appurrcnances of modern comforr from expatr iare Br irisb.
Sw iss, G erm an, or French hc useholds. Such acquaint ancc, ro be
sure, did not succ eed in clirninaring elemcnts of thc purcly Brazilian
versi n of houschold comfort : t hc opulent cuspidors or sumptuous
urinals of fine c hina. ofren decorared wirh gold like beakers for rhc
prcservarion of rhe fi ncst essences ernanat ing from persons of q ual.
iry. Tbcrc wer e a1so rhc rhousand :md one yaricrics of siker toorh
picks, fmm d assical :"epruoes ro patriorically romam ic Indians
w hose w arl ike arrow s formcd rhe working pan designed fo c aristo-
ctaric teeth.
In a w ork pub lished in Frcnc h in 1889 00 rhe Brazilian art of the
lare Em pire, Eduardo da Silva Pr ado found rhar che Brazilian
T his u ne)(pec red cumbi narion of \he hero ic and " rosaic, together wi\h the o'j-
lentarious manner uf picking o ne's le elh, ma,le a con\"ert uf at leas! " ne Engli,h-
man, the famous tu\"elcr Rich ard BUrlo n.
66 Order and Progre!s
interior rescmbled rhe Porrugu esc in irs barrenness and bad rasre."
O bjetr d'art wcre rare, parrly becausc of rile necessiry of "paying
enormous customs duries on suc h irems, as rhough they werc com-
mon merchandise." N erivc art ists, cven (hose of recognizcd mcrit,
dcvorcd rhemselvcs solely te rhc grand stylc and produccd pictures
far too largo for [he a"cragc middlc-class drawing room, fo r w hich
th cy chargcd prices cven highcr rhan those o living Eu ropcan mas-
terso T hus, t hc only picturcs on Brazilian w alls we re portrairs by
paintcrs w ho dared nor attempr rhe monu menta l and dcvored rhcm-
selves [O subjccrs thar would se11 . Landscapcs. water colcrs, or mod-
erarely sized picrurcs o an)' trpe we rc nor ro be seen.
As for furniture, rhe situarion was even worsc. During the lase
days of the Empirc Prado lamenrcd th c rcndency (which incrcased
du ring rhc early Repu blic under rhe impact of progressivism ) ro
subsrirute novehi cs of dubious valu end qu csrionable rasre for rhe
lovely old picces decorarcd wir h leathcr and Portuguesc silver
which had dignified many of the berrcr Brazilian homes. Such fur-
nirure had bccn fashione d from "ravishing native woods .. .
chcsrs and c rher piec cs carved in palisander. an en in whch the
woodcarvcrs of Babia ami Mi nas cxcelled .. . armchairs in black
lcather decorated wir h large copper nails, fou r-poster bcds. bcauri-
fui Pcrruguesc and Brazilian silvcrwork of rhe scbool of V alenria
da Fonseca and his conrernpo raries." a AH t hcsc we re scorned as
ugl y and sharncfu l archaisms by a middle class which had bcgun ro
" Europeanize" or "A mericanizo" or simpl), "modernizo" itself by
adopting rhe "'O(St aspects of progressivism, and by scd denly losing
all sensc of rhe valucs of irs uniquc tradition of parriarchal
monarchy, rhc 001)' such social tradirion in the Ne w \ Vorld.
Thc rradirional vales of interior dccorarion in rhc ben er Brazil-
ian homes stcmmed from colonial times and extended through a
largo pan of rhc reign of Pedro 11. T hcy rcprescnred an ordcr and a
harmony whicb, if not of highest aesthcric value, at lcast mcrited
respect for rhcir authcnticiry ami for their happy combination of
Europcan with native tropi cal e\cmcnrs. One sllch example was the
hamlllocks, at times made of feathers; asirle fm m being cool and
eomfortable, these \vere often rme works of art." Another \vas the
Z .\ L F. J. de Sanu Ana ~e r)', el JI.: L e Rrhil <!JI 1689 ( P~ ris, I ~ R9 ) , p. 57J .
.l lbid., p. H 7.
t T he ~" uf working Wil h feather<i w~s highly cult i" ated in B r~l il; its vd ue
had lleen nored as early ~s the bcginning of rhe nineteem h eentury by th e F rench
comment2tor Ferdinand Denis.
Brazilian Society in tbe Late N neteentb Century 67
6 Ibid., p. 554,
7 Like !he stu denr "re publies," the "eJsle~" "'ere roorning housC'S for }'oung
single men bu! in his ca", TU n by and for shup elTl plo~'ees instead uf ~!u d ents.
(T rans b tor .)
Bmzian Society in tbe Late N neteentb Century 69
alsc be mcnrioned hcre. Thc huge grand piano bccame a status syrn-
bol , a m ani fesrarion o f rasre and social prestige, whcrhcr in t he aris-
rocrnric villas of t hc subur bs. rhc middle-class ciry bornes. or rhe
mansion s of rhc more culrivared plantcrs end sugar processors in rbc
rural arcas. R uder planration hom cs conrenred thcmselves wirh a
mcre guitar or cvvaquinbo ( a sma ll gu irar ), a facr which causcd
such dwcllings to he dismisscd rathcr disdainfully as " houses wirh-
out pianos. " In thc city, as wel! as rhe country, che cxprcssion " H e
already has a grand piano " resrificd noe only to t he cultural, bu t
also ro rhe social and cconomic progrcss of a fam ily. Thus rhe piano
became part of rhc soc io-cultural syst em of Brazil, a dcvelopment
regard ed by sorne forcigo cbservers as a curse, pc rhaps hccausc thc
inst rument all too ofren refused to hc thc docile slave of fashion ablc
ladies who attempted ro dominare irs mysrerics.
According ro two Americ an clc rgymcn visiring in the rear 1879,
"pianos abound in cvery st rccr . . .", parricularly in the capital,
whose parriarchal homes werc well know n ro rhese visitors." From
suc h homes the sound of a piano played by rhe lady of t hc housc
could ofrcn be hcard in thc srrcer, and from sume, on Sarurdays.
carne rhe sound of dancing, nor ro rhc r nusic cf an orchcstra, bur
rarhcr ro that of a pia no played by a professional who made his
living by ccmposing music and playing ir on thcse occasions. Ac-
cording ro Cssio Barboso de Resende, in a personal letrcr ro me,
"Many of t hcse pro fcssionals bccame famo us and their cornposi-
rions were whisrled in rhe street and played everywherc." And 1
cannor ovcr loo k e ne of rhe mos t c haract er isric aspeets of borh
street ami coumr)' life d uring rhis pcriod: thc sound of rhe whistlcr.
Ir wenr on r ncming and night. at work, ar play, in t hc har h, c\'c ry
wbcrc.
Of rhe m any sounds t hat enlivened rhc anstocraric or middle -
class heme du ring Im perial rimes. rhere werc sorne, not alwa ys mu-
sical, t har emanatcd from ourside: rhc carriages which, on party-
giving day s, clarrcred no isily t hrough t he iron gate oponed only on
spccial occasions, the str eet ealls of t hc fru it, fish, and poult r), "en -
dors; rhe peddlers' r attles; rhc c r ics of t he mendicant nuo s or t he
a rdinar)' beggars asking for alms "for the 100e of God" ; rhe band
playing marches on the way to a hall or to rhe bandsrand in rhc
eat hedral squarc; rhe gu irat serenades; rhc sambas and 1JIaracatu
8 James C. Fletchcr and Ih niel P. Kid,Jer , B, .r..i1 w d the B,.r..iliam (+th edn.,
Buston, , H79) , p. 6) .
7 Order and I'rogress
rnusic o thc 5Ia\'c5; or rhc simple bcarin g o palms at fronr gates
whcrc a doorbc ll oc knock er was no t prcvided. A r times a kind o
musical dialogue cnsucd. rhough the " Dic es werc not always o rhe
bese quality, bet wcen che house and rhe st rcet. In an arrcmpt ro
bre ach the closed-c-almost hosrile-c-facadc o a bu ilding, the peti-
rioner would clap hand s and chant : " O de casa! ( H cy , r ou in rhe
housel )" and fr om within wo uld come che response, also in a son of
chant : "O de foral ( Hey, rO l! out tbcrel) " Through chis ritual,
communicarions werc csrab lishcd which could resulr in an invitation
ro step inside and even ro sir in rhc place o hono r in rhc living room.
If rhe rastc for Iamily bcirlooms had nor beco rcplaccd by thc new
craze for French or A ust rian furnishings, t he living roo m would
con tain hcavy pieces in jacarand a or vmb tico: a sofa for rhc ladies,
fla nkcd symmerrically by armchairs and orh er chairs of or nare up
holsrery for rhc genrlemcn. The visiror might he enrcrtained wirh
music, cithcr popu lar or classical, playcd on the piano by tbc bosress
or by on e of [h e r oung lad ies of rhe hou se. The sound of t he piano,
wherber in honor of visirors or merely in instrucrion or practicc,
was one of the principal signs of communication bcrwccn house and
strcet. for during thc Second Empirc no polite r oung lady's educ a-
[ion was considcrcd complet e without sorne k nowledge o f music.
lt is nor ar all surprising rhat a sociery so replete wirh rhe sugges-
rion of music in t hc mcsr prosaic acrivircs of daily life and pennc-
ared with rhe rieh natural mus ic of locusrs and tropical birds should
save its grcatest adm irarion for persons of musical t alent, for a
Padre Jos Maurfcio or a Carlos Gomcs. In t his respect, as in no
other, rich ami poo r were in com plete agre ement. Music, from that
of the church ro that of t hc srrcet-c-rhc band s in t hc public sqllare
or thc African-dcrivcd sam bas and 1JlaTaCatus of R ecife or Salvador
or R io de j aneiroc-constirured so integral a pan of rhe life of the
Second Emp ire as ro form rhc mosr unifying clcment in a societ y of
orhcrwise wide varicry in irs oripins, appearanc e, and ways of living
and rhinking. If sorne types of music suggcsted dfferent racial or
class origins, orhcrs acrcd as a harmonious synrhcsis of social anrag-
onisms and conrradictions. T he street march o for cxarnple. was an
important musical agem of Brazilian social unir)', w het her sung or
pla)'e d, w het her issuing from the piano of a fashionable home or a
gu irar in , he ~t ree r or the doorw ay of a humhle t harched hot. Its
popula rity with the average cit izen extended weU imo the opening
decades o the Repuhlic. An d if this sense of mltional commllnit)'
Brazilian Societ y in tbe Late Nineteentb Centurv 71
was nor th e only att raction in rbe more erudire music of Carlos
C omes, it was at leasr an importanr factor.
G omcs was pcrhaps rhc gre atesr nonmilirary ido! o Brezil during
rhc 1870'S; his pc pulariry wirh all ages and classes o pcoplc rivallcd
rhat o rhe h roes o thc Paraguay an \ Var. Am ong lircrary fi gures,
not cvcn Castro Alvcs. Goncalvcs D ias. j oaquim \ !anoel de ;\1a
cedo, or Jos de Alcncar atraincd comparable acclairn. He hegan as
rhc idol o t hc law smdcnrs o Sao Paulo at a time when t his group
represcnted rhe fl.ower o rhc young Brazilian intellecruels." In
185 9 Carlos Comes composcd an " Academic l lyrn n," 10 words by
Birrcncourr Sampaio, wh ich bccamc wildly popular among stu -
dcnrs, and he also in rhis pcriod composcd a Iarge numb er of ballads
o gene ral appcal 10 )'ou ng pcopl e o all classes. T he "gen ius of
Campinas" th us becarnc an obj cct of narion al pride, earning t he ad -
miration and sup port of the Empcror himsclf. T his suppo n cnablcd
Carlos Gomcs ro enroll as a st udcnt in rhe courr conservatory and
later as a pupil o Lauro Rossi in ;\ Iilan. By 1868 he liad cornposcd
[ \VQ or rh rcc opercttas. and in 1870 he produccd O Guaral1i, a wo rk
which, in t hc rh etorical and some whar inexacr words of admiring
commentatcrs o rhc time , broughr rhe "spirir o rhe tropical fore sr
and of tropical passions'' ro [he Iralian operario sryl e. The popular.
iry o this new primirivism among Frcnch. Italian, and Brit ish crir-
ics was shared by t he public, and for once Europc bowed [ O Brazil.
Ir wasn't long bcfore O G uaran was he ing whisrled by even uucd-
ucared Brazilians with a ccrtain parrioric pride: thc work rivalled
rhe marches and sentimental ballads in popularity.
The ballads and marches, in the ir rurn. remain amon g thc mosr
cherishcd mcmories for humblcr persons rccalling th e larrer days of
rhe Empire. Thc ballads wc rc sung by rom anric young men ro rhcir
bcloveds tO th e eccompanimcne o rhc gu irar, the march es rcndered
with imprcssivc vigor by bands and orchcstras in t he public seuarc
of ciries and towns o all sizcs. Somct imcs rhesc bands werc of rival
political partics . onc Conscrv aeivc, ene Liberal. Dur ing rhc late
Ernpire there wcrc even compcnng bands of republicans and moo-
arc hists. T he con fl ict het \\Ten t he Church and t he .\ Iasons extended
ro t he bands supporred by t hese inimical organizations. Thus rhere
u Othcr studcnt gruul)!; cXl rci~i ng inrclketual k adcn;hip at rhe rime werc ,ho.c
uf the b w s<;: huo l5 uf O hnd a (l arer Rccifc) and of Ihe School of ,\ 1cdicine in
Baha. Th c~e studcnts fa r cxcccded t he lmits of thei t uni,cn;ity studies and wen:
panicula rly stro ng in rhe fi cld of mu~ c.
7' a rder and Progress
("1 kno w, my dcar, t har I was mad to ga7.e ar you and evcn madder
ro leve Y0l! without lisrcning re reason.") T he madncss sccms [O
have lain in a poor boy 's falling in love wir h a )'oung lady of wealrh
for rhc song cont ines :
.Has niio suponbas, nso cress
Que o teu desd m me consom e
Po s que um pobre e $0111 nome
S ei desprezar-te tamb m.
("But do nor su ppose rhar your disdain consumes me. Thcugh poor
and nameless, 1know how t disdain )'O l! as wcll.")
Along with the songs idcalizing pele, blond heroines were rhosc
74 Grder and Progress
I This elsboratc polilenl....~ extended Ix: yo nd the d ance f1()or. O n meeling a b.dy
in a pubJie pb.ee, Ihe gentleman alwap re""...ed hi, hat in a !>ruad. sweeping gC5-
ture. E" en among meno il was e ustomary In unCtl \'er. o r al Ica!>! lO touc h the hato
w hen meetin g in publ ico
2 Fo lk play, in w hic h 11\-1' girls in re d and ti "e in blue repeal sonr; and d ance
fo r pen nies rhrown fr " m rhe aud ienle. T he group whieh gels the mosl mo ney
w ins Ihe com petidon. The dances are often int erspen.cd ",ilb din y jOkC5 by a
male cornil' ch an cter. (T ranslalO r.)
Order and 'rogress
pastoral groups of thc interior ami of thc pasto One of rhe most
famous was thar of H crotides wbich, parronizcd by leading cirizcns,
performed regularly in Recife until abour rhe turn of the ccntury.
l lcrotides himsclf a rnulatro of mincing gair and nororious homo-
sexual prowes.'i, was grcarly applauded for his singing ami even
more for his dancing, which he performed with rhe coquerries of
an established prima don na, a facr which in no wa}' diminished his
starure as a fi ghrer in a city famous at rhc time for its st rcet brawls.
During rhc reign of Pedro 11 and immcdiarclv afrcr. many Euro-
pean singcrs, pianists, ami violinisrs became ehe idols of rhe Hrazilian
publico O ne of rhese was Sigismund Thalbcrg, considered at the
rime the king of pianists, whn carne frequently ro Brazil wirh the
encouragement of t hc music-loving Empcror. T halherg's debut in
Rio de j ancirc in j uly, 1855 was an cvcnt of such importance rhat a
mcdal was srruck in cornmcmorarion. and years afterwa rd Brazil-
ians wculd recal l rhc concerr wirh emotion ami pleasurablc nosral-
gia. Thalberg was a romanric-looking blcnd wirh murton-chop
whiskcrs, an aquilino nose. and rosy complexi n. His han ds, as was
appropriare in a king of pianisrs, were fin c-fi ngered and immacu-
larely kepr. Sorne said rhey wcrc rhc hands of an angel and claimed
thar his little fi nger alonc could produce more music tban a sobi
(Brazil ian thrush) in Augusr. Bcside his piano, all orher keyboard
inserumenrs wcre reduced to the status of marimbas:'
The passion in the capital for Europcan music broughr abour rhc
founding of a privare musical organizarion, capitalized ar 360
contos, wirh rhe purpose of bringing ro Brazl "rhc world's grearesr
singers." In ir wcre such importa nt fi gures as the Baron de Lajes,
rhe Viscounrcss of .\ linho, rhc Viscounrs of Esrrla. j equirinhonha,
lraborai, Eusbic de Qu eirs, and Abrantcs. Ir is not surprising that,
wirh this enthusiasm for European singers, pianists. and violinisrs,
Louis ,\ loreau G ottschalk could exercise such a powcrful hold on
the culrivarcd pcoplc of Rio de Janeiro, from rhe cleganr nobiliry ro
rhe pupils of thc fashicnable Episcopal Acadcmy of Sao Pedro de
Alc ntara. The appcarance of rhis artisr ar the Brazilian court in
1869 culminared in a festival of intcrnarional renown, rhe most clo-
gueIlt affinlla tioll in history of the de\"otion of the Brazilian mon
~ .\ I arimha\ , Ihe A fr ican cq uivalen! o f , he pianu, were considered fa, hiun able
in w me o f Ihe 1110<1 exclusi ve ei rcll."S , in con fr:ht !O the general aflitude of c on
tel11pt in Europcan izcd sllc irty fur anph ing g ro,..d y Ahtan in origi n, As we ha\'e
\Ccn, {he con!empr en ended tu :\f rican c\>uking and d ances,
t F..cugnolJc D,iria: COitllS J o P.nSilJ " ( Ro de j anl'iro , ' 9"9 ) . p. 50,
Bmzilian Society i11 tbe Late N netem tb Century 77
public. and ir is signifi cant rhar a social system which had disinte-
grared in sorne of irs funda mental precepts by abolishing slavery
should have conrinucd in repu blcan t imes ro respect sucb social
differentiaron ami symbols of racial and class superiority.
Recalling his you ng manhoc d. Jos Silva Pereira (b. Cear ,
1880) w rote ro me: " In rhose day s, poets sung of rhe beau ry of
woman's hair. braided or orherwisc arranged. T hose who didn'r
have an abundanr growt h of hair bought the well -prcpared braid s
sold from t ray s in rhe srrcers . . ." The " infernal scissors," Silva
Pereira goes en. had not yet madc th eir dcprcdations on rhose vast
and lovely coiffu rcs, nor on rhe mate musreches eirbcr, sorne of
which w crc ru frcd. sorne drooping. and sorne clipped. Such
appendages were parricularly affecred by leaders of all er pes. There
mar have been a reducrion in Christ-like beards, in sidcbu rns, or in
ncck wh iskers, bu r rhcrc was ncver an)' disappearance of facial hair ;
3 Aside fro m th e hair, the point in com mun in this grou p is rh ar ehey were all
repe bl ican politieal leaders. Saldanha ,\ 1arinhu and Q uintino Boc ay uva were
amo ng rhe signers of the Rcpublic an ,\ 1anifesto of 1870 ; Prudeore de :\lorais and
Campos Sales were, re' J'Cctivcly, rhe th ird and fou nh Presidents of Ihe Republic
( , 8<,l4- IQtl1), Buh(}~a Lim~ "a~ a sTrong-arm polirical tigure IIf socia lh1i c leanings
w ho sern d io the Brazilian Puliament aml as gtwc mnr nf Pernambuco; Sampaio
Ferr:az waS an equally slrong_am ,eJ police c hie in Rio de Janeiro . Sil\':l. Jardim
was nOe of the m()~t outspn ken radicab of the late Empirc, an open advocate of
re'olurion , in cootra-q to the rnore gradual rcpublican alt itudes of the signen
of rhe manifesro, (T ransbtnr.)
Brazilian Socety in tbe Late N inetecntb Century 81
intenti ons, crca rcd Posirivism as a rcligion, bur 1 knew many a Posi-
rivisr who was black as pitch! Well do 1 rernembcr a ccrtain govcr-
nor o Amazonas and his gang, al1 Positi visrs . .. in rheir shcnani-
gans!" And o rbis Amazonian governor, he contines: "Whcn 1 first
began ro hca r about Bcn jamin Constanr, ir w as in .\ la naus, from this
saruc governor F.R.F. who was a relarive o rhc Posirivisr and w ho,
in rcferring ro his kinsma n. always rose, r emoved his hat, and cired
his narne in full, an ac rion which natu rally was imirared by a\l t hc
orhers in rhc campany. T his govemor culnvared his rclarivc's neme,
bur not bis virtucs, and after only one rear in gcvcmment he was
able ro re tire and esrablish a string of gardcn apartmcnts in Ri o de
j aneiro!"
Orarors of a new ty pe began ro appear and ro express thcmselvcs
in a less baroq uc m anner, bese describcd as fu ncrionel and cssenrially
substantive in narurc. Suc h was rhe eloqu cnce of D avid Campist a,
of ,\ Ian uel Vilabcim. of Carlos Peixo rc, o Gastc da Cunha, Epi-
teio Pcssoa, Mederos e A lbuq uerque, and Lauro Sodr . A nd it is
wonh no ring t har with rhc decline of this exaggcratedly baroque-
cven roeoeo- .oratory carne a corresponding decline in the rastc fo r
thc Italian opera whieh had so vividly c haracrcrized rhe lase q uarter
o rhc nincrecruh ce m ur}'. \ V. J. Cesh's rema rk t hat in rhc antc bel-
lum American Sourh-,-a region so similar ro Brazil-c-orarory had
served as "a direcr insrr ur ncnr of emotion, likc music'' 5 is also rele-
vant bere.
It w ould be difliculr ro imagine a sociery more in la ve wirh roeoco
oratory and mo re intoxicared by voca l music t han t he Brazil o rhe
rwo or three decades o rransition from mcnarchy ro Republic and
from slaverv ro free labor. Ir w as a pcriod in which tbcse prcblems
of rransirion werc gino far lcss artenriou in [he forrn o political
analysis or socia l science and philosophy rhan t hey got from emo-
rional oratory and pur ely rhcrorical rensic ns. T he solutions
broughr abour wcre mcrcly jur idical, or at best polincal. A nd qu ite
ofren thcy were solurions proposed wirh the collaboranon of music
or drama.
U ndcr rhc spell of a myriad sircn vcices, thc harsh social rcal irics
were avoi Jed or overlooked by go \'ernment. by adm inist ration. by
schools and c hurchcs in t heir search for solurions. \ Virh t heir exces ~
si\'c tast e for music and rhetoric, share d by rhe vast majority of
Brazilians. rhese supposedly responsible agencies failed ro guidc t he
~ \ \ 'ilhur J. Ca.h , Tb" .\fi" d o/ tb" 50mb ( papcrba"k, Sew York, 19H ) , p. <}o.
86 a rder 111ld Progress
Silva and Anibal Frcirc wcrc mcn of qu icr ami scrious acrion facing
rhc oratc rs and rheroricians who eboundcd in t he polirical fic ld.
Thc Cotcgipes and Rodrigues Alves coul d when necessary makc
rhcir spcechcs, spccchcs wh ich were cx prcssive if not cloqucnr, bur
which never descended ro rhc lcvcl of mere oratory.
"[111],,
E:-O OF Con:G IP[ 's STA~t P werc pcrha ps more concemcd with
M order rhan with progress; {hose o Rod rigues Alvcs's mold
were mo re arrcntive ro thc intereses of progress rhan to [he demands
of a rder. Bur botb tr pes almos r invaria bly 5 ;1 \\' rhe problcms o [pe
onc as inextricably connectcd with rhose o rhe ot her, rh us ident ify-
ing t bemsclvcs dosel)' with a social and cu ltu ral viewpoint dari ng
from prc-narional rimes ami cxrending bac k as [ar as rhe reign o
Dom Joao V I. Thc announcement rherefore by [he Posirivist-
oricnred R cpublic, proclaimcd by D codo ro in 1889. ro rhc effect
t har t hc ne w governmenr would be a polirical muer dedicared to
[he conciliation o thcse sociclogical valucs did not really represent
a new scicncc applicd ro thc political sccne (as t hc Posid visrs be-
lievcd) so much as a confi rrnanon of an esr ablished consrant in Bra-
zilian dcveloprnent, rraccablc to remete colonial times.
In seeking ro examine rhe relarionship of the Republic of 1889 to
the c ultu ral developmenr of Brazil during rhe late monarchy and
early Republic. 1 shall use the term "cul tura!" in irs sociological
con rexr ro signify a com bina rion of valu es, sryles. rcchniqucs. and
habirs, rat her t ban in ies more narrow scnse in refcrence ro thc arts
and scicnccs. A nd in speaking of "progresa," 1 am using [he term to
indicat e a relarive dcvelopmcnr rarher than in the mcssianic sense of
designaring an evolurion mo"ing con srant lv and complctely roward
social bett crmcnt . I rake my place among rhose w ho are inclined ro
lxlieve less in a complete and rnonolirhic progress rowa rd suc h bet -
terr nenr t han in a ntultiptcty of progresses, w hic h are somct imes
neut ralizcd whcn jud ged in rhc Iigh t of pu rel y ethical, aesrheric,
religious. or inrcllcctual valucs-c-or by rhc pu rely teehnieal and me-
"
From Empire to Republic
The facr is rhat Pedro 11 bore himsclf in rhe U nired Srares lcss like
a visiting head of srare t han a mere Ambassador of his counrry, anx-
ious ro scc American civilizaran at closc range and to lcam from ir
rhings which could bcsr he applicd to rhc dcvelopmcnt of a srill-
back ward narion. In rhis vcin he had conferred wirh thc N cw Or-
lcans H ealt h Cornrnission on rhe problerus of yc llow fcver. had
inspccrcd mode ro fire-fighring equipmcnr in X cw York, and had
visitcd the Ar med Scrvices acadcmies in Annapolis and West Point.
Bur in rhc U nired Sutes, as in Europe. his cu riosity for the rechni-
cal marvels of r nodcrn civilixarion had nor prcvcnred him [rom
sccking rhc acquainrancc of famous poets and men of learn ing :
Longfellow, Lowell, an d \ Vhittier in ,\ lassachuscttS; Bancrofr in
R hod e Island, and Pro fcssor Loomis in Ncw H acen. Earlier he had
reprcsenred rhc only American monarchy at rhe Philadclpbia Cen -
rennial Exposition. where Brazil had won mo re prizcs th an any
orhcr Sou rh American coum r)' (.,.: 1 against 80 by Argentina and
40 by Chil e) .4 These awards no( on1)' sgnified the grearer order
prevailng in Brazil th an in rhe Spanish-Ame rican coum rics hut also
3 O Dillbo J Q Uiltro (Recife ) , Ja nuH V 7, [lI n .
4 James C. F1ctc hcr and Daniel P. Kid.lc r: RTllzil IlnJ rh e B, llzili.:ns (4th edn.,
Boston, r879), p. S91.
arder and I'rogress
tcstified ro irs grcarer cultu ral progress, cven in the fiel d of indus-
try T he Emperor's visir te [he U nited Srares symbo lizcd the eager-
ness wirh which his coum ry was striving ro accclerare a progress
recognized by che Pbiladelphia Exposirion as already far from in-
considerable when ccmpared ro other such countrics.
Ir is natu ral rhat Dom Pcdro's visir ro rhe U nited States should
have opened new perspecrivcs in rhe cultural progress of Brazil.
hith erto confincd largely to Europcan models. The same purposc
was servcd at the time by the extended visir to Brazil of the Swiss-
American inrellecrual Louis Agassiz, and by the rcsidcncc in N ew
York of rhe Brazilian-j ewish journalist J os Carlos Rodrigues. D ur-
ing bis scvcral years in New York, Rodrigues publishcd rhe journals
N ovo Mundo and R evista Industrial, ucquiring prinring and jour-
nalisric rechniques which he later applicd in Rio de J aneiro ro the
notable advantage of Braxilian culture, despirc the horror of Ruy
Barbosa, whose rom anric rasrcs in jou rna lism were ou traged by [he
indusrrializcd and commercial tone of Rodrigues's publicarion in a
ciry srill half Europcan in irs journalistic tasres.
Ir was to Agassiz rhae we owe the visir of \ Villiam James, who
carne ro srudy [he Brazilian rropics in 1 8 6 5 . ~ T he saine purpose
brought H arrt, O rville Derby, O rton. and Branncr. By 1880 rhis
field of research in its crudesr bu t r nost scductive form- the Ama-
wn-had also arrracred t he Brirish " 'allace, Bates, and Chandler,
the French Marquoi. and [he Brazilian Costa Azcvedo, Soarcs
Pinto, and Couro de .\ tagalhaes. Among thcse. [he wo rk of the
Americans in disscminaring a greater know lcdgc of equarorial
Brazil had particular irnpact on Brazilians. Some of rhcsc men, such
as Branner and D er by, in addirion to rhcir geological srudics, cxam-
ined orher aspects of Brazilian cultu re, and Branner, through his
knowlcdgc of Porruguese. was ablc ro wrire a grammar of the len-
guage of Brazil. H artr in his study of rhe myths surrounding rhc
Amazonian rortoisc conrribured to rhc dcvelopmcnt of Brazi li an
ethnological rescarch.
The reports of rhc Amer ican naval officers H erndon, G ibbon,
and Maury on rheir srudics of the Amazon arouscd rhe inrercst of
the Brazilian government in rhose waters, and rhc maps madc by
Maury figurcd in the trear)' wit h Peru rcsulring in regular naviga-
~C:ul~to n Spngu~ Smith : "William j arres in 1lr:l7I," in FOIl1' t'~ pe1'S t'1't u mt d
in tbr lmtitutt f01' Br.r.;i/i,n Stud es, VallJe1'bilt Vnh '( 1'sity (N a)h,"i1 k , T enn"
' 95)
From Empire to Republic 93
rion of rhc Amazon by Brazilian vcsscls embarking fro m Bclm de
Par . The Xlau ry maps, published in rhe Correio M ercantil of Rio
de j anciro, causcd considerable indignatio n agaiost rhc United
States. an indignarion spu rred by the apparcnrly sincere words of
rhc Rcvcrend J ames Flctchcr. a fellow American. w ho found ext ra-
scientific clcrncnes in ,\ Iaury 's ca rtograph), which he felr would
cause Brazilians ro suspect fi libustcring or impcrialism bchind his
activity. N evert heless. in 1867 t hc A mazon was opc ncd Irom the
Arlanric ro Peru ro ships o nl l fl ags, a mcasurc exrraordinarily ad-
vanrageous ro the Erupire in irs awakening in thc Unitcd Srates o a
drcam of dcvcloping this vasr arca ro a dcgrcc dcnied an), orher
pcople of N ordic ext racrion, Brazil, according ro Flet cher, "diffcrs
from all orbcr t ro pical counrrics " ; so that its civilization, w it h its
airead)' cvident progress, cou ld pcrhaps be extended to rhe A ma-
zon. The U nitcd Starcs eould rakc advanragc o t his Brazilian ca-
paciry to ca rry devclopmcnr ro the arca by inrcnsifying irs efforrs
ro make the A merican presenc e felr in the form of labor-saving ma-
chines. By 1870 there wcrc alrcady a number of Brazilian firms
dea ling in suc h macbincry and orher N ort h A merican products."
Sincc 1855, in lctrers ro A mer ican ncwspapcrs, the Revercnd
j ames Flcrchcr had bcen extoll ing Brazil as bcing not merely "rhe
on ly mo narchy in A merice" bu r also t he "only consrituticnal gov-
cmmcn r" in thc hcmisphcrc. exce pt fo r the U nircd Srates, w hich
was advancing inro the futurc " in tra nquility and material prosper -
iey." In orhcr words. ene in wh ich order ami progress wcre com-
bined. It was a cOllntry airead)' devonng much arrenrion ro educa-
non. nne conraining fl ourishing learncd organiza tions comparable
ro t he N ew-York His rorical Socicty. M r. Fletcher wished te sce
dcvelo ping relat ions bctwecn men uf lcarni ng in Brazil and t he
U nited Starcs. ro sce good rcxrbooks, Amer ican style. in rhc hands
of Brazilian sc hoolchild ren, and A merican producrs in t hc lirazilian
mar kct , a markc r which could prove irself a grea r consumer of such
nrt iclcs,"
\Vith t hese t hrce cnds in view, Flcrcher promored an cxpc sition
of Ame r ican produc ts in R io de j anciro, inel uding ph orographs,
maps, books, cngravings.firhographs. and farm implemenrs. This ex-
position can be considere!! a hisrorical landmark in t he deyelopment
of c ultural rclat iuns bct wcen Bra7:il ,nd [he U nitcd States and a great
~ Flctc her :l.nd Kidder : " p. d t ., pp. s flo, 1<,16.
1 bid ., pp. 1JlI, 1 j9.
a rder mui Progress
srimulus ro rhc progress of A merican influ cncc in rh ar eoum ry.
T he event tcok place at t he N arional ,\ l useum and t he Empe ror
himsc1f attended. Anracred particularly by the scicntific exhihirs,
Dom Peoro 11 spent half an hour po ring ovcr Youmans's Atlas
of Cbemistry , H e cxprcsscd int erese in works dcaling wirh rhc
American India ns ano in schoolbocks ano maps , Also in machin es.
in farm imp lemcnrs, in wallpapcr design cd by srudcnts of t he Phila-
del phia Art Aca dcmy. in bookbindings. ano in various mat ters of
physical scicnce." AH in all, rhe exposition was an cvent in R io de
j anciro. \ Vithout being pre rcnrious. ir awa kcned rhe cu riosiry of
Brazilians of man)' professions-c-inrcllcc ruals, indusrrialists, plant-
ers, scicnrists, busincssmen-ctoward a civilizanon which mosr had
not prcvicusly considcred capa blc of com pering wir h Europe in
matrera of technology.
U nder the influcnce of t bis exhibitio n and or her com parable
st imuli, Brazil soon carne ro admire rhc many American products
arriving in the cotl me)', sorne of which were considered by local
cngineers and rcchnicians to be superior to rhose of Europc. 5uch
was the case of rhc Haldwin locomctive, k nown everyw bere in Bra-
zil as t he Belduina and uscd figu rat ivcly in common spcech as t he
sym bcl of a force capable of ovcrcomin g all obstaclcs. T he Singe r
sewing machine also enjoyed grcar pcpulariry , surpassing rhat of
the British Excclsicr manufacrurcd by Gipping. Borh the locomo-
rive and t he sewi ng machine, cach in irs ow n way, developed ncw
dim ensions in rhe eultu rallife of Brazil.
'Ve should nor forgct rhar it was du ring rhc reign of Pedro 11
t hat, in addition ro rhc establishment of regular navigat ion on rhe
upper Amazon, Brazil undcrwent rhe imrial period of railway con-
struc tion t bar madc rhe Bald w in locornotive wirh irs inscription
"A lade in rhc U.S.A." a familiar obj ect on rhc Brazilian landscape.
This was alsc t he pcriod t hat saw rhc laying of the submarine cable
[O Eu rope, rhc in rrod ucrion of gas fo r illumination, and rhc exten-
t The infl uenc.. uf fo rnla] edl1cation on rhe c ultural progress uf Brazil during rhi.
tn nsition peri ml dCloCrH:s mure specialil:Ctl stuJy. H en: jt can be considercJ unly
in oonneetiun with other inteUcetual aspecrs of the same pr()gres~-iou rnalistj c,
litenry, medica!, and technical.
/ 00 O rder and Progress
rhis school otfered a qualit y educarion ending wit h rhe grant ing o
a degrcc of considerable distincrion: t he Bach elor of Letrers, a des-
ign ation rcscrvcd cxclusivcly for t he graduares o Pedro Il. This
diploma was nor eas)' ro ob tain. In 1887. out o a total enrcllmcnt
of ; 69, only f l degrecs wcre grantcd." T hosc fortunatc enough ro
ca ro t he rirlc, ho wc vcr, wc rc ablc to cn rcr rriurnphantly inro an),
insrirun on of high er lcarninp ; gradu ares o Ped ro 11 wcre virtu ally
academic princclings. holding free acccss tu all branches o human-
isric knowl edge.
Carlos Lus de Vargas Danras (b. in rhe province o Rio de Ja-
neiro, 1870 ) gives us inrcresring informarion about t he Imperial
Acad crny, from which he was graduated wi th rhe Bachelor o l.er-
terso Ile had gene rhcrc f rom rhc Pcrrugu ese Lirerary Lyceum.
which operatcd from scvcn in t he mo rn ing unril eight at night in a
building in rhe Rua da Carioc a. I lc was no rich man's son but rath cr
a scholarship studenr at tb c Lyceum, who hall atrcn ded primary
school in rhc interior o t he province of Rio de J aneiro, w here he
was boro (un a far m in ,\ b eacos in the Realengo area} . Having
bccn insrr ucred at home in his alphabet " in t he lap o rhe most
sainrcd of mothcrs." Ca rlos Lu s firsr enrered puhlic schccl in
Queimados. whcrc his family had subsequenrly moved. under rhe
dcdicared t urclage of on e Estcvo do s Santos Fasciord. There he
learn cd rhc elaborare celligraphy o t he t ime, "whar we called rhe
twigs. curves. stem letters, advancing later tu rhe covcrcd lcners."
O th er subjecrs werc reading. beginning grammar, dicration. sen-
renco analysis. arithmetic "P ro t he merrjc systcm. physical gcogra-
phy. and religion. Ir is int ercsting ro lear n t har rhc inst ructor "from
his rnonthly salary of 10 0 milreis on which he had to mainrain his
not inconsiderablc fa mily . ncvcrthclcss managcd tu save out cnough
ro grant prives tu descrving studcnts ar [he end of rhe academic
r earo" Each Sam rday "st udcnts cern ed home a repo rt card w ith
grades for t he week in aeteodanc c, lcsscns. aod deportment. . o o"
Pun ishments "consisrcd of adm onishments, rcduct ions in wcekly
grades. cnforced periods of standing, loss of recrcation pcriods. de-
renrion afrer sehool hours. being made ro pick up small picces o
paper, and, in extreme cases, 'intimare acq uainrance wirb the
a Por rcfercnce 10 fhe Impe rial Aca demy and ifS rc!alion<hip fO Ihe Imperial cul _
!Ural spl cm, see ,he M n nriri, H il triclJ Comnno t lJl i"l'1J do I ~ Celllenirio do
Colgio d~ Pedro /1 , writtcn b}' a profcssor ,'mcrifU5 uf t his school, Esc ragnol1 c
D ria (R o de j aneiro, ' 937 ).
Education and Urban Culture I D,
ruler.' " As for recreation, rhe school was "houscd in a rented build-
ing withou t a yard appropriate for games or physical cducation uf
any kind. Recess was chus largcly liruitcd ro rnoving abo ur a bir and
srrcrching the lcgs afrcr hours of immobiliry."
A r rhc Portuguese l.irerary Lyccum . rhc boy incrcased his
kno wledgc of Portuguese through thc gramllla r of Coru ja and
srarred Frcnch by the OllendortI method. Bis srudics were so assid-
uously pursucd that he rcccived rhe highesr grade in the official ex-
aminarions. In a schoo l of -lOO pupils of all ages, including adulrs
and almosr all of Portugucsc dcsccnr, he was rhe only onc ro reeeive
the gold medal of the Passos ,\ Ianucl Prize institut ed in good
Lusiranian fashion by rhc Count of So Salvador de ,\ latozinhos.
" It is worth poiming out," says Carlos Lus parcntherically in his
t esrimonv of 19-1-0, "rhar this gcncrous gesrure by rhe school was
madc ro an clevcn-y ear-old boy of undistinguishcd parentage on
rhe firsr oc casion when the prizc was offc rcd.'
Anyonc coming from a farm in rhc interior who eould srill
ac bicve such an acadcmic triumph in t hc capital ciry had his nexr
step airead)' dicrared for him . he would attcnd Pedro 11. The Impe-
rial Acadcmy exisrcd ro edu care rhc besr intellccts in rhc country,
rcgardless of rece, creed. or social ccndion. U ndcr the vigilam eye
of rhe Emperor, irs funcrion was ro providc a Brazilian lite notable
for irs humanisric rraining, a training which would Iater be in-
creased, rarher rhan ovcrshadowcd, by stud ics of a univcrsity or
technical narure. A degrec holder from Pedro 11 bclonged ro the
inrellecrual nobiliry, having gained the clcarcst ritle lo such a dis-
rinction then exisrent in Hrazil.
Carlos Lus, as a poor eounrry bey of proved merir, rcccivcd :1
fu ll scholarship ro Pedro 11. "1 am honored ro confesa my undying
graritudc ro che Brazilia n govcrnmcm of this time, to whosc gener.
osity I cwe whatev er small valu c I mar llave," he states. \\'anting ro
bcconre an cnginccr. he bu ricd himsclf in rhc study of marhemarics,
even ro the point of having a privare reacher: Lus Pedro Drago.
Ile attended classcs in rhe supplememary coursc. which in this pe-
riod prcpared for entrance into thc Polyrccbnic School. Wi rh rhc
coming of rhc Rcpublic. it was not long before enginecrs were
much in demandonC)[ unly for their serviees ro repurable firms, but
also for the prestige they gave ro the so-called "supervising board"
of enterprises whose exisrence was merely fietitious. These ghost
eOTIxlrarions paid their "advisers" magnificently, but were gener-
106 rder and l'rogrcss
Ulisses Jos da Costa Cabral. "] lis lcssons in the humanities," rccalls
Amcar Armando a half eentury later, "werc always accom panied
by opportune parric tic pronouneemems and arguments ro support
rhc eonqueMs uf Libcrty, of Der nocracy, and of rhc republican
form of governmcnt ovcr t hc emire civilizcd world. . . . H e
imprcsscd us wir h his cloqucncc nnd his clcgance of srylc." Cabra!
constantly dire cred rhc att ent ion of his pupils ro pa s.~a ges from rhe
works of Samucl Smiles, principally Cbaracter and Pouer of IJ' ill,
as we ll as Colonel Curto Corsi's T be Educaton of , Soldier and
Edmundo de Amicis's Tbe Heen. Punishment was moral. "a
mcrhod mu ch mo re cffccrive t han corporal punishmcnt when cm-
ploycd by a master of psyc hology suc h as Ulisscs Cabra]. " T be
books cit ed abovc wcre among rhc most widcly read by children of
rhc era. largel)' undcr pressnre from adules conce rncd by the exccs-
sivc adolesccnr taste for works rhey considercd fr ivolous: the
novcls of J ules Vemc and Anhur Conan Doyle's tales of the adven-
rures of Sherlock Holmcs.
The Bmzilian A thencum was co-cducarional: anot her pcdgogi-
cal innovation in a period virtually ,\ Ioorish in this respectoAmor-
ous dalliance was, of coursc. frowned upon. and rhe director of rhe
school, pcrhaps under Posirivisr influcncc, raught his boys to regard
Wornan as "superior ro rhc man in scntimcnrs, in emctions, in kind-
ncss." a thesis which appearcd ro Arn lcar Armando ar rhe close of
his life ro have bcen " a great error . . . ir is only rhc exceprional
woman who deservcs this sort of vcnerarion.. . . In general, rhe
fair sex is dcvoid of characr cr. fr ivolous. cgotisric, ccnce rncd only
wirh appearanccs. full of unrcascnable whims wir h which ir tries ro
dominare rhc men. Furilc, ami unpa rrioric. irs mcmbers regard
t bcmsclvcs as t hc central point of rhe famil)' and considc r rhem-
sclvcs more important than the very country irself!''
Alrogcrhcr it would sccm th ar rhis illustrious nephew of Benja-
min Consranr-c-rhc larrer an extreme devorce of rhe cult of the
W oman-Republic-c-had a sorne w hat restric red sensc of thc Posiriv-
ist mystiquc of the female goddess and the idemifi cation of this
goddess with the image of the Republic. In his old age. he also came
ro regard Positi\"ism itself as "mopian," although he still thought it
comained. like the Catholic Church, much valuable know ledge and
servcd as the source of man)' uscful principies. He (,ontioued to see
Auguste Comtc as a philosopher who "Ief[ Niet7.sche, Karl '\1arx,
and Spencer fa r hehind" and the Republic as "the goal of all civi-
li7.ed people in rheir search for the ideal fOrol of governmenr."
Education and Urba n Culture 11 ]
was Alf redo Ah'e~ d3 Sih'a Fren e Jn ior, and his .\ Ii,." Brow n wa" a ,\ Ii"" Eli",
Reed, a cultivared and prcny ""uman in happy com n ,t ro Ihe Luck -I<>othed
ho rro r" Brazilians gene rally saw as Ame rican mi'Sionaries, caricatures uf Ihe Ihin,
angula r, sexl~ olJ mado
6 The aurhor is prcscn- ing rhe anun p niry of rhe plantariun dled. (T n nsla to r.)
12 0 a rder and Progress
suffer from mal du po] r. 1 :1.I11 furious wirh these stupid rains. . ..
N ow I am srudying much wirb thc giris, t hc besr o wh ich are .\ 1.
and L., but all of whom are as unmannerly as ever 1 ccrtainly
won'r rcmain here afrcr my cont raer runs out.. . . Are r ou prac-
ricing rhc piano? 1 am now Icarn ing rhe waltzes uf Chopin. which
are prett y but t oo difficulr. . . I would likc t o rcad a loe o
Frcnc h, E nglish, and Portuguesc, but 1 arn always so ti red ami not
as strong as I was at first ; 1 don'r know what makcs me so list-
1ess . . ."
On rhe beach ar Boa \' iagcm .\ tIlc Ida felt bct rcr. In hCT lerrer to
"Dona Sana" on (Icrobcr :7. 191 1. she rells of enj oyi ng rhc sea
baches "sometimcs rwicc a dar" and o rhe "nighely music in a
neighbor's housc." H ere she ruct one of Dona Fcliciana's ncphews,
who, in hcr romanric eyes, was "vcrv, very inrell iqenr" and pos.
sesscd of "mue h talenr." Sccing him dra wing and even painnng, she
gave him sume lcssons in wate r colors. "Dona Sana" should speak ro
his fa rher and cncourage him ro send rhc bey ro srudy in Germany.
In 1 91 _~ ir w as an English go\"erness. ,\ Iiss Ella Ircson. who wrorc
ro Dona Feliciana in virtually the same tone; she was much obliged
tu rhc Brezilian lady for havin g madc hcr acquainrcd with several
English families in Per nambu c o, in addirion ro persons nativo ro rhe
rer rirory . I lcr indcbrcdncss was "great and dce p" , she no longer
felr hcrsclf a srranger in a strange land, under a brutal tropical sun.
This sensc of isolarion in rrurh rnust have been terrible for rhe
G erman and English go\"ernesses w hc carne ro Brazil around the
ru m of the eentury, un familiar as they were wit h tite counrr v, tite
tropical climare, or evcn wit h tite N ew \ Vorld as a whole. Srill,
thcsc things did not preYCnt sorn e of rhcm from making good rnar -
riages.1
T he grcater pan uf rhc culrural movemenr of rhe time. ir scerns,
stemmcd from Rio de J anciro, Recife, and Sao Paulo . Conservativo
Sao Lu s de ;\ laranhao, dcspitc an cphemeral re volu rionary move-
ment impelled by Alusio de Azevcdo.s was already in decline; and
P n o Alegre. a futurc leader in regional and narional culture, had
not as )'Ct begun irs rise ro importance. Bur rhcre was also Bahia,
1 The same Ihiflg uftcn happcn cd with thcatre anists whu. like Ihe singer
C..c run i, Idl Ihdr e<JIlll'anics lo m arrr and scttlc in Bra l. Somctimes they hdped
their hmhand, financl~lJy hy l e~ching ,i nging. piano, mandol in, "iolin, or harp lo
well-w-do )'oung ladlC' , o f wh om Ihere were m~n y who perfonned u n th,"-C in-
Slrumems, their fi ngus hea,'y wit h ring' and thcir an ns eon reo in b raeclets.
8 Alusiu de A~C\"edo is a "ellkno wn no.-elist. I lis principal works are A CUol
de l 'cm Jo (The BOol rJi"Xbou-se) and O Corrito ( T hc T m en/enr) . (Translnor. )
Education and Urban Culture 12/
~ Alrhough !he polemicisls apparemly named names. rhe aUl h"r is mute discree!
and ,eil, rhe idem iry of rhe ,-icrims uf rh i, abolirioni,! bb ,! . (T ransb to r.)
6 .\1uclr of the po in! of t his canard is lnllt in ln n ~l ui"n. The Porruguese word
t 'aCJJ could he Innsbre d h.. ,,1t a~ "eo ws" and "",enc ites:' and crWJ (n i....:!! or any
young anil11alsl is alw apl-'lie d 10 fuundlinp and illegiti11lale chil dren. l'"j J'A gIUJ
is an ill5uhi ng terrn equ l in force 10 "su n of a blrc h.' (T n nslu or.)
Educas on and Urb an Culture
subser viencc as in ehc old days of slave ry. Thus. in rhc heme, rhe
cmancipation was nor accomplishcd as immediatcly as rhc lyrical
cnr husiasm of rhe abolinonisrs lcd one ro belicve ir would be. A
significanr passage in O Binculo for j anuary 1ft 1888. srarcd rhat ,
in t hc face of municipal regulat ions req uiring "rhc regisrrarion of
nu rscs and c rher privare scrvanrs. sorne inconvcnicncc has bcen
causcd by rhe ill wi ll of scrvanrs w ho throu gh ignorancc refusc ro
obey this law, alleging it [() be a new fon n of slavery ."
But rhc O Binculo alsc ran an edito rial ackno w lcdging rhc inca-
paciry of former slaves ro ad just satisfactorily ro t hc role of free
domesrtc scrvanrs: "Ir is preved thar rhe slevc is an elcment incom-
pnnble wi th OUT socia l st ruc tur c. In t bc face of rhc grcat law of
social evolurion and cvcn in considcration of capit al or mercant ilc
vales, t hc slave is an impossible clerncnt. nonsusta ining and in dis-
purably absurd , , , red uccd for so long a pcriod ro a condirion of
ser vility, he now dcscr ves mcrcly ro be classcd as usclcss."
T he dissate..fac rion was intcnsificd d uring rhe early yea rs of free
labor. and calls fo r good cooks, maids. and nu rscs mulriplicd in t he
pages of rhe ncws papers . But cven befor e abolirion. rherc had beco
calls in t hc classitied sccrions fo r free servants wbc would live with
t heir cmploycrs. In rhe D rio de N oticies of Hahia for J uly 19.
188+. fo r examplc. was an adverrisemc nt for "a cook who w ill live
in" and another for a " nurscmaid ro rakc ca re of children," w ho
muse be of "ad ult age," have "good background ." and he w illing ro
.
" ]'rvc 11\, "
Ir is in t hc [ornat do Connnercio of R io de Janeiro-- a newspapcr
w hic h ar the time conraincd m ore advcrtising t han any journal in
rhe world wirh thc cxccprion of T bc T imes of London (a nd rhe
N eui Y ork }-[ erald) ~-r h at rhe devcloprnent of thcse tensions in
hiring domcsn c help are secn mosr cle ar ly. From 1890 on int o rhe
new ccnr ury. rhcre was a great wave of dernand for foreigncrs.
som etimos dcsignared spccifi cally as Germn, Pc rt ugucs e, Span ish.
or j apanesc. In rhc S5UC of Scprcm bcr 3. 1909. we read: "Wanred
- a rnaid of all work for a family without children, forcigncr pre-
ferred. apply Rua do Resende. ::"Jo. 180" ; " \ Vanr ed-a good G er-
. ..
mao cook for rcfi ncd fam ilr. good pay. apply Rua e nsille V elho.
_' 0, 1 1 3 " ,
,.
~
Fll.'tchl.'t :ln,] KidJ l.' r ~falc in [ ~i 9 lha r lhe JO rll~1 do Com1/1ercio ~ h a~ Ihe
honor (Jf hn ing rhe l'reall"'f numo., r uf a<l \'eni-.eml.'nt. uf an)' oum al in Ihe
world, except the l o nJ un T im es anJ rhe !\lew Y ork H er,ld ," op . cit. p. l H .
Education and Urbon Cultu re '43
Nor was th cre any lack of foreigncrs 10 611 thcsc positions. Thc
same issuc carrics lllany applications for "Siruarions Wanrcd":
"Portugucse wet nurse with rhrcc momhs' milk. married, good rcf-
crcnccs, apply Ru a G eneral Polidoro, X o. 177, Ap artmcn t 1\'0 . 1' \
"Port ugucse wcr nurse, fi ve months' milk, hcalrhv nnd affc ctionatc.
wil l submir to examin arion, Rua da Oamboa. :\:0. 117, upsrairs" ;
"Porrugu ese wcr nurse, scvcn monr hs' milk, refcrcncc from Dr.
.\l oncorvo, apply R ua "larech al Flori ano Pcixoru, N o. 191 (ncw
numbcrinq}, upsrairs", "Spanish girl wishes cmplcymenr as dry
nurse, reccnrly bom child prcferred. apply Rua do Santo C risto,
N o. 1 12 " ; "Available. wirh ene monrh's milk, Portugucsc, Rua
,\ Iacedo Sobr inho, No. Z 1, sccond door, Largo dos Lcocs" ; "Portu -
gu cse gir! sccks employmcnr ro wasb and iron for a reliable family,
Rua de S. Crist vo, N o. 36, apt o 1.+,' ; "Porrugucse maid-of-all-
work; Roa dos Invlidos, N o. '45. apr. No. 11 "; "Reccntly arrived
Portugucsc girl available as c1 eaning wom an, live out, Rua da lm-
perarriz, N o. IZ O" ; "Pcrfccr laundrcss. Porrugucsc, fore ign family
prcferred ; Avenid a lpiranga. 1'\0. 6, l.aranjeiras": " j apancsc chef,
cook. and bakcr, Rua Sao Clemente, N o. Z 16 "; "G ood Chinese
cook ami bakcr. Ru a do Lavradio, No. 53 " ; "Iralian cook, knows
French and Brazilian cuisinc. pastar, and dcsscrt s; Rua da Lapa, No.
1 2, bakcshop" ; "Good Port ugu ese landscepc and vcgetable gar-
dener, gcod-conducr card, Largo da '\liseracrdia, No. 15."
Thcse "Siruations W anrcd'' advcrt isemcnts inscrrcd by Portu -
gucse and ot hcr forcigners appearcd in fa r grcarer numbcr rhan the
rare: " N egrcss for Iigbr work for ccu ple or ro rake chargc of a
child, Rua da ,\ l iseric6rdia. No. 75" ; or "Colorcd hoy wanrs sjru-
ation as cook, rcfcrcnccs. Travcssa de S. Francisco de Paula. No. 6,
rnd floor" ; or "Colored cook ro Iivc in, small family preferrcd. Rua
"-liguel de Paica, N o. 13. Carumbi'', or, fin ally, "Colored rnaid,
spcaks some Frcnch, boardinghouse expericncc. apply Rua das Pal-
.
metras, ~....."'0. 75, "
In rhe middle of thc mnctcenrh ccntury. rhe proportion was in-
verted and ad verriscmenrs for foreigners fi gurcd rarcly in noriccs of
rhis t)'pe: "Need servanr. free or slave, ro wash and iron for small
family . . ."; "t v ill scll a pretty slavc girl, strong, docs laundry.
sewing. cooking ; Rua das T rinchciras, N o. Z9"; " In rhe Rua Es-
rrcira do Rosario, No. 25. fi rsr floor, N egro gir! of ao for sale,
pretty figure, does iron ing, cooking, and scru bbing, and ancrher of
35 with the same abiliries" ; or "For sale. a mul atro boy of :2, good
/44 arder and I'rogress
railor and coachman, Negro of rhc same agc and a middlc-agcd ::'\c-
grcs.~ who cooks \"Crr well and sews, o "cr)' good conduce . and
anothcr Negress of zz who cooks ver)' wcll, Rua do Livramenro,
:\0.4" ; or, finally . "T wo pren y mulaero girls for sale. agcd 16 and
2 0 , skilleJ, " and "twc pretty rnularro childrcn. 1 1 and 12 "
In t he pc riod immediately before rbat covered in this bock-c-the
hcyday o slavery and agrarian economy-rhe Europcans most
soughr afrer in rhe classificd cclumns were rhose who undersrood
the durics o sugar-mill ovcrsce r in rhc north or plantarion in rhe
sourh. \ Vhcn for eigners elso began ro be cmployc d in domesric
servicc in rhc mo re eleganr middlc-class homcs. rhis acred as a repu.
diarion of che rcccnrly liberarcd Negro w hc carne from thc country
mansions [O seck cmployrne nt in rhc ciries.
O nc inrercsting dcrail in rhesc advertiscmcnts for domcstic scrv-
ice is thc appearance of rhe word senhora applicd ro forcigners seek-
ing employ mcnr as laun drcsscs, nurscmaids, cooks, or scrving
maids, thus using a tcrm of dignity hirherto inconccivablc t Brazil-
ians in associarion wirh domcstic labor. T hc dissarisfaction of rhese
samc Brazilians wirh the new type of free Negro ser vant seems also
ro havc incrcascd the rush to hire whir e foreigners. even wh en it
was necessary to par thcse ncw servanrs ,vages which. for rhe pe-
riod, wcrc ver)' hig h indced. W cll-ro-do familics in Rio de Janeiro
or in thc provincial capir als considcred ir most clcgane to make a
show of scrvanrs who werc nor only whire, bur ofrcn blo nd as well
-c-perhaps G erman- and who would be addrcsscd as senhora. O ne
of thcse G ermen senhoras, after severa! )'ears of scrvicc in rhc home
of onc of the wcalrhy fami lies of Recife, marr icd a hard working
Swiss of cqually modcst origins, a ship's chandler in Salvador end
larer in Rccifc. who became a millionaire during rhc indusrrialization
of the north in rhc early Republic. At che same rime, the descend-
anrs of rhe family of mcrchant princes she had servcd as a r ouog girl
wenr downward in the cconomic scalc in a complete reversal of so-
cial status. 5uch re'ersals \Vere freguent in the period and came nO[
so Oluch from the change in government as froOl the revolution in
working conditions; Olan)' of the foreign senhoras who had started
as servants thus bccame leaders in societ)', often acquiring the
jewcls of somc impoverishcd famil)' through rhe medium of the
pawnshop.
If it is tfUCthat some of the upheaval in fortune and social status
during this period was due ro the sudden change from slave to free
Edncation and Urban Culture '-/5
labor. ir is equ all v exact to sIY that in tnany cases forrun es were
revcrscd by rhc fin ancia! policies of rhc ncw Rcpuhlic. Cr iticism of
rhcsc policics was not lacking in the press: " In rhc Federal Capital,
spccularion on the stock marke t, prornorion fcvcr. and th e sceking
of lucrativo conccssions rhat cnrich rhc holder and impovcrish rhc
Treasury havc bccn t bc ccn tcr around which t he cnrirc Rcpublic
has bccn rcvolving," compla incd the publicatinn of rhc Rcpublican
Club of Boa Vista, Rccifc. on Ap riJ 7, 189 1. For such Republicans.
thc govcrnment was follow ing an crroncous course: ir wes "falso
progress'' ro favor " a half-dozcn bankcrs" on the onc hand, whilc
"inund aring rile counrrv wirh dcprcciatcd currcncy'' 0 11 rhe othcr.
\Vh ar could be rhe outcome save rhe enrichmenr of the fcw at rhc
cxpense of thc manv? The nation had lose its scnsc of vales:
".. . individuals whosc dreams in Imperial times ncver excccdcd
rhat of becoming secretar)' to a minor burcancrar'' wcrc now being
appcin tcd te "posts beyond thcir abilities." In go"crnmem officcs,
in rhc courts, and in the universitics rhc game of polines 'lis com-
promising rhe "ery instirurions of whieh the counr ry cxpecred rhe
mcsr," by the appointmenr of the "dullcst mcdiocnries'' and the
"mosr incompcrcnr and prcrcnnous pclit icians'' ro high offieial pcsi-
ncns or to professorships in law.
Authoritics of thc new rcgimc wcrc apparcn rly not slow to an-
swcr this criricism in rhc press wirh "bearings and personal repris-
als,' for thc Jornal 'eoueno (Rccifc) of April 7, 1891 . complained :
"Whae progress can be madc if rhc governmem answers irs crirics
in rhe prcss wit h blows and personal atracks>" and rhen procceded
ro arrack violcnrly sorne of its Republican co-religionairics. whom ir
considercd pervcrtcd, and re accuse "Sr. Luccna" of "conrinuing
rhe discredirable work bcgun by Ruy Barbosa," classing bot h
Luccna and Ruy as pcrsons " whose incapacity is cqualled only by
thcir infatu ation."
Personal reprisals wcre certainly nor lacking. The Gazeta de
N otcias (Rio de Janeiro) of Fchruary, 1888 published a letter by
Jos de Carapebus in reply ro a previous letter publishcd und er [he
epigraph "Fidalgo de Lama " (Baron :\1uck) challenging the aurhor
of the fi rsr to " declare his name so that I may gi,'e him a proper
answer whenever I mec[ him," V iolenr langllage was always to be
found in the Brazilian press. hur never \Vas ir so l'ehement as in the
squabhles which took place among the Republicans [hemse1vcs. On
Dccember 11, 1889, the Recifc L m ch a srated that the attack
O rder and Progress
against Jm ,\ !ar iano appca ring in anorhcr Recifc pa per had bccn
t he work of "mcrccnarics . .. capablc of tak ing rcfuge in ano-
nymiry and rherc bv cscaping t hc horscwhipping th cy dcscrve."
The ed itor of thc paper in qucstion " o ug ht ro be sufficicntly scru-
pulous ro rcfusc ro pubhsh such sru tf. for rhc press is not a gutrer
fo r rhe pu rrid wnrcrs of dcfama rio n and cal umny ." 13m ir was rhc
same Lanc ra whic h on .\ fay JI, , 890, could at tack Ruy Barbo sa,
rhcn Trcasu ry ,\ Iin isrer. aggrcssively and maliciously for un otfic ial
pronouncetncnt considered unfavorable ro loca l business . Thc min-
isrcr, ir stared. "s hou ld lcam how ro trcar an honcsr group," w hich
"lived hy its ()W Il cfforts" and was not accusrorned ro "rhe parasit-
isrn of otlicial administrarion." " Thcrc is no bigger bullv among
ministers t han Ruy Barbosa," t hc joumal connnucd, in rcrms only
silg htly lcss agg rcssivc rhan rhc insinuatio n of " parasit ism ."
Bu t such languagc in Recife was norhing rmusu al. Al art ins
J nior, a narive son, was accuscd of effcmina cy, along wirh an in -
sinuarion o f pcderasry. \Vhen a lawyer fricn d of Xlartins's at-
rempred ro sue rhe dcfamer. rhc lat rer dernandcd a rnedical examina-
rio n ro pro\"e or disprovc tbc t rut h o f bis sratcmenr. lt was in rh is
arnosphcre t hat rhe first Barbosa L ima forccd a ippant [our nalisr
lircrally ro cat the words he had wrirrcn about a rnembe r of t he
family o f rhar irascible politician ; thc o tfen ding articlc was rcduced
t o a ball of paper and swallowcd by its unhap py aurhor.
In rhc case of married politicans. insinu arions we rc made abour
rheir wivcs' fidclity. but thc mosr frequcnr accusat ion was that of
improbiry. and nobody was a more frcq uer n rargee of such abuse
rhan Ruy Barbosa." Thcre were rimes, ho we vcr, whcn rhcsc at-
racks werc rum cd back on rhc at tackcr . Ruy Barbosa had bcen a
jou rnalist an d had livcd in rhc anuosphcrc of anti-govcrnmem jour-
nal ism since h irt h. Perhaps ir was chis backgrou nd which inspircd
his occasionally violcnr language. On ,\ lay 15. 1869, in a paper
called A Ordem-l'eridico po/itico, i1llp.lrciJ/ e lIoticioso (O rder
-A l'o!iticJ/, /1J1pJrtiJ/, and News'V.:orthy / ournnl) pllblished in
Santos. he \Vent ro such extrcmcs in his criricism (Jf rhc Empirc as ro
call rhe p rO\'incial presidenr " rhe n oro rious jackass o f I[ana, the
I110sr accom plishcd pimp for Sao C risrd.o [the rcs idc nce of Pedro
II J, anJ the IT10sr shamcless prcsidcllt rh e s[inking co urr has c\'er
~An equally frequent aecusali" n was lhal lhe Ba hian stalesman ""as lhe son or
gnndso n o f a ~l a\C wOl1lan. tho ugh Wilh lhe lCceplance of Silo Pepnha and
G eneral G lye io, b<>t h "f Segru hluod , sue h "sinuu iu" s ""on loSl cheir force .
Education and Urban Culture 147
senr ro contaminare t his provincc.' O n anorher occasion. he quered
articles from t hc Rio-Grandense in whic h rhe southern newspaper
atremprcd to dcfcnd t hc D ukc of Caxlas under thc head ing "De-
lenda Caxlas. ' 1 T aking advanragc of thc slip in Latin gendcr, Ruy
ann ounccd rhar "r hc Rio-G rendense has discove red rhat Cax ias is a
woman! . . . 1 don'r wonder thar Brazil has a fcmale genera l and
sen at r, becausc Re me also liad a female Pope who cnj oyed grcat
success in [he Vatica no Pcr baps rhis cxplains t hc rapid r isc of ccrtain
officers closc te the General." \ Vhe n he published rhese insulrs
againsr a m an of Cax as's starurc he was an impressionable youtb of
t\vcn[y, but it is no w ondcr th ar he later bccame so cffective in his
arrac ks againsr govcrnment oriicials. Ir was cqually prcd icrablc that,
once Trcasury ;\ Iinisrer o rhe provisional governmcnr. this journal-
sr. w ho bad nearll' always bccn numbcre d among r he o ppo sition.
sho uld have bcccmc rhc rarger of anacks sim ilar ro rhose he himsclf
had pcr pctrarcd as a yourh againsr courr minisrcrs, provincial prcsi -
dcnrs, scnarors, and counsclors, against rhc D uk e of Caxias, Bisho p
Dom Vita l. and evcn t he Em pcror himsc lf. Sorne o the arracks on
R uy almosr stigmatizcd their vicrim Ior life, and it was only in old
age, rhrough his rriumph ar thc world cou rt in The 1Iagu c and his
distinguishcd civ il campaign, t hat he was able tu clear himself of rhc
sta in o dishonesry cccasioned by press auacks in rhe carly days o
rhc Republ ic.
Litcrarurc in t he pcriod up ro 1900 was no r unconn cct cd wirh
rhc q uasi-Iirerary acrivities of rhe press. nor did t hc press ignore
lircra turc. T bc pu rely journalistic fu ncrion of rhc prcss was, o
coursc. ca rricd e n ar a mucb mo re vigorous ra te t han rhc produe -
ricn o books and, all in all, had a grear cr impact upon rhc rcading
public. Bur in irs quasi-Jircrary aspeets. t he press acre d ns an inter-
medi ar}' bcrween journalism nnd lircr at ure. R are were rhc aurhors
whc did nor make their prcsence elr th rollgh anicles in t he news-
papers and magazincs, who did not cxt end beyond their pu rely lit-
era ry creari\'ity ro take an int erest in nat ional Jife, ro participat e in
polities, or ro take a hand in infiueneing publi e opinion 00 t he prob-
lellls o t he da)'. SlIch p:m icipation \Vas ne ither purel)' journalistic
nor purely lirerar)'. and the best j ou rn a l ~1:s themselves-Quintino
~ Ern o:sto Senna, o V e/hQ Comrci{) d& Rio de .meirQ (R io de Janeiro-Par is,
n.d. ) , p. l Q.
GIb id., p. 11.
' bid., p. H. Se" al", O la,"" Bib ~ : C" it iclI r Fllm.u ;" (L isb" II, 1yt4). who surcs
rhu at Ihe m m of Ihe ...emurr edirions u n ti> bl'twccn 1.000 and 1,500 copies .
Educaton and Urban Culture 15'
called. thar (despirc a nature more prudent rhan daring ) he had thc
good sensc to puhlish a wrirer of rhc quality of Machado de Assis,
who was ccrrainly no rruckler ro popular tasrcs. Thar rhis "daring''
mar havc been simplv good business sensc. howcvcr, is suggcsrcd
by the facr that rhc firsr work of ;\ lachaJ o published by Garnier
sold Soc copies rhe firsr year, a good sale for thc rime and cqual ro
rhc record of the works of rhe surc-firc j ulcs V crne.
0 11 the ot her hand, G arnier was not abovc exploiring rhc inrcllcc-
tua ls of his day. Le pes Trovo, for cxamplc, was used mcrcly for
editorial du ries, parricularly rhc monoronous rask of proofreading
manuscriprs . N cbly rcpublican in his ideas and a bit of a dandy in
his dress-which includcd rop bar and monocle likc an)' Brit ish lord
- Lopes Troviio had bccn forced ro makc bis living by giving Por-
rugucsc lessons ro rhc childrcn of rhc rich and by rranslating labcls
an d prcmoricnat material for Furopcan patenr medicines, O rhcr in-
rellecruals of thc caliber of Salvador de Mcndonca were paid be -
rwcen 150 and 1 8 0 ntilrcis for rbc rranslation of an enti re wo rk by
Verne ur Alc nrepin.
H owcvcr srrong his business sense, it was srill ro he cxpccrcd rhar,
in a counrrr govcrncd by an Emperor who was devored ro books
and friendly ro authors, Harisra Lus Garnier should havc bcen dec-
c rarcd with rhc Ordcr of rhc Rose. I le dicd a Commander of rhe
Brazilian Em pirc for "sc rviccs rendercd to Brazilian lcncrs," ~ a
scrvice which rangcd from rhc publicarion of works o f thc mosr
practica! urihry to rhosc of lircrar v staru re which, if nor ovc rinrel-
lecrual. at lcasr had a positivo ctfccr on thc devclopmcrnof Brazili an
cultu re."
Among che aurho rs of nea rly 7 0 0 Brazilian works publis hcd by
old Garnier in rhe lasr decad cs of thc nincrecnth ccntury, mosr
would bave becn plcased ro considcr rhemsclvcs professic nal au-
rhors on thc strcngth cirbcr of their srylc or their highly literary
sub jccr mancr. Unforrunarcly, save for Machado de Assis, and a
handful of works by T aunay, J oaquim Nabuco. Alusio Azevcdo.
O lavo Bilac, Alberto dc () [i\'cira, Juan Ribeiro, or Joao do Rio.
very fe\\' of rbese 700 wo rks becal1le c1assics. T he last.nalllcd, writ-
8 Senn~: op. eil. , p, : 5.
9Gamicrs pu'1il'~l ifm > ranged fr<JI1l d Ie I ol)" Bih1c tu thc C OtIl/ICpi, J os
S"l cs and Ihc MJ nll.t/ de D,,".t. Fu be il from me 10 deny the lirerary qualil Y
nf a boolc merdy uecausc ir deal, "'ilh the dance-or Wilh law O f mcdkine, for
rhat manee T he habit dnes not make the IIHmk. nm the subjccr maitu the lirc rar)"
"aluc of a 1,0010.
1)2 arder and I'rogress
ing audaciouslv in the 18 9 0 'S 00 sub jcc rs ostcnsibly ourside lircrary,
in facr carne closc r t producing rrue litcrat ure than many of his
more convencional collcagues who dealr wirh nob le rhcmes in a pure
srvle clcsely inurative o rbar of bygonc mastcrs. At rhc time, how-
ever. J05 0 do Ro was ncarly dcsr royed by accusations of G alli-
csm. o no t follow ing rhc stylc of rhc mast crs. and of dcaling wit h
ephcmeral rat hcr rhan noble subjecr man er. 1l e was a revolutionary
for his t ime, although buth j oaquim Nabuco ami Alusio Azcvcdo
beforc him had shown a tendency ro rebe l againsr Lusit anian PUf-
ism and to adopr daring new Frcncb ami English cxpressioos in
rhcir wTiring. Thc samc rcbcllion was taking place in Portugal
wi rb E~ a de Q ueiroz, whosc impace upo n Hrszil ar rhe rime was
alruosr rhar of a ncw saine, Hrazilians evcn pardoned his humorous
barbs againsr rhcmsclvcs in general and rhe Empero r in particula r.'
T hc Portugucse skill in caricature rcvealed by R afael Bordalo in
co nncction with the soc ial crit icism o Eca de Quciroz or Ramalho
Orrigc had irs counrcrpan in Hrazil in rhe work of A ngc!o Ago-
srini, Flc iu!>.s, Cnspin Arnaral de \'era Cruz, ando in rhc fi rst decade
l it i~ troc, howc vcr, rhar in , 1171, hall a cem ur}' afrer indcpc ndcnce, rh cre \Vere
an. Ponug ue-e move mcms in Para aud Pernambu co which were, In a pu int,
anti-Ec a. Ir is alsu tro e Ihar, bccause uf thc I'a" ioo n{ th i~ dehare uo rhe pan
nf cert ain infcriur writen;, 1'\'1 de Qucirn7. ca r ne tu thin k o f the pw\'ince of
Perna mbuc o as "b orha ruus: ' In rea lit\", it w as al rhe lime rhe mose intchec-
l ul ano a.h 'anceo of all par" u f thc Em pire in the man er of socia l rcfonn.
In decd. suc h suhec ls as the r clativc iruellige nce o f n x-n and WOllle n c ould be
d cb ated in Ihe state Icg islalU re hy lhe juri' l T ob as Ban ew an d Ihe physiean
.\ I aiaq uias G u n,,"I H s; a dchale pr".-., \;,<,.1. in c iJem all ~', by a redt i" n fo r gov ern _
mene ad un Ihe pa r! "f " parelll whu wa mc d lO ""nd h s ad"lesce nl da ughte r to
study medicin e in Ihe Uoile.! Sures.
These pm n ncial contlicrs nf 01'; nl.1I1 orer h a de Q ueirm. had funher repcrcus-
siuns "hen Fr." \ isile,l Hraxil ;11 I H ~ i. 111' \\'1, rcceived in Pernambuco by pm-
g r~""i\'e Lu sophilcs socf as j " allu im :">' ahueo , h UI a_ a stu dy by lhe Bn zilim w ritc r
Pau l" C:n- aleant; rne als, rhc \- i~il causc d am i-l. usilan ian out bu rsts in Pern ambuco.
particularly in Ihe c il}" "f G uiana.
E,,~ de Que imz e\-c ry whc re cmu inue d 10 eo ioy a popularity e'l "al 10 t ha! o f
Alcnca r and lIilae and acled in " way as a unifying force in tbe ctlu mry's in-
[e ll ectu~ 1 H i, toc racy. Similar c ule, had cxivc d prn iously io Brazilian hiwory.
From colonial lilJlc~ Brazilians from var ious regions h ad united aroun d Santo
Anl,,,,i,, .le Li,l "'a, Sn j " ,, . Si" Pedro, Si " j ,.... Sam'A na, thc V ;rgin " tary,
o r th e Infa nr j e'u ~ ~ in a secular ~n5C, simila r c ult~ were forr ned arou nd suc h
charismaric figure, as rhc Fmpe ror , Ihe D uke nf Ca,,;as, General Dsro, tbe
lIaro ll do R io Branc" , Ru ~ Barbo' a. Samo~ D umonl , j caquim :">'abuco, Castro
A b-es. Gonc alves D ias. Jos': de Alencar, and P rincess Isabel. 1 helieve it wss a
, inliJar eendeocy lO c ultsm Ihot artracted Ihe arise ocrac y and middle e1ass uf Ihe
period ro cerran lircra ry "s~ i n1S: ' bOlh nal ional 1nd foreign.
Education and Urban Culture 15J
of rhe rwenrieth centurv, j oo Carlos and th e caricaturisrs of the
magazine O Maibo. .
Nene of che caricarurists of [he 1890'S. however, attained [he
starure of thc now almosr forgotren Emlio Cerdoso Ayrcs, a namc
bard to disassociare from thc rece prions ar rhc heme of thc much-
Europcanizcd Madamc Santos Lbo (known more familiarly as
Dona Laurinda) . Ir was in her home thar Emilio Cardoso Ay res
found an ideal vantage poinr for his cbscrvations of the social and
lirerary lire of the Firsc Rcpublic. Ed ucarcd in Franco, he was able
ro observe thesc figures wirh a con tinental sophisricarion and to
presem rhem in car icatures of grear psycbological and sociolog ical
value. lt is a piry thar Emlio did not find a wrirer-colleboraror in
Braxil for his prcscnrarion of a polirc society half European in its
tasrcs bur very Brazilian in many of its nttitu dcs."
Evidencc collccrcd bcrwccn [931:1 ami ' 950 frorn Brazilians ovcr
fift)" years of age from all pam of rhe eoumry ami of varying ceo-
nomic cond irions indicares a marked similariry o reading prefer-
ences during rhc late Empire and early Republic. Jos de Alencar
was th c favorito narional aut hor, wirh Eca de Queiroz rhe rnost-
rcad Portu guesc, ami Dumas and Jules Vcm c, fcllowed closely by
Zola and Anarole Francc. among thc Frene h. T he favorite poers
wcre Castro Alvcs and Goncalves Das among rhc cstablished fig-
ures. O la\'o Hilae from rhe younger gcneraricn. and G uerra j un-
queiro fro m t he Pcrt uguesc."
In a period markcd by rhe advenccd disintcgrarion of rhc old pa-
triarchal family sysrern, with irs cede of rclarions between meo and
womcn, bc rwccn old and young. and berwcen owner and slave,
rherc now bogan ro dcvclop a ncw Brazilian socicty markcd by a
2 Th~ credir foc sorne of lem lio Card uw Ay rcs's work should go tu Do na
Laurin da, who cntert~in{'d so man v uf his subjccts, hmh domcsnc and {o reign.
in hu elega nr hmne in Sama T eresa. w hic h ab ounded in Eu ropea n eomf"rts and
}'et was so charactcristic (lf rropica l Hrazil. Dona L aurind ~ , o r .\ Iadame Santos
Lho , if you will, furnish ..,1 a ge nui nd y Brazilian mee ting place u f tbc "Un.! J is--
ringu ished SO " for literary ligur cs. pu u dits, po lilic ians. d iplomats. and artisrs, bnth
local and Ioreign, uf thc J ay. Similar SiI /(}n, ex isted in orhcr r-o of the e" unt ry,
{(JO, wit h ladies as thcir o rganizers.
a Sc"enty-two uf theso: deposilions are Iistcd in thc Brazil ian cdition o f Ihis wurk.
hUI havc heen umin ed herc l>ecause u f lhci r similarity . O f Ihe e onside rah le num -
hcr uf authu t'S named as favot ites. onl~' rwo were American: .\I ark T wa ;n and
l o ng fcllow. eae h mcm ioncd twi ee. O ne pernm deplmed Ihe lac k uf F.ng lish-
language aUlhon; un h is li,1 and " lamed ;1 o n lhe inadcqualc leac hing of lhu
languag e in Ihe schoo k (T ra nslator. )
arder and Progress
confusing admixrurc of sent imental Iondncss for rhc pase and en-
rhusiasm fo r a futurc ccnsidercd by rhe young as uf almost uulim-
itcd porcnrial. Tbis cnr husiasm wa s rcecr ed in rhe grcat vogue.
especiall y among thc young, fo r j ulcs Veme. wit h his fanrasies in-
volving thc possiblc dcvclopmcm of rcc hnical invcnrions already in
rhc disc ussion or drawing-board stagcs. As a publishcr, G arnier
well undersrood t hc inrensiry of this public inte rcst. and in publish-
ing tra nslations of V cmc he was pcrhaps rcsponsiblc in p,lrt for t he
number of Brazilians who rumed ro srudics of rhc incrcasc of man's
powcr uve r time and spacc, srudies which had grcar practica! appli-
cati n in a eount ry as vasr as Brazil. j\ lost of this research had ro do
wirh halloo ning, in which Jos do Pat rocinio, Augusr Severo, and
Santos D UlJ10 m we rc the principal pionecrs. le is no su rpr ise te fi nd
rha r Santos D umonr. thc most famous of rhc t hrec, confcsscs in his
mcmoirs ro having becn in fl uenced by reading J ules Vcrnc.'
Egu ally no table was the "ogue for th c romances of Alcncar. Thc
appeal of these works is arrribu rable partir ro nost algia for a past
uncuc umhcrcd by t he risks and possiblc cvils of a prog ress t oo dras-
tic in its ideas and rcforms, but ir is cven more clcarly attributable
ro rhc desire ro exalr t he virrue and sinccriry of rr adirional Brazil-
ian w ays of life. T o rhis was addcd an ovcr rone of conscious pro-
A mericanism, in the larger sense (an enthusiasrn which cvcn extended
to rhc Am erican ludian }. Al encar t hus ro sorne extent ncted
as an opposing influcncc ro J ules V erne. The samc effccr can he
anr ibutcd ro t he po etry of Gon~alves D ias, Fagundes Y arda, and
Casimiro de A brcu ; ro the roma nces of Wal rer Scorr, Dumas, A lcx-
and re H erc ulano. Alr ncida Garrcn. or Camilo Casrelc Brancc , to
the scr ials of Franca J nior; ro the c hronicles of ~ Ielo ,\ t oraisj ro rhc
pioncer srudies in folk lore of Cclso de ~ taga l h aes; and fi nally ro thc
notable apologies for t hc Empirc writtc n by Ed uardo Prado,
Afonso Arinos, C1rlOS de Leer, rhc Viscounc de T aunay, and
Afonso Cc lso. On the other hand, thc muc h- re ad po ctry of Cast ro
Ah-es. T obias Barrcto, and Guerra J ungueiro bore a message of
mystieal, almost lllessianic, prog ressivism, as did t he romances of
A lu sio de Azevedo , the popular Unc/e T om's Cabin (t ranslated
from the English ), the diseourses and essa)'s of Ruy Barbosa, and
those of Joaguim :\'abuco, along with extracts from Syh'io
f Henriquc Dumu nr VilIares: Quem Del' A J.Jr ,10 110111<'11/, A lberTO S~ nt Of DII.
m o nt. Sru V ida e SII.l G/ri~ (Si" Pa ul" . '9 n ), p. H . Se" al".;, All.ocrtn Sal\(lh
DUlI"'"( : Dam l'Air ( Pars, 1904 ) .
Educaton and Urban Culture
IK>cI" on lh i, trip. G o" il' idc lltirics this " poct' ~, a handsomc young x.':lIlcho b w
'IUJCIlI, bler W l... co lllc famou, \Ulc"n. n : Osvaldo A ranha. But D ()!; Pas, ,,, , in
a c() n\'e ~at i" n wlh rhe aurh "r. wa, unah le 10 , uOsu m iarc rhi, ru m". an d con -
fesccd him -el f unawa re o f l he dcl~ ils o f t hc storv.
1 Guilherrne Auler. in m .n ide in lhe Tribuna Je PClr polis and e, pccially in
o ral inform~ tion to rhe author.
~ One uf lhc~. G ug ljellllo f erreru. " a, so enchamcd hy G ra ~ a An nha', C lIJa.
lhar hc \HUle [h e "rdaee lo Ihe F ngli\ h u~n\1ali"n o f lh~l nO\'eI. whic h w" s"
Iy p ieal of it, pe riodo
Education and Urban Cuunre 157
rhc t wo Azevcdosc--Artur, author of "lirtle dramas and comedies,"
and Alusio, writcr of naruralisric fi crion-c-Valcnrim Magalhes,
Coclho N eto, and Sylvic Romero-c-ebe lasr-na mcd " pupil of rhc
mosr illusrrious and ralentcd man in Brazil. rhe law professor Tobias
Barrero." H e makes no mcntion of Xl achado de Assis or Ruy B3r-
bosa, hur lists severa! journalisrs w ho seemed ro have inrellccrual
value and narional influ encc. 1le also n arncs manr men of lcarning,
particularly in hisrorical rescarch. but states rhar " a classic work in
chis ficld has nor as ret appcarcd," wh icb cvidcntly shcws his lack
of intcrcsr in rhc works of rhnt illusrricus Brazlian of G ermen ori-
gin, Varnh agcn, V iscuunt of Porto Seguro. A mong rhe [oumalists
Lamberg includcs intellecruals who wcrc nur hors in cthcr ficld s:
Joaquim N abucc is namcd along wirh Afonso Cclso Jnior; Carlos
de Lact is cbaracterizcd as " a convinccd monarchist" writing in
" noble and well-choscn languagc .. . Iike a diamond," while his
opposirc numbcr, Jos do Patrocinio, is described as "a colored
man .. . always impassioned," but " ingenious" and appcaring ro
express himself "r hrougb a bursr of blinding fircworks." [Ic praiscs
Ferrcira de Ara]o, Pcdernciras. Quinrino Bocayuva. H e con siders
rhat Jos Carlos Rodrigues must he "a mnn of weight," judging
partly from the many enemies he has, "a facr w hich according ro
rhc German proverb bespcaks superior qualirics." and partly from
his bcing direct or of rhe lornal do Connnercio. which " can align
irself among rhc first newspapers of thc world." ~
In his 1879 cdirion of Brazil and tbe Bmzdims, rhc Rcvercnd
James C. Flcrcher had alrcady suggcsrcd rhar Hrazilian lircrarurc.
produced in parr by mestif os, was thc besr in thc Porrugucse lan-
guagc. "Thc only rccenr Portuguese writcr who cxccls rhosc of
Brazi l," he had wrinen, with sorne exaggcrarion. "was rhe late A I-
exandre H erculano of Lisbon. As a pr~e writcr, rhc late T orres
H omcm. a Brazilian sratcsman tinged wirh as much African hlood
as courscd in rhe veins of Alexandrc Dumas, was by thc admission
of Iirerary mcn at Rio their firsr prose w rirer." 1 Flctchcr did not
fa il ro poinr out that Brazil h;ld also shO\vn irs supcriority in produc-
ing aman of science of rhe staru re of Jos Bonifcio de And rada, a
statllre ne\Oer atlained by an)' Portuguese in thar ficld. In fact, the
Portuguese had tXlrrowed Bonifcio from Brazil for scn'ice in the
Uni,ocrsity of Combra.
9 Fletchet and Kidder: op. cir., p. 60 10
1 ' bid., pp. 60' - 30
1;8 Order and Progress
O chcr Brazilian w ritcrs w ho seemcd [O Flct cher ro be worth ar-
te ntion werc: O t raviano fo r rhc elcgance of his prosc; Alencar [or
his gOOlI rastc, bre ad visiou, and bis int roducrion of thc American
Indian , rhc Viscounr of P rtc Seguro and Percira da Silva for rhcir
abundanr hisrorical srudics; and rhose "well-kncwn lircran of Rio
de J aneiro," Prto A legre, ~ I acc do. N orberto, and .\ iad \:Hlo de
Assis. BUTir was parricularly in poetry rhar Brazil had the adva n-
ragc ovcr Portugal. wirh ;\1 agalhacs, Gcncalvcs Dias, Azevedo.
Junqucira F rcire. Castro Alvcs, and V arcla. Ir should 3 150 be nor cd.
says Flercher, rhat in rcce nt )'cars Dom Pedro 11. t hroug h his intcr-
esr in Brirish and Ame rican pocrs. had cxerred a considerable influ-
erice in encouraging yOllng Hrazilians ro studv rhcsc wri rers. As a
rcsult. rhcrc werc alrcady "excellenr rranslarions" of Longfellow
and \ Vhittier by Dom Pedro himsclf, by thc Ba ron of j apur . by
Pedro Lus, and by "Bin cncourt S. Paio rsic 1," T o Flcrchcr, rherc
was no reason for t hc prcvailing foreign prej udicc against the Por-
tuguese language as a mcans of lircrary cxprcssion. O n the contrary,
t hc classics of rhat languagc dcscr vcd sru dy and csrecm un rhe pan
of Europcans ano Americ ana. panicularly sincc. arnong modero
w rin ngs. rhey carne closcsr ro Larin ami rhcreby rerained ccrt ain
advaneages ovcr rhcir sisrer neo-Larin rongues. T he Portugu csc lan-
guage. Flctchcr fclr. prescrvcd t hc gravity of Larin, ro which ir
had added rhc sweerncss and Hcxibility of Italian wirhour the disad-
\'anrage of rhc harsh gurrural sounds of Spanish. \ Virh rhis lan-
guage, combined wirh rbe necessary genius and concentration of
force, it was quite possiblc rhat thc Brazilians would one dav creare
a lircrarurc thar would attract rhc respecr and adm ira rion of rhe
enrirc world. Dcspirc rhe ignorance on che pan of the literst of
Europc and rhe United Starcs of the language of Portugal and Bra-
zil, ir was a living language in all pares of the world wherc rhc Por-
tuguese had foundcd colonics: not onlv in Brazil, bur also in the
i~land s of the Atlantic. in India, froJ1l G uinea ro the Cape of Good
Hope. and from the Cape of Good I lope ro rhe China Sea. cxtend-
ing to rhe islands of rhc .\ b ld)' Archipc1ag'o, "How inreresting it
would be," cxc1aimed rhe enthusiastic Flctcher, "w see the light and
rhe rrurh irradiarc from Bra7.il {thrnugh the Portllg'llcsC lanb>1.lagc}
w evcry one of those d i~ta nr regions! "
Befo re this great eycnr could take place. howevcr. there would
ha\'e to be considemble changcs in rhe moral and rc1igiolls condi-
tinns of rhe Brazilian Empire. The "Iight ano lhc lruth" ro Flctcher
Education and Urban Culture /59
ries o Alacbadc att racrcd artenrion, as did [ater English and French
vcrsions o rhe novcls o Alusio and o Euclydcs's Os Sert es.
:":ovels by Alcnc er bad alrcedy been rra nslated, o coursc, and
R ichard Burron had rendered sevcral o Goncalves Dias's poems
inro En glish, bur rhis had rakcn place at an earlier periodo
Sorne wrirers o rhe t ime, with a ccrtain litcrary coquetry, w rcte
and lectu rcd in French: joaquim N abuco and rhc Viscount de
Taunay were among -rhcse. as was Olivcira Lima, perhaps thc firsr
Brazilian Iiterary man ro give lectures in rhc S orbo nnc. R uy Bar-
bosa, ae rhc beginning of rhe rwcnrieth ccnru ry. also indulgcd in thc
luxu ry of rcceivin g thc much-admired Anarole Franco w irh an ad-
drcs s in French ar rhc Brazilian A cademy of Lc rrcrs, though ncither
rhis discoursc nor Ana rolc Francc's reply madc any deep impres-
sien. Equally wit hout lasring irnp ression wcre t he lircrarv lecrures
givcn at A meri can universiries. in English, by j oaquim N abuco.
Still, t here was rhc statcmcnt by as responsible an inrellecrual as
IIenri Tu rot in 1908 rhar Brazil was t hc only Larin- Amcrican
country te havc a truc lirerarure. Pcrha ps the principal dirficulr y in
t rying ro ca pture rhe int cresr of European or American rcaders lay
in rhc tendency o Brazilian w rite rs ro imitare Europcan models in
thcrne, mcthods. and style. Forcigncrs, seeing norhing new in Brazil-
ian w riting--even rhat o .\ Iac hado--prcfer red ro en joy well-
known delig hts in lircrarurc of pu rely Eu ropean origino
O s Sertes was probably rhc firs r Brazilian book ro gin Europe-
ans a picru rc o ru ral tropical Brazil incorporaring (along wir h vir-
t ues rhar cxcecd irs ma ny dcfecrs ) arm e spirit o the pcople and the
sening which could be undersrood by Europcans as essenrially
different , bearing rhe mark of a c ulture and a destiny apan from
Europcan panerns. T he same effcct was produccd. wi rhout t he cm-
phasis or rhc oraror)' o Euclydcs, by sorne o the characrcrs po r-
trayed by .\ l ac hado de Assis. E.scaping rhe commonplacc t hrough
thc subrlcty of rheir portrairure. t hese c haracrers, crearcd by thc
"British mulatto" as .\ l ac h:ldo was callc d. emerge as the Brazilian
counterpans o rhe gcntleme n and lad ies of Victorian England.
Pcd ro 11 himself !lotcd rhis similarity, which is not surprising in a
monarch w ho has been describcd. as a tropical Quecn Vi ctoria in
ocard and black trousers.
Recame of t his similarity, it i~ understandable t hat Europeans and
i':ort h A mericans should havc cxhibited Iin le interesr in thc besr
Brai'.ilian author o rhe time. Im erest did grow modcrately , but
Educat on and Urban Culture
onIy in the United Sures, afrer ir was discovcred rhar thjs "English-
man" was not an arisrocrar of the F mpirc bur a plcbcian of mixcd
racial stock, w ho, by his OWIl efforts an d inrcllgence. had managed
ro assimi lare t he most sophisricared literary and artistic valucs of Eu-
rope and ro use t hem (O supplcmenr his kccn insighrs into mcn and
society. Thc more informed view of ,\ tachado's background addcd
ro his sr arurc as a w rite r, panicularly among Negrees, wherc he is
apprcciatcd now pcrbaps no t so much for rus social analysis of thc
bourgeois sociery of rhc Brazilian Empirc as fo r his status as an
Afro-American. T hough this sort of appreciation does not affect an
aurhor's lircrary merirs. ir is hardly rhc son of tribute " tachado or
any of his conrcmporarics would havc foresecn or cvcn wa nred.
Political and Racial Problems
2 Tite Big H OU5C (C u.J-G r.m Jc ) is tite hume uf rhe large runl1andltoldcr and
serv es as che principal symbuJ nf Bra Jian plant arion eeonumy during Sia H ty
days. el. GiJhcrro Freyre : T hc M a1tcrr .J"d rhc SI..t'CI (Ca,.._G Ta"de l Setr.AliI ) .
che rst '"olume in ch is series. (T rans!ato r.)
168 C rder and Progrcss
ing with abolition and rhc fi rsr with rhc coming of rhc R epublic.
Sociologically, however, borh typcs survived rbe coming of tite Re-
pubhc, and rhc Presidcnr was thus forccd ro assume in sorne re-
spccrs the role playcd by rhc Emperor during the monarchy. T he
A rmy also carne ro play its paremalisric role in n sing abo ve part)'
srrife to acr as pacificr of Hraxilians divi dcd by facrionalism or sub-
narional anragonisms. And rhe spirir of parernalism survivcd too in
rhc so-callcd "colonels'' of t hc inter ior, whosc lcaJership preserved
a considerable pan of rhc hcrirage of (he form cr Im perial barony,
ano sorne of \v hom were vinually feudal in rheir parriarchy,
t hollgh arisrocratic-rcpublican in rhcr disdai n of Im perial power.
T his anitude was ofren passed on by rhesc men ro rhcir univer-
siey -brcd sons anJ sons-in-law who, like t heir cld crs. we re disdain-
fu i of Imperial po wer fo r irs Iim iting cffecr on t hc Big H ouse and
rhc int cllccr ual litc. Tbcorcrically ext remelv romam ic in rhcir Iib-
era lism, bur in practico nor always at tcntive ro the public good,
rhesc sons of parriarchs forrned a solid front w irh or hcr unicersiry
g raduares, pricsrs. and mi lita ry figures from cthnic and soc io-
cultu ral groups ccnsidcrably lcss adjusred ro tbe parriarchal socicry
of the Empire. which thcv regardcd as an archaic force in the N ew
\Vorl d quite incapable of making "P for time lost by tite Brazilian
pea plc. in comparison ro th c U nircd Srarcs or Argentina. in the
march of progress.
X evert hclcss, after rhc firsr t wc o r three )'ea rs of thc Rcpublic
had passcd wirhour ful fi lling rhe mcssianic promise of rhe fif reent h
of X ovembcr, SOI1lC of t hcse discnchanred inrellectuals rurned to a
vehement defense of the [ormcr Empi re and Emperor. One of rhese
intellecruals was A lfredo de Paiva. a narivc of :\l inas Gcrais. w bo
publishcd a pam phlet cnrirled Oneet es Polticas e So ciais in rhc
ciey of ju ix de Fo ra in I H91.
"Where, thcn. are the srarcsm en of rhis R cpu blic>" he asked.
And prccecdcd : " Ped ro 11. whc \....as accused of excrcising personal
pov,'cr. used ro say ro his rninisrc rs: 'You know rhar I was ncver an
cbstaclc ro any refonn dcsired by rhc nation .' '' According to
Paica, Ped ro 11 had lived "P ro rhese words and bad acceprcd rhc
wanrcd rc forms. \ Vhat had happened w as that " in Sao Paulo. in Re -
ci fe, the self-styled lite, " imbued with " dem agogic literature." w as
persuaded that the Brazilian mo narch)' v.as a uscless, mo rbil!. and
cven rortcn archaisl1l .3
3 Alfredo de Paiv. : Q lu ftet Po/lirM e Sociait (}uiz de Fora. ,89') , pp. I Q,
.'.
Poi tical and R acial Probems
pcriod, " if 3 lilao has frecdorn, moncv, and m erito no ma tter how
black may he his skin, no place in sccicry is refuscd him. . .. In
che coll eges, rhc mcdical, law, and thcological schools, rhere is no
disrinction of color." T hcrc was a cc rtain prcjudicc in favor of
rbc purel y wlure, Flcrchcr lloredo bur rhis was " by no mcans
st ronq." Ear licr in his hook, Flercher insists 0 11 thc fac r rhar in Bra-
zil rhcrc were opporrun iries for rhe adve ncemcnr of the N egro or
rhe mulano cnrirely lacki ng in rhe bighly Christian countt )' of his
( Flcrc hcr's) birrh: "whcn frccdom is once obrained. ir may be said
thar no social bindra nces. as in thc U nit ed States. can kccp clown a
man o merito" I l e an ributes rhis condition ro rhc fect that Brazil is
a Larin narion and rhc Larins, in conrrasr to t he A nglo-Saxons. rend
ro ser "morir bcfore color. "
Anorhcr A ngl04Saxon; t hc Englishman Frank Bcn nen, after liv-
ing in Brazil for [n ur dccadcs pu blishcd his Forty Y ears in Brazil in
Lodon in 191.+. 1 le poimcd out rbar. during rhe reign of Pedro 11.
severa! Brazilians of A fric an origin had rcccivcd dccorarions and
nrlcs." T he condition of " peoplc of color" was much ditferent
from t bat in rhe U nited Srares. T u illusrrat e t his. Bcr mcn cites tWO
srriking incidenrs: rbar of thc V iscounr of j equirinhon ba, a noble-
man of rhe Brazilian Empire who was refused a hotel room in rhe
U nircd Srates, ami that of a recent medical sc hool graduare of Afri-
can origin w ho, ar a court ball. w as asked by rhc Emperor himself
to dance wirh rhe Imperial Princess. In addit ion. Hennett observes,
rhe Baron of Ccrcgipc, g rear leadcr of th c conservativos dunng rhc
Em pirc. was a man of colo r ami rer so respc ctcd ar hom c and
abroad rhar during bis regime as presidcnr of rhe Counci l "rhc rate
of Exchange was ncarly always highcr rhan under rhe administra-
tion of any orhcr polirical leader." Since Bennen w rites "E x-
change" wirh a capital lerter ( as rhough ir were a god dess obcdienr
only ro her pricsts, whosc alrnosr supernatural p<Jw ers were exer-
cised in t har Mccca of inrcr narional fi nance rhar w as l .ondon ), w e
can sensc rhe irnportance that rhis long-r ime Brazilian resident
placcd on rhc moral influcncc of an individual over t he flucruarions
of t hc money markct. And in Bra7.i1 men ea pable of inspiring suc h
confidenee in forcigncrs eould he mulattos likc Cotegipe, t o w hom
rhe go vernmcnt would cntruS[ irs dcsrinies as rhough suc h mcn
we re dy ed4in4t he-wool Eu ropcans rraincd in rhe most conservar\'e
London School of Economies.
$ Fnnk Bennelr: 1'Ort y r e~rs in Brt:il (Londan, '9'.l. p. 6,.
Potical and Racial Probems
agg rcssion." ~ Hrazil was "s urrou ndcd by ),onng ami uneasy na-
rions. al! dominate d by rhc spiri t of expansionism natural ro yout b
and by rhc ty pe of go\' crnmem which wc too now unhappily pos-
scss.' Bcyond th is. wirh the COlltlt ry "agiratcd wit h t he rcvolut ion-
ary spirir of which rhe fifrccnrh of Xovcmher was rhc highest ex-
pression, moved by feclings t har werc in rhc best inrercsrs of peace
and public crdcr," rhc need for a "scric usly organizcd armc d force"
- no r only ro act as a bulwark againsr ou rsidc orces bur also 10
main tain domcsric "ordcr in rbc face of anarchy v-c-could nut be
undcrraecd. T o rhis rhc forrncr Imperial counselor could havc
added rhar rhc rhrcars tu domcsric order afrer ten rears of rhc ncw
regime no longcr carne from the capoerss or the loya l dcvcrces of
rhc Princcss Isabel. Rarher, rhey carne from rhe whire republicana
of Rio Grande do Su l in rhcir ditlercnces wit h thcir white republi-
can brerh re n in rhc federal capital. or from orhcr new rcpublican
leadcrs. now orficially "vs-hite and as goa l! as anybody," against
r hcir co-religionaires in c rher parrs of rhe cotl ntry .
Officially whir c, now tha t rhcy had beccrne prcsrigious lcade rs of
che Republic. wcrc such mestcos as Francisco Glyc rcio. wh o hcld
rhc ho norar)' ru le of G eneral. and Nito Pecanha. who cvcntuallv
bccarne Prcsidcnr of rhc Republic; and although sorne othcr ne...'"
lcaders. such as Campos Sales, rnutrercd about their not being en-
rirely Caucasiano rheir position amollg rhcir inccntestibly white
brcrhrcn was assurcd t hrough rhc force of rhcir polirical rriumphs.
N evcnheless. power in rhc ncw Rcpublic conri nue d to he held gcn-
er ully by pu re whitcs. jusr as ir had hccn in t he Em pire. A glancc at
thc photoprapbs of mernbers o f rhe rcpublican Consrirurional As-
sembly in 1891 rcvcals no ncw social lcvels rcprcscnred among pub.
lie figures, though an occasional N egroid ser of fcatures was vis-
ihle in cirhcr periodo Gradually, wirh sorne difficuh y, nonwhires
bcgan ro ascend in t hc political scalc. but rhc proccss of sclccrion
was rigorous and there \Vas always a certain discriminat ioll against
persons w hosc appearance, \",hethcr in skin co lor or facial charac-
teristics, was conspicuollsly African. As some rcpublican patriots of
the time pointe d ou r-Senator A nttm io .\ lassa among them-it was
",itally neccssary t hat A rgcntinians did nor come ro regard the new
Repu blie as a large-scale coun terpa rr of H ait i or :\,icaragua. T hus,
ir was (lnly gradllally rhar persol1s with :\'egroid fearures began to
3 Andrade Figucira , A IUc~ J~ Reflu b/;c;rlla-Cou sas d~ ReptbUca ( Rio d e
Janeim, '9'" j , VII, l W- j .
Poitca and Racial 'robems / 79
diculous itc h for r nilirary honors'' duri ng rhc fi rsr yca rs o thc Re-
public. Acco rding re Figucira. "evcn well-brcd persons did not
escape rhc urge ro throw thcir civilian anire inro t hc ragbag and
disg uise t hemsclvcs w irh eaps and uniforms which lit propcrly only
00 rhe professional soldicr." A typical cxam plc o this rendency was
thc astutc po lirician Francisco Glyc rio, whose assumprion o an
honorary militar)' rirlc aod militar)' insignia betrayc d his desire ro
appear te [he populace as muen a p rincc of t hc Republic as oln)'
prcfessionat general smcehcrcd in gold braid .
If ir is though t rbat military fi gures who. since rhc Paraguayan
carnpaign. had "inclincd rc ward a republican solution for Brazil,"
wcre moved by thc llrge to gain status in rhc new go\'ernmem by
posing as acadcmic gradu ares. this idea. according ro A ndrade
Fig ueira. was crroncous: rherc never had bcen an)' m onopoly of
govc rnmem posrs on rhc pan of t hc collcge-brcd civilian. There
was onlv t he " inevit able" influcnce in a new counrrv of "cit izcns
trained in t he law and in social and political science."'In fact, 'many
milirary figures had been called by rbe Empire ro occupy "rhc
highcsr officcs, such as thosc of prov incial prcsidcnr. minist er, st atc
counsclor, deputy. and senators." It was also t ruc thar the old re-
gime had providcd four milita r-y schools "w here srudenrs werc
clot hcd, fed, cducarcd. and or hcrwisc rrained from preparatory
courscs umil gradua rion ar the cost of rhe state and with the soldier
r aid for his scrviccs, wirh addinonal half-pa v bcnefirs go ing ro his
farnily . . .." ~ This arrangemeru perhaps accounrs for rhc consid-
erable num ber of )'oung pco ple of modcst ongin, often of mixed
racial stock, who insrcad of srudying law or med icine or engineer-
ing c hose to follow a militar)' ca reer and ar thc samc tim e ro attempt
in rhcir srudies t o master not so m uc h the arts of war as a kno wl-
cdge comparable to rhat of t heir coumerp ans in more purely aca-
dcmic insritutions. \ Vith rhc acquisin on of such knc wledge it was
natural t hat sorne militar)' graduares should consider rhcmsclvcs
half -degree holders in law, or polirical scicncc. or enginecri ng, and
t hcrcfore as qualified as their civilian eom parriots to participate in
t he political life of t he counrry. Since the Emperor had never ac-
corded t he militar)' t he attemion they descf" cd, it is natural that
these half-aeademic soldiers should incline in considerable numbers
toward republicanismoSorne, likc Beniamin Consta nr, wanred to es
tahlish the new rcg ime throllgh Positivism; others lookcJ ro a di-
~ Ib id., VI, ::6-7. ::W.
Politica and Rac a Probenn
"A nselmu d~ Fo nscc a, A Eu:r.n:jJi" , o el"", t " Abolicionism o ( Bah ia. 1887 ),
p. Sz .
, 86 O rder and Progress
J One re:l.~ on
for the Iailure of rbe gowo \O e~ultli.<;h a olear ascendancy over
the uniform-a ~ it had cleaely d,m e in Pun ugal wirh the graduares of Coi mbra-
was rhe \"e ry face rhat tbe rradirlonal st udenr garb (frn<:k <:oak. sto\'cpip<' har,
high iaced shoes. and gold-hesded cane ) was much too expensive for srudcnts uf
limired mems. e\"en w hen daily H\"iog cxpen\.C'i were red u<:cd ro a minimum by
!i\"iog Bohemiao fa\hi" n in ooc o[ rhc ausrue, eomfunless stlld rnr "republics."
Fnr mililary stu ,j e01~. Ihe unifo nn fllrn i"hed by che ..t ale acled as a ul i..hcto ry di.~.
liogu i"hing mark of Cheir dass. This i.. panly why che milirary !OCho,,!. ..ioee rhe
Empire. ha~ a<:red so stron1y a, a .emocl1ltizi ng [orce in Brnilian ~{}dety .
Political and R acial Prob ems
sans of Rccifc and Pcrr polis wcrc particularly famous, and thc fur-
nirure rurned out in Pernambuco by Spielcr in rhc second half of
the ninctecnrh century rivalled rhar of rhe Brangers, fathcr and
son, in rhc firsr hal f of the periodo Both rhe F rcnch and G ermen
rnasters passcd on thcir art ro fu rure gcncrarions through the em-
ploymeru of Brazilian apprentices. T hese northcm Europcans, by
rhe exercise and rcaching of rhcir arrs. helped ro givc a ncw scnse of
digniry to manual labor. Hur it was rhe vocanonal schools, through
rhcir free courses open ro all, which gavc a more sysremaric training
in rhis field and acrcd as t he grcarcsr source of master earpenters,
cabincrmakers, and or her artisans in the Brazilian economy. Such
schools were not as likcly as rhe privare mastcrs to kecp trade se-
crcrs to rhcmsclvcs in thc rraditional medieval fashion. In addirion,
they afforded a more favorable ambiencc for rhe developmenr of a
prolerarian or class consciousncss, a devclopmenr j oaquim Nabuco
soughr so assiduously ro implanr in the workingruan of his narive
Recife. Alrhough rherc had bcen occasional vague signs of such a
consciousness since colonial times, t hcrc w as, unril rhc middlc of rhe
ninereenrh century, very lirtlc acceptance on thc pan: of the poor,
wh erher whire or mest co, of the ncccssiry of labor. Durval Vieira
de Aguiar, in his Descric es Pr ticas da Provincia da Babie, rells us
rhar unril rhc end of rhc Empirc there werc groups of persons in
rhar city so lazy rhar tbcir only acrivitics were "ro warch the com-
ing and going of ships in thc harbor, ro trap birds, and ro ralk big.'
Neverthelcss. he did not fccl he had rhc right ro criticize rhis shifr-
lessness, sincc he considercd ir "a natural consequence of rhe lack of
industries, agriculture, or natural resources suffi cient ro offer a de-
cenr living in this blesscd region." By lack of agriculrurc, he meant
rhc defi ciency of small ami rncdiurn-sized fanns devored ro rhe cul-
tivation of divc rsificd craps, which he feh shoul d replace "the sugar
plantaeion, now dcfunct in spirc of all the concessions, tax exemp-
rions, and capital subsidies otfcred the dcplcrcd lands unnl they are
by now virrually morrgagcd out of rheir cconomic exisrcnce."
Even in rhc capital, a city considercd at the middle of the century
ro be "the nation's second in agriculture and commerce and enjoy-
ing direct cOllullunicarion, through its ships and its submarine cable,
with all the capirals of the world," the principal problem 'w as
"unemplorment in the face of the continual increase of the work-
ing d ass, " a problem 1l0t hclped by (he faet th:H food was easy to
obtain, thus Iimit ing begging to the iJl and the decrepitoNcvenhe-
Ordcr and Progress
3 F.." m rhe Jiuy n{ Jertmimn Jo": T eles J nior, in , he ~ion of his famay
an,l parti aHy c op icJ hy !he aUlhor.
.\ \aur ieio I.ambe rg , () Hr~ ,iJ , pp. (>ft-7 ' .
se. C. Andrcws: 1Jr~ :il, /IS Corl.ijf jon ,wJ I'ruspren (:\ew Yo rk, ,881).1' ' ~ 5 '
a rder and Progress
rhc lasr decad cs o f the Em pire. The greater par t of rhis movcmcnt
conccn trated in rhe srarc o f Sao Pa ulo, with its increasingly p ros~
pcrous co ffe c planrarions and its larg e adrn ixru rc o f lralians, seldom
reluctanr ro form sexual u nions wirh dark-skinncd womcn. A co n-
siderable pan of t hc N eg ro popularion in the Sao Paulo arca was
rhus absorbed in rhc fo rmation of a handsome and bcalt hy new erh-
nic group : rhe A fro-Italian. This developmen r was noted w irh ap~
proval by a Porrugucse visitar, Sousa P into, who in 1905 in his
book Terra MOfa (Youtbiut Land wrore tbar "herc in Sio Paulo,
more than in Rio, one rcc cives rh c im p ression o f rac ial penet rar ion,"
wirh rhc Iralian element predorni naring. T hc state capital seerncd to
him "an lralian city," whilc the statc, wirh a popularion of 3 m ili ion,
containcd approximately I rnillion lralians fro m all pa n s o f Italy
from Lombardy ro Palermo. T hc Port uguesc wcre outnumhered
not only by rhis grou p but also b y rhe Poles, and yet problcrns o f
racial and cultural conflicr were heing r esolved by " strange associa-
rions and u nexpecrcd marriagcs," from which t here emerg ed "new
t)'pes of rhe mos t di versc orig ins," including on c wit h pal e c om plex-
ion, blue ey es, and blond hair anributablc to the unio n of norr hcr n
Italians with Negrees. Another ty pe seemcd ro be rhc crossing of
cabocos wirh lralians. Bo rh g rou ps werc consid ered by Sousa Pinto
ro he "rruly except io nal and g racious ." G The Brazilianizarion o f
Europcans ami A fr icans could rh us be clear ly observcd , d cspire rhc
fecling prevalenr in Sao Paulo ar t he heginning o f rhc rwentieth
ccnrury that it was rhc Luso-Brazilian w ho was becoming Iralian-
izcd. Shop signs wcrc a constant mixt ure of ltalian and Portugu ese,
and ltalia ns worked as str eetcar conducrors, ca rters, serv anrs. shoe-
shine boys, businessmcn. industrialisrs, journalists, resrau rarcu rs,
and habe rd ashcrs. lo the booksto rcs, rhe vogue for Eca d e Queiroz
was rh reatencd by t har fo r l) 'A n nu nzio o r Ferrero. The lralian
shoeshinc bey became a Brazilian-not mereiy a Paul isra-c-insritu-
tion, alo ng wirh rh c Iralian te no r, t hc lralian trag edian, and rhc Iral-
ian cuisine. D'Annunz o, Ferrero, and Ferri were for a t ime among
rbe mosr widcly re ad fo rcign autbors, not o nly in Sao Paulo but
also in R io de j ancirc , P rto A leg re, R ccife, and \1ana us. A nd rhese
citics \Verc fu nher markcd b), the infl uencc- usuall), bad-of Ital-
ian arc hite crs, one o f w hom w as J an uzzi of Ri o d e J aneiro. From
north t o sout h, fina lly, many were the child rcn Loro at t he tu ro of
~.\ b noel de Sou_a Pint o: l'crrll Mor"'. }mpu :u es 8 rafilrir",s (Op" " O, ' 9"5) ,
p. H.
Poiitical mu Racial Problems /97
rhc cenrury who reccivcd from rheir romanric or anti-clerical par-
ents rhc resounding llame of C aribeldi.
Thc Iralian presence in Hrazil was also accentuated during this
pcriod by an immigration which surpasscd rhar of any orhcr narion
and which gave considerable support ro rhe Latin-Cathclic-Euro-
pean elcmenr in Brazilian socicty, an clcmcne somewhar challcnged.
in Rio Grande do Sul. Santa Cara rina, Sao Paulo. and Espirito
Santo, by rhc growing infl ux of Gcnn ans. T his erhnic-cultural rcin-
fo rccment carne ar a time when rhc average Brazilian was fecling a
ccrrain disenchanrmcnr with bis Hispano-Catbolic. or, more spccifi-
cally his Lusc-Carholic origins in rhc facc of whar he considcrcd
cvidcnce of thc ahsolutc supcric riry of rhc Gcrmanic-Proresrant
groups in marrcrs of ecchnologv. This simplistic notion, which was
hcld in othcr counrrics roo-c-evcn in France-c-causcd wrircrs of rhc
time ro call fo r a strengthening of the Larin-Carhclic strucrurc of
Brazl. One of rhesc, A. D'Arri, in a book on Qunrinc Bocayu va
published in Paris in '9 1, callcd artention to whar he designarcd
rhc Pan-G ermanic pcril ro Latin Brazil . Another work on rhis sub-
[ect was A N ecessdsde de 11111 Equiibro Americano ante a Poltica
de ExpanrJo dos Estados Unidos (T he N ecessry o f an Americm
Bquilibrimn in tbc Pace of Unu ed Smtes Expm son Policy ) by Lu-
cieno Pereira da Silva, which appeared in Recife in '905. A furth er
movemenr conrributing ro rhc samc end of rehabiliraring Larin-
Catholic valucs was thc spirirual reacrion in inrcllcctual circlcs
hcaded by rhe philosophcr R. Farias Brito. This hit parricularly ar
thc Teutonism of Tobias Barrero wbo, as wc bave seen. had bccn
fascinared by rhe scienrifi c spirit of rhc German philosophy of rhc
late nincrcenth ecntury. A sociclogicel paradox of t his an empt to
resrore Latin-Cachclic values was rhar rhe rnovcment was srrongly
supporred by German monks ami friars whc had replaced ehureh-
men of narional origin in the Franciscan and Benedicrinc monasrer-
ies of Brazil. T his brought ahour a revolr by ,\ !asons and orher
anriclericals againsr rhc influenee of rhc "fc rcign monk" which,
paradoxically enough, shapcd up as a rcvolt againse Germa n Ca-
tbclicism in Brazil instcad of merely againsc the "decadent" Latin
natlOns.
:-, [ VI J:-,
Miscegenatum
2 In rhis lisr o rcprescntarlve mon archist s. rwo fi gures nec d furth er cornment.
Silveira .\ la rt ins wa, an cspccially powcrf ul pol{ ical force in Rio Gu ndc do Sul
and, Iike so rnany of the stro ng rnen from th at arca, a bitter oppo nent uf the
l.'em risr principie in s overnment" H e was a partic ular l.'nerny of Deodoro da
Fonseca, and i{ is said that rhe dl.'ci ding faclOr in winning D eodoro to he re-
publican cau'e in 1889 Wa5 lhe pO'5ihility hat , if {he rnoo arc hy was not m "l.'r-
th rown, Si1 veira .\ Iart ins ""ou ld hecome the next Prime .\ Iinisler. Ad miral Sal.
danha da G ama was a confim lcd and un repcnt3n1 mOfl3rc hi,t who led t he famuus
naval rebdlinn during lhe Fluriano P 'l"olO 3dminisnatioo. (T ranslator.)
Miscegenation 20 /
eyes of foreign ers for rhc mongrcloid and socially awkward rcpub-
licans. Thc latrer, in hig h placea. could havc given rhc falsc impres-
sion rhar the monarchical lcadcrs had hcen rcpla ced by an anri- lire
deficient in any of t hc bcsr qu alirics of rhe Brazilian characrer. lt is
rhc historian's dury ro includc al1long suc h mongrel types men like
Ruy Barbosa, Ha rbosa Lima, Augusto de Li ma, Santos Dumonr,
Severino Vieira. Alcindo G uanabara. Olavo Hilac, and Euclydcs da
Cunha-all pcople of superior inrelligcnce, but conspicuously
plln)'. ma lformcd. ugly. and ofrcn unhcalrhy in appcarancc. lt is
possible rhar ir was rhc prcpo nderance of such t)' pcs rhat ca uscd rhc
Argentines o the early rwemicrh cennlry to spcak of Braxilians in
general as mecaquitos ( lirr!e mcnkeys ) , a design arion which could
hardly be epplicd ro Rio Branco. N abuco, or Cardinal Arcoverde.
for cxam plc.
And ir is rhus that caricarurisrs of rhc period depicr rhose impor-
tan r bur ugly and pallid mcn. hybri ds apparcnrly deficienr in vigor.
Frequcnrly the polirical malice of thc artisrs caused tbcm tu depict
their vic rims as mest tos wirh African blood : t hosc whose hai r was
bushy and somewhar rcbellious beca me in rbese ca rroons as kinky -
hcaded as rhe tvpica l bucko ruffian. Thick lips were rumcd inro
Banru labial monsrrosities. Noscs not quite classically aquilino be-
carne bread and Africanized. In compcnsarion. in the ponrairs o
rhc periodo rhc rcroucher's art w as taxed tu [he urmosr ro rransform
rhc least Caucasian fcaturcs inro perfcc tly Aryan ones and to pro-
vide rosy complexions for rhcsc of sickly pallor or w hosc pigmenta.
rion was suspiciously suggestivc of (he tar brush.
From Imperial times, rhc Brazilian had becn porrraycd in the EU 4
3 T he at!enti venes.~ o f Rio Bn nco ro thes.- elhn ic and aeslhetic dela ils waS con-
tirmed by m )' lal e f riend Pcdro PU:l.n hns Fcrrc n . nche", 10 R o Branco. Bom
in JH75, Paranhos Fcrrcn wa~ br<>ughl u p by Ru BU'K" as onc uf hb u"'n sons
and in Iater years . hafed h r. c" nfi de nce " far as diplomatk di"Crcli"n ,,"ould
p<: rm il.
M scegenation :W J
-
ro rh cir c hild rcn. 1 am rcfe rrin ~, however, ro ca~es w hc re di ffer-
cnces in color are \'er)' pronollnc cd. \"hen [here is ver}" litr le differ-
cnce, 1 would ha\"e no ob jection, bccallse rhe c hildren w ould nor he
Mscegenaton 29
affecred in a countr)' whcrc nor infrcq oc nrly mcmbe rs of the m osr
illustrious fam ilies ca n t race rheir or igin ro thc slavc quarrcrs."
R oberto C hrisnana N acgcli, a Brazilian of Furo pcan ancesrry.
born in Ri o de Ja neiro in 188 [ ami cducared in Swirzcrla nd. srates:
" 1 ca n rememb er rhar during my childhood in Switzerland perso ns
ro whum I was inr rod uccd would oftcn cxclaim w ith su rp r ise and
no grcar d elicacy : 'W hire Brazilians?', al! of which wou ld cause my
morbcr ro bccorne ver)' angry." As for r niscegcnarion. he gi\'es rh e
opinion rhar "rhc syste m of inrcrmarriagc adcpted by Brazil for thc
solution of the racial question is having splendid rcsulrs. I have bccn
warcbing rhis phcnomcnon since m)' rcrurn to Brazil in 1901. AI -
most all w orkcrs on t hc docks of R ccifc, Bahia, and R io uscd ro be
pute N egrees. Ofrcn in Rio I would scc rartoocd A fric ans and hcar
them convcrsing in A fri c an rongues. Such pure X cgrocs are now
seldom cncou nrercd . Thc whire po pularion has risen from 40 per
c ene ro abour 65 per c ene. and thc remaining 35 per ccnt, re m)'
ey es, scem ro be ar least 50 per ccnt lighrer rha n rhcy werc in 190 1.
I prcdicr thar in ancrhcr 75 years t he question of co lor w ill bavc
disappcarcd complercly in Brazil. Nevert heless, 1 would nor look
favorably upon a m ar riagc of one of m y farnily ro a person of
colo r."
Erasro Gaen ocr, born in Paran of Gcrman-Hrazilian parcnrage
in 1900. brings out a differcnr aspeet of rhe quesrion in saying:
" T he fact of having bcc n born an d ra iscd in t hc sourh, w here t he
black popul atio n w as ar a m inim um . causcd all of us ro rake an off-
hand and complcrely role ranr attirudc ro t he q uestion of our
mdting-pot rcndcncics. Bcing fcw in number, bla ck s and m ulatros
wcre quickly abso rb ed by the whitc popularion, whosc n umbers
wcrc rapidly increasing t hrough rhc rush of immigraricn . The
problc m is not so simp le in ot her parts of Braz il, in R o de j aneiro
o r in rhc non h, w hcrc rhc proporeion of blaeks is hcav y an d tite
porcntial fo r N eg ro ruulriplication noric eably inc reased. Tbis po-
rential is much more significan r when one notes the compararive
decline in the w hite binh rate through the use of conrracepri\es, a
declin e w hic h bccomcs increasingly acecn tuatcd in dircct propor.
tion to t he standard of living. In t he mo re advanccd arcas, whcre
the rapid growt h of ind ust riali7-arion brings ahout markcd cco-
nomic d isruption. binh conr ro l increasingl)' hccom es a factor in
limiting population. A mong t he hlacks. howe\'cr, this factor is not
so clearIy discern ible. w hether becallse of Iaek of educarion ar be-
ZIO a rder 11d Pr01{TeSS
thei r subsistencc . AII rbat rcmaincd for rhem was [he rccoll cct ion of
the good t hcy had done in our bchalf whicb we have repaid by t he
annihilation, to which, dcspitc our gocd intenrions, we havc con-
demncd rhem." As for the ma rriage qu cstion, ,\ lag alhaes srarcs that
he wou ld reacr " in t hc worsr possiblc humor," and rbar he considers
rhc m ixjng of r ac es "an irremediable misfo rru nc. A long wjth rhc
blood conicr, rhcrc is a corrcsponding discquilibrium in rhe metab-
olism of rhc t bree clerncn rs [white, hlack, mu latto ]. Whocver has
secn a really crcarive mulan o> Nobody will rnake me admir rhar
T obias Barrero and o thers of his ilk werc anv
gcniuscs. . . "
O f a quite d iflerent tone is rhc srarcmenr of Anr nio Pires da
Fonscca (b. .Xl aran bo, ISi O): " 1 was alwavs favorable [roward
abclition] bccausc I could ncver ag ree with a law which allowcd
fo r rhe enslavemenr of one's fello w man," hur " rhc lcss to rhc land-
ho ld ers should havc been inde mnificd, in order ro avoid an eco-
nomic collapsc." Sincc in Brazil " [he problem is nor principally one
of racc, beca use all Brazilians are racial ly mixed," more arrcnrion
should be paid ro t hc eugen ic aspcc ts of the siruarion , " a health pro-
gram ro prevent lucric ami vencrcal diseascs, along wirh t hc cense-
quem defecrs whic h could only rcsule in rhe dcgencracy of rhe
race." He suggesrs a program of srcrilizarion [of the unfit ] and of
inrensive hospital trcarmcnr for sy philis. In rhis way eug en ic ordcr
co uld he imposcd on rhc presentir c haonc p rocess o f misccg cna-
rion. for rhc u nion of whirc wir h black will co nrinuc " (o rnilirarc
againsr rhc improvernent of thc brccd, bccausc ir incorpo rares thc
psy cholog ical and biological cont ingcncies of an infer io r racc" ami
rh us demands rh c preventivo m easu res he suggesrs. \ Vith thcsc me as-
u rcs, however. rhere wi ll be rhc assurancc o f [he dcvelcpmenr o f a
cug cnic "dark Brazilian t)'pe, characrerizc d by a transpa rent skin,
delicarc fcaturcs, and fine. silky hair' in conrrasr ro thc " Rae nosc,
obtusc -angled fearures, rece ding chin, an d dry kinky hair indicarive
o f rccenr Negro o rigino . . ."
The Cearense physician A lberto de Paula R odrigues (h. 1881 )
declares: " 1 havc always had g rear s)"m parhy fo r i\'egroes and
111estiros. . . . Ir hap pens rhar I ne\'cr k new sla\'cs. bccau se rhcy
w ere freed in eea r in 1883, hur 1 did know man)' o ld fonner sla" e
w omen w ho remaincd w ith the ir whire fam ilies and were affecrion-
arel)' add rcssed by the children of rhose familics as ' ,\ lorher' :
'M other '\1aria,' '\ t orher Dom ing as,' crc. F rom rhem I heard
srrange stories of werewol\'es and w arer-s prires and spirirs fmm rhe
21 2 a rder and Progress
orhcr wo rld. ando on rare occasions. o rhc bad t rcacmenr thcy had
reccivcd as slavcs. . .. I don 'r know if [he Unired Srares is follow-
ing a berrcr co urse rhan we are, because rhere rhcy havc outsmnd-
ing Negrees wh o have distin gu ishcd rhcmsclvcs in spo rtS or in intcl-
lccrual pursuirs. T hc dcgcneration o ccrtain mixed bloods in Brazil.
however, scems te arise more t hrough such endcmic ru ral tenden-
cies as alcoholisrn and malnurrition rhan from cthnic facrors. Thc
prcblcm of Brazilian develc pment is srill in an cmb ryonic srare and
must be resolved with our own elemcnrs, parricularl y sincc rhe
wa ve of immigration is bringing us pcrsons (mm impe rialist nations
or adh ercnts o wo rld rcvolurion wirh pu rely subve rsivo res."
Amlcar Armando Borelho de Magalhcs (b. 1880 in rhc interior
of [he srate of Rio de janeiro ) statcs rhar he has been an abolitionisr
from a tender agc. " 1 feel th ar ir is a sign of backw ardness ro pte-
tend ro fi nd suprcmacies among races whose develcprnenr has bcen
simultaneous and along parallcllines. But withour ha\-ing rhc slighr-
ese prejudice, l ean recognize the infcrioriry of thc Negro, who is
superior only in a dcgrcc of emotionaliry. AIl rhe whire elemenrs
and all the aborigincs. on the othe r han 0, given equal condirions of
space and time, have madc grc arcr achicvcmenr in rhc progtess of
rhcir civilizarion." As or Hrazil " 1 believe rhar rhere is no real ra-
cial problcm in Brazil as such and rhat the natu ral rcndencics of
individual selecticn. according ro biological and sociological princi-
pies, will result in an amalgam and in an increasing stability . \ Vhat is
nccdcd is ro facilitare racial interb reeding and ro avoid. t hrc ugh ad-
e<luate mensures. the pcrpet uarion o basic rypes, Indian or Negro,
as separate enriries apan from rhe w hircs. Bur rhis fusion is possible
only on the lower levels of rhese races, among rhc workers, rhc
peasants, rhe persons of leasr educarion." As for the personal ques-
tion: " 1 would repud iare and do every rhing possible ro prevent mis-
ccgenarion wirhin my own family. I have already done so in one
spccific instance. Such things are high ly prcjudicial."
An equally Posirivisr npinion is exprcsscd by Alfredo Severo dos
Santos Pcrcira (b. Ccar, r878). T he growing nnscegena tion in
Brazil, he stares. was cncouraged by the thirrccnrh of .\ Iay and the
fifrcenrh of November and indicares ct hnic and biosocial progress,
because [he ideal raci:l1 type would be one which would reslllt from
a mixture of the three funda mental trpes. "T his mixed breed would
wir h us bccollle not a sll brace, as the followers of Gobineau, Nien'.-
sche, and ot hees would assen, but rarher a superrace." This \Vas
21 3
w har rhe grc:1t Jos Bonifcio meanr w hen he said . " Brazil wi ll he a
great nation onlv w hen you can look ar ao)' Brazilian without being
able ro disringuish thc racc (mm which he sprang.' AmI rhis is whar
is happening. H aving abandoncd racial unir)' and ha\'ing had dive r-
sifi cara n. we are now "approaching a ncw unir)', with al! diffc r-
enccs exringuished."
\\'c cannor, of coursc, ncglect
rhc face that mis-
cegenarion in Brazil is rhc rcsulr of " rhc dcgradation of rhe N egro
rbrough slavcry (Joaquim Xabuco. Gilbcno Freyre)." For this
rcason. he confcsscs himself honcsrly ro he a "vicrim of those prcju-
dices which snl l exisr' ami says t har he could nor "view wirh com-
plete plcasurc rhe m arr iagc o a rncm bcr of m)' famil y ro a colored
person j bu t ucirhcr would I rry ro prevcn t such a union if it wcrc
rhe rcsult of sponraneous and mutual feclings.. .. In fururc times,
suc h prcju diccs as mine will ce rta inly disappear." A nd recalling
Comrc : "Augusto Comre. in his eight h lerrer ro Dr. A udiffrer. afte r
having pointed out rhar rhc divisin bcrwccn whirc and black is
analogo us ro the division bctwe cn rhe scxcs, conclud cs: 'T he whirc
rac e has dominared through t har great pan of human devclcpmcnr
whic h required spirir and c haracter. Jr won'e be this w a)' in the final
srage, whcre senrir nenr will becomc more and more rhc prcvailing
qualiry. \ Vhen all the narions of rhc hu man family arrain a normal
level, rhc N egro. likc rhe fcmalc scx, will at rain an impo rr ance and
will cxercisc an influ cncc w hich we cannor cvcn imagine roday.' ..
Al fre do Barrolomeu da R osa Borgcs (b. Pernambuco, 1864),
afrcr rcgisrering his standing as abobrionist. rcpu blic an, and fol-
lowe r of .\ la rtins J n ior, confcsscs ro having Leen always domi-
nated by "whire instinc rs'' of nn abso lure narurc. " 1 have arrogan r
racial prejudices. Ir w o uld be mosr conrradicrory for me tO permir a
mcmber of 111)' family ro marry a colorcd persc n." AnJ Dona
V irgnia Ca valc ante, anorhcr Pc r n arnbucan ( h. f179). afrer affirm-
ing
her assurancc t hat aholitionisrs suc h as rhe Princess Isabel are
"enjoying rheir Divine rcward in hcaven," statcs uneq uivocally rhar
" in rhc case of marriage wirh pcrsons of color, I am in complete
disagreemenr. " 'hite w ith white, mulano \Virh mlll:mo, hlack w ith
black. "
After calling abolit ion "a purifyi ng crusade," the Cearense Jos
Alves de Figueircdo (b. 1879) expresses his con fidence in rhe even-
tual assimilation of the 1'\egro by t he w hites, an assimilation \vhich
w ill rcsu!t in a " st rong race" and w hic h will occllr throllgh contact
with "grear waves of immigrants." Ile " w ou!J receive the marriage
O rder and Progress
own prcjudic es." As for [he mar riagc quesrion: " l would oppose ir
on simple aesrheric-c-and pcrhaps ccon om ic-grounds. In a predorn-
inanrly whitc civilizarion wirh strong racial prcj udices suc h as rhar
of [he Unircd Sutes [whcrc Coelhc de Sousa had married an Amer-
ican wornan and raiscd his childrcn] , rhe marter wou ld be com-
plercly out of [he qucstion. T his is nor color prcjudice on rny pan;
ir is an anirud c far more pracrical [han racia l."
Q ui te differcnr is [he atrimde of Dona l lenriquera Ga leno Ch.
Cear . c. 1890 ) , " 1 would lla r make rhe sligbrest ob jccrion to [he
marr iage o <loy mcrnbcr of my family ro a persan of color. I have
no racial prejudices: a niestico of talenr and culture, in rny opinion,
is wo n h far more rhan an igno ra nt. foud-mourh w hire man."
The Pernambu can Jos Maria da Silva Freyre (or F reire ) (h.
1887) srarcs rhat he has bc en more happv in his " friendship wirh a
N egro woman' ' than with his marriage to a whirc girl. In t his he
fcllowcd his uncle ,\ l anucl da Rocha tvandcrlcy , who was "blcnd.
w hire-skinned, and blue-eycd as a fo reigner. and ro w hom a w hite
woman was no wornan ar all." H is prefcrcncc for Negro w omen
bccame total, and thc only reascn he didn'r marry (me w as that he
feared "c rfendi ng his family and being ill regarded by socicty ." He
alsc rells us t hat as a young ma n he hall a G errnan fricnd w ho felt
rhc same \\'a)'. considering the black girl " rhc q ueen of all woman-
hood..,
~ [VII J~
AgTicultural anil
Commcrcial Deoelopmeni
cvcnly divided bcr wccn nort h and south. alth ough the south had
thc edgc in rhe acrual number of milis. Fclisbelo Frcirc is rhcr cfore
not far off in suggcsring rhar rhis pcriod r narked rhc beginning of
rhe shifr of capit al fun ds from agriculturc ro industry, a shift rhar
was eccelcrated a few )'cars larcr when abolition c han ged t he coun-
rry's labor patteros from a slave to a salaricd economy. T he shift
w as also sccn in govcrnmem aid, rhc firsr lan dmar k in rhis rcspect
heing rhc dccrce of D ccembcr IS. IS9 2, merging rhe old Bank of
Brazil wirh the Bank of t hc Republic ro fo rm a new organ izat ion
keycd to rhe asccnda ncv of capimlism ovcr agricultu rc. Hur t his de-
cree was not the only victory for indust ry , ir was accom panicd
(and in a few cases cvcn preceded) by offi cial ncts exempting indus-
trial machinery and relar ed apparatus fro m taxes, guaranteeing
inreresr on industrial invcstmcnrs. nationalizing coasral navigation.
and establishing bonuses in aid ro individual indu stries. And in I S9 1
rhcrc was a so-callcd "Stock Exchangc co up'' whieh wes considercd
hy sorne to be "an cxccssive ami illegirirnatc defcnsc of capiralist ic
inrcrcsts on rhc pan of the gon fllment ."
Frcire pcints out t har ir was rhc loans from rhc provisional gov-
ernment which cnabled so me of thcsc statcs tu prospero Bur in thc
case of a stare like Sao Paulo. t hcsc loans not only supporrcd an
agriculture which had becomc rhc rnost import anr in t hc nation,
but also aided an industrial econom)' w hich alrcady cnj oyed condi-
tions for dcvelopmem far supe rior to those prcvailing clscwhcrc. a
population capablc of consuming local man ufactures; a ph cnomenal
d istr ibu rion s),st em insriturcd rh rou gh thc coffcc economy bu r eas-
ily adaptable ro industry. thc abscncc of ccmperieion from neig h-
boring srarcs, and a co rrcsponding abscncc of small coastal cines to
compete with Sanros as rhc regional pon and railhcad for rhc arca.
There is alsc no question thar in rhosc dccisive days Sao Paulo X)S-
scsscd a group of leadcrs more fl exible, 1110re cnergcnc, ano more
aware of rhe problerns of a salar icd labor econom)' rhen wcre their
eoumerparts in rhe north. Pcrhaps ir wa s rheir widcr associa rion
wirh Europeans newl)' arr i"ed (rom capita list and indllst riali7.ed
co um rics w hie h accollnted fo r these qualities. Another factor is
th:lt t he mi litar), leaders who w ere responsible for the transforma-
lion of t he Empire into a R cm blic. though Tllcn of far greater
pub lic spirit than thc Paulista ind ust riali.<ts. were nevertheless lack-
ing in the practical political wisdom neecs...ary ro comain the exag-
gcr arcd state consciousncss of mcn like Francisco G lycrio, w hose
parochial ism hecame a perversion of the spirit of fcderalism insti-
arder and Progress
ru red by rhc R cpublic. What rhcsc militar)' leaders should havc
done was rransform rhis dynamic starc co nsciousncss inro a scnsc of
narional un iry. evcn inrerven ing in rhc economic lifc of rhc narion.
In t his wa y t hey could have used its power, not merely to
st rengt hen regions alrcady prosperous, but also to aid in the recov-
ery of rhc north, victim of the decline of [he sugar economy and,
bccause of irs t ro pical climare, less atrractive to European immi-
grants."
In any case, rhc prc-cmincnce of Sao Paulo in the nariona l econ-
om y was assured . Thus we have rhe paradox of a state which ar che
end of rhe Imper ial regime was marke d by t he greatcst rarc of in-
crease in bcrh slavc ami Eu ropean immigranr populanon, which
was dcvelo ping 0 0 its cotfee planrations al1 rhe parterns of life and
cultu re rhar c haracrer ized che north, and w hieh could nevcrr hcless
t hrough rhe infl uencc of immigration m ake a rclati vely easy and de-
finirive rransirion ro an cconomy bascd upon free labo r.
Ir is no t su rprising, in rhe face of ehcsc condinons, that Sao Paulo
shou ld have bc en rhc sire of rhe somerimes viole nr abolirionist activ-
iry of t hc mestice Lus Gama, an activit y w hieh w ould havc been
inconceivablc in Hahia. Nor is ir surprising rhar the same province
should nave promored t hc republican movemenr, whicb had
dawned wirhour great eonsequence in Pernambuco, M inas Gerais,
and R o Grande do Sul: a rnovcmcnt cnvisaging [he solidariry of a
Hrazil wirhour slavery wirh a dcmocratic and republican Amrica.
In his srudy O Precursor do A bolicionismo no Brasil, Sud ,\ 1eo ucci
poinrs out t hat it was Lus Gama who, in a lertcr of 1870 tO his son
Benediro, first uscd rhe cxprcssion "thc United Srarcs of Hrazil." 1
T his is evidenc c rhar the A nglo-American cxemple of republican-
ism, of so-calleo "dcmocracy," had begun ro seduce Brazil ians sorne
rhirty years before the ap pearance in rbc sanie provincc of Eduardo
Prado's vigorous anti-rcpu blican traer, classic of its kind, A llurio
Americana.
Ir is cu rious rhat rhe rcpublican and abolirionisr rnovements
~ O ne () ( rhe tbings the g() \'ernn~n t ~ h()uld have done was to redivide the prov-
inces uf rhe north inro ncw srares and rerritories alon g lines mure co mmensurate
wirh their cco nomc and ecological nature and more fa'-urable 10 illlerregiollal
economic and c ult ural balance. D uring t he earty days u( lhe Republic thcte was
apparently no ind ividu al ur gto up uf any prestige who unde1"S!ood the impon ance
to Ihe cc onomy of Ihis inle rregiona! ad juslmen t. Instcad of I'assi,dy cupyin g Ihe
fcderalism o( Ihe U nited Slales. Brazil should have evo'ed a systern ---C"perimental
if not deli n itive-based upon cxisting conditions, fi ad it dun e so, Ihe ccu nomy
wou ld not ha'-c suffercd from [he cxces'Cs of s[al e~m i nde d rep ublicanism,
1Sud Mcnucci ; O f'recurso. J o Abolicionismo no Brasil (S~o Paulu, '938 ), p _9' ,
A gricultural and Cotmnercial Development 22 5
4 bid., p. l 4$.
~ Ib d ~ p. )16.
A griculm m and Connnercia Dcueiopment 227
ro t he fal! in rhc priccs of cot ron and suger, dispueing rhe facr rhar .
bcfore rhc procl amatio n of abolirion, great numbers of slavcs hall
already moved ro rhe provinccs of rhe sourh, and cspccially to Sao
Paulo. Nevert hcless. if rhe emancipat ion laws werc rhe samc for rhc
cn rirc nation, rhc facr is rhar rhc mcans and mcrbods of rcplacing
slave with free workers diffcrcd grcatly in rhc varic us provinces. Ir
was noe t he mere subsriturion of Italian for N eg ro labor in Sao
Paulo ; ir was rhe examplc of the qualiry of labor exhibired by free
workers which comnumicatcd irself ro rbc N egrees. to rhe subse-
qu em adv antage of rhe regional economy . Such replaccmcnt and
such cxamplcs were lacking in rhc nort h and northeast, largcly be-
cause thc electoral intercsts had favored rhc sourh at rhc expense of
rhe norrh and bccause southcrn climatic conditions favorcd the ser-
rlcmenr of whirc immigrants. Finally. it was abo beceuse rhc mono-
cultu ral sugar economy of rhc north had crearcd con dirions of
lahor th ar werc vinually feudal and eonsequenrly inimical to Euro-
peans,
D ur val Vieira de Aguiar. in his study of Bahia at the end of rhe
Imperial era, recalls thar in 1871 a colon izing scrvice was csrablishcd
at Cornanduruba by contraer hetween rhe governor general ami
rwo cinzcns. Coun sclcr Policarpo Lepes de Lefc and th e furu rc
Baron de .\ Iuniz. T bis er ncrprisc wns no lcss a failn rc than th at of a
Germ n cclony earlier ancmpred in Pernambuco. The Bahian lands
wcrc clcarly "of superior quality " and th c climarc "rruly Euro-
pean," bur rhe unfavorahle loc ation of t hc colo ny, Iar from the sea
and uncornfortably closc re rhc interior badlands. markcd ir for
failure as clearly as a similar type o f location had doomed rhe Pcr-
nambucan colony of Catuc. The colony was act ually seartcd on
clcarcd lends, but insufficicnr sclcctivity was cxerciscd in obrainin g
sen lers. T hc colonisrs werc a heterogeneous mixture of Ausrrians.
Germans, and P eles conrracred in Anrwerp ar so mu ch per hcad,
mosr of thcm wcre cOl1lplcrely ignoranr of farm ing and \Vere even
less prepared for t ropical living condit ions. T hc rl'Sult w as tha t they
did notbing, carned nothing, and ,}uickly contracted all t he l oc ~ 1
ailments : chiggers, !ice, gangrene, dysenrery, malari a, and all variet ies
o f tropical fc\crs. F.\en if the Eu ropeans had developed t hc tropical
custo m of tak ing a daily bat h and exal1lining t heir fcct (there \Verc
nat ive women available who were skilled in the extraction of chig -
gers) , the pcStS wo uld probably srill have d CVllStatcd their hands
and fac es as well as thcir extremiries. As it was, t he colonv
foldcd
up miserabl,., with thc co lonists rleeing from th e deat h and disease
228 arder and Progress
raisc whatcvcr erop he wishcd and for w hich he was ada prcd," ~
V ieira de Aguiar says fi arly, thin king mainly of condirions in Bah ia.
Hur ir was Sao Paulo, wirh irs quite ditfer em ecological situation
and its large-sc al e cotfcc eco nomr , which won out. Tho ug h a
monocu lturc undcr rhc acgis of a landlord, cotice offercd adva nra-
gcous opporrunitics ro rhc immigram, at leasr in the inirial srages.
There was no slavc labo r, an d rhcrc were opportuniries to fcllo w
orher pursuirs. rhough always within rhc framework of the cotfcc
cconoll1)'. T his conrrasred srro ngly w ith whar happcncd in the
sugar ind ustry and whar did not rakc long to dcvelop on the r ubber
plantations, whcrc t hcrc was a stubbom ad hcrcnc c to the srr icrly
t ropical sysrem t har had existe d since col onial times.
Echoing the warning of rhe Germen wr iter Ernst Sam habcr in
his Sudmnrica, lJiograf, de un Continente. it is imporrane to re-
mcmber t har rh e simultaneous, complementar), devclopmen r of
temperare and t ropical agriculrure w hich broug ht quic k prospcriry
to rhe United Srares was not possiblc in Brazl. where rhere w as a
nea rly uniform cliruarc which dcmandcd an cxclu sivcly t ro pic al
eeonomy. T hus Brazil c amc imo corupctirion wirh other tro pical
counrries. In Ccylon, cotfce planring. which had beco prospering
sincc thc early days of rh c ninc rccn rh eenturr, was virrua lly wiped
out in 1880 by a devastaung hl ig ht. T his bappened ar a rime when
t hc COltOO nnd sugar ind ust ries of norrhcrn Brazil had dc clincd ro
abour 60 P'"ccnt of t heir fonuer valuc. The siruarion rhus favo red
the sale of slavcs ro the coffce planrarions of rhc sou t h, dcspire t he
vain efforts of sorne srare govcm mcnrs to prevent an acure labo r
short age by im peding suc h sales, The movemcnr of slavcs ro the
sourh had bccn, in cff ccr, "a powerfullevcr in their libcrarion, and
ar rhe saine rime rhc mcans by wluch the flou rishing sour h could
O1()~t effccrively weaken its ancienr ami hardheartcd no rtherrt COIll -
pcriror," says Sarnhabcr."
lt is curious rhat Ceylon, in losing irs cotec su prcmacy ro Brazil,
should ar rhe same time have robbed rhe nonh of its dominant posi-
fion in rubber, t hus imensify ing t he laek of balance bctween nort h
and somh Brazil ro an alrnost rragic degree. N e" enheless, rh e assur-
ance of economic suprelllac y to Sito Paulo w as beneficial to the
coum ry as a w hole, in that it ga\'e leadership ro old and rcspectcd
families. Suc h fami lics, whilc 11 m nccessarily rhe w ealt hiest in rhe
1IIbid ., pp. j lJ, ] 111.
~ Ernst Samlu ocr: SuJ J/IItriCJ , BiogrJf , de 1/1/ Co mim:me ( Buenos Aire 1940 ) .
p. 65
2] 0 Order and I' rogress
rhey Iefr one by ene unril (he only oncs rcmaining werc "my fa -
thcr's old N egro pagc; a young mulatto girl who had (\\,0 small
child ren and who 50 0 0 lcft ro marry a Negro on a ncighbo ring
planration . and my old wcr nurse, of whom I was ,ery fond, 10-
gerher wir h hcr son and rw o daughrers. . . ." In IS!\9 Counsclor
Resende wcnr ro the imm igration officc in [ uiz de FOfa ro hire
"fou r Iralian farnilies ro work on rhe plantation, bur rhey sraycd for
onlv a short rime, and by 189 1 t hc [ezenda was com plet cly aban-
doned. .\I y farher, bcing ill. had no more cncrgy ro try ro find
work crs and ir was his four you ngest sonso now gradnarcd from
secon dary school. who garhcrcd rhc last rwo co ffee harvests, wirh
rhc help o rhc old Negro and my nursc's son, w ho was of abour
my age. . . . For rwo )'ears we did all t hc work of rhc [ozenda
until one da)', ro our surpr isc, m)' fa rhe r was invired ro bccomc a
juJge uf rhc Supremo Court. His firsr impulse was tu refuse rhc
ocr, but thanks ro rhc impornming of my morher, w ho could not
rcconcile hcrself tu t hc facr rbat hcr sons we re doing manua l work
ro the detrimcnr of their furrhcr education. he fin ally acceptcd, and
in dl9 2 rhe w hole fa mily moved ro Rio de j ancir o." In rC[r()spect
he starcs rhar this disruption of his family was nor an iscla ted case,
bu r ra ther one which atlccrcd a considerable number of similar
plantat ion owncrs. nor all u f whom hall rhc good luck ro be offered
a magisrracy in t hc government. Abolirion, he says. " in the wa y ir
was car ricd Out, constir urcd an assaulr on priva re propen), and
showed rhe lac k of forcsighr of our govcrnmcnr lcaders in not pre-
paring t hc (.'ountry tu slIppon such a pc wcrful blcw ro thc aprar ian
economy. Ir was probably t he prcponderan r cause o rhc grcar eco-
nomic cr isis t hrough which t hc count ry passed during rhc carly
day s uf t he ne\\' rcgime."
From Cssio Barbosa's testimony, we see t har it was not ahvays
easy to substitute It alian for slan labor, even on small co tfee pl an ~
[at ions in an agreeahle c1imate. \ Vhat t hen of the large plantations
in arcas w it h a c1imare less favorable ro Europeans t han t hat of
sollthern Brazil?
" ~()b ody Iiked t he Repllblic becallse of the disorganizarion it
had causcd in r ural life," sa)'s D ona Antonia Lins V ieira de ,\ l e1o
(b. Sao Paulo, [879, but broll ght IIp in Paraba) . "C ertainly in En-
genho ~o \'o [the family home ] rhe sla,cs for the most pan re-
main ed w ith their familics after rhe thirrecnth of ,\ Ia)'; onl)' those
of iU will dccidcd to leave."
BlIt graduaU), [he most intransigent monarchists among rhe land-
232 Order and Progress
holders began to shifr the hlamc for t he agricultural uphcaval from
abolirion to rhc Rcpublic. T hcy werc hcadcd in rheir opini n by
such enemics ro narion al order as R uy Barbosa, wi rh his hcrcrical
book O Papa e o Concilio, and Ben jamin Consranr, wir h his equally
hcrcrical doctrine of Positivisrn, Because of rhe labo r policics of
thcse ano other republican starcsmcn. thc ncw regimc was consid-
cred inimical ro t he narion al economy, espccially in rhose pans of
rhc coumry w hcre progress hao bcen less mar ked and where rhe
profi rs of agricult ure depend ed upon rhc use of slavc labor.
In thc light of such conditions, rhe decline of mOln)' of t he patri-
archa l farn ilics of the non hcast from t heir forrner splcndor to a
most dismal mcd iocriry is very explicable. Ir s also clcar why m OlO)'
of these families disinregrared, wirh rhc more capable members mi-
grating ro rhe sourh or sccking adven rurc and possiblc econ omic
salvatio n in rhe st range rerrirorics of rhe extreme norrh. A fcw, likc
the Pernambucan j oiio Alfredo Ccrreia de Oliveira, remained ar
hom e and cncounrcrcd rhcir fortune by becoming sons-in-law in
baronial sugar familics-c-a fare cscapcd almost miraculously by Joa-
quim N abuco. Bur for rhe mosr parr rhc callarse of t he sugar aris-
rocracy rnade mig rarion no r only anracrive hur also a virtual ncces-
siry . Thus sorne of the bcst intelligence of thc arca, co llege men
wirh dcgrees in law, medicine, cngineering, and militarv science, lefr
rheir hom es ro becornc magisrrares, bureaucrats, and profcssionel
rncn in t he sourh. marrying inro southern families and ofren bcccm-
ing thc son s-in-la w of wcalt hy carric ranch crs or coffce baron s.
As we havc sccn, rhis migrarion of you ng arisrocrats ro rhc south
was marchcd by a similar migration of crnancipared slaves, tbus
srrcngrhcning rhc sourh at rhe expense of thc north and grcarly
affeering rhc narional unity. Furthcrmorc. the exodus of t hesc
northcrncrs had addir ional cconomic coosequences of a biological
narurc, through rhc loss of men whose farnilies fr om colonial rimes,
rhrough thcir aptirud c in agriculrure, bad formed t he regional lire,
an lire srre ngr hcncd rarher rhan weakencd by rhe cndoganlOus cus-
roms of rhe colonial era.
Orher mo re ad\'entu rolls young norr hern ers ,""ere anracted by
rhe romance of the Ama7.0n, a region w hich also had its attractions
for r oun g Brazilians from rrovinccs as far distant as Rio Grande do
Su!' The arrrac rion. of eourse, was rhe rise of rubbcr, a rise which
eoincidcd wirh rhe debacle in sugar and w hich eauscd the new
product ro rival eoffee as rhe presrige clemem in rhe narional econ-
,
nmy . Tbus rhc samc sort o infl ux of YOllOg arisrocrars took place
in th e Amazon as had carlier occ urrcd in rhe sour h. w irh t hc rcsult
rhar rhe agrarian arisrocranc pancrns o rile north and northeast
began ro be repeated in srill anorhcr comer o rhe nation.'
Onc r Ollog Brazilia n lurcd by rhe Amazon was Artur Roberto
Coclho de Sousa (b. Paraba, 1889) . Cocl ho rells us rhat, afrcr rhe
dearh o his fat hcr, a descendanr o an old sugar-planting farnily o
Sap , he had feh t hc cal! o adventu re. "For a norrhcasrerncr. rhe
Amazon ar rhe time had rhc force o a powerful magner," he recalls.
"T housands had answered rhc call o rhc 'greco Sphin x' and had
beco mired in rhc jung le, t hc few who rerumed, however disillu-
sioned, neve rtheless broughr cnough mon e)' ro jusriy the legcnd
thar rhe srreers of ,\ Ianaus werc pavcd wirh gold. . .. \ \'hen I an-
nounced my plans ro go the re, severa! young meo from m}' tcwn
of Irabaina srared rhar rhcy wou ld go wirh me. Most of them we rc
berrcr off t han 1 and didn'r rcally havc ro go as 1 did out of eco-
nomic nccessiry . Resuh: on the arranged da)' of departu re, 1 lefr
alone ! I had a rhird-class passage on rhc Lloyd srearner :\1aranhao.
( W hae a rub! H ow fi lt hy ir was! Bm whar could you expect when
y ou paid only 65 mitreis for a t wo -wcck passage?) 00 discr nbark-
ing in '\1anaus, even bcfore finding a place ro slcep, 1 wcnt ro t hc
office of rhe on u l do Connnercio te apply for a joh as a prinrer. 1
was lucky. and by t he time 1 joined t he cornpanions from my \"0)'-
age ar lunch, I alrcady had a job! And as a press employcc, a posi-
rion considered l'ery high by my stcvcdore cornpanions! " Ir was
while in ,\ Ianaus r hat Anur Coelho felr rhar he gradually "ccased ro
he a hoy ami becamc aman."
After rwo years rhe newspaper hought "rhe first lincry pe ma-
chines imponed inro Brazil, except for those in Rio de j anciro and
Sao Paulo. Once again Amazonas, rhanks ro t be boom in ruhhcr,
was ablc to put all t hc orhcr su tes in thc shadow." Manaus at rhe
time already had bcen rhc firsr cry aftcr Rio and sao Paulo ro have
I T~ presrigc and rcnow n Iormerly hcld by sugar and cotton had as r e! not
h \"o ud the canJe ranchcrs and ",,,t g w"'crs of the extreme $tluth, \\ hcre Bra-
zili~ns of Port ugucsc urigin (so me with traces of other European swck) formed
a so-called "lard aristocracy" or meat barony, w ith cu>unns and a way of tife
similar tu those (tf the ulde,t blue-blouJ, o f the E mpire. Sume of these suUlhern
ar~rocU ts. suc h as the CamellO MlHlleirns, the ,\ lo rais ncur,u, anJ the Fo nseca
G alviios. haJ been non hemen wh o, CharOle J by rhe legendary bcauty uf rhe
sn ut hcrn wom en, ha.! rClllaine J in the area afrer the Pauguayan \Var. In this way,
ariMoculic n'lnhem I'atlem i fvu nd heir way no rhe eXl tcffil' 5<.lUlh, un as
they J jd in Sao Pauto"
2]4 Order and Progress
for a north easrern farm boyo vast ly superior to tha t paid at t hc rime
ro an old and distinguished federa l judge in his honre statc.
Encouraged by his succcss in rhc Amazon, A rtu r. under t he in-
ucncc of his Protestanr rraining, 50 0 n soughr ro conquer anorhcr
world : rhe U nircd Srarcs. .\l aoam had givcn hirn t he opportuni ry
and t he leisurc tu invenr certain improvemenrs in rhc .'I lc rganrhalcr
prcss which he rricd. wir hou t succcss. ro sell in X cw York. This
advcn rurc cnded wirh his obtaining a rnodcsr bur respecrable job as
rranslaror of movic subtirlcs, bur wirhour J iminishing his ardor tu
parenr sorne ncw invenrion. H e believed che mac hine ro he "the
cnly rcally new elemenr in rhe so-called W esrern civilizarion" and
saw in ir the way ro bring rhc wo rld ro a peaceful ccllectivism wirh-
out shcdding thc blood of a .\ la rxist revcluricn. "The machinc is a
t ruc manifcsrarion of human inrclligcncc, we must ded icare our-
sclves ro irs mission of rcdcmprion rh rough human c orr." ;\ fixing
his yourhful rcligious rraining with t he new mystique of rhc ;\I a
chine learned in Manaus. he asks in 1940: " ' Vhat wcrc the firsr in-
vcn nons, whar werc an), invcnt ions or discovcrics. if nor rcvelat ions
of a grear rrurh ! . " . Every machine has a mission of redcmption :
ro cnablc man to produce ar a m ximum wirh a minimum of etfon
. . . a socializing mission whieh will he carricd out rhrough rhe
r nachinc." This cvange lical mission must have had its origin in "an
aching rnuscle.. .. Physical force produces pain. . . ." \ Vords
he musr havc hcard from old Xcgrocs. pcrhaps former slaves of rhc
small Ccclho sugar planration at ,\ telancia in t he int erior of
Paraba. words rhar sprang frcm th c pain of drcary labor of plant-
ing canc and exrracring sugar wirb archaic horsc-powc rcd-c-or sIave-
powcrcd-c-machinery .
The Amazon cxpcricnce of j oo d'Albuqu crquc .\ Iaranhj o. an-
orhcr narive of rhc agrarian norrhcasr, where he was boro in 188 J.
diered somcwbar from t hat of A nur Cocl ho. joo recalls t hat
w hcn he was a pupil at t be Colegio Pesralozzi in Rccife t here was a
terrible ourbrcak of buhonic plague that daimed hundreds of vie-
rims. T he schoo ls were dosed. Doctors died, infected through con
racr wirh rhe affiicred . A pest hou sc was set up on t he island of Pina.
Ir was ar t his lime lhat Joao. w hose IJrother A fonso was a judge in
,\ tanaus. ldr for the Amazon. The idea was for him to conrinue his
college prcparatocy srud y in .\ la naus while acting as derk in t he
police dcpartmem . The police chid at thar time was Ested.o de S
Cavakami de AllJuqucrque, a Pernambucan politician who had fle d
r
3 Alcxandrc JO'> Barhosa Lima at lhe time was a Yflung p olitician w h(>'<e ne""ly
acquire d p" wers had somewhar i'0 nc !O his hea.!. In spite of his violenee. however,
he tumed o ur w be an e!fielent anJ prog resstve admin isrrator. Liberal in mmy of
his ideev, he nC\"e n hclcss Ucl ie"e d, p,,,,-< ihiy und er rhe inu ence of Comre. rhar one
, hou ld not employ democnl ic pruleS..... in the snlmio o of tech nieal q uestions.
Aeeotdinglr , he was the f irsr rcpublican governcr 10 resume lhe ludit;" n of such
Pernamhucan nlllna rchists as lhe Ilaron da Boa V ista and tbe Bacon de Lucena in
cmploying Io reig n technicia nv tu develop the material and cul tural prog rcss of rhe
state.
A gricultura/ and C01111J1ercia/ Devetopment 217
Co nfcctiona ry. wh icb r ivallcd rhar of Pascoal in Rio de [anciro, and
rhc Caf Itatiaia, owned by anor hc r Pcm amb uc an nam ed Fausto
P rro, son of a wcll-known abolirionist. D ona Leonor Porto. Li kc
Est vc de S, Prto had also come ro Amazo nas ro escape thc vio-
lcncc of Alexandre Barbosa Lima. It secms thar his mot hc r, D ona
Leonor. had claimcd rhc body o f J os Maria de Al buqucrquc afte r
rhc assassinat ion. As a result , )'o ung Prto had felt his popular iry
wirh t he loc al govcrnmcru tu bc limircd and had lcfr ro scek his
forrune in ,\ 1anaus, an ideal spo t fo r a ycurh of liberal rcndenccs.
parricularly sincc rhe c hie f of pollee t herc sharcd similar polirical
vrews.
A 11 in all, "I anaus re prcscnte d a reacrion ro the rourinc naru re of
rhc rcst of Hrazil. a rcaction madc easy by irs gccgra phical an d cul-
tural disrance from R io de J aneiro and by its hugc influx of foreign
edventurers. part icularly Frcnch, Spanish. and American. The arca
had also errracrcd Brazilians impat icnt wit h rhe ccc nomic and cul-
ru ral ine rria of rheir o wn arca s an d an xiou s for ad venru re in a re-
gio n which promised quick profits. Thesc men. if nor exactly
Bohcmians, wcre nonconformists of somcwhar lcss rhan c onven-
rion al vicws, a band of fallen angcls in rebellio n againsr t hc moral,
soc ial, ami cconornic incrtia of Brazil. T hcy wcrc mcn like Ca rlos
Dias Femendcs. w ho bad bccn guilty of pcc adillos ag ainse rhc
T reasurv o r Euclydcs da Cun ha. A lberto R angcl, j oo Barrero de
,\ t eneses, Efig , nio Sales, G oncalves "ta ia, Q uintino Cunha, Anbal
T e fi lo, ro llame only a few of t hc mosr rcnowned. N or all of rhcsc
had mongrcl backgrounds likc rbar of Euclydcs da Cunha, sorne
car ne from exccllenr families, as in rhe case of Carlos Dias Fe man-
des, a mcmbcr of e ne of rhc mosr c ivilizcd, Europcanized. arisro-
craric families in rhc country . O ne of rhc sons of the Bar on de Con-
ren das w as also attracred ro rhe Am azo n, wherc he madc a m ixed
mar riage and hr ought up a mestice family . A ugusto Galvo pre-
ferre d A mazo nas as rhc place ro rnake a ca reer in law; Gaspar
Cu irnares bccame a federal judge rhere. AH rhese w erc mc n of
arisrocraric bca ring and o rigi no
.\I any of rhc ncw arrivals lived in " repu blics" as rh ough t he),
w ere srill students. "I anaus did nut possess a hot el or boardinghouse
to eq ual rhe gra ndeur of irs rhca t re, a facr w hich throws some lighr
on rhe nature of rhc Amazonian idea of prog ress, o r, for rh ar
m atter, of thar o f some of rhe orher Brazilian c ities w hich prided
rhemseh 'es o n t heir modernity . ( R io, Bclm, and Sao Paul o also
arder and Prcg-err
~ Alm~ nlq !1( dl G ~~ etl d~ NOI C"ilS pl rl 11i1l7 ( Rin de Janeiro , 1 1I~ 7 ) , p. 11 ~.
arder and Progress
Francisco, Jos .' tariano (rhe same Jos " tar iano who in his native
province could ofren be seen caring s.rrap,uel ar sorne sidewalk
lunch counrer wi rh pcrsons of d ubious occuparion, sorne of whom
wcrc his bodyguards). ami, occasona lly, rhe Baron de T rr cs l Io-
mcm. whc con rinued t hc t radirions of Pedro 11 and the davs of
Francioni by always having ice cream for desscrt."
Afrcr rhe comi ng of rhc Republic, rhc G lobo alsc arrracred an-
orher formcr aristocrat who disringuished himself in thc scrvicc of
thc Republic . Jos Maria da Silva Paranhos, Baron do Rio Hranco.
1 lis companions wo uld sometimes be Sourh American di plcmars
like Fernando Guachalla or C1udio Pinilla, sometimes narive fig-
ures like Euclydes or G asro da Cunba. or Assis Brasil. It was an
ideal restaurant for rbis sraresrnan. who in his old egc secms ro have
replaccd his yourhful passion for womcn wirh the sensual passions
of the rabie. A norhcr disringuished fi gure of rhc Brazilian foreign
scrvice who found rhe Globo :10 idcal spor for encounrers wit h col-
leagu es and narional lcaders was Salvador de ,\ Iendon;a. e ne-time
Arnbassador ro the Unired Srarcs. wherc hc concludcd ao econornic
pacr wirh his bosr country widcly criricized by Brazilian republi-
cans as bei ng dct rimcntal ro rheir counrry's inrercsts.
The Globo also was suired to foreign busincssmen. and ir is nor
unlikely rhar irs privare dining rooms wcre a frequent scrring for
inti mare dinners of Frcnch roast bccf fei joada Brasileire, or peixllda
.i b<1 na. Bur rhesc glorious day s, cn hanccd by rhc exccsscs of rhc
E1U:ilh<1111emO, wc rc doomed ro oblivion afrer rhe rurn of the ccn-
turro 'Vhen rhe vertiginous boom of rhc nineries had expended ir-
scl f thc horel sank inro dccadcnce, irs clegam salon shabby, irs
painrings blackencd wirh mold, irs famous r nirrors covcred wirh
leprous spo ts, in wbose d ullcd and Iusrer less sur faces survivors of
rhe grear days "could scc rcflc crcd rhe passagc of rhcir glory." a
The G lobo had its succcssors: rhc Hotel dos Estrangciros, the
Internacional. tbc Avenida; thc ground fl oor of rhe lasr housed rhc
fa mous Brahma Restaurant, ro which rhe Baroo Jo Rio Branco
rransferred hl'i allegiancc during rhc fi nal days of his g/outollnerie.
T hc Brahma also attracred rhc Cearense historian and erhnologisr
Capisrrano de Abreu, noted for his almost Germanic devotion ro
drafr beer. It replaccd rhc Globo aS rhe rendezvous of thc grear in
alI walks of life. particular! y in rhe ficl ds of cornrnerce and iodustry
2 Senna: op. cit., pp. [011. lI S.
' ,-,..nna,
"~ . p. 11 1.
op. elt"
Order md Progrets
w hich by now e-e re en joying thc prcsrige nnd sha ring rhc powers
formerly rhc prcrogarivcs of rhc landhold ers. the profcss ionals. and
rhe milirary.
"T be bcsr hotel in those days was th c Estrangciros." says An-
renor Nasccnrcs (b. Ric de j aneiro. 1886), an opinion sharcd by
severa] orher wimcsscs. alrhough rhe Avenida also had its suppo rt-
crs. In Sao Ps ulo. the pri nc ipal hosrclries mcntioned we rc thc
G ran de and rhc 1l ord d'csrc, whilc in Pein o A legre ir was t he
Brasil. considercd by one cnrhusiasr equal ro rhe Esrrangeiros of
Rio de j anei ro, although irs sllpremacy in rhc sourhcrn capital was
c hallenged in 1908 by rbe opening of thc G rande .
'1'0 reto ro ro t he Amazon. anorbcr earlv adventurcr was j oo
Barrero de Xlencscs ( h. Pernambuco. 1872) , who a1so wcnt ro rhc
arca as a )'ollng man after a pcriod of scrvice in rhc Arr ny, during
which he servcd in [h e "Revolution " of Septcmbcr, 1893, and in
Canudos. T hough circd for bravery and slated for promoeion ro
officcr's rank, he dccided t har rherc was somerhing inco ng ru ous in a
man of his "ardcnr liber al tcmpcramcnt" wcaring a unifonn which,
"howcver glamorous. ncverrhcless denotes t hc idea of fo rce, always
rhe enemy of ideas." As a rcsulr, he resigned and "soughr or her
fi clds ro conquer." And fo r a Brazilian of his ry pe, whar ficld more
seductivo rhan rhc Ama zon tctritory ? Therc he could sran a busi-
ncss or industry an d evenrually rcru rn ro his nat ive statc ro live like
a naboh. Unforruntcly . he nevcr succeedcd in advancin g beyond
rhc posirion of dcpanmcnr head in t hc office of [he Secretar)' of
Srare. afrer having hegun as a modesr policc clerk. Dcspire rhe
abundara opportunrics in Manaus for all sorts c f iniriativc and
spcculativc daring, the "ardenr liberal tempcramenr" of Tobias Bar-
rero 's son somehow ncvcr managed ro adapr ro rhc dreary and ut-
rcrly nonlibera l Jife of a policc departmcnr burcaucrar. Probably
rhis was thc rcsulr of his inde pcndcnt ntt irudc which, he says, he
rcccived as a binhr ighr Irom his famcus father.
I lis cxubera nr rel11peramem fou nd an outlcr. howcver. in his par-
ncipation in rhe so-callcd " Acre Revolution." Joao Barrero de
Xlenescs servcd in t he "assault on thc fortress of Prt o A lonso. hc1d
by the Bolivians. who still cxcrciscd control ovcr the rerrirory."
T his assaul r w as " beforc rhe time of rhe inflllential acrion of Placido
de Castro" and resultcd in " rhe expendirure of scveral rhollsand ca r-
t r idges, rhe use of one cannon and one maehine gu n. :lIld the loss of
a few companions. O bliged ro rer reat, \ve nev ert he1css learned Jarer
thar. in addirion ro inflicting materi:ll damage, we had also k illed a
Agricultural and Commercial Decelopment 245
H Un fun unau:ly Ca","'cm ,,,on afl cr..-ar kcamc a " oluriou, Initor 10 Ihe go'"-
cr nmcnl he was serving un Ihis .'Ceasio n. Com'ieted o an act of e' pinna:tc in
fa"ur of che G c rman Em pirc, hl' wu COn<!cmned 10 dc"h and cxccuted by the
Brilish gOH rnrncnl,
Agricuimral and Commercial Development 249
rhc Purus R iver.' Bur apparcnt ly ncit hcr rhcv nor rhc civilizcd
whites of rhc extreme norrh had rhc " rraining in econornics" which
caused rhe Germans and lral ians of rhe south ro play such a dynamic
role in rhc modcrnizarion of the narional cconcmy .
1'0 return ro thc more progressivc sourh of joo d'Albuq uerquc
;\ Iaranho's post-Amazon days. rbc real' 19 15 markcd a signal vic-
tory for ene of Rio G rande do Sul's mosr rradirional industries, an
indusrry which far preceded rhc wavc of Gcrman and ltalian immi-
grarion and hall cxisrcd, in facr, as long as Brazil was Brazil. This
-
was, of coursc. rhe ra isin ~ of hecf carric. Frorn che carlicsr rimes,
Brazilians hall considcrcd dried bccf a sra pie of rheir cveryday diet
and an indispensable ingrcdicnr ro rhc nario nal dish. thc feij o.1d.1.
BU ir srill secmcd fanrasric ro rnosr Brazilians when in 19 15 rhc
French govcrnmcnr ord cred largc quanriries of this commodty for
rheir arm ies engaged in rhe Firs r World War. The ordcr carne onl y
one real' afrcr rhe Brazilian mcar-packin g industry bcgan ro adopr
modero pracrices wirh thc installation in Sao Paulo of rhc country's
first mear refrigcrarion planr. From this rime on, Brazilian mear
prcducts. bo rh dricd and frozen, bcgan ro assume importance in the
European marker, and rhcre wcrc sorne who saw in this devclop-
menr a possible compcnsarion for rhe disasrer which had ovcrtaken
Hevea brasiliensie. In 1916, rhc encou raging total of 29,000 rons of
frozcn mear was exportcd. wirh an cqually cncouraging rise in rhc
sale of dried becf from rhc sourh ami norrb east. 1'0 make rhe pie-
rurc still happier. rhc industry was creared. nor by foreign capital.
bur entircly by Brazilian iniriarive. as in thc case of rhe Companhia
Frigorfico e Pastoril de Sao Paulo, prcsided over by a genuine
Paulista of ludian blood, Antonio da Silva Prado. In N ovembcr,
' 9 14 this company, as an expcrimcnt, shippcd th e firsr ton of frozcn
becf from Brezil ro England. Thc attem pt was a success and was
followed by a second shipmcnr of -+,360 tons, a rhird of ovcr 1,000
to Iraly, and a fourrh of abo ut rhc same sizc t O rhc Unired Srares.
Encouraged by this Brazilian succcss. rhe Chicago fi nn of Sulz-
berger, in conjun ction wirh rhe Brazilian Farquhar group, insralled
a new refrigeraring planr in ()sasco, a suburb of Sao Paulo.1
Ar rhe same time, Brnilian experimenrs with Par grass esrab-
lished a better rype of forage for rropical bcef carric. In rhis case jr
was not T exan or Argemin ian experiencc which was caBed in, hur
rarher a Brazilian cominu:uion of the Portugucse merhod of learn-
1 Ellion ; op. d I .. pp. l o<rl O. 1 1 1 .
arder and Progress
iog from thc tropical popularion how bcsr ro adape to local condi-
tions. lt was in this same spirir rhat similar experirnents were made
in canle breeding, pamcularly in the crossing of the Indian Xellore
breed with local stock tu creare a mixed trpe, in the form of rhe
zehu, highly adaptable ro tropical Brazil. These experimenrs, which
wcrc particularlv succcssfu l in ,\ tinas G erais and had much ro do
wirh making the ;\ lineiro T riangle one of rhc most irn portant re-
gions in tb e Brazilian economy. wcre also ver)' significanr in en-
cou raging a regional approach tu Brazilian cconomic problems.
T hough ir was possible ro impon Europcan breeds of ca nle-c-
Dcvon, H crcford, Flamengo. Durham, Jersey-for Paran and Rio
G rande do Sul, ir was heginning to be understood rhar for rhe
warmcr pans of thc count ry a stronger typ e of animal was nccdcd,
une which could resisr nor only rhc intenscly tropical climare, but
also the insccr pests and discascs peculiar tu such regions. For this
rcason Brazilians. disrega rding the wamings of American expenso
dcveloped t hc careen brced and preved, in the words o one Eng-
lish writer, rhar spccificallv Braxilian problcms in can le ra ising we re
"nor ro be sclvcd by applying [the ] experience of T exas or Argen-
Tina." 2
Anot her rout ine aspecr of rhe cartle ndust ry during this period
was the exportarion of hides ro rhe U nired Srares. This acrivity
madc a fortune for rhc YOllng Dclrniro G ouvcia. who larer ca rried
his industrial daring, as we shall scc. into a vasr pro jcct of regional
rehabiliration by harnessing rbe energy creared by the cararacrs of
Paula Afonso.
At rhis time. Brazl alsc be gan tu gain prcsrigc in foreign corten
markers. although the producrs of rhc no rthcast. such as rhe "toc
of Cear and Paraba and rhc Scrid of Rio Grande do Norte, srill
lackcd t he srandardizarion oecessary for effective comperirion with
cotton from orher narions. Brazilian textiles werc also developing
and formc d an ourlct for thc cotron prod uced in Pernambuco and
Parafba.
Still anorhcr dcveloping indusrry was rhar of mat (Paraguay
tea). thanks ro rhc energetic effo rts made rhroughout rhe country
by onc of rhc sons of Silva Jardim. So grear was rhc incrcasc in
Brazilian consumprion of this producr rhat the powerful Com-
panhia ,\ Iat Laranjeira of ,\ Iato G rosso \Vas forced to discontioue
2 }. O. P. Bbnd : .\len, J fd.m ers, d'ld Mora/s in Sm.tb AmtTiCd (London, 19' 0) ,
p. 8, .
Agricultural and Connnercial Decetopm em 1 53
counrry. and ro rhe rransirion from slavc ro free labor, and at rhe
samc rime helpful in rhc " Aryanizarion'' of rhc population, for th ey
we rc nor lacking in a raste fo r darker-skinncd women. And sincc, in
thc eyes of m ost Braz.ilians, ir was not possiblc for rhc country ro
achicve greatnes"i wirhou r this "Aryanization," rhe role of rhc lral-
ians in Braxilian society bcgan ro assume almcst mcssianic proror-
tions. Accordi ng ro rhe patriors, if Negrees continued ro prepoll4
dcrare in rhe working class, ir would arpear as rhough slavcry srill
cxisred , if Pcnuguesc and Galicians alone wcre brought over, the
cultural and inrellig cncc leve ! would nor be improved. T hc Gcr-
rnans would nor quick ly bring abour rhis dcsircd "Aryen izarion"
bccause of thcir tcndency ro Iivc apan rom rbc Braxilians. Reac-
ticn ro rhc japanese was mixed, bur in an)' case rheir part was at rhc
time insignificant; ir was nor until the ' 9 zo's rhar rhis group began
ro come to Brazil in any grcar numbcrs.
\Vh en, in a lccrurc dclivcrcd in Buenos Aires toward the cnd of
rhis pcriod. Ruy Berbosa dcclarcd rhat Brazilians werc descendams
of Larins and nor of Guaranis. he was simply rrying te ger rhc Ar-
gcntines to Inok upon his countrymen as nco-Eurc pcans. He was
no doubt exaggcrating bur he revealed a state of wish ful thinking
common ro many Brazilians of rhc time, llaving performcd thc ap-
parent mi racle of replacing slave labor withcur disrupring rhe eco-
nomic ordcr, rhc ltalians wculd alsc reinforce thc Latin clcmcm of
-
(he culture. From IBlO through 19'4, 10361.266 ltalians had come
ro Brazil; by the end of 1915, rhar figu re cxcccded 2 million, form-
ing a graup which surpasscd all orhcr European narionaliries for thc
periodonot only in numbers bur also in cultural and economic value
ro Brazil.
Thcse c rher groups-apan from rhc G alicians and Spamsb. who
were diff iculr to conside r as foreigners-were rhe Russians and
Peles in Paran, more Russians in Nova Odessa in rhe state of Sao
Paulo, Austrians, T urks, Syrians. Lebancse, jcws, French, English.
Swiss, Swedcs. ja pancsc. and Germans throughout the sour h. The
rnost import3nr of these \vere rhe Gemla ns, who began cOllling to
Rio G rande do Sul as cari), as 1826. In , 847, others settled in
Es priro Santo, and afrer 1849 there was a continuOlls and vigorous
influ x of Gemlans ro Santa C1tarina. Afre r IBp Gennan immigra-
tion also extended ro .\tinas Gerais.
Ir is no exaggeration ro sal' that. before the settlemenr of Ger4
mans in southem Brazil, this arca had been a poO l' Telation wirhin
the essentially tro pical Brazilian economy. Elliott points out that
258 Grder ond Progress
" rhc South anracrcd [cw Brazilians," possibly bccausc of rhe prcf-
crcnce Ior t hc tropics whi ch scems always ro havo cha rac rerized rhe
Spanish and Porrugucse colon isrs and ex plorers. But he docs rccog-
nize rhar ir was rhc Bandeiranrcs who prcvcn tcd rhcsc lcss t ropical
lands of sourhcm Hrazil from fa lling mtn rhc hands o rhc Spanish
scrrlcrs of rhc R o de la Plata and who brought Portugucse card e ro
rhc region and cnccuraged Azorcan serrlcrs tu live in st rategic eco-
nomic and rnilirary poin ts rbrou ghour rhe arca."
Thcrc is no dcnying rhat rhcse Europcen immig ram s conrributed
grcarly 10 t hc dcvclopmcnt of rhc sou rh. parricularly in such rowns
as Blumcnau (Santa Cararina ). T efilo O roni and Visconde de
Bacpcndi ( Minas G erais), and V crguciro (Sao Paulo) . T hc lasr is
ass ociarcd wirh t he svste m of sharecropping uscd on rhe coffec plan -
t ations. a sYStclll praise d by J. L. .\ tor in bis Le BrsiJ ( 1852 ) hu t
sharply c riricizcd by othcr studcnts of rhe subjccr. A similar systc m
was later artcrn prcd by a grou p of F rcnc b Fou ricrists in Sama Cata-
rina, bur thc only socialisr colony in the nin crecnrh century w as one
Fou ndcd at the end of t hc pe riod nea r Cllririba by a grollp o R us-
sians and Gcrmans who acted as though t hev had arrivcd from the
moon, raking no accounr wharevcr of the cliruate, or of rhe pcliti-
cal. soci al, or cultural aspee ts of Brazil. They insisred Oll culrivaeinp
thc subrropical ficlds of Paran as though they were steppes an do
living undcr a comnumisr systelll. kcpt rhc local policc bu sy sctrling
rhcir inter cummunal disputes. .\t oSt of thc group evenrually re-
rurned ro Europe, rhosc who remaincd adaprcd themsclves to local
con dirions and hccamc uscful cinzcns, dcvcring the msclvcs ro rrans-
porration and ro t he cu lrivarion of grains aml mt,
A lr nosr as unprcpa rcd for Hrazilian condirions wcre rhc sourhcm
Am ericans whn le r rheir count ry after rhc vicrorv of t he Union
Army in the Civil War. Arriving in 186 . sorne scttled in Santa
Brbara and larer in Vila A mericana in Sao Paulo, whilc others
we m to rhe Ama7.on. where [he more adaptable ones cffecti\'cly
"wem nat ive." A few attempted to set tle in Pernambu co but failed
completcly . A pparem ly expcct ing ro encounter ideal conditions for
rhe com inuat ion of their former Jivcs as gem lemcll farm ers. these
former slave ow oers, according 10 EIJiml. " were less fitted tn make
a liviog from the soil rh:ln t he X egroes rhey Icfr behiod." 9 R llined
by the war, they we rc not able ro acqu ire sln'es aod the 001y c rop
~ ElI ion : up, cit., p, 59,
11 bid., p. 64.
A gricultura/ nd Commercial Dcveopment 259
J Baroo d'A nlhoU:lrtl : f.e PTOKrh Rrsilien (Pa r~, [911 ), pp. [4<rSo.
t Soch arb it rary direction was nnf unlm" wn tu Br:uil in [9011. \ \'e ha' e al
T be Gro".xtb of lndustry
ready ""~ f\ ... 0 ~xa1l1pk nf ~tale inr~ r \'l:'nri" n in rhe Patr"nato At"rieola e",ar~ d in
Sao Pauln for rhe ad julrment uf relariollShips het ween plantets and immigranl
workcrs :m d fo r rh ~ promurion of Brn ilian e()!fe~ in lhe fur~ign market . Such
inrcn enrin n in h e t fittcd the lu d itional Lu.....Spani5h en1"nia l poJicy of ~t atc aid
lO weaker eeOllomics and I'''p ulat ions.
.~ O Br,~jf (publicalion of lhe I nd u ~rr i a1 C.tnrer uf Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro ,
19(8 ) , m, ApJH=ndix I J.
arder and Progrese
rhis tim e ro all parts o Bra zil showed nor so much the sple ndo rs o
Corcova do or rhe Tijuca Fo rcsr or rhe palm rrces o the Horanical
Gardens-c-sc cn cs bcloved by fore igners bur less ime rcsnng ro Bra-
zilians-c-as pictures o rhc Monroc Palace. Central Ave nuc. or the
A venida H otel, Ami on thesc cards (which at rhe time wc rc care-
Fully pasrcd inro handsomclv bound albums an d plac ed alongsidc
rhe slamp c ollcction an d fam ily pho tographs) COlme t hc scndcr's en-
rhusiasric ccnuuents 0 0 rhc urban progress of rhe narion's capital.
On rh c docks. rhe shipvards. t hc cinemas. rhe wondcrs of the expo-
sitien, and the new Brazlian m ineral watcrs served, a\ong with the
"
customa ry heer ami sofr drinks, on rbc ca f terraccs of t he H otel
A venida. O n rhe elccrric srrccrcars. the clcct ric lig hts, rhc elevators.
the aut omobiles. rhc ncw fi re engincs. wirh rhcir cxrcnsic n ladders
which rnade t he fi remcn scem likc circus acrobats and cnablcd rhcrn
ro fight fi rcs in rhe rall ncw buildings, in rbc facrories. and in the
sbops. w here new Brazilian produces abounded alon gsidc th e more
fam iliar imponed an ides. On rhc swcct shops. rhc dresses wom by
prett), womcn, an d the elegan r-c-bur. 10 rhc simple provincial. sean-
dalous-male artirc, com plete wir h monoclc an d spa ts. Seen from a
disrance. rh c we arers of rhesc lasr ircms appcared ro be Englishmen,
but any Englishman would havc bccn horri ficd by rhe exccssive
rings an d [cwclry, rhc brilliantined hair. an d the pe rfumcd handker-
c hicfs and fi nge r rips.t A closcr cxam ina rion of sorne of these "Eng-
Iishmen." however. mighr ha vc revealcd t he t hick-skinncd provin-
c ial w ho. o n arr ival in Rio de J anciro, adopted su pc relcgant anirc
and acquircd a few perites m aitresses or s rsudes cocottes ro ad ver-
us e his prospcrity . Sorne of thcsc ne w arrivals sougbr st ill funher
distincrio n by insisring on spc lling t hcir namcs in a fo reign man-
ner- "CaYalcanti " w ith the ti or W an dcrlcy as Van dcr Ley-c-and
ar leasr une dcsig narcd himself "Prince ," a riele which, by hook or
crook, he had ma naged lO o btai n f rom l he V at ican.
These Vatican rides, ncidentall}', w ere granted quire frcq uemly
d uring the period :lnd a n umber of iIIustrio lls Rrazilians we re na med
('...ountS of lhe 11 01)' See. Bra lian recept ivity ro s\lch t itles (ro some
? J.O . P. Bl~n,l , M en, .1f.lnll..rJ. 'IIJ M or,h n 5aw b A /Jl~ricQ Il.ond"n. ' 9! 0).
f Ihe ahuse nf perfum es hy rhe Rra1.ilian male "f rhe I'crinJ, Rh no;l \Vr",e, "1'he
Rra7.i1i ans pc neh am fo r scc nts 111lnunts ro a 1':I"i"n: upon fheir ""min: abo~ rJ, aH
rhe perfumes uf .." rabia eon ten de.! fu r ma~fery in rhe ,ocial hall anJ c'cn in rhe
smnking.roolTl rhc frago ran,'c uf Ih vana and bird's-cye .... a~ sl1l<>l hcreJ by palchuuli,
verbena, aod f1cur damuur. . . . T hc race's \.Cn\.C uf srncll ,cems ro havc gone on a
perx- rual 'jag:' rhar n",hing Uut rhe su o nge'f CXl"il el1lCnr ,'1n , ari , fyO! (pp. , <'>-7).
266 G rder and Progre!!
tive dressers were aJv iseJ ro get rid of thcir provincial styles in
sllits, dresses. hats. shocs, false te eth, jewclry, and hairdos and rc-
place t hcm wit h the newest thi ngs ro hc founJ in t he stores and
1110J iste shops of Rio. Rare was t hc bac klandcr who did not rcturn
frum his advemure in the capita l ",it hout his tailor-made suit, his
hat (rom \ Vatson's. his silk tic bought 0 0 ('...cnt ral Avcnlle. his
Tbe Groiub of lndustry
glovcs. and his spars, rhc last two items carcfully prcservcd in bU4
reau drawcrs as souvcnirs of rhe visir, sinee ro wear them at home
would only incur the ridicule of street urehins.
In Le Br sil au X X" Siecle. Picrrc D cnis t rcars some of the aspeers
of rhc Hrazilian sce nc of t he early eemu ry from t he standpoin r of
the economic gcographcr. T he policy of tariff prorecrionis m. he
found , had l1lany fl aws and was abuose always coorrary ro rhc na-
riona l in terest . T hcrc was a high duev on woolcn gcods. for exam-
ple, wirhour rhe counrry's having its own woolen milis or having
adoprcd a sysrematic program of wool growing. Therc W3S rhe
manufacture of umbrellas. where rhc handle. framc, and triangul ar
marerials had ro he imporred. lcaving rhe "manufacrurcr'' only the
task of assembling thc componem parts. Thc same unnccessary im-
portarion cccurrcd wirh wallpapcr. Or marches. Brazil. thc coumr)'
of vast virgin forcsts. was imporring laminared matchwood from
N or way."
In shon. ir was an industrial econom)' almosr camivalcsque in
narure and a dream of prog res.~ more fi cririous than real. The Expo-
sirion of 1908 secmcd almos t prctcnriously self-dcccpt ivc, and rbosc
from Amazonas ano Paran who carne ro visir ir on rhe proudly
narionalisric ships of Llo vd Hrasilciro must havc feh the cruel inj us-
rice of a protccrion which r ncant norhing for nonmanufa eruring
rcgions like rheir own exccpt a rise in rheir already precariously
high cose of living. As the Bar n d'Anrhouard norcd, the state of
Amazonas, not having irs own ma nufactu rera, w as payiog " a veri -
rablc tribute" ro rhc manufac ruring starcs. "so rhar thcy may kecp
rhcir markcr." " Ir is curious rhar a Frcnchman hao ro poinr out rhis
inrcrregional mala dj ustmenr so rcminiscent of condirions beewecn
colonics and mothe r co untr)' .
No wo nde r, t hen. t har ar rhe rim e uf rhe exposieion rhe stare of
Amazonas pcririoned rhc narional Congrcss. complaining of the
abuses of merropoliran indusrrialism. This perinon ga\'e amplc
cvidcnce of [he economic impcrialism pracriced by Rio de J anciro
and perhaps also So Paulol ar rhe expense of their hclpless sisrer
s P ~r re Dcnis, Le B ~hil m XX- Sihl(' ( Pari~, 1\1( 9 ) . p. ~II.
~ Anth"uard : o p. ('ir., p. ' 411.
1 A nd to a le~-.;er degree hy .\ I i n a~ G euis, Ri" Gunde d" Sul, and Pernamhucu
o..cam.e o rhe prcval ng impo rt durie s: 561 pe r cent un ric e, ,ll] pe r c~nt on
whr~ l'''I1IUt:S, n l per cenl on on (J n~, . 6 , per ce ne 00 be11ls, f1 1 per cent on
hU1!er, and 5 0 pt'r ce nt u n tillncd mcaes and C01f~ d olh. See !be AII..i, J .. Ca",..r..
J ru V ep!ltJJ ru ( A nn..h al rhe Ch,wlb., 01 /J epmicll ( R u de j anc iro . 19"11). Fu r
,68 arder and Progress
starcs. an impcralism ,.... hich rcmindcd rhcsc su tes o rhe old prac.
tices o t he Imperial court. Rising Ih'ing costs brought aboue by thc
ind ustrial mvsriquc had rhc paradoxical effect in nonm anufacturing
areas of acting as a recessive force against progress tbar consrirured
a grave cconomic, social. and polirical dangcr for rhe couotr)' as a
w holc. This was a situarion in short w hich causcd rhc bcst Euro-
pean imrnigran ts to avoid Brazil in favor o A rgentina ami U ru-
gua)'. rcpublics which hao undertaken a hcalthy program o agrar-
ian dc . . cloprncnt, wirh a balanced producrion of agricultural. mear,
and da iry producrs and a group o rclared industries to proccss
rhcse commodit ies. As a rcsulr,life in rhese cou nt rics was chcap and
casy in comrasr t Hrazil, whcre similariy fa vorable agro-pastoral
opportuniries had ncver heen properlv dcvcloped.
Eccn rhough Braail, du ring the pcriod covcred here. did nor have
rhe concen rrarcd industrial arcas fou nd in t he U nircd States. and
even rhough its disbursed rnanufactu ring was carricd 00 largcly in
wha r Pierre Denis called "minuscule factories in cvcn the small vil-
lages," rhc rcsulr was snll disrupti ve ro imerregional uniry . In later
rimes. bcyond rhc scopc of this book, rhis disruprion was int ensified
wirh rhc dc vclopmcnr of rhc lllegalopoliran industrial ccmplex of
Sao Paulo and thc rhen Federal Disrrict.
One arca that benefircd from [he co ntinua! devcloprncnr of Rio
de j anciro inro a modern ciry was rhat of .\ 1inas G erais. Nor on ly
did its mines furnis h raw marerials for manufacrur ing . its agricul-
tute. which had ncver bccn neglected. also supplied rhc ciry wirh
food . Pierre D enis had suggestcd thar R io de Janeiro, siruaccd as ir
was on the seacoase and bordcrcd by tropical foresrs, co uld easily
"snrround irself wirh a beh of orchards and rruck ga rdcns. like
most of rhc orher grear ciries of thc world." 2 Bur wir h the growth
of ies popularion and wit h its increasing ntten tion ro manufacr uring.
Rio had ro consrirure Minas Geras.. as irs "green bclt." T he ciry
lived on prod ucrs from bcyond rhe Serta do .\lar; each dar long
rrains nrrived from .\ 1inas Gcrais loaded wirh milk. mear. ami fresh
vegcrables. Feeding [he natic n's capital bccame a lucrativo business
fo r rhe .\ 1ineiros, and their hutler, cheese, mineral watees. amI pork
products bccame famous throughollt rhe land.
In ' 909. Denis had foreseen the de\'e1opmenr of a rruly narional
the la~t )'un o Ihi. p~ rioJ ""~ Pedro Cautcam i: A Prrn d/ncia V rn cr,lau RrJ,
(t 914- 191fl ) (R io de Janeiro. ,,,, 11) amI haltino 0)';1a: A In.i,strjJ Text jl Rr.ni/;ira
e os .H errad01 Sllf .An1l: r;ranos (Si n Pauto. 1920 ) .
'Den.,;:
' op.Clt. . p.l u l .
T he Growth of lndmtry
T his last statemenr docs nor mean tbar [he spirit of industri al
prog rc ~,s had out reached the Gennan colonists of rhe sourh. Ir hado
"From Sao Lcopoldo ro Ilamburger Berg (he smcll of hides fol-
lowed us," w rote Dcnis.' T hcse hidcs wcre not of local origin, bu r
rather from thc slaughrcrhouses of Bag and Pelotas to the sout h.
Originally rhis prod uc e had bccn exponed, but t hc Gennans bad
devc lopcd it imo t he besis for a loc al ind ust ry. thanks to rhcir narive
skills, nnd were now shipping rhcir learher anides to all parrs of
li razil. A good cxam ple of rhc cffcct of protecrionism, onc could
say, bur ir also had its disadvant ages. Drawn into thc mysrique of
industrial prngress, t he G ennans of R o G rande began ro desert ag-
ric ulturc." As early as I HQQ, Presidcnr Campos Sales, wirh rhese de-
velopmcnrs in rnind, had wamcd Brazilians of rhc dangers of the
"com plercly art ificial industries" which had begun tu appear in rhc
ncw Republic.
0 0 the ot her hand , the drifr toward industry on t he pan of (he
G crmans hcld in adventagc which might havc ourweighed rhe pre
vious obi ectio n : ir inregrared rhem more rapidly inro Bra7.ilian cul-
ture. Ir hrought rhem inro grearer contact w irh rhc Porruguese
language and caused rhcm t e think along nat ional rar her rhan paro-
chial bnes. "T he Germ n fort ress in Rio Grande do Sul wil l soon
su rrcndcr ro economic prcgress," wrote Dcois. " Al ready rhcrc are
grcat breachcs in the walls." 9 And these rema rks eould equally
have applied, for rhe samc reasons. ro rhe G ermen strcngbolds in
Santa Cara rina.
"S'orhing could be more corrccr t han D cnis's generalizations to
rhc cffccr that thc prorccrionist polic y, inrcn ded ro proreCf che na-
t ino, w as in rcaliry prorecring a class or a rcgicn . Bur one musr srill
admir rhc advantagcs of rhis policy for Brazil as a whole, bccausc
rbe protccrion of so-callcd "national industr ies" after (he ccming of
rhc R epublic encouragcd thc develo pment of new enrerp rises.
T hese ncw enrer priscs madc use of hithert o neglcc ted raw marerials
aod at rhc sa me time crearcd jobs for rhosc young mcn who, w is h ~
ing ro be considereJ socio!ogically white, shuooed agriculrura!
T lbid., p. 3'7.
" Fo r he progrcss of G crn u n R ru ili~ ns in Riu G ra nde do Sul, S.n. Cata rin. ,
and other p. rn of Rr. lil. .;ce he collabo r.tin work direcred by Alfredu Fllnke:
O 8 rl/$;1 e .. A le",..nhll ( 9 22 - 19 U ) Okrlin, 1<" 1), cspecially he charr eN "A
Ci,iln",io Brasilcira e o ElemenT o Alemi o no Brasil" (Alfredo Fllnke) m d "A
Coopcra",iu do Trab~lh n ;" k mi " na Indst r;a Bra~i k ra M ( ~ la rk S e,"cn du M onr ) .
" O cms:
"p. Cl.t., p. JlQ.
T be Grounb of l ndustry Z7J
t asks as appro pria tc o nly for X eg rocs or slaves. Such indust rial de-
velopments also served ro prom ore ber tcr com munica tion wirh re-
gions whicb hao forrncrly lcd nn isolared agrarian exisrcncc ami, in
devcloping rhis communicarion. also promoeed (he gro wrh of rrans-
portation facilities.
Whar was unfo rnmarcly rorally lacking, ho wevc r, was a m aste r
plan for nat ional developmenr in which agriculrure would not be
subordinate d ro manufacturing. or rhc eount ry ro thc cit v, or rhc
nativc workcr ro the fo rcig ner. as was rhe c ase in the Patro nato
A g r col a of Sao Paulo. w hic h c ffercd no co rrcspondin g support to
rhc ex-slavc o r [he mig rarory workcr from Cear or thc norrh cast .
The freed man. ccing rhc rural arca s, wandcred throuph {he cit ies
in a stare of morhid anx iery. rhc an xicry of an ex-slavc w hc also
w ished ro bccor ne an ex-Neg ro. An d an ex-Negro w irh opportuni -
rics equal ro thos c of [he lt alian. rhc Europea. or the whire man in
general under t he pate rnal bencvolence of t he R epublic as rcpre-
senred in rhe Pat r onato. rhe lmm ig rario n Servicc. or t hc Mi nisrry of
Agriculture. Sorne of thcsc fo nncr slavcs bc camc nosralgic fo r rhc
rno narchy and Pn nccss Isabel ; ir is quite pcssiblc rhat such m alad-
[usted ex-slavcs were am ong t hose who joined t he rcbcllious w hites
an d caboclos un dcr A ntnio Conselhciro in rheir uprising against
rhc republican A rm y-c-an aspe ct of thar st ruggle bc t we cn soldicrs
and bac kla nders which scems ro tuve csca pcd t hc noricc of rhc
enginccr-socioJogist Euclydcs da Cun ha.
Ir has already been suggesrcd rhat. along w irh t he mvsnquc of
industrial progrcss, rhc posirion of u rban cnginccr bo gan ro acq uirc
c ons idera ble status. A s early as d l75, Lus Rafael V ieira Souto had
wr irrcn in his O ,Helhora11lem o da Cidade do Rio de [aneiro (The
Improventent of tbe City of Rio de imero rhat "rhis grcat city is
a cenrer of inrelligence." whose "agglomcrate popularion," wirh irs
"divisi n o labo r," would facilitare the "growth of production'' and
t hc dcvelo pmcnt "of all SOftS of industries." lt was thesc en gincers
who bcgan ro evolve a soeiology rhar could nO[ faH ro hcl p Brazil.
\Vithout hccoming politicians, they became publie figures. The
J1lost enlightc neJ among rhcIll w ishcd ro do through eonstruction
what J os de Alenc ar and hi<; follo we rs had done in Iirer aru re; t o
dc \'elop a style th;lt "'o uld represen t nor merely the ind ividual but
rarher " t he people; rha[ is to say, rhe nation as a ",holc." Fo r Vieira
Souto this style w as preeisely ",har w as lacking in the urban areh-
iteeture o [he Empire. that " icrim of rhe " perniciolls prac ticc of
' 74
modcling our consr rucr ion along forcign fi nes, wirhour paying rhe
slightesr at rent ion tu rhc cou nrry's clirnate. resources, or rradi-
t inos." This was rhe result, as he saw ir, o lcaving rhe design ing of
buildings in rhe han ds of "eny construcnon boss nr simple worker"
w ho liked ro feel himself "a qualified enginecr or architect." Per-
haps rhis last statemcnt was a bit unjust . more t han une consrrucrion
boss ar rhe time showed himself superior tu mosr cnginecrs in such
marrers as regional appropriatcncss and rraditional style of design.'
Given t his call ro archirccrural narionalism, ir might have been
expecrcd t hat, wirh rhe coming o indust rialismo such cirics as R io
-
de J anciro, Sao Paulo, and Rccife would becin ro show an archircc-
tute similar ro rhar of Barcelona of rhe same pcricd ; thar is ro sayo a
combinarion of Spanish rradirion ami industrial neccssity. This,
however. nevcr occur red. The besr ur ban rcsidcnces of rhc tim e
werc thosc which continued rhe basic co lonial Portuguese dcsign
and mercly add cd a modcrn rouch hcre and rhcre. And as for the
railway srations, slaughrerhouses. commcrcial and public buildngs,
milis. Facrorics, machine sho ps, industrial schools, ccmeteries, and
bridgcs. norhing bu ilt ar rhis time rcvcaled the slightcsr inclinat icn
on rhe pan of t he archirecr tu rise to rhc lcvcl of Jos de Alencar or
Goncalves Dias or an)' orhcr narionalisr wrirer in his :lttcmpr ro
develop an architcctural sty lc rhat would cxpress rhc new Hrazil.
[ven the great Amazonas Tbeetre-c-wirh its fusion of Europcan
stylcs wir h American- Indian motifs glorifving Carlos Gomes and
Jos de Alcncar-c-was hardly more rhan superfi cially Brazilian, a
combinarion of Iralian spirir wirh Brazilian decorarion,
Ir is rrue rhat rhere were t hose w ho sincc 1872 had wishcd ro use
the lands adjacent tu rhe ditch rhat ran bchind thc eountry house of
rhe Viscou nt de :\ Iau for t he consrruction of " a vast edifico de-
signed ro serve as a permanent exhibir of m ac hines and apparatus
used in manufacturing. and espcciallv in agriculrure. rhc larrer
being rhe principal source of our nacional wealrh," Ir would not
have to he a monumental strucrure: mercly a "largo bu ilding, well
lighred fr om all sides." illuminating the "machin cry in move-
menr." 2 \ V e are not toldo how evcr, what son of arChitcctural sty le
Pereira Passos and his collaborators wished w adopt fnr such a ca-
1 Lus Rafael V ieira Somo : O M ..Jh or.7mento (..,,, fn . J. p. ,, >l, pp. 6. 7' .
2 Fnnd'l.'o P~reira P;L\1OS. et J I.: I ~ R e/lltrio dJ Com jJJjr Je M t lhornlle1ltol d ll
CiJ JJe Jo R jo J f j Jlle,rO (R io de J an eiro. ,11; 61. p. u .
T be Grouitb of Industry 27 5
ural and animal producrs; hides, w oods, stones, drugs, resins, plams,
m inera l.~. w ater rcsources: all c ame ro assume an em irely nev.' value,
a Ib id ., p. l/.
. Lewis .\ fumford: Sricks a1/(i Sroner- A StuJy nt A merican A rchitecw re and
C'dliZdtion ( ~e w York , r9, ..l , p. 179.
~ Ib id. p. rllS .
arder and Progress
and thcir expl oit ation gave Brazilians a ncw scnsc of t he spccif ic
materia l possibilities inherent in natural and ani mal resources, a
sensc o f value q uite differcnr from thar w hic h obraincd d uring rhe
days of a purely pastoral or agrarian econorn y . N everthelcss. in t his
new pcrspccrive therc was a lack of rhc ind ustrial scnsc of rhings, of
any inst inct fo r the quickcned tempo of Jife or cfficicnt use of t ime
and space rhar would havc rnadc it possiblc for Hrazil ro lx-come
anot hcr Unite d Srares. Probably rhis was t hc rcsul t of having devcl-
opcd f rorn an arisroc raric-democraric monarchy wirh a different
social struc rurc ro t hat of rhe U nired Srarcs. Differenr, but st ill
compatible.
" Under D om Pedro Hraxil was free from despot isrn ami ar rhc
samc time fro m d isorder." observcd Ballou in d192 . In com paring
rhe Hrazilian sirua rion wit h thc Unired Srares. on rhc one hand . and
wir h rhc Spanish- Ar ncrican republics on rhc ot her, he charac rcrized
thc larrer as bein g subject to "an alremation of rcvolurion and
milirarv despo risrn." In com parison w ith Chile. Braxil, by virruc of
irs Lusiranian and monarchical background. seerned much superior
" in inrelligcncc and civilizatio n." Hallou singlcd out scvcral ;lspeCtS
of Rrazilian progress. praising rhe count ry's railways. irs strectcar
sysrcms. rhe grear shipyards of R io de j anciro , t hc public and com-
mercial bu ildings. At rhe same time. he remarked on rhe "picnic mode
of lifc w hich has conformcd ro climatic in Auence. . . . E verything
is very qu ieto rherc is no hurry . lt all secms t a stranger ro be t he very
poerr), of life. . . ." Srill, in Par . where he madc his fi rsr contact
wi rh rhe Hrazilian people, he norcd "an exccllcnr pon of great ca-
paciry " w here large ships we rc loading and unloadinp rhc producrs
of rhe rropics. particularly rubber." Thus a land of easygo ing
telllpo could sdll rnakc irsclf respecrcd cconomically. socially. and
polirically.
For rhosc Brazilians w ho wc rc un easy at thc thought of being t he
only monarchy in the 1\'e\V W c rld. therc were gra"e doubts as ro
whcrher t heir eo unt ry rcally was superior t irs neighbo rs. T o rhcm
rhc Empire secmed arc haic and ro utine, rhe wry ncgaeion of prog-
rcss, part icularlv in (he field of indllStry. As \Ve havc seen, there
w ere Brazilians w ho , in childhood. had read J ules V crne and had
become ineurably enamored of machines and inventions, and of
French, British. and Yan1.ee gadgcrry w hic h aeeelerated t he
rh)'thm of progrcss-gadgerry w hieh w ould givc t hem far more
6 Ballou: op. cit., p p. JO), <;/J. lO. l07.
Tb e Grourb of lndustry
he maste r of the vasr tcrrirories wit hin its boundarics. Ile was a
symbo l also of Brazilian capacty for rechnical. mec hanical, and in-
dustrial progress in spirc of pbysical appearance. As we havc scen,
sorne famous Brazilians of rhc time (rhe liaron do Rio Branco. Sal-
dan ha da G ama. j oaquim Nabuco. or Santos D umont's aeronanrical
rival Augusto Severo ) were strong and bandsomc in physical as-
peet. But thc majoriry of Brazilians werc noto and tu rhcsc small.
thin. and palhd individuals, rhc fi g ure of Santos D umom corre-
sponded more ro t hc Braxilia n of rhc " Amarelinho" myt h. rhe lirt lc
ma n ca pable of perfo rm ing great dccds of valor against blond, pink -
chcckcd gianrs, t hc Brazilian D avid againsr rhe N ordic G oliarh.
The " Amarclinho" sto ry acrcd as rhc Brazilians' compensarion
for rhc climate, tropical condirions. impropcr food, malar ia. and
ofrcn inadcq uare clothing w hich gave so many of rhcm rhc :l ppear-
ance of convalcscents or chronic invalids. but srill did nor hind er
them from perfonning great decds of physical endurance in rhe
Amazon or at Canudos. Santos D umonr rcprescnted t he idealiza-
tion. par excellence . of the Iinlc roan of yellowcd counrenance. rhe
Cearcnse. t he tr pe which dur ing t hc early Republic many felr (O
have bcen responsiblc for retaining Brazil's dominion ovcr the A m-
azon in rhc face of t he Unite d Srates. This was rhc rype which
spread rnost rapidly rhrough out Brazil. not, like so many ot hcr
nort heasrerncrs. as a lawy er or juJ ge or politician, nor cvcn as a
scldier, but rat hcr as a man wit h a t alent fo r crcarin g and develop-
ing wealrh throu gh cornrnerce and indust ry . So m uc h so rhar D u-
mom be came a fi gure inseparable from Brazilian cconomic prog-
ress. particularly in rhe ficld of t rade. H e srood in cont rasr ro mosr
Brazilians of the non h or from Bahia or Rio de j aneiro. pco plc
whose t alenes and inclinarions lay more in arts and lerrc rs. w ho
were desirous of triumph ing through genius or simple inspiration,
rat her rhan through parie nt and incessanr cffort. Thcre were excep
t inns, of course. such as the engineer and indust rialisr Xlcneses in
Pernambuco; or De1miro Gouveia, another Pernamhucan. a se1f-
made man w ho in harnessing t he ene rgy of t he falls of Paulo
Afonso exhibired a daring unmat ched by t hat of any Paulista or
Cearcnse. Or Lus T arquinh o, the complete negat ion of the slow.
soft Bahian. Or O svaldo Cruz , Pcreira Passos. rhe Baron do R io
Braneo, Roqu eHe.Pinto-alJ negat ions of t he legend t hat the at
mos phere of R io de Janeiro w as as host ile to c reative t echnical or
indust rial effor r as t hat of t he north. This legcnd \vas belicved by
T be Grosub of Industry
the econc misr Roger \V. Babson. wh o too k quite seriously rhc
words of a ccrtain Brazilian [ ercmias. whn told him. "Tbere is
somcthing about rhc climare hcre in rhe rropics which takcs out rhc
ginger in all of uso Di" r ou evcr hear of a great inventor, arrise.
wrirer. or any orher man of real note who did his work in rhc trap-
ics> " ~ A srarcmcnr typica l of the atr irud c of mallY Brazilians of thc
periodo and responsiblc for mm)' a rich man's son being senr ro
eooler, more stimulating counmcs to complete his cducaticn.
Nor werc rieh childrcn scnt only from Sao Paulo for their highcr
srudies. they also wenr frmn Rio de Janeiro or Pernambuco or Bahia,
and rhcy ofren went ro England, as wel1 as to Paris and Swiraerland.
Sr. j oscph's, a boarding schcol near London ru n by a ccrtain
Hrorhcr f Iyacinth, arrracred a considerable number of Brazilian
bo vs. O ne was a Per nambncan named Emlio Cerdoso Avres (rhe
famous caricarurisr}, born in Rccife at the end of the ninerccnrh
centur)' and broughr " P by his morhcr wirh an indulgence which
allowed him ro satisfy e\"Cry whim. l lis farhcr, who at times pro-
tesred againsr rhis pc mi issivcncss, was an elcgant bo urgcois, nwner
of a pink chlcr complete wit h Freneh gardcn and Brirish rennis
court, and proprietor of une of the richcsr sugar warehouses in Re-
cifc. Emilio could not conrriburc pcrsonally to the quesrionnaire
on which rhis srudy is based. Ior he coru mitrcd suicide in France in
191 6; but from lerrers prcscrved by his family we can gain a good
impression o his English schooling. In a lcrrcr di rcc red ro ".\1ama"
and dared Ocrch cr 11. 19 0 4 . Emlio wri rcs: " \Ve have becn at
schoc l for several days now. I arn very wel l plcascd and nothing is
lacking. ,\ 1)' room is ver)' good ami contains evcryrhing 1 need.
Papa was hcre eoday tu sce if we werc well esrablished. H e gave me
rhree postal cards from yo u, whic h gavc me great pleasure. Tite
food is good and very plcnriful. \Ve havc breakfast at cighr, wirh
bread. buttcr, and milk. Lunch is ar midday, wit h soup, two main
courscs. and dessen . Later \\'e have tea and supper. wh ich are also
ver)' good. . . . T he class is good and we hope to show sorne
progress shonly. . . . 1 began to stlld)' piano today and tomorrow
my painting instructor will come. At prcscm I am stu dying only
English. ami when I understand it well 1 w ill he transferrcd ro a
class where 1 can take aH ,he other subjects. T he director is very
gooJ ami the other padres are agreeable ; I hope the), stay that
way, Every da)' we go [ O mass in the chapcl. whieh is very
KRog er \\'. Bab~"n : T be f"urure of 50m b A me,iea (8 <>sron, '9 ' S1, p. 19J.
z80 arder and Progress
prctty." lI e nsks his rnorhcr ro gi"c a hug ro his aUlHS ano cousins
ami also ro Xladcmoiscllc. rhc French family go\'c rnc~s. ( Mademoi-
selle, as wc havc sccn, was almost a mcm bcr of t ite family among
thcse rich Celliciecd hourgcois w ho would no more rhink of en-
rrusring their pink-faccd child rcn ro tite care ofaXcgro hl/JJ titan
of allowing thcm to spoil rheir pale corn plexions by cxposure ro tite
vicious rays of rhc t ropical sun.)
In anorhcr lcttcr, dared May 7. 1905. Emilio told his mothcr
titar. alrho ugh ho mcsick for Pernambuco and dosing himsclf wir h
medicines ( he was always a sickly boy), he was still enioying foor -
ball, cricker, ami tenms. At t hc t ime, suc h gamcs werc played 001)'
by thc clcganr bourgcoisic of R io de Janciro, Sao Paulo , or Pem am-
bu co, madc popu lar rhrouph rhc infl ucncc of rcsident Englisb [ami-
lics. as well as rhrough t hat of Hrazilian children who, likc Emilio.
wcre rcccivinp rheir ed ucarion in the Brirish Islcs.
Along wir h bis intcresr in spom. which he cujoyed more as spec.
m or rha n part icipant. Eml io also liked ro paint water colors. play
the piano, and ccllcct posrcards. Thc ccllcct ion of postcards be-
camc a c razc of rhe periodo Thcrc wcrc cards showing aspcets of
t he new R io de Janeiro or thc ncw Manaus or the new Belm or rhe
ncw Sao Paulo. And t her c wcrc cards witb colored pictu rcs of
lovers, of preny women, of golden-haircd childrcn. of Eu ropean
pcasant girls. In the Tbievcs' ,\ Iarket in Lisbon [oda)' suc h posr-
cards frcm early rwcntierh -cenrury Hrazil, senr by rccenr arrivals in
Rio de j aneiro or Belm or \I anaus ro rela n ces hack in Portugal,
can still be fo und . Thcsc eolored pictu rcs showcd a Braxil whosc
progres.s con rrasred sbarpl y with t he routine life of the Pormpucsc
villagcs of the time ; thcir messages wc re emhusiasric in praisc of
Braxilien urban and indust rial dcvclop mcnts. messages which ccr-
rainly arouscd rhc env)' of rhc placid, agrarian fricnds and relatives
ro w hom thcy werc addressed . And it is qu ite likely rhar similar
cards went from S10 Paulo or Rio G rande do Sul to equally cnvi-
ou s relarivcs back in ltalv.
Such postcards consrit uted on e of the li"clicst expressions of Bra-
zilian sociahil ity ar t he heginning of (he twenticrh century. People
prcse rvcd t hcm with great atfection. nut only for rhe pictures, bm
also for the messages. One received from Swit7.erland in 1907 by
D ona .\taria (Iai) Cavalcami de Albuqucrquc. of Pernambuco,
showed :1 colored figure o f Sr. J oseph holding a book and containcd
rhe message. w rirt en by a t r:l\"cling Bahian lady fricnd : ".\ Iay this
T be Grouub of lndttstry
messenger plunge intc seas of happincss the one who today plucks
o ne more lily from thc garden of her precious cxisrencc.' Typical
langu age of the per iod, found not only in postcards bur also in di-
aries and public uttcrances.
There wcrc also colo red cards advertising commcrcial producrs,
sucb as rhar for Rochc's Syrup, portraying rhc bappy life of an
lndia n family, rhc man Iy ing in his hammock ami rhc wifc scercd 00
rhc ground wirh a pet pigeo n. O r rhar for ,\ Ianon's Purgati vo,
which symbolizcd irs virrucs in the fo rm of an auromobilc, whilc
"ot hcr purgari vcs' were portrayed as lumbcring oxcarrs. Or of
Nocl Sy rup. which showcd a Santa Claus disrributing bis producr
ro a group of happy childrcn.
Incidenrally, ir wa s at about this time thar rhc figure of Santa
Claus bogan ro displace rhat of thc Chrisr Child in the mo re pro-
grcssivc bourgcois ci reles o Brazil. T o suc h parcms, thc ChilJ, t hc
mangcr , t hc linle houschold chapels, and Chrisemas Evc pastores all
seem cd r idiculously archaic.
In ' 9 ' 1 relarives of lai Cavalcanri de A lbuquerq uc w rotc her in
Sao Paulo, w here shc was living, ro rcll hcr of rhc progres..~ bei ng
made in her narivc R ccife, and scnding picrurcs of the Central Sra-
ricn, rhc new po rt fac ilit ies, lndcpendencc Squarc, and Rcpublic
Square ( fo rmer ly t he Sq uarc of t he Princcsses) . Ncr all rhcsc rcla-
tivcs wcrc enthusiasric ovcr th is son o prog ress; nor, as members of
an old noble famil y. wcrc they symparhct ic ro ward the "o thcr peo-
pie " who w cre becom ing more and mo re a pan o rhar sociery. lo
19 12 D ona Iai rec cived a card from a Recife rclative stating thar
"ou r coumry is full of illitcracy, politice! shenanigans, ::"'cgrocs and
m ulan os and is definitely goiog ro t he dogs." Progrcss in Recifc is
"comical, l can assu re rou. In rhe sq uare bcfore rhe City H all rhey
have m ade more ower beds an d havc raken away more of rhc
fcnces. And Jo rou know what rhe ma yor plans ro do w it h rhesc
fl ower heds? In rhc middle of one of them in front of the Treasury
an d t he P ublic Li bra r)', at the en d of the Buarq ue de '\1acedo
Brid ge, as a lTlooument to the foreigoers w ho have just d isembarked
in this Venice of A meric a, he has huilt (this is wonderful! ) a pis-
soir.' It mu st he seco to bc bclicvcd. . . ." A mI later: " \ Vhat
sh ameful peo ple w it h t heir heads full of t ap ioca, mush, black beans,
anJ saw dust! "
At t he same time another rclative wrote asking " D inda Jai" if,
immersed in the Sao Paulo fag, she cve r m issed t he " no rt hern dcli4
a rder and I'rogress
cacies." She musr have felt suc h longings. dcspire rhc rcndcncy in
Rio de j aneirc and Sc Paulo ro ridiculc anything smacking of the
provinccs." In rhesc m odern cirics, ir was considcrcd inelcgant ro likc
regional foods, whcr her "non hcm dclicacics'' or ,\ linciro mashcd
beans, Rio Grande barbccue, or cccn t he cuscuz of So Paulo. Any-
thing from R io de J aneiro, 011 th c other hand, was hcld in high
estecru and in sophisticarcd circles ehrougbour rhc coun t ry turkey
Carioca bccamc rhc su pre me concession ro t hc narional cuisine, re-
placing feijoJdJ. caruru, t'tap, and orber dishcs repugnam to
Frene h rastes-c-dishes which. abovc all, wcre muc b too A fr ican and
plebian in origin ro continue as part of [he narional culinary rradi-
non .
O nc dish of Amcrindian origin which did not lose casre was rhc
rie h c hic kcn soup known as calIja, Pedro lI 's favorit c dish and one
highly praised by Tbeodore Roosevelr during his cxpcdition to the
Br azilian back land s in 19 13. Accc rdin g to Xl arshal Ronda n ( rhc
m ilita r)' cngineer w ho dcvorcd his life to the berrer menr of living
condirions fo r rhc Brazilian Indian and for whom t hc rcr rito ry of
R ond na in wesrem Brazil is named ) wirh w hom R ocseveh ma de
t hc jc um cy: "T his dish was a vcrirablc revelation ro our new ac-
quainrance. H e was ncvcr rircd of pra ising ir or seeing ir as pan of
thc menu of e\'e ry single mcal. H e vowed rhar he wc uld make it
known in rhc Unired Srarcs. Whencvcr w e wcre in a place wherc
wc could buy chickcns, we fixcd a cania for \ Ir. Roosevch's luneh
ami dinner. Whcn we were dccpcr into the interior, navigaring [he
warcrs of t hc River of Douht , we shor wild jacu and [acnrmgas,
w hic h wer e as good as chicken for rhis purpose." 1 le is unfortunarc
rhar canja de jacu, a Brazilian dish of [he firsr order, ncvcr bccame
known in [he ciries, not cven in Bclm. Hur thc cirics werc studi-
ously avoiding suc h rusricisrns, ro their own loss. The samc could
be said of t hc rustic use of medicinal hcrbs, w hich ncvcr rcccivcd
the bencfirs of indust rial developrnent.
Thc fi rsr Roosevelt did not rest riet his admiration for t ropical
dishes simply ro Cul1j,l. "Thc illusrricus gucst found our beans exccl-
lent and ofrcn rcqucsrcd rhat a largc po r of rhcm he prcpa rcd for his
fricnds and for mcmbcrs of rhc pan)'." In addition to food, Roosc-
vclr {whnsc cnrhusiasm [or Brazil suggests that of Law rcnce o
Arabia later for rhc O r ient } praiscd t he caboclos he saw in the
bac klands st ruggling for existencc against the mosr r igoro us natural
hazards. "A countr)" which can produce such so ns as thcsc," he
stated, "is bound to go far.' ~ Thar Theodorc Roosevelr could sal'
t his of a people wirh a rouc h of African hlood must ccrrainlv havc
disconccrtcd rhc Brazilian A ry anisrs. horrificd as t hey wcrc by lile
number of Xcgrocs and mulattos thar wcre filling the eoumry.
T hey rnusr also havc dcplorcd bis praisc of foods of cqnally non-
Europcan origin, foods which would ncver he scrvcd in the fi ne
houses of the time.
\ Vhcn Em lio Ca rdosc A yrcs rerurncd ro bis native land in 1910,
afrcr finishing prcp sc hool in England and srudying painting under
Frenc h masters in Paris, w har disrurbcd him was rhe lac k of dcprh,
as he saw ir, of the artisric life of rhc country, "an artisric life so
lim ircd rhar o ne could say ir scarcely cxists," as he wrote his mot hcr
from R io de J anciro on A lIgusr , 29 . Ir was an artistic mi lieu domi-
natcd in painring and sculpturc by sue h figures as Bcm ardelli, Ed-
uardo de Sd. Amodco. Parreiras. T hc Sc hool of Fine A rts sccmcd to
him "a miserable place in the er es of anyone who comes from
whcrc I have bccn.' AmI rhis could he said withour implying rhar
cvcryt hing abroad had bcen so perfccr as to prccludc his recciving a
good imprcssion o f his own countrr.
Tbc m odcmixat ion nnd rncrro politan progre5S of thc ciry did not
discou ragc him, as ar leasr one of his letters shows, bu t he was sad-
dcneJ by t hc pm'erry ami srcriliry of rhe artisrs in a count ry whosc
charmlay prccisely in th c facr tha t it 'tras so differcm from Eurcpe.
It was a pty rhar Emlio did nor also go re Baha. or ro Pcr , or to
rhc interio r on (lne of Rondon's expcd.it ions. 1'he)' might ha\c sup-
plicd t he " ita lit)' esscm ial to his sickly natu re. A handsom c lad, al.
wa)'s "er)' clegant in his dou ble -b rc a ~t cd c uats ma de by Rrandao,
he su1fcred, like Ru)' Barbosa, from \"Cr)' bad ey esight, as weH as
from ot her less e" idem ailments. B is disene hantmcnt w ith Brazil
probably explains w hy he subsequently becall1e a caricaturist- per-
haps tbe besr of all Brazilian ca ricaturists and ccrrain ly the besr,
most acut e, and most eomplex oC his t ime. D ur ing his later life in
~ Ihid. pp. 4J7. 4J8.
arder and Progress
I
~ 18 79 TII E C IIA:\lllE R UF DF.PCHF.S was discussing thc problcm o
tb e relationship bc twe cn the C hurch and highcr cdu carion in
Braxil. O ne of rhc speakcrs. a l a certain poinr during a long discus-
sino, was moved ro exclaim : " 1 am nor an cncm)' o the Carholic
Ch urch. gcnt1emcn. Bur ir is cnough for rhis Church ro havc CIl -
couragcd the devclopmcnr o rhc arts. 10 havc played rhc part ir has
play cd in hisrory. ro be rhe C hurch of t he grcat majoriry of Brazil-
ians and of OU t race. I am nor againsr :10)' of rhcse th ings. And when
Carholicism bccomcs pan of rhc soul of C"CTr One, I rcspeet ir: ir is a
religi n of conscicnce.. .. Bur whar I do opposc is rhis polirical
Cerholicism, rhis Carholicisrn which allies irsclf wirh all absolure
gcvcrnmcnts." I
Thc speaker was a dcputy from rhc province of Pernambuco:
j oaquim Nabuco. j oaquim Au rl ic Barreta Xabu co de Arajo was
born in a Recife sobrado ami brougbr up in th c Big I Iouse of an
arisroc raric sugar plantario. ,\ la r;angana, propen y of his gcd-
rnorher Dona A na Rosa; thc planrarion whcre he lcarncd ro rcpeat
his I'aternoster in [he chape! of 55:0 .\ Iateus. Whar he was opposing
was t he Brazilian rendcncy to creatc more free Carholic collcgcs.
similar ro rhose of Belgium, ccllegcs which he fcared would bccomc
bastions of orrhodoxy in oppcsition ro scicncc. And wirhour sci-
ence there could be no t ruc Brazilian progress. "Scientifically speak-
ing," he said, "rhc pcople who know Brazillcast are rhc Brazilians
rhcmselves . . . the domain of narurc, so prodigiously opco hcfore
our very cycs, has ncvcr bccn devclopcd rhrough Out own
1 Joaquim Nabuco . Discursos PJ,bmemJ , es t Rio de Janeiro, ' 949) , p. ,o.
'"
286 Order and Progress
cfforts. : ' T bis was his goal : "narional progrcss, scicntifi c tee-
uom.
.1 " ..
~
generally ro Easrer. Palm Sunday. Allelujah. wit h its Jud as. and the
fesriva ls of Sao J orge, Sao joc, Sa nto Ant nio, and Sao Pedro,
wirh rh eir fi rcworks. rhcir horsc racing (a Brirish impon) , an d rheir
"aucrio ns." In sorne plac es, ro rhc scandal of Pr ctcsranr foreign-
ers, images of rhc H olv Spirit could be boughr in gol d, silver, or
sorne orher silver-likc metal ; cach wirh its resp ective pricc. Pricsrs
werc ofrcn profcssors, or poers, or joum alists; otbcrs were poliri-
cians, m embers o rhe Chamber o D cputies or thc Sellare. Thus
even t he average padre. according ro Fletch cr, was mcsr cloquenr
"i71 ore rotundo Lusit-mimn" and in rhe pulpir.
Anglo-Saxon visirors likc Ewbank, K idder, and Fletchcr, whosc
c losc arrenrion ro Hrazilian rel igious Iife during the late Empire con-
vinced them rhar rh c Brazilians werc victims o popery, were fur-
ther asro nishcd ro scc advcniscmcnts fo r prayers ro be used againsr
illncss and pcstilcncc appcaring in thc R io de J aneiro ne wspapers
alongsidc simila r displays pushing t hc sale of drugs and remedies:
"Praycrs ro bless rhc heme against t he present cpidcmic, orna-
mcn rcd wirh rcligious cmblems. Price 80 res, Rua dos Laroeiros,
N o. 59." Or "Sainted \Vo rds, Religion's w eapon againsr rhe te rr ors
of cbolera, wbich will he calmcd by Divinc justice, as was the c ase
in rhe royal manastery of San ta Cla ra in Coimbra in 14Ro. Sold in
the R ua da Quitanda, 1\'0. 174. Price, 320 reis" 5 Fletcher also
nored rbar many Hrazilians relied as well o n a scapula r worn Arab-
Cashion aroun d rhc ncck ro "roreet them from the plague.
Fo r this samc reason rhcrc werc frcqucnt proccssions oCpcnirents
during rhc Sccond Empire, with m en drcssed in rags and fi ne ladies
going barefoor. T hough such processio ns disappcarcd in rh c capital
cirics with t hc corni ng o t hc Republic, rhey co ntinued ro exist in
(he interior during the car ly decadcs of rhc cellt ury and, indeed, in
sorne plac es are st ill ro be secn ro t his day, parncul arly in sancruaries
suc h as rhosc of Lapa, Aparecida. Santo A maro de Serinbar m, or
Sao Sevcrinc dos Ramos, an d occasionally in urban ccnt ers as -well,
for cxamplc at N osso Senhor de Bonfim in Bahia o r Nazareth in
Santa ,\ 1ara de Belm. Thc puriran in t he Reverend .\1 r. Flct c her
caused him ro be re pellcd by " rh c g rand annual festival of N aza-
reth"; ro him sueh things were not religious edifie ation but rncrely
exc uses for dancing, flr eworks. and games o chance.6 And another
'bid.. pp. LH- S. l.p -ll.
5 1bid., pp. ,slH).
6 Ibid., p. 561.
arder and Progress
Tb e Rcligiotts arder
not long bcforc rhc American mission school, the Colgio Ameri-
cano, was cstablishcd in Rio de j anciro, follo wed by similarly spon-
sorcd and namcd insrirurions in Recife, Salvador, Sao Paulo, and
.\ f inas C erais. Thcse "American" schools gaincd sorne prestige at
rhc time t hrough rhc Pan-American Conference, w hich took place
in Rio de j anciro in ' 906 undcr the presidency of j oaquim X abuco,
fi rst Ambassador of Brazil tu rhc Unired Srares. The spirit of Pan-
Amcricenisr held a particular c harisma ar t hc time. Thc figure of
Uncle Sarn, which appcarcd H ry Ircquenrly in Brazilian magazines,
symbolized a new material and moral force in [he w orld, a syr nbol-
ism which also rcfl ect cd on t bcsc schools t bat called themselves
"American" and whosc patron was j oaquim Nabuco-cdcspire rhe
fa ct th ar N abuco ar rhis penod was no longer an anri-clericisr and
had returned ro rhe most cor rcct pracrice of Cat holic ritual.
Old cr rhan rhe Spirirists and rhc Prctcsrents among thc minoriry
groups wc rc [he j cws and the ,\ losle01s, bUI rhesc did nor make
rheir presenee particularly felt in rhe rcligious IHe of the nation.
During rhe lasr decades of rhc Empire, a considerable nu mber of
Negro '\ Ioslellls werc brought ro Brazil as slaves, and t heir brown
and black descendnnts, once having atraincd their fr ecdo m, made
thcir money in connnerce or rechnical rrades and rcrumcd ro Af-
rica. In Bmzil and the Brmilans, Ffcrcher and Kidder describe how
a rravelling group of English Ouakers in Ro de j aneiro was sought
out by a group of ,\ Iina Negrees. "Thcy had eamcd money by
hardlabor ami had pu rc hascd rhcir frcedom and wcre now dcsirou s
of rernrning tu rheir native land." Bur, having savcd thei r p:Jssage
money, rhcy wishcd ro lcarn from rhe English Proresrants whether
or nor rhc African coasr was rcay free of slavers. T he O uakers
cculd hard ly bclieve rhat tb cse pcoplc reallv had money. bu t rhcy
werc shown " a cory of the charrer under whieh sixry of rheir
nutuher had ralrcady l sailcd, and wh ich showed rhat th cy had paid
four t housand dolla rs passage money." 1 The sixry had arrived
safcly on the coast of Benim the year before. Soon after [heir imer-
view with the .\ tinas, the Qua kers Candler and Burgess receivcd rhe
thanks of rhese ";egrocs on "a paper beautifully \\Tinen in Arabic
by one of thcir chicfs, who is a .\ Iohammedan."
\ Vhat is particularly interesting ahotlt the ~ eg roes who rerurned
ro Africa is that, whethe r ;\ Ioslem or animist, they continucd ro live
like Brazilians in Africa, rcm:jning apan from the native Africans
1 Flctchu anJ KiJ J cr : " p. cit., p. ' I .
Tb e Relgious arder 303
and ro a large extent rctaining the Catholic religious pr acticcs thcy
had lcarncd in Hrazil. Abour t hc only significanr change in th cir
worship was rhat th e dcvcrces of X osso Scnhor do Bonfim, once in
frica, changed rhc sex of rheir patron ro N ossa Scnhora do
Bonfim. This alrered survival of Hrazilian culrure in Afr ica prob-
ably occu rrcd for rcasons rhar call for psychological, as well as so-
ciological, analysis." The chango migh t havc be en cffecred ro efface
t he memor)' of th e parriarchal power of th e whirc man and ro re-
place it wirh rhc glorification of rhc mother, or of Woman in
ge neral, so characrerisnc of Brazilian Carholicism in rhe larc nine-
rcenrh ccntury. Christian purists have accused Brazilian Carholics
of Mariolarry. In its highest form, ir was this son of ,\ lariolatry
which probably morivated Dom V iral Maria de Olivcira himself
whcn he rook rhe sidc of the Morher Church againsr thc paternal
Imperial govcrn mcnt.
Farher Joseph Bumichon, 0 0 arrending a D,IY of K ings festival in
Hahia, was impresscd by the culr of t hc In fam Jesus so prcvalcnt
rhcre, parricul arly among rhc colored pcople. Mosr of rhe devorees
we re women dresscd in white, w ho wc re divided into verious
groups, cach wirh its separate sy mbol: t hc Sun, rhe Eanh, the
Dawn, t hc Larnb, rhc Buzzard, thc Buttcrfly." Each group was pre-
cede d by irs own band and sang irs own Christmas songs in hon or
of thc In fam J esus and the Mothcr. Thc central figures of rhe cult
wc rc, of coursc, Christian, but t he rires were largely African in na-
tu rco Evcn more African was rhe cult of Iemanj, whcre the mater-
nal cent ral figu re was a fusion of Our Lady wirh thc African god-
dess of the watcrs.
The combination of African and Christian clements in thc rcIi-
gious life of Brazilian N egrees inrcrcstcd severa] srudcnrs of Brazil-
ian life during the periodo Onc was rhe Bahian phy sician Nina Rod-
rigues, whosc essay "L'Animismc Frchisre des Negres de Baha"
appeared in French in Baha at the cnd of the centu ry. The infi ltra-
tion of the African voodoo clemcnt not only intriguc d foreigners
bur also absorbed-c-and o frcn scandalizcd-c-Brazilian Carholics,
w hc saw ir as borh a problcm in pnrbology which deficd th e docrors
and a distu rbi ng Iirurgical qucsrion for thc Church amhoritics. Fa-
~ Thi~ is cm pha~l e d in {he seca n" cd irion of rny Prob/t nJJJ 1Jt IfIil tito~ Jt Antto.
poJogi.: (Rio JI' Janeiro, ' 94J ) , "'ritte n wi{h {he coJ1 abo ration of {he frenc h
scholu Pierre Ve rger.
' B urOlc
. hun: op. cn. .. p. 71.
3 4 a rder and Progress
regular serviccs o rhc c1 ergy, and ro wa rn rhe folk againsr thc se-
duc rions o self-styled "prophcrs" like Anr nio Ccnsclhciro, Jos
Maria. Padre Ccero, or the notorious Jacobina, (he last-narned op -
erating among thc rust ic Germans o th e sout h and spreading a fa-
nat icisrn cqual ro rhar o the former Anabaptists o Central Europe.
The Cap uchins wcre pcrhaps rhe r nosr notable o thcsc mission-
ary workers for et hical and rcl igious ordcr. bur rhe Franciscana also
did rnuch ro bring
rhc Church ro rhc humblc folk o borh rhc citi es
and [he rural areas, adopring a ty pc o sermon tha t was at once
populisr and missiona ry in narure. It was this typc o acriviry thar
affordcd rhe grcarest resisrance ro the Prcresrants. rhe Spiririsrs, ami
rhc African sccts in rhcir infiltration of every leve! of Brazilian soci-
ety. Such no n-Cetholic infiltrarion, encouraged by rhc lack of
priests, was particularly easy among rhe dcsccndanrs of slavcs w ho,
having lose t he religious serviccs of the patriarchal sy srem, wcrc lefr
withoue pri csrs of rhci r own. Many of thcse fo rmer slaves feU casily
under thc spell of wirch docrors, sorne of whom we re not the most
scru pulous of individuals. Finding rhcmsclves suddcnly free, rhcse
former slavcs also felr rhe anguish of a loss of protecrion and dircc-
rion. far {rom adjusred ro a libcrty sudd enly thrust upon t hcm by
romanric abolirionists who failcd ro realize thar thc gifr of fre edom
coul d amount ro a mere gestu rc and consriturc a real dangcr ro rhe
beneficiarics when nor accompanicd by some modicum of religious
and social assisrancc. Ir was only natu ral, then, th at rhc recipients of
this false liben)' should scek support ami consolat ion in thc African
sccts and Ole the hands of wirch doctors. Ami w hat happcncd ar
rhesc hands was also ro be cxpccted: t hc supplicams were all roo
often cxploired and deceived by che unscrupulous con jurers. Once
having bccn takcn in, howevcr, m:my bcgan ro cxpcrience a nosral,
gia for the religion rhey had kno wn on rhe planrarions, wirh irs
fesrvals. processions. and resanes. as wcll as for rhe protection
againsr rhe abuses of rhcir r nasrcrs rhcy had felt ehrollgh member-
ship in rhe cule of the B1esscd Virgin.
Far th(:se reasons, the Capllchins enjoyed greae sueeess in recon-
\'crring rhesc people. Frei Pan a, an lealian Capuc hin, tol d Joan do
Rio in 1905 rhat every Friday he workcd frolll four in t he morning
unt il fou r in the afteTlloon at "exorc ising" penirents and t har in the
)'ear 1905 he had reconverted mo re than 3 0 0 of t he " posscssed." 1
Sacan w as now rhreaeening Brazil more than ever, he stared, and ir
1 Ibid. p. 177.
T be Relgous a rder 39
was nccessary tu dcfcnr him by uprooting his influcnce through in-
dividual exorcism, pcrform cd ofrcn in privare so rhat rhe Devil,
speaking throug h thc mouth of rhe possesscd. cou ld not rcl l things
wh ich would injure orhcrs. In these ccremonies the priesr, in purple
vestmcnrs. would rcad the acr of exorcism fmm rhc ritu al, lllak ing
the sign of t hc C ross on rhc hcad, belly, chest. and hcarr of the
penirenr, and, in the namc of Jesus Christ . calling a powcrful curse
upon rhe "spirir-minion of Sat n." Xlosr of rhcsc cases o f posscvsion,
said Frei Pazza, were ro he found "principally in rhc unwashcd
lowe r classes." This 10 sorne extcnt con fi rms th c progrcssive mys-
tique of Osvaldc Cruz, whc sratcd that rhe Dcvil loved squ alor.
H owc ver new this discovcry may havc bccn for rhc scicnrists, it
had long bcen part of the knowlcdge of rhc Church and rhe Capu-
clnns. well acquainrcd wirh persons who, undcr a spell. wou ld bend
doublc, or bccome clairvoyanr. or spcak in tonglles. Frei Pazza rells
of une young girl who spat on rhe Cross aod said evil rhings of
orhcr persons. \Vorse srill was rhe case of a woman of Rio, e ne
Cabocla, wh o claimed 10 conanand 25 0 spirirs and whose presence
causcd srrange rumblings. rhc falling of fu m irurc, and rhe breaking
of glass." Frci Pan a ncvcr did succccd in cxorcising rhis one: shc
claimcd to havc been born wirh rhc spirits and did nor wanr tu lose
rhcm. Per baps undcrsrandable rcsistance on th c part of a primitivo
narivc 10 a foreign mo nk--one o rhc many lralians, Bclgians, and
Germa ns who were the principal agents o victory ovcr the Positiv-
isr , Spiritism, and vague mysticism resurge nt in thc Em pire duri ng
rhe lasr years of the Vol raircan Pedro 1J.9
RTbid.,pp. 181- a.
~ In (he original edition a series uf inJiyidual responses m questinns un ren-
gious marte rs follows - lOO peNOIlS are quere d , almost all o whom clairn Ca-
rholicism to a certan dcg rec, rhou gh sorne are c ruical u f Cat holic pracdces and
ma ny admir respcct for nr even adhercnce m Positiv isr thoug hr 31 one time or
annrher du rin g rhdr lives" (Transh lO r.)
~ [ x ]~
ian vales more dosel)' inro line wit h thosc of rhc Cat hclic Church.
Tbis rcplaccmcnr, w hile nor nlways agrccablc ro Brazilians o rhe
pcriod, was necessary ro rhe rcviralizarion o f rbc Church . Xla ny of
rhe Hrazilian pricsts wcre gcod meo and d C\'OTCd pastors, bu t rhcre
simply wc rcn't cncugh dcdic arcd narive chu rchmcn ro fill th c coun-
rry's nccds. 1
Alt hough rhe presence o rhe Capuchins in Brazil preceded rhc
fou nding of rhe Republic, ir was on lj- afrcr 1889 rbar, rhanks to rhc
cffons of D om V ital ovc r a dccad c earlicr, rhc way was o poned for
rhe rcpopularion of rhc convcnts and monasrerics wirh forc ign
c hu rchmcn . Benedictincs. Carmclircs, Franciscans. Capuc bins fro m
leal)', Francc. Gcrmany, ami Belgium. T hesc ncwcomcrs. Fat hcr
Burnic hon rccalls, we rc chargcd with t he duty of "rcsroring t hc
ru les to the houses of rhe respective ordcrs." T his was not easily
done. says rbc French j csuit, for whom "this cb aprc r of rnonasric
hisrory was nor lacking in eirbcr thc rragic or the grotcsqu c'', there
wcre just too many narive p ricsrs wirh doublc livcs who "did nor
wanr to havc thcir comforrablc exisrcnce d isturbed. " 2 T hcre wcrc
livcly momems in Rio de Janeiro whcn rhc last Brazilian monks-
old nnd very few in numhers-were rcplaced by foreigners. T hc
occasion was made rhc excuse for narionalistic dcmands agirarcd
among rhe humhl e folk, pcrhaps through rhe activiries of pclirically
influcntial Xlasons who felt rhcir cause rhrcarcncd by t hc conrinuers
of rhc policies of Dom Vital. T hcy wcre in facr corrcct in the ir
assurnptions: ir is from t hc time of rhc Bishop of Olinda that we can
dat e th e decline of .\lasonic infl ucncc in t he lifc o Hrazil.
About t he rime t hat foreign monks wcrc systcmarically being
placcd in rhc hit heno alrnosr aband oncd rnonastcrics, therc was a
co rrcsponding insrallation-cor rcinseallarion-c-of various active and
militant Catholic ordcrs. Sorne, suc b as rhc French ,\ Iarists, [he
T rappisrs, thc Redempto rists. rhc j esuirs, thc Lazan srs. ano t hc Do-
1 Su",e uf rhe le~~ dcdicatcd, adminedlv , wcrc nor really ud men . hUI t hcy
were t {}() oftcn remi", in their I'rie,rly fun cti"ns, particularl), their inat tenrion to
rhc "O'l-"S uf eh aslit)". T rile, in csrablishmg an irregu lar family, these Bralilian
pric~l ~ WCTC at lea~1 nol eff eminal e, w hc re a~ Ihe fo reign pri"loIS, w ho were ~1
most neHr guilt y of st~n ing a h m ily, were jmlged by some !O hc hr mo rc
incl ined t han Ihe Bru ilians to ot her irregllb r irie~ of behadur equ~l1r compro.
mi~ing ro rhe priesdy " ffiee an<l dig nil y of lhe Chu rch . S" umerous uneomplimen-
la ry stories to Ihis effeel were in cireularia n dllring Imperial t imes, panicularly
~h<)ut the Italians, bm pe rh~ps ~ ue h ~ e count s can be tra ced ro Ihe Jaeobinism uf
SOrne Calholi{'S uf Ihe period .
~ l "scph Bllrn ieho n: I.e Hrh il J'A,,ofl rd'bl (Pari" 19 10 ), p. ' 01.
Catboiicism and Progress 3 13
r ninicans. w ere mcrcly rcrurning to Brazilian tcrriro r-y ; o rhers c arne
in fo r rhc fi rsr rime and csrab hshe d rhcr nsclves in o ld parriarchal
rcsidcnccs and suhurhan farms of rhe inte rior. Ma nv of rhcse wcrc
mon ks and nuns who bad bccn cxpcllcd from Fran~e and Portugal.
Afrer having visircd lIlan y of rhcse csrablishmenrs, parricularly
t he schools ma inta incd by t hc Frcn ch sisters of rh c ordcrs of Zion,
of the Sacrcd H carr, of U rsula. of thc Hlesscd Sacrament, of Sr.
Vinccnr de Paulo. or of St . Josep h de Chambry. alo ng wirh t hose
of t hc Belgian Ordcr of rhe Christi an D smcs. Farher Burnichon
concl uded thar " rhe r cligious life of Brazil has ma de undcnia blc
"
progress ovcr thc rasr t\Venrr ycars." 3 T hc rcgrenablc pan of rhis
progress, as he saw ir, was rhar Brazil apparenrly conrinucd ro be a
"pay s de min ian," w hereas it should have recruircd mosr of irs rcli-
gious workcrs from the r anks of irs own po pulation. Ir was rhis
scarcry of Hrazilians in t he r cligious orders which [acilitared ;\ l a-
sonic ar naticnalise campaigns in rhe nc \",spapers and magazincs
againsr fo reign churcbmen, campaigns which pro vokcd rhe g reatest
Catholic journalist of his rime, Carlos de Lact. ro writc his faUlOUS
apology enrirlcd O Frade Rstrange ro (The Fore gn .llonl').
It is cvidcnr thar Catholic schools gaincd a new vigor wirh rhe
p resencc of academically rrained fo reign priesrs and nuns in rh e
cauntr), afrer rhe founding of the Republic. Tite gcographer Ellic n
in 19 16 found many of the oldcr schools conductcd by t hc Bcncdic-
tincs, rhc j esuirs, and the sisters of rhc Sacrcd H cart tu be "splcn-
d id'' in qualiry.' Nor can ir be said thar thcsc fore ign tcachcrs in
any way tended ro lowcr rhc prestigc of the language : most of them
spoke and wrctc impcccablc Portuguese, and t he " larisls in particu-
lar contriburcd greatly ro rhe preparation of tcxtbooks in the na-
tional idiom. Thc G errnan jcsuits in R o G ra nde do Sul disrin-
guis hed thcmselvcs by scicnt ific sm dics of t hc local flora wr itt en in
cxccllcrn Ponugucsc. and t he lccrurcs an d sermons of thc G erma n
Francisea ns \Vere also frequendy norable for the correctness of
t heir g rammar and style.
N arurally, not aU we re so suee essfu l in ga ining cOlllma nd of rh e
language, so t har pulpir lapscs in pronunciar ion an d g rammar somc-
times heeame the m ater ial for rid icll le. Ir \vas probably rhis linguis-
rie problem thar Armando Silvcyra had in Illind when he spoke of
rhe laek o adjus rment bet w een the fo reign clergrmen and his con-
3 Ihid . p. 201 .
t L. E. EUimr, Brl/::il, T odl/Y .:mJ T omorrow (Se'" York, ' 9' 7l. p. 1,6.
3'4 Order and Progress
gregarion in Rio Grande do Sul, although sorne o rhc diffi culty
could casily havc bccn psychological and cul tural as well. " Bcing
generally culturcd men," says Silveyra, these foreigners who "ex.
presscd rhemsclves so badly rhar thc co ngrcgation at times cou ld
not hclp smiling musr have encounrcrcd psychological difficulries
which we re cvcn grcarcr rhan (hose cncountered wit h rhc lan-
guagc." T hosc constant smilcs 00 t hc faces o rhc congregation did
nor esrablish rhe armospherc o rcspccr which ought ro exisr be-
(WeCIl pastor and fi ock. parricularly in rhe lighr o the "differenccs
in tcmperamcnt ami cducenon' cxisdng betwcen t hem.
N evenhclcss, ir was imperative rhar rhcse forcign cburc hmen be
impon ed ro fi ll t hc gap causcd by rhe reluctance of Brazilians to
cnrer rhc Church afrer t hc rigorous rcform measurcs of Dom Viral
and hi.s succcssors on th e conduce of thc clergy. Ir was nor long.
however, beforc thc foreign-born pricsrs were also bcing supple-
mcnred by second-gcncrarion Germans, Italians, and Poles, many
of rhcm recruited by rhc ,\I arim for durics in paroc hial schools
tilrougilout l ile l"ou nt ry . In rhc norr h, with monas ric disci pline
mu ch more austerc rilan formcrly, childrcn of sor ne of rbc bcsr fam-
ilies bcgan ro be attracrcd re rhe Churc h. T he Republic and rhc
separarion of Chureh and Srare had givcn a new impulse ro Carholi-
cism and rhe fi eld of religious education began to prod uce a new
Brazilian lite, memhcrship in w hich preved artractive cvcn (O sons
of sueh one-time anri-clcricals as Ruy Barbcsa. Particularly
associared wirh rhis ncw lire wcrc che j csuits o rhe Colgio An-
chiera in Nova Friburgo. those of Sao Lus in Itu and Sao Leo-
poido in Rio Grande do Sul, and, somewhar later, rhosc of Anr nic
Vieira in Salvado r and NfJlJrega in Rccife.
"When my morbcr died," wrires H eiror Modesto d'Almeida (h.
"I inas Gerais. 18th) , " 1 was enrollcd in rhe Colgio Ancbiet a in
Nova Friburgo. Ir was t hen operaring in rhe old building known as
rhc Chreau. Discipline was severo; ncam css and order imperarive.
The reachcrs were :111 padres whc knew how to reach: 1 carne out
wir h a solid preparation in the humanirics. 1 rcmcmber w bcn rhe
news arrived of Rocntgen's discovery of rhe Xcray. T he day be-
fore, Farher Prospcri had given a lcsson on carhodic ra)'s; he secmed
ro have had a pre monition of rhe discovcry ."
Ar A nc hiera [here were no c1asses on Sundays, and on ly rhose in
Italian atHl Gcrma n on Thursda y. Gcnnan eoul d be cleeted instead
of English in rhe uppcr division. T hc school had a good library, and
Cmboicism md I'rogress 3 1)
rhe wo rks of Charcaubriand and j utes Veme were much rcad. H ci-
tor .' Iodcsto also statcs rhar Leo T axil's A ssassinatos M a ~ nicos
(Maso nic Asssssnationsv was much in dcm and , a dcm and undoubr-
edly snm ularcd by rhe suggcstio n of r hc good padres.
Another ncw aspecr of cducational life at rhe beginning of rhe
ccntury was rhc emphasis givcn ro physical education. an emphasis
which began with rhc Prorcsranr schools in Illany ciries of rhc Re-
public. Ar Anchicra rhc srudcnts playcd Ioorball, nor rhe customary
socccr. bur "a Icss violcnr fonn of rugby." Tbey also playcd bar-
ball, "qusdrsdo" and "guerra." s
"' Ve werc allowed out once a month, providcd we were accom-
panicd by parcllts or rheir aurhonzcd represcntarivc," conrinues
I ieiror ,' Iodcsro. "\ Ve lefr afrer r nass and had ro rcrurn before
nighrfall. I used to spcnd suc h hclidays ar rhe old H otel Engc rt.
. . . O ld Engen was still alivc rhcn and ser an excellcnt rabie, wi eh
turkey and frcsh burrer in abundance. I valued thc bun cr ver)'
highly, becausc ar school wc had burrer for our bread only on the
firsr Thursday of e\'ery monrh, on which days we wcnr on a picnic
and our lunch was brough t ro us in a dump can.'
As te the rcligions lifc of [he srudcnrs. "T here was a congrega.
tion of the Sons of "taria ami of rhe H can o jesus. with a blue or
red ribbon worn at mass. Confession was obligatory 001)' once a
)'ear, duriog Holy Weck." These were times, as we bave seco,
when few Brazilians werc callcd ro t he pricsrhood . "During rhe
four years I was rhcre, only on e srudcm, Militao de Castro e Sousa,
decla red [or a rcligious life. But cvcn he. afrer scrving his noviate.
fa iled te confirm his voc at ion.'
T here was a studcnr band and orchestra under ltalian rcachcrs-e-
fi rsr Macsmni and. later, Corali U ngo. Using only whar he had
lear ncd at A nchiera. Alberto Tcixeira da Costa "was ahle ro eompose
an opera prod uccd at the .'\1 unicipal" in Rio de j anciro, as well as to
~ QU<lJ 'IIJO (sqUHC) is a game in which four I'layers are statione d on f" ur
ua)l'S furming a M: uare, with a /ift h player in Ihe ee mer. As the players un the
ba-.es e\change p",ilions, the /ifth roan tries 10 reaeh one left lemporarily empry.
lf he: succee:ds he loecom es a ha\oCmm. and the playe:r caught off base u k", h i~
place in the: center.
Q ue" .. (wn ) is a game in whieh rla~'erli tlj\'iJ e t hemsc:I \"l~s inro N 'o leams,
each wilh a flag . The: oujen is to plant th e flag al a cenain poin! in Ihe ul'ponen
"fctritor),." Playe,"" are "k il1ed" if hcld rnOl ionle<.s for a spcci/ied lime. T hc rcsult.
ing mayhem can he imagined if yo u e n \"~ge a fuotball garne in which Ihere are
IWO hall, anJ hot h te l ms are simultaneousl), on the olfen,h'e and rl efensive:.
(T u nslator.)
]16 G rdcr and Progress
~ BU! J" ~pil e th e "O lympim serenily" of .\ liss L,,~l ie , ~ rrue Apollo nian, Edu ardo
grew up ro he ~ man of Dionysiac L atlnity who in his dar perceived ~'al or almOS!;
exclusively in his relativo Ruy Barbosa. Thu.~ he wrote rather irritably in ' 918
nf th e Baron do Rio Brmco : "H e was a greu man On a small seale. \\' ithin re-
srricred liruits, he pcrformed an estimable scrvjce. B UI what pcople he had around
him ! . .." Ed uard" als" co nsidcred Sant us D unt"nt insignifi can! alungside tlle
\ \ ' right Brochel'!> and found Ped ro 11 guilly of "mora l failings very scrious in a
"",'ereign," bcsides bcing "int cllectually mediocre, with an educalion bascd purdy
on memury"- a mo rtal ~i n fro1l1 the " le"'pn int uf Anglo_Saxon educatn rs of the
time. And he "ales thal Bcnamin ConSl ant's celebraled course in Infinilesimal
C.lculus n the .\ l ilita r~ Seh ool "'as 'shameul" and that his Students, man}" of rhem
nO'" teachc rs themseln s, were ridiculous d nwns ""ho arou ",d unl}" laug hter in
re rsons wirh any real knuwlcdge uf mathemat ics.
Catbolcism and Progress ] 19
Ir is rru c rhar whcn [he ahb Dom Chautard had come ro Brazil
in the t urn of the cenmr)' ro found th e T rappist monastery of
.\ h ristcla, he had bccn well rcceived by th e Republican aurhoriries.
T he Prcsidem himsclf had said: " 1 should like t o see not ene. bu r
twent)' Trappist esralilishmenrs in Hraxil." 1 Bur this does not mean
rhar words bccarne deeds capable of clcvaring rhe French Cntbclic
iniriarive in this work which, economically or rechnically, re say
nothing of thc social objcctivcs. so dcservc d encouragemcnt. V isi-
t ing rhc T rappisrs in '908, Farher j oscph Burnichon srared rhar rhe
T rememb group was "giving a magnificcn r lesson . . . wirhout
subsidy or favor s of an)' kind." This irn pression was confirmed by
rhe American agronomisr Hradford, who bad bccn conrracted by
rhe state of Sao Paulo to hclp dcvelop t hc culnvation of rice." Brad-
ford sratcd t har [he T rappisrs wcre doing well-organized pioneer
work in raising that erap. so vital ro t he Brazilian diet . T he impar.
tanr factor, howcver, was thar, in achieving t his succcss in tropical
agriculrurc, rhc Eu ropcan churchrncn werc also succccding in rhe
Christian rask of bertering the lot of narive and immigrant ru ral
workcrs of all ct hnic groups. Considering ir impossible to separate
t he fortunes of on e group from t hose of anorher, the Trappisrs
gnve cqual at rent ion ro all, t hereby avoidi ng rhe er ror of believing
t har rhc mere presence of a Iew G ermans or lt alians amid rhe mixed
Brazilian population wou ld by sorne son of sociological magic el-
cvatc th e caboclo, Thc trut h is thar withour rhe extcnsion of reli-
gious assistance ro (he immigrams and material, as well as religiou s,
aid ro [he narices, th e immigrams, instead o regene raring othcrs,
wou ld havc fallen iota dcgradaric n. And indccd. t his is what hap-
pened in sorne instanccs, accord ing to rhe restimony of such rcliablc
observe rs as Flctcher."
7 lbid., p. z]6.
H Bum ic hoo , o p. d !., p. I H l .
9 In thcir da5sic hno k 0 0 Brazil, Jo' lelc her an d K iddcr made an intehigent com-
mentary on thc d cg radation which ..ccu rred amo ng rhc Ge rmen irnmigrams eH n
d uring rhe d ays o f sla\'C ry. In Pcrrpolis. they repon . the G ermans "broug ht .....ith
rhcm fe w an s and bur littlc educatio n. lt sccms ditficulr in a tropical cllmate ro
pre\'cn t the mc eals and ind ustrv of emig rants fro m deeerio ratin g and rh is is par-
lic ularl}' to be bscr\'Cd in sine cou mri es. T he degraded colonist, ..... hile scrting
h imsclf abmc lhe .'\ f rican. eng rafls rhe " inos uf lhe b rter upon rhe Eu ropean S!ocll.
and lhus sinks lo a lo"e r g rade Ihan lhe l'\egr. The G crman in Brazil h as lhe
want nf a sound moral peo p!e surro unding h im. !O sus!ain and elevate h im : !here-
fo re ir is no mU1'C1 if he sinks lowcr and lower in rhe ~ ale of dvUizarion. .\Iueh,
how C\'e r, is bei ng done {or the G errnans of Petrpol is. T hc clergyman, as rhe
arder and Progress
Along wirh thc Trappist expcrimcnt in Trememb, rhe cffo rrs o
rhc indusrrialist Carlos A lberto de .\t eneses in rhc ncwly dcvcloped
ind ustrial arcas of Pern ambuco an d Babia should be mcntioncd. In
1904. t hrough t hc iniriarivc of rhc Christian Fcderarion of Workcrs
of Pern ambuco, a pcrition was presenre d to the Chambcr of D epu -
ne s cxpoundinp rhc ncccssiry and advanrages o orgamzcd labo r
and requcstinp a law enabling suc h organizarion. "T hc petiric n was
sig ned by rhc Fedcrarion of W o rkcrs, rep resenting sevcn affilarcd
organizarions. and by fi frccn othcr labor organizarions rcprcserniog
sorne 6.000 w orkers in rhe starcs of Pern ambuco, Al agoas, Scrgipe.
Bahia, Paraba, and Rio Grande do Norte: ' says the cco nomist
T adeu Rocha. " In the following rear, t he Babian deputy J oaq uim
ln cio T ost a. w ho had bc en connccted wirh t he Social-Labor
movemcnr sincc 1900. wir h rhc collaborat ion of the cn gin eer Carlos
A lbe rto de ,\ t enescs. rcintrodoced rhc ideas of thc perine a in rhe
federallcgislaturc in a bill which evenrually became Law No. 1635
of J anuary 5. 1907 ." 1
Profcssor T adcu Roc ha sratcs rhat rhis law "was bascd upon
Carholic social doctr ine and un rhc cxpcricnce of an indusrrialis r of
good w ill-c-Carlos Alberto de J\ lencses-and would have bcen des-
tined to be rbc insrrumenr fo r c ollahor ario n bcrween m anagement
and work crs had nor rhe individualisrn o Brazilian soci cry an d t he
polirical ami economic libcral ism of rhe c ou ntry rclcgared it ro a
most unj usr disdain . . . . At rhc t ime polirical considerarions held
rhe ascendancv ovcr economic and social realities. . . ." 2
Het wcen 1891 and 1904 Carlos Alberto de .\fencses bad devel-
ope d conside rable soc ial acr ion hased upon Carholic principlcs and
C hristian fcclings. A s gen eral manager o an ind usrry in Pernam -
buco. he had made bis co mpany include "various principies o
social C hrisrianity " in its st atutcs. Nor was he quixorically alonc in
rhis ac rion . he work cd in collabo rarion with A nt nio :'\t uniz Ma
c hado, Pierrc Collier. and wirh rhc furure fede ra l dcput y Lu s
Corr is de Briro. H e instir ut ed a program of social serviccs fo r his
wo rkers at rb c Goiana Mills ami rhc Camaragibc Factory . AIore.
pA,tor oC the cburch m d supe rin rendent o he o;chooli, rakes A deep interese in
the wclfarc o hi~ counrrymen b oth spiritually and Intellcccuaily' (p. JO!) .
1 Tadeu Roc ha: "Paniu de Pe rnAmbuco () .\ Imimen!o Sin,JicAlls{A" (T he Sr n-
die Alisf xfo vemem TfA, Lcff Pernambu co}, Di.iriQ dI' l'I'T"..m buco. January 6,
' 957
~ lhid,
Catbolicism and Progress 327
ovcr. ir is ro his pious inrcrcsr in t he "social qucsdon" rhar wc owc
rhc fi rsr Carbolic coopcrarivcs in Hraxil. Again in rhc words o Pro-
fcssor Tadcu Rocha: " \ Virh rhc spirit o coopcrarion as a basic
pnnciple. Carlos Alberto brought aboue the firsr cooperarives in
Brazilian rerrirory . There bcing no laws ro go\'ern rhis sort o or-
ga nizarion. t hcse cooperarivcs had ro be organizcd as corporarions
olfcring a dividend of 8 per cent plus a bc nus of 1 0 per cent on
rhe rotal perchases o cach rnembcr. On j anuary 1 , 1895, rhe Cam a.
ragibe co-op oponed wir h a stock of food stuffs, fabri cs, baked
goods. and mear. In .\lay, 1896, a similar operation was begun for
rhe crnployccs of rhc G oiana .\ ti lls, wirh a grocery and dry goods
fin e.. . . Crowning rhis work of ninc yea rs o social educarion,
Carlos Al berto de ,\1 cneses rcorganized rhe social program of rhc
Camaragibc Fact or), into a largo \\ 'orker's Corporarion, wluch was
inaugurared on j uly 1, ' 900. T he organizarion rook che rhcn possi-
ble and mosr advisable form of a mixcd syndica re o f manage mem ,
offi ce staff, and factor), workcrs from rhe highesr executivc ro rhe
rnost humb lc laborer. AH werc required ro belon g ro the corpora-
rion. so rhat rhe ru ost ignorant and mosr backward were srill bene-
fircd and rhcir (mure and rhat of rheir familics gu aranrccd. . . .
The cxampl c of t hc Camarapibc Factor), was soon imirared by rhe
Paulisra Company. wh ich ser II p a similar workcrs' co-op on Alay 1,
19 2, rhroug h rhc initiarive of t he insrirut ion's director, Cusrdio
Jos da Silva Pessoa, wh o pridcd himself on having riscn from the
ranks of rhc rcxrile wo rkcrs and being tbcrefore well acquainred
wirh rhe nce ds and aspiranons of his former working companions.
The Goiana '\I ills, afrer overcoming a rnult irude o obstacles, also
srartc d its co-op on Seprcmber 3, 1903. Ir was nor eas)' for Carlos
Al berto de Meneses. evcn wir h rhc hclp o Lus Corr is de Hrito, ro
bring abour this int eg ration of em ployees, working as he w as wieh a
very ignoram rural prolerariat harely emerged fro m slavery and
sril l imbucd wir h aHrhe vices of that institution ." B
Bur rhis was nor rhe end of rhe Carholic engineer's acrivity. Ir
w as rhrough his iniriarivc rhar rhc Fcderan on of Christian \\'orkers
was csrablishcd. "Ar rhe Firsr Carbolic Congress in rhis stare, held in
Rccife in J un e, 19 2, under his presidency, he declared rhe immedi
are necessiry for rhe foundi ng o an organizatio n to acr as a center
for direcrion, docrrine, sr ud)', inspirarion, and srrengr h" and
petirio ned rhar "rhe Carholic C'...<mgress support rhis idea and con
3 Ibi,!.
]18 arder and I'rogress
stirurc a comrmssron immcdiatcly ro found suc h a centcr. . . . In
1903 rhis pionccri ng action was rakcn through the firsr Groups for
Social Studics in Brazil." "
Pern ambuco scems ro havc hccn rbc pan o Brazil rnost predis-
poscd ro iniriarive of t his kind, fo r ir was in thc fo nner Im perial
prcvincc rhar Louis Vaurhic r propagared [he Fourierisrn which ap-
parcm ly in large pan inspired (he " Christian Socialism'' o Anrmo
Pedro de Figucircdo." Fcllowing Figucircdo, anorher disciple o
Vauehicr. the Frcnch cnginccr " 1let. bccamc inrercsred in rhe social
problcms of rhe agrarian norrh. .\I ilet, who had mar ricd a Brazilian
woman and bccomc ccmplcrcly assimilatcd, was able ro srudy rbcsc
problcms from a pract ica] and Brazilian, rather rhan a vision ary and
Europcan peine of view, and ro pass on his ideas and inrcrests ro rhe
y ou ng j oaquim X abu co. If rhe coming of the R epublic in I R89 had
nor inrerrupted his career. always mo re social than pclirical, Na-
buco rnighr havc dcvclopcd imo a socia l Cat holic-c-or cvcn a sv ndi-
calisr Carbolic; for, as we have scen. he evenrually bccame evcn more
decply reco nciled ro rhe Church than Ruy Harbo sa, and in rhe last
years of rhc Empirc had givcn somewhar Brieish-oricnted lccrurcs
on rhe "s ocial qu cst ion" which made him a precurso r of rhc coun-
ery's labor movemenr.
Brazilian Carholicism in rh is pcr iod had a number of apologists
whc produccd anides of gen uine [iterar-y valu. Sorne werc writ ren
hy joaquim Nabuco near rhc cnd of his lifc , thcrc wcrc also rhosc
which Eduardo Pr ado dedicared sigmfi canrly ro Farhcr Anchicta,
and tbosc of Carlos de Laer in dcfcnsc of rhe for cign monk. In rhc
pulpit Farher j lio Alaria disringuished himself for his persuasivo
and un rherorical eloq uen cc. 1l is sobcr ami poljshcd sermons, sorne
of which wcre courageously polemical in c riricizing ccrtain pricsts
of his day, reduced rhc cusromary style of pompous orator)' ( in
imirarion or caricature of ,\ lo nt' A lw rne bur oft en indulged in by
Ruy Barbosa) ro a matte r for ridicule.
BIIt most sermons of t hc dav rook litrle accounr of rhe social
proble ms of rhc coumry. Sorne priests, ro he sure, wcrc active in
polines and one of rbem. Alonsignor Olmpio de Campos. had been
assassinared in Scrgipc ovcr sorne polirical trivality . Anorhcr pri csr
had bccn an effcctive go"crnor of Para lJa, still another a federa l
deput), from Sao Paulo. But rnosr were si]en r on soci al issues.
~ bid.
~ Sce
m)" U m Englmheiro f nds /10 Br..~jl (Rio de J ~n e ir(). 1</>0 ) tOT furthcr
eommenfar)' on Ihis manero
Cmboicism l111d Progre$! 129
Of the four pricsts boro hcrween 1880 and 1882 who havc
kindly furnish ed rcstimon y in thc prep ararion of rhis book, not on e
indicares having had an)' conccm wirh rhc social problerns o rhc
periodo "1 bave nothing ro say on rhis," wrircs Father Florcnrinc
Barbosa. canon o rhe mcrropoliran cenrcr o Parafba. Thc same
response was clicited frorn another Paraihan, Canon Xletias Freir .
despire the fact th at, grandson of Imperial barons, he had ofren
becn polirically militant during his carcer. Farhcr Leopcldc Fernan-
des Pin hciro, from Cear . states rhar he was "enrhusiasric for social
and polirical reform in Brazil and for t hc ideas of Alberto T rres,"
bur plaronic in rhar ent husiasm. And Farhcr Manuel Higino da Sil.
veira. vicar of Livremcnto, sratcs tliar he had always considered rhe
soc ial problems of his count ry " in t he light of thc Chrisrianity and
religion under w hosc acgis Brazil carne inro being."
T he firsr Brazilian cardinal, Dom Joaquim Arcoverde de Albu -
querque Cavalcanri-c-rhe f irst cardinal in Latin America-seemed
also not ro bave becomc dist urbcd by rhesc problcms. Perhaps he
found Fathcr Gaffre's fcars o insurrcction cxcessivc and evcn a hit
comical. Dcscendant o rural gentry fr om th c backlands, Arco-
verde neverrheless had nor livcd in rhc interior himsclf and had had
no conracr wirh rhe agrerien misery which followeJ abo lit ion. H e
was essenrially a priest occupied wit h rc1igious rarhcr rhan social
prob lems. H e had ncred as chairman o [he Ca rholic comminee
which in R io de j aneiro had sponscred thc lectores of Farhcr
Gaffre in rcsponse to rhose of rhc socialisr Fcrri and rhc ami-clerical
Clcrnenceau, bur he seems ro have considered [hose lectures on ly in
t hcir apologctic aspcc ts. T o t he Frcnch speaker's occasional discrcer
references to rhc Brazilian labo r situation he was virtually indiffer-
cnr.
Ca rholic socialisrn like rhar of F arhcr Gaffre. which brought
m:my Brazilian Carholics togetbcr in a spirit of solidarity, acrually
preceded the pu rely hurnanirarian oc "sciennfi c" sccialism of t he
non-Carholics and t he anri-clericals. "Scicntific" socialism liad
begu n ro aprear in rhc early t wenticrh cenru ry. alt hough wit h lcss
impacr than had bccn cxcrciscd by anri-clericals o rhc ro manric.
eloqucnr type of Coel ho Lisboa of Paraba. Ir was t his type of anti-
clerical who had chiefl y suppo rt ed the rad icall}' anti. Jesuit polic)'
of Nilo Pe~an ha when memhers o that orde r, expelled from Portu-
ga l after the coming of t he Republic of 1910, soug ht refuge in Bra-
zil as rhc most natural sheitcr from the perscc urions of Portugu cse
anri-Ca rholics like Afooso ('..osta. Pc~ a nh a evenrually releoted in his
33 Order and Progress
anri-j csuirisr n and Brazil consequen rly bcncfircd from rhc presence
of such leamcd and virtuous Portugu cse j esuirs as Lus G onzaga
Cabra!. Mcn of rhis calibcr, spceking rhe common langu age of Bra-
zil and Portugal,
, were ablc ro offer a ,grcar scrvicc ro the ,vourb, and
tu the cause of Carholic progress in general. in rheir adoprcd eoun-
teyo This was rruc dcspire rhe facr rhar orher ncwcomers, cmbit-
tercd by the viclcncc of thcir expulsion from Portugal. com poned
rhcmselvcs in Brazil wirh an alrnosr morbid intcle rance roward ao)'
vicws diffcring from rhcir OW I1.
In 189 1 the American Matu rin ;\ 1. Ballou, visiting Brazil. was in-
rercsted by t he faet rhae, in separaring Chureh and Starc, rhc Re-
public had cffccrcd a paci fic t ransformation wirhour disrnr bing
churches ami convente, withour turning an)' Church pro pert), into
public offices. and wirhcut in <ln)' wa)' degrading rheir architecrure
and rhcir art. .\Ir. Ballou visired sorne of rhc 77 churc hcs of Ro de
j anciro, and like a good Yank ce Proresranr hast cncd ro criricize rhe
ack of venrilation which tum cd all Carholic c burches in Brazil and
sout hem Europc into ao olfacrory tormento Coming from a coun-
n )' wh cre congrcgations wcre segrcgated cvcn within the samc
Proresranr sect , Hall en must han beco markcdly uncomforrable in
churches hcavy wit h rhc accum ulared odors of ccnt urics of worship
by persons of all colors and from a1l walks of life. Pcrh aps he would
havc Iikcd sorne goo d Yank ce archirecr ro visir Hrazil and cut bread
windows in t he old churches in order t givc rhem th c propcr vcnri-
lat ion.
(1
~Sec ,\ la nucl Bnhma A l/{Tf j" 1/0 /lraJiI ( Rio de Janci ro, 19H ) and the bio-
guphieal e~~ay uf Francisco Lima, D. AJ"I/fO -S"briJior Biogrficas (Para iba,
' 956 ), 1.
9 lbllou: "p. cit. . p. ' 45.
Order and Progress
rorical continuity ro irs dcvclopmcnr as a Carbolic culture and a
narion. Luckily. a numbcr of old churches and characrerisrically
Brazilian religious works of art escaped this degradation.
In poctry, belles-lcn rcs, and musie during rhis period. rhc mark
of Catholic inspiration is cleerly visible. \ Vith thc possible cxccption
of mcmbers of rhc sehool dcsignated by Sylvio Romero "dccadcnr
and symbolisric't-c-wrirers such as Alphonsus de Guimaracns, Au-
gusto de Lima, and Aura de Sousa-c-mosr of this literature achieved
an inregrarion of rhc Cat holic spirir with rhar of the American
tropics. In prose, t hc work of Afonso Arinos in ,\t inas G erais and
Simes Lopcs N eto in Ric G ran de do Sul formed a Cath olic-
orienred apology for Hrazlian rural vales. In Ncto's O N egr nbo
do 'astoreio (The Uttle N egro of tbe 'asturekmds we have a
work of pcrmanent literary merir, marked wir h a suggestion of the
rcligious senrimenr thar, in rhe Brazilian rropics, distinguishcd rhe
relationships of whires with N egrees. \Vith somc gcncrosiry per-
haps, Sylvio Romero in his E'l:o/u~o da L temtum Brasileira (Evo-
lution of Braziian Literature v also lists severa! rcljgious orators of
rhis period as being of lirerary importance: Farher Parrfcio Moniz
and Dom Anrnio de Macedo Costa, whorn he associares with the
Bahian school of rhe nineteenth ccntury, Dom Lus Raimundo da
Silva Briro, Farher Jlio \ taria; Canon Francisco de Paula Rodri-
gues; and '\ Ionsignor '\Ianue1 Vicente.' AH ehese men possessed an
eloqucnce which musr have conrribured ro Carholic progress, bur it
was one rhar in facr did not make fo r Iirerarurc (exccpt possibly in
thc case of j lio Maria ) and did nor serve to bring abour a perma-
nent union of rhe ncw pitase of Catholic rboughr wirh rhar of che
dcvcloping Brazilian culture. In this pre-repuhlican period Carholi-
cism had divestcd irself of many of the defecrs of the patriarchal
age, but ie had not )'ce acqcircd the sensc of rcsponsibility of a reli-
gion which in 1889 ceascd ro be official wirhour losing any of irs
ability to mbue Brazilian culru rc in general, among aH taces and
nationaljries from norrh ro south, with thc ideals and values of Larin
Carholicisrn.
Paul Adam. in a visir ro Brazil, found confi rmation for the idea
already currcnr in Europe that "despire princes and polines [rhc
Catholic Church J is still mother of the people." In Europe there
was much talk of socialislll and sorne were even seeing eommunism
as a modcro solution to social maladjustmcnt. Paul Adam verified
I Sylvio Romero: Ev olufao da Uteratllr" Brasileira (Campanha, 1905) , p. 78.
Cmboticsm and Progress 333
rhar in Brazil the dceds which mosr rcsisrcd rhc rropics and the
passage of time we rc thosc performed by Carholic churchmcn
rhro ugh a scnsc of ccl lccrivc acron rhar was no more nor lcss rhan
socialism or communism in irs bese sense. Ir was, afrer 311, "rhe onl y
durable anempt at communism and socialism wbich bad rcally been
rried and has really succccded." Among rhcse religious mcn rhcrc
was " norhing of ind ividualluxury . .. . But for rhe order, for rhc
union o rhese agricultural workers, thesc masons, tbcsc illumina-
tors o manu scriprs, thesc gardeners ir rcprescnt cd a magnificcnt
luxury indeed." e Thus spokc a Frenchman in the faee of a Brazil-
ian Carholic progrcss which was clcar ro every visiring European.
evidcncc of a solid Catholic consraney merge d wirh al! rhat was
most aurhentic and solid in Brazilian civilizarion. This phcnomcnon
had becn notcd by Clcmcnccau, by Fcrrcro, by Lamb crg, by E lli-
OH, by Brycc. Ir may he rhat ir had its rbrowbacks ro Ecropean
patterns bur ir reprcscnred a complex o progress in rhe face of a
tropical situation violently non-Europcan in Olan)' o irs aspecrs, a
progress difficult to deny or undcresrimare when secn by any visi-
ror nor rigidly prcdisposcd ro find in Brazil a mere copy or passive
imitarion of French or Brirish social parterns.
T hus had Farher G atfrc givcn his Christian indulgencc ro rhc ir-
regularirics o ccrrain way werd pricsrs of the interior, co nsidcring
sueh irrcgul ariries lcss irnporranr rhan thc vicrories already eamcd
by rhc Church in the tace of rhe harsh realirics of rhc cnvironmenr
ami of thc equ ally barbarous srate of indecisin cxisring bcrwecn
the jungle and rhc ciry. The man of rhc interior was still aman
domnared by rhc jungle: " In rhc Brazilian spirir, I havc ofrcn per-
ceivcd feclings and tendcneics whieh bcrray the cxrraordinary force
of dissimilar growrhs, growr hs which havc t hcir origin in many
sources and which cn rich rhc physical subst ratum as the vines and
various growrhs embellish (he trunks and limbs of th c grcat vegeta-
tion of the ju ngles.?" In bestowing order 00 rhis confusin of in-
flu enees, Brazilian Carholicism seerncd to Father G atfre ro bavc
madc "remarkable progress." N ot rhar cveryrhing ' vas excmplary,
bur rhe European Cat hclic eould not full y undcrs rand t hc siruarion
o rhe pri esr of rhc interior, condcmned ro livc in t ropical hcar
"among rudimcnrary crcarures whose mcnrality is scarcely superior
ro rhar of rhc aborigines." Given thesc condirions. ir W 2S nor sur-
2 Paul Ad am: L es VUl ,i:t'S dfl Brsil (Par is. 191 4 ) , pp. 1118-<).
~ G aff re: op. cit ~ p. HJ .
314 Order and Progresr
'"
a rder and Progress
monarchy and nosralgic for its vir rues thar sorne in tur n llegan t o be
considered dangcrous to rhc republican regir ne by orhers more
mysrically faithfu l 10 rhe Rcpublic of their adolesccne dreams, meo
like J os Comes Pinheiro Mac hado.
Pinhciro " tachado, according ro his frie nd Estcio Co lmbra.
uscd ro pronounce rbc word R e-p-bli-ca enunciaring each syllable
as though he werc repcaring a sacrcd or magic formule.' For him ir
was loaded wirh suggcsrions of the past-a p<lsr he had himself ex-
pericnced-c-ro w hich werc joincd all sorrs of suggcsrons fo r t hc
furu rc. Bur principally for t hc future, for Pinbeiro rcfused 10 come
ro rerms with rhe monarc hica l past of Br azil. 0 0 his lips, Repblica
prcserved its you rhful sounJ , even whcn t hc speake r himself had
bccom e an eldcrly rornantic dream iog of the furure o f Brazil as
rhcugh of an ado red daug hrer."
"The Hrazilians like ro say rhat rheirs is a youog country," w rotc
Pierre D enis whcn he visircd Brazil in the early rw cnrierh ceo tury.
" In facr, tbey have rhe gre arest ho pcs fo r rheir country an d believe
thar rhe presenr is loaded wirh promisc." RU( rhis same Brazil. said
D cnis, was nor young in rhe sense o having bad no pasr. Ir was t he
Brazilian pase ( he mighr cve n have said the pasr of rhc Br azilian
R epublic ) which so vivid ly impressed him, evcn afr er having visired
orher American co unrr ies, such as A rgentina and [he Unircd States.
" O ne fecls less exparr iated in Brazil," he w rote. "Th ere one does
nor have rh c feeli ngs of fear or su rprisc w hic h st rikc one in Argen-
rina or thc Unired Srates, w irh rheir nebulous socicty withour
roors and w irhour hicrarchy , orienr cd exclusive ly roward thc la ve
o individu al indcpcndcnce an d direcrcd by rhe desirc o m aking a
fonune." Iirazilian parriorism encompasscd more me morics than
rhar of A rgentina o r rhc U nit ed Srares." In 1918, ar the end of t he
so-called " Era of Vcnccslau'' with irs markcd upsurgc in industrial.
sm, Iirazilian re publica nisr u contained mcmories along with hopes
1 \\'hen he visired Brazil, P~ul Adsm recorded t his impressicn of Pinhd ro ;\la.
c hado: "Pinhc iro .\b chad o is the present pohncsl Ieader in Bul . , ' his reign
over rh.. enrire countrr is abroluu ." l. er V isa; er JII Rrsil (Paris, 1914). pp.
J UrJo.
~ Afo nso Ctlso Jnior ",as the son of Ih e Ia'<l: Imperial Prime ,\lini'itn. Ihe Vis.
co unt of G uro PrclO. Manuel de O liveira Lima ",as a dislinguished histo rian of
intem ational reno", n. En cio Coi mbra ",as a Pernambucan polili cian who was
majority leadcr of he Chambcr of Deputies in 1918. M inisler of Ag ricolture,
\ice Pre~idem of the Rel'ublie unde r Presidem Arrhu r Bernadcs. and from 11)16
10 ' 9Jo go\"ernor of lhe sUte of Pern ambuco. (T url,lato r.)
3 Pierre D enis: 1.1' Brsil nu XX - Sit c/r (Pars, 1'10') ). pp. ;, 6.
Tbe R epublic Twenty Y ears A ter 337
for a fururc capable of cor rccring thc crrors of [he past rhirty years
of republican expericncc. Since ' 910 rhc Rcpublic had ceased ro he
merely rhe prcsem and had devclo pcd a past, a past susceptible ro
retrospectivo analysis. ro evaluarion, ro inrerprerarion.
Ir is certain rhar [he republican cxpcriencc from t he ourscr had
bccn modcratcd by rhe st rong in ucncc of rhc monarchy. dcspitc
rhe dcsires of rcpu blican purisrs like Pinheiro .\ fachado or Q uintin o
Bocavuva . The fi rst suc h infl ucnce (as alread v ourlined ) W 3 S th at
of the Baron de Lucena, who bccame the polirical adviscr of G en-
eratissnro Deodcro da Fonscca. fou ndcr of thc Rcpublic of 18H9.
Another was t har of Jos .\ taria da Silva Paranhcs, rhc Baron do
Rio Braceo, whose authority , according ro Georges Clcmcn ceau.
was "sovereign'' in thc fo reign policy of early rwe nricth-cent ury
Brazil.' The Barcn's influencc was not limired ro foreign policy: he
was also a force in dcmcsric affairs, striving consranrly for rhe
mainrcnance and cvcn [he srrcngt hcning of rhose monarchical rradi-
tions which so distinguished Brazil from rhe rest o Latin Amrica.
Clemenccau was wcll awa rc rhar rhc Baron, though sympat hctic to
France, wished to impon G erm n military insrrucrors inro rhc Bra-
zilian Republic in rhe hope thar thc Republic wo uld surpass [he
Empirc in rhc effi ciency of irs Armed Forccs. "A person very closc
ro him has confi ded ro me that he fecls that Oerman insrruction
would be besr for t he inculcation of ideas of rnilitary duty," wrore
Clemenccau. and cou ld nor fail to agree: "T oo many acts of insub-
ordinarion-c-some of rhem \'ery scrious-c-havc cmphasizcd rhc ur-
gc ncy of t his son of tcaching." Hur [he "a bsolutist ideas o Wil -
hclm II on rhc subject of milirary dury'' sccmed ro Cler nenccau
incompatible wirh rhc spirit and habits of Brazilian dcmocracy.
hardly a socicry w hosc troo ps could be indocrrinarcd wirh disci-
pline and whar a ,\ Iineiro polirician of rhe time. j oo Pinheiro,
called "an alanning scnsc of order." ~ Perhaps one could sa)' rhat
Clcmcnceau agrecd with [he sccond Rio Branco ro (he cxtent tha t
rhe Brazilian Anny could profir by Prussian organization wirhour
artcmpring ro force [he attendanr militar)' ideolog)' on an unrec ep~
ti\'e Brazilian democra cy.
'Vhen he was Foreign ~ti niste r. Rio Brancn (although t he son oi
t Georges ClemenCUll : N/Jltf d~ VO)' .Jg~ JJm I'A mJ, iq ll e J u Sr'" (Pari:;. ' 9" l .
p, : 11. See al<o E rncM H amhlnc h : R,itish Conml (Lo ndon, 19j8). Former British
Co nsul in R io de Janciro, H ambloc h is alM.> the aut hor of H i5 .\f;JiU f)' rhe l',uiJ ~nt
(London, ' 935 ) ,
~ a cmenccau: 01" cit., pp. : ' l , : ' J.
arder and Progress
a former \1asonic G rand " Iasrer of rhe Brazilian Onent ) did not
hesitare ro rcccivc Carholic pricsrs like Father Gaffre with the
grcatcst cordialiry. cven when such visitors on leaving Brazl ofren
cxprcsscd opinions srrongly eontrarr ro t he radical rcpublicanism
o f Cler ncnccau or t hc skcprical or at heisnc socialism of En rice Fcrri
and Anarole France. Certainly, R io Hranco remained loyal ro rhe
Brazilian Rcpublic rhrough rhrec presidcncies. w it hour ceasing ro
ded icare himsclf ro t hc prcscr vetio n of rhc m ximum number of
posit ivo valucs-c-organization, order, diseipline- from the pasr,
those of Carholicism included.
Invired ro lunch wirh the ~1as () Jl i c statcsman at his borne, Farher
Gaffre gaincd t he imp rcssion o haviog visired a man sympat hctic ro
rhe Church. In R io Branco's study, famous for its disorder, rhe dcsk
pilcd so high wirh papers ami books rhar irs c wn er would con-
stand)' lose his pince-nez emid thc rubblc, Gaffre was plcased ro
find a bcauriful and carcfully t reared image of Ch risr, w hom the
supposcdly hcrctical staresman introduccd as "the real master of the
bouse.' A nd in the hed coom he [ound rtot only nno rh cr image o
Chrisr. but also nne of rhe V irgin and anot hc r of Santo A nrnio de
P dua. al l of which led him ro observe: " 1 wish rhar Olany of our
grea t men of conserva tiv o rcputation, sevc ral of w ho m 1 have met,
could givc their visirors the impression of mora l and relig ious en -
lighr enmcnt t har 1 carricd away from rhis heme.' 6
Farhcr Ga ffre, in noring rhat Frenc h Lazarisrs werc replacing the
few Hrazilians uf rhis a rder. srarcd rhat rhe ncwcomers "bad re-
srorcd the most cxact discipline on rhc ruins left by the nat ive mcm-
bers.' 1 [t was this sorr of "exacr discipline" rhar the Baron w as
sceking fo r rhc Armed Forccs. and as Foreign Minisrer he was no r
conrcnr mcrcly ro reorgan izo and t ighrcn up the diplomanc scrv-
ices, bur was USillg almose j esuirical merhods ro rec rui r brigbr
young meo. Nor did he neglecr rhc problcrn of cd uca ring rhe wives
of rhcse diplomars. so rhar t hey would be as an raeri\'e and w ell in-
fo rmed as possihle. ll e encouraged w irh the grearesr sym parhy the
dev clo pment of schools run by F rene h nuns for rhe educ at ion of
y oung ladics. According ro rradi tional (ramarat y gossip. w hic h w as
suppoft cd by the [estimon)' of persons \Vho kne,v him w ell, the
Baron was overcome w ith ter ror w hen forced to invite illusrriolls
Brazilians \Vith badly trained wives to diplom aric gatherings. He
,; L A . G~lfre, V isionJ dll BrsjJ ( P~ r is , ' 91! ), p. I J l.
1 l bi d~ p. 10 .
T he R epnbtc T wenty Yt'ars A ster 339
I1lUSt havc fclr rhis sume cmbarrassmcnr at che spcceac lc of rhc
fraycd Brazilian militar)" ami we havc alrcady scen rhar he expcri-
cnced rhc sume Fcclinps roward mcially mixcd or Negroid rcprc-
scnratives o f his coum ry in Europe or rhe Unitcd Starcs.
The rrurh is rhar. like his twn great contempora rics j oaquim Ne-
buco and Ruy Barbosa, rhc Haron do Rio Branco belonged ro a
g rou p of Brazilians who. paradoxically cnough. werc ar one and rhc
same time conscrvarivc and rcvolutionary . And all rhrce starcsmen
could rcconcile thcse extremes so t hat ne ne was divided against
himself; each could use th c fuI! range of his qualities in rendering
notable servicc tu his countrv.
Visiting Ruy Herbosa, wirh w hom he alsc cnj oyed a cordial
lunchcon. Farhcr G affre \V a S well awarc rhat he was in the com-
pan), of an old advcrsary of t he C hurch who, in many celebrared
pages, had spokcn "against t bc Church-cor to be more cxact,
againsr ccrtain repr cscnrarives of the Church, t he j csui ts in particu-
lar." But mo re reccnr cvent s had dissovcd rhese carlier "skir mishes''
in smoke, Ruv had since rcvcaled a "grcar brcadrh of scntiments''
which made ir impcssiblc ro considcr him anti-clerical, much less
anti-Carholic. Besides which, Fat bcr G affre notcd, Brazilians were
nevcr as rigid as Frenchmen roward pcrsons of diffcrcnt ideas or
crecds, in rhis ncw Republic it was inipossiblc to imagine rifes be-
t wecn adversarios like thosc in France at t he rime."
Ir is t rue t har duri ng rhe time of Floriano, wir h (he so- callcd
"conscli darion'' of rhe Repuhlic. rhcrc was SO ITlC int ransigenee,
wir h politi cal hatreds of an almosr Spanish-Amcrican crudiry . But
t his rension lasted only for a short time, too shorr to consritu rc an
era. Harreds werc soon dissiparcd in the amiablc Brazilian tradition
of overlooking rhe occasional peceaJillo-an clcct ion or two
marked by bloodshcd. or rhc odd sedition-in t he spirit of eesygo-
ing int ranarion al co rdiality. O nce rcco vcrcd from th e initial shock,
rhe Republic from 1889 ro rhc cnd of rhe Venccslau Br s presi-
dency suffercd no J isturbance oCIhar spirit of co rdiality. excep t fo r
rhe occasional out bursr sparkcd off not so much hy political hat red
as by Iack of adjust mem berw een regions or cu ltu ral tens ions aris4
ing out of th e diff ering rates of de\'clop mem in widcly separated
parts of t he eountry.
One could say t hat t he Repuhlic represemeJ t he eagern ess of a
considcrable grou p of Brazil ians ro o\'crcome soci al and cultural
~ !l id., pp. l l:, : IJ.
Order and Progress
proble ms more rapi dly than the rarher leisurcly met hods of Impe-
rial polirical adminisrrarion would pcrmir. An exarnplc was re-
flecrcd in rhc so-calle d "joo C ndido' naval revolr, an event
which for a fcw days in 1910 shock Rio de Janeiro and alarmed rhc
poliricians. Compcrenr observers such as Brycc and Farher G affrc
saw this uprising as th e resulr o social malad justmcnr. Gaffre cited
(he currcnr mcrhods of naval rccruirmenr as the cause of this " bru-
tal uprising." u The rebcls wcre mere bov s. almosr all Negrees or
mulattos, who looked ro naval service mcrely as a means of exis-
tence. The descendants of slavcs. no lcngcr under the patriarchal
carc o rhe landhclders, they had gro wn up in a repu blican Brazil
wh erc social distances bct wcen ctbnic groups werc grcwing ever
greatcr, and had bcen abandoned by a govemmenr whosc paternal-
istic atfecrions afte r 1889 rurned rarher toward th e wavc of immi-
gra nes arriving from Europc .
O nce rhesc boys werc taken inro th e naval scrviccs, however, the
R cpublic gave t hem norhing in thc wa)' of civic instruction or reli-
gious rraining. Preoccupicd wirh modemizing cveryrhing from in-
dustries te railroads, it had no rime for descendants o slaves. For
t hem rhcre was only rhe lash. Even in rhc days of slavcry, rhc lash
haJ bcen only a parr (lf t he sto ry, along wirh insrrucrion, religious
assistance, medica! aid, and rhc like. Nobody wirh good sense
wo uld argue rhar rbc Navy shou ld have abolished tlogging ove r-
nighe in 1889 just ro pro ve rhar the republican regime was berrer
rhan thar of th e Empi re. But since t he Republic had come to place
suc h irnporrancc on the dcveloprncnr of its Xavy and th c necessity
of recruiring more men for rhe service, rhc sensible thing wo uld
havc becn ro remernber the origins of the mysrical cr)' "To rhc
Sea!" I and o along with irs xeal for acq uiring rhc laresr t echnical
marcrials and rnachine ry from England and Scorland, ro havc paid
at lcase minimal an cnrion ro th c human aspecrs. Ir was th is human
rehabiliration rhat was lacking. not onl)' in rhe Na\T' but also
among somc of t hc mosr progressivc poliricians of the earJy t"wenti -
erh cemu ry , in rheir eagern ess to make up for the time lost ro prog-
ress through t hc slow administrari\e merhods oC [he Empire. Be-
cause rhis subject is vital ro an und ersrand ing of rhe periodo 1 shall
dcvelop it more full), ar this poim.
9 Ibid., p. H.
1" R u11I0 .JO (he Sc.-a! )" is the tuditional cry of t he
.H .!"r ! (T o P(mu gu e~ sailors
d:ting fron! the 3ge of ex pI" ntion. (T r3nslafO r.)
T be Republic T nsenty Y ears A ftCT 34 1
ing nurscmaids ami anendants. Whcn rhcre was illncss among rhem
ir raiscd a major problcm wir h urban physic ians, unused as they
were ro treat ing country ailmcnt s. Ir was by trcaring thcsc aristo-
craric farnilics ano their servants thar meo like ,\ligue1 Couto or
Francisco de Castro bccamc familiar wirh rural diseascs. The aver-
agc ciry dwellcr ar the time also began ro develop rhc samc famili-
nnty. and as a rcsulr bccamc fcarful of t hc count ryrnan w ith his
cxctic illnesses. 0 0 one occasion D r. :\Iigue! Couto was sumrnoned
ro rrcar Il citor ,\ Ioucsto's visiting Unclc O sear. \ Vhen the symp-
toms of bis illncss wc re listed. the physician declarcd rhar ir sou nded
likc a case of yello w fcver. 00 overhcaring this dcclaration, the
paticnt carne inro rhc living room from rhc sickroom in which he
had heen Iy ing, "sraggering and weak. drcssed in a nightshirt, his
eyes poppiog, mu rte ring ' Bur l'm all right. I'm al! t ighr.' '' H e
feared rhc city-bred yc llow fcver rnuc h more t han srnallpox or
cholcra. which wcrc discases we ll know n on thc planrations.
The new water and scw age sysrems inst alled by the court in 1880
undoubrcdly did mueh ro improve hygicnic condirions in Rio de
Janeiro. By IfUl 7 rhcrc wcre 33.713 houses in rhe ciry. w irh 29,261
roilers and 37.080 water connecricns. Bur rhe ciry ats. particularly
on rhe ground Hoor, conrinucd ro he "t hc worsr possble dwcllings
in the downtown arca." not only bccause of thc "inconvcniences
caused by had marerials and small rOOl11S, bu e also by the scarcity of
lighr. nir, and sunsbinc'' (such inconvcn icnccs we rc less acure 0 0
rhe upper fl oors, of cou rsc, particularly in rhc bedrooms w irh east -
cm cxposurc ) . Some of rhc coffce com rnissaries werc of this rype
and werc rbus mosr suscept ible ro thc dcveloprnent of ty phoid,
diphrhcria. aod tuberculosis. ~ losr citv horel and rooming house ac-
conunodarions wcre evcn worse ; une hygienist calle d them "rne-
phitic stcws" ~ in which syphilis. alcohol, and gambling atracked
t he moral and physical fiber of visirors from rhc co untry whc, hav-
ing no bctter place. werc forced ro seck shelrer in suc h denso
1'0 t hcsc could be added t he so-called treges, fly-trap lunc h
counters and food stands which. likc or her commercia l esrablish-
mcms, were subjec r ro no sanirary inspcction w harsoever du ring
the Empire." Co mpared t o rhe fervent sani!aty rneasures under-
raken by rhe Republic virtually from irs ina ugurarion. rhose of rhe
Empire meri!ed rhe sevcresr c riticismo Under rhe R epu blic, rhere
~ Anlo nio ,\ !an in, de Au n ,ln Pimente!, SubJJi ot p.>'~ (} F.mldo J~ Higiene Jo
Rio de !:meiro (Ri" de Janeiro. 18<)0).1'1'. ' 7'" , fIo , ,S<).
6 Ib id. p. H 5.
T be Repubtc Tnsenty Years After 345
was consranr prosccution of irrcsponsibles w ho out of shee r greed
commincd abuses against public healtb. In Pernambu co rhc Barbosa
Lima government was oursra nding in con rrolling these abuses; in
R io de J aneiro it was the hygienisr Rodolfo Galvc during the late
ninerccmh ecmury and, afre r 19 0, Osvaldo Cruz, whosc public
hea lth measures becamc world famous. In this sense, the R epublic
sccms ro havc bccdcd rhc appcal of the g rea t Porrugucsc journalisr
Ram alho Onigao who, having visircd Hraxil at rhc cnd of rhc reign
of Ped ro 11. roundly denounc cd the government for irs lack o f ar-
rention ro problems of urban hy giene an d sco rcd rhis indifference as
one o r he grcatcst defecrs of rhe Imperial rcgime.
In rhc 1909 volumc of rhc A lm<1JMque Bmsiteiro, publishcd in Rio
de J aneiro by Garnier und cr rh c directio n of J 030 Riheiro, an inrel-
Iigcllt analys is of t he last Brazilian Em pcror appcar cd, writtcn from
the va ntage poinr o t\Vent)' years larcr. The co nclusio n rcachcd by
this judicious sllmmary wa s t har rhc old monarch had losr his
throne as a result of not kno w ing how tO br ing his reign inro line
with t hc realirics of t he Brazilian siruarion. Tbis stu dy in man)'
,vays amicipatcd rhc cvaluarion of t he Rcpublic as opposed ro rhe
Sccond Ernpire m ade in 1922 by J oaqu im Viana in a shorr bu t sug
gcstive essa)' " Por que Caiu o Im p r io" (Why the Empire Fell) in
A Margem da Historia ,ia R epblica (N otes 01/ (be H istory o f the
Repabtic) , a ccllccrivc work publishcd in Rio de j aneiro. V iana
dcfends rhe t hesis rhar D om Ped ro 11 w as "ncither an au t hor ita rian
nor a rigorcusly consrirutional monarch." R arher, he wishcd only
ro livc in peace-a bureaucraric peace-at a t ime when Brazil
nccded a ruler who cou ld preside as co nsrirurional leader ablc ro
organizc. ro under ta ke, ro direcr, an d cvc n to summon up rhc cour-
age to r nake encmics." H e ncede d rh c courage the Rem hlic w as
able ro produce in Floriano. in Pru dente. in R od rigues Alvcs; rhe
courage t he Paulistas cvin ccd in rhei r plan for the valo rizarion of
coffcc in rh c facc o the contrary ideas of all rhc British and Ameri-
can economists; t he cou rage manifcsred by en erget ic public admin-
isrrarors sucb as rhe engineer Percira Passos. rhc public hcahh direc-
tor O svaldo C ru z. Governor Bar bosa Lima, statc m inist ers Iike the
Baron do Rio Braneo, Joaquim .\ Iun inho. and Il ermes da Fonsec a,
who reo rganized t he Anny. or Alexandrino de Alencar, w ho to a
ce!tain extent d id t he same for the N'a"y.
The second Emperor never took t he slig hresr mterest in the
1 Joaquim Viana: "Po r que Caiu () ImWrio," A lmolnaql. r Brolsilro G olrrria
( Rio de Janl.' ro . 1<J091. p. 270.
Order and l'rogress
A rrned Forces. A n anri-militarist. he distrusrcd rhc A rmy to such an
extenr, says V iana, rhat "at a ccrt ain point he had the ,vhim of re-
placing ir wirh a narional gua rd, in rhe manncr of rhe do-nothing
K ing Lou is-Philippc." A freerhink er, " he did nor knovv how [O
cornmunicarc wirh thc Church," thereby failing ro use rhc clergy in
a way that would be advaneageous [O t hc monarc hical gove rnmenr.
" He always nourished a secrcr spire againsr the padres, bccause of
his birrcr rccollcctions of his early educanon nt rhe hands of a
c hu rc hman," says Viaria. Ile did not belic ve in rhe " rheorists' " ca-
paciry for ecrion ami ncglcc red alwa ys " ro spcak di rcctl y ro rhc
pcoplc. ro appeal ro rhcir imaginaeion. 10 t heir parrioric scnrirncnrs
in words which would leavc an eve rlast ing imprcssion on thc popu-
lar spirit . .. w hich would provokc popula r cn rhusiasr n, de fine a
cou rse of serie n, creare an indcsrruc riblc atfection evcn in the face
of major errors." As a result he fou nd himself "one fi ne dar wirh-
out anyone on his sidc." parricularly bcca use of his Anglomania-
his anempt ro turn his rcign im o an imitancn of British Iiheralism
ami parliamenrarianism-,.ro sal' not hing of his attClllpt ro imitare
rhc psy chic aspccrs of rhc Victorian era: t he cult of rnyt hs. rircs,
and ceremonies w irh which rhc Q ueen im part cd nlmosr rcligious
prcsrigc ro her presence on rhc rhronc. Ami nor being a man of
action, he showed himsclf incapablc of resisring " demagogic ideolo-
gics" and "incpt uropias." \\'hen rbere was nccd for polirical dcci-
sie n, he cscaped intc rhe study of asrronomy, natural history. phi.
lology , rhc geology of A gassz, rhe cosmograp hy of Li is, or rhe
arcbcology of Lund (rhough nor thc social scienccs) . Or he would
bc havc like "the most cxcmplary of adminis trarivc division bcads"
by examining his rninisrers, pcncil in hand and burcaucraric spcc ra-
eles on bis nose, as rhough they we re his sec rcrarics, w hich was, in
trut h, w har he had madc o f rhem. His polit ical d crnisc, t hcrcfore,
was, in V iana's opinion, rhat of " a rcrircd government cmploycc.' ~
A ny one of rhe subscquenr Brazilian Prcsidenrs during t he pcriod
of this srudy , ""irh rhe possible excepri on of Afooso Pena and H er
mes da Fooseca, was more authorirarian and even mo re lIlonarchical
rhan Pedro 11 in rhe excrcise of his otl1cia! funcrions. And rhe resuh s
are seen in such devclopmenrs as the rapio rehabilir:nion of R io de
J aneiro. rhe conque ring of yellow fever, rhe pencrration of rhe ime
rior by the R ondon commission, rhe peaccful solm ion of old
boundary qu estions with neighhoring repuhlics, rhe reorganizarion
" Ibid., pp. ' 7' , ~7 '.
Tb e R epubtic T wc nty Y ears A ter 347
of t he Army, thc rc-cquipping of the Navy, rhe enl argement o t hc
railway ncrwork, rhc modcrnizarion o f principal po n s, t hc installa-
t ion o sanitary services in the largc cities, and t hc developmcnr o
ncw ind ust ries, such as mear packing. neccssary tu (he stimu lat ion
of rhc Brazilian economv.
\ Vit h rhe Repuhlic, Brazil bcgan ro he recognizcd by edu cated
Eur opea ns as a new c ivilizarion in rhc rro pics , vhcrc people of
nort hcrn climarcs could no r only live comfon ably bu r also cn joy
cc onornic ad van ragcs. In 1909 Le Fgaro ran an an ide hy P. Bcr-
nier in which R io de j ancirc was c haracrerizcd as a city comparable
"ro thc 11l0~t salubrious placcs of Europc." and which would be
eve n healt hicr whcn rhe autho rities rhcrc succccdcd in conqu cring
tu berculosis in rhc same encrgcric manncr in w hch rhey hall van-
q uishcd yellow fcvcr.n F oreigncrs could now becomc ve ry active in
rhe Hrazilian c apita l, said L e F garo, "in cxploit ing rhc country 's
inexhaustiblc so urc es of wcalrh wir hou r the slightest da ngcr tu life
or physical bealth." This con dirion was partly duc ro Frcnch sci-
ence, t hc magazine poi ntcd out ; [he Instituto ,\ la ngu inhos was a
sorr of hranch of rhc Pasrcur. But ie w as alsc due to t he ac rion of
rhe Rodrig ues Al ves go\"crn mem, which was ab lc ro place aman of
(he stature of Osvaldo C ruz in rhc dirccrion of this establ ishment,
:-':0 burcaucraric hack, no me re rimc-server, Osvaldo Cruz w as a
man in whire, in rhc midsr of barde, in rhe ser vicc of his counrry.'
T he arricle also poinred out rhc g reat energy wir h which (he srate
of M inas Gem s was replac ing its fo rmer capital wirh an cntirely
new city: Bclo H orizonte.
G ugli clmo Ferrero, rhc lralian classicisr an d social historian wbo
visircd Brazil d uring rh is pcriod of c han go, had thc im pression rhar
ir was [he ne wly arrived E uropeans w ho werc rhe real rcvolunonar-
ies o Br azilian socicry. Or pcrh aps t he Brazilians werc rhc c onscr -
var ives an d classicists in ehc order, w ith thc immig rams supplying
the crcative and innovaro ry rom amic disordcr. Fcr rero wro tc rh cse
im prcssions in connection w irh his comrucnrs on Ca ll a,1 ( Call.1tlll ) ,
the sociologica l no vel in w hich G ra\a Aranha attempted ro define
t he confl ct berween rh e old and rh e new l)" cm erging Brazil. 2
The facr was t har afrer abolirion amI the proclamation of the
Rcpu blic, Brazil was revolurionized from t hc inside out. Thc basic
classic forms remained : bur the mot ives and sryle o f living bccame
romanric. This romanncism atfec tcd not only t hc lireraturc, but
alsc rhe polines and [urisprudence of the time. Ir was a romanticisrn,
howcver, rhar did not go ro Spanish-Amcrican extremes. In lirer -
aturc, in polines, in rhc artistic and social lifc rhere was alw ays a
rouch of classic rcstrainr ro moderare t hc rom ant ic excesscs, ro prc-
vent l Iispanic extravaganccs, or ro tone dcwn rh e furors of G ari -
baldi-rype revoluricnaries. Evcn in rhc sourh, the remper of rhe
Brazilian J{Jlcho , wi th his rastc fo r violcncc, was somewhat bal-
anced by rhc sobcr, responsiblc, fcct-on-rhc-g round ordcrliness of
rhc Azorean immigra nr. Bur anyone looking backw ard from 1918
ro rhc pcnod of thc Republican ,\ Ianifesto and rhc Law of rhc F ree
\Vomb would realizo rhat, while t he basic narional norms had not
c hanged. rhc whole tone of lifc proclaimcd a di fferent age.
Though long since dcad. Jos Bonif cio cont inued ro be rhe
principal guido ro Brazilian devclopmcnr. The Positivisrs. c hampi-
ons of movcmcnts t hcy mysrically, nlmosr rcligiously, co nsidercd
progressive, recognized in Bonif cio the grearcst master of political
and sociological thcugbt prod uccd by Portuguese Am rica. In the
t we nricrh ccntury he was sn ll rhe fi gu re rnosr capablc of inspiring
Braxilian dcsire fo r progress, including democratic progress. which
somch ow hccarnc conciliarcd wit h rhc Luso-American rradirion of
pclirical aurhoriry and social protcction. The principies remai ned ;
only the fo nns showcd signs of chan ge. Charuy, w hic h in colonial
times followed a syst em w hercby rhe rich rook care of rhe mor,
was rep laccd by a complcx of Aliscricrd ias. Third Orders, and mo -
nastic Bror hcr hoods which carried out rhe same funcrion. Political
aurhority, wirh irs t radinon of " personal power" or "moderaring
pcwer," managed ro em brace the Am erican concepr of republicen-
ism wirhout dcstroving t hc rradit ional fo rce of rhe personal lcader.
Ar rimes rhis pcrson ality cnlrism was exaggerated. alrhcugh, unlike
similar polit ical phenomcna in Spanish A mrica. always kept w ithin
at leasr rhe apIlCarancc of legality , LeaJers werc often rcferred ro
by dcscriptive nicknames; Floriano Peixoto became "the Iron
.\ ta rshal" ; Rod rigucs Ah'es " Big Dadd y " (l'apai G rande); Borges
de .\ ledeiros, :lUtho ritarian Positivist govemor of Ri o G rande do
Sul. "t he G rasslands Po pe" ; the eqnall)' amhoritarian Barbosa Lima
of Pernamb uco "Barbosa rhe Fury " (Barbosa Fera) ; t he Baron do
Rio Braneo was kllown simply as "'thc Baron" ; Pinhciro ,\ lac hado
T be Republic Tnsenty Yet1Ts After 349
as "thc Chicf" , Rosa e Silva as "thc Counselor." To somc cxtent.
t his giving of nicknarnes harks back tu thc custom of Im pe rial rirlcs,
as rhc scnrimcnrs be hind rhcm can similarly be rraccd tu a m ore
frankly parriarchal pcriod in rhc nation's history . Thc principal
dirfcrcncc berween t his survival of parriarchism in Brazil and the
candilbinno of Spanish-Amcrican count rics is that the former cus-
tom srcms fro m thc cxisrencc of a rirlcd arisrocracy which was en-
tircly lacking in rhe 1Iispanic rcpublics .
This diffcrc ncc did nor escape thc sharp eye of Clemcnccau in his
comparison o rhc Republic of I HH9 w irh irs older Larin-A merican
sisrcrs. " In Sao Pau lo or Rio de j anciro," he ' ....rore, " pclit ical fi g-
ures tu w hom ( havc ralked ca n meas urc "P ro any stand ards in their
cultu re and thcir pcochane for mcthodical ac rion . Thcre w as an ar-
isrocrecy arou nd rhc Emperor w hosc vcsrigcs are bcing em ployed
by rhc ncw dcmocranc ordcr. . .. Ir will sutficc ro ment ion t he
case, rare among Lat n co unrrics , o a lead er who is univcrsally
obcycd . I do no r doubr that ,\ 1r. Pinheiro Xl ac bado possesses all the
quahries of a lcadcr o men, but I arn less astonished to find thcsc
q ualit ies rhan t um ro norc the forbearance wirh which he able to s
discipline so many poli ricians o Larin menraliry ." 3
Ir ' vas diffic ult for Clemcnccau, in his ....iclenrly ami-clerical,
dcmocraric-republican radicalism, tu undersrand how a country
which had becomc rcpublicamzcd wi thout Iosing irs Im pe rial arisro-
cr atic rradirions could pcrmir an erhnic dcmocracy in rhc Arrned
Forccs-,-a siruation which had also srruck more orrhodox Europc-
ans. such as Bryce, Bumichon, or O affrc, as bcing alrnosr scandal-
ous. On inspccring t roops come ro Ri o de j anciro for a paradc,
Clcmenccau could nor repress his Europcan prcjudices: "T he young
officers gave an excellent impression and che barracks installario ns
lcft ncrhing ro be dcsi red. Bur rhere are really r nany colorcd men
in the ranks." 4
In Sao Paulo. Clemenccau visircd a dcrac hmcnr of military police
bcing rraincd by a group o Fre nc h offi cers and discovered how ir
was possiblc ro turn humble {olk, lIIany of rhem of non-Europcan
blood, inro a well-disciplined militar)' boJ y . Ile reported ehat one
of the French officers s[ated: ""Ir men are docile, but at the same
time [hc )' are aJen and always gooJ-hutnorcd." And ir w as not
diffi c ult for Cletnenceau ro see how sllc h m en, genera lly regardcd as
3 Ocmenccall: "p. c it., p. : 18.
4 bid., p. n o.
1;0 a rder and Progress
went still fun hcr, using illusrrious public fi gures as apologists for
producrs their manufacrurers "wishcd ro recornrnend ro rhc re-
spccrablc public." Fo r examplc. Rcutcr's Soap ran copy in th e Re-
'1:isttl da Sem,J1Ia for Seprcmber 3, 19o(j, in w hich three rcspcctcd
polirical fi gures of rhc time, Afonso Pena, Fra ncisco Sales, and R uy
Barbosa, were shown bcsidc a bathmb ami a bar of soap. wi rh rhc
legend : "The one w ho uses rhc rnosr Reurer's Soap is th e onc who
will get che most vetes." Hur rhcsc carly copyw rirers can pcr haps be
pardo ncd for their excesscs in rhe light of rhc guod rhey broughr ro
rhc public, cven whcn rheir serviccs wcrc cmploycd by commcrcial
inreresrs. Anorher typical advcrriscmcnt appeared in the sanie mag-
azine for N ovember 26, 1905. Ir shows t wo Brazihans. une wcaring
a hcavy suir and rol' har and labclled "Thc Pasr" , thc ot hcr in a
st raw har and Iigh r clcrhing, labellcd "The Futurc." Thc top har
says ro his companion: " N o, rny dear fellow ; I arn a respcctablc
mano I cannot go without m)' rol' har .. ." To which the straw
har responds: "You are no more respecrable rhan 1 amo You are
Prcjudicc ond I am Prog rcss. You walk down t hc st rcct as t he last
echo of Ro urine; 1 do so in rhe spirit of th e ouring ano in accord-
ancc wi th rhc scason. which calls for lighr and happy
clorbing .. ." And on e can cite orhcr examples: rhc spread for
Caxambu Water in the Reviste of Scpecmber ro, 1905, showing
Afonso Pena grasping a bonlc of rhe product, wirh rhc legend :
"T hc Favorirc of Favorires!" Or rhar of November 5, 1905, eon-
tainin g a tTUI)' frightful blurb prescnring a caricature of a fi cri-
rious " j udgc Cerdoso de Castro" th anking Presidcnr R od rigues
Alves for his eppo int r ncnt to t hc federal magistracy. "1 rhank Your
Excellcn cy for my ap pointment to rhc Supremo Court," he says, to
which rhc Prcsidenr of rhc Rcpublic-c-t hc much-caricatu rcd " Big
Daddy"- replics: "Don'r thank me : he assurcd thar 1 norninar ed
you on ly bccause you we ar rhosc magni ticanr Condor shocs bought
ar Siiva's ar 86 Rua da Uru guaiana . rhc brand which not only lasts
longer bu r also brings luck ro t hc wcarer." T o the Fren chman Al
fred .\ larc, Ri o de Janeiro matched ~ew York in the furor of its
commcrcial ad,"ertising. In the first "olume of his Le Rrsil, pub-
lished in Paris in 1890, he states: "T he walls on rhc lmildings
here
are co vered with bil1s, samples, and enormou s fi gures in ca rdhoard
or meta l." 9 .\ Ioney was wasted on gas lamps ro light [hese displays
at nighr. And t he bilis also filled all t he available space in t hat most
Brazilian of institutions, the strecrcar.
11 A lfred Mare: l.e Brh il IParis. 1&)0) .
T he R epubt c Tssenty Y ears Aft a 3 59
The drug indusrry enric bcd rhc D audrs and t he O liveiras. wirh
rheir Sa de de Mulher (Female H ealt h) and Hromil, as well as t hc
ma nu facrurcrs of Elixir de Xogucira. Elixi r Sanativo, and R egula-
dor G esteira. In 1916 Elliotr considcrcd it po ssible fo r Brazil to re-
place impo n ed drugs wirh produces of its own manufacture and
even ro expon sorne of t hem, along wit h their mineral warers:
". .. were her resourccs bertcr invcstigatcd and quanrities dcvcl-
o pc d, she co uld grearly increasc her posirion as a supplier of medi-
cines ro inte rnarional markers." 1 And in one ircrn, thar of ry phoid
serurn, Brazil did aclncvc inrernariona l renown. T his scrum was the
spccialry of D r. Vit al Brasil. of thc Burantan lnstirurc of Sao Paulc,
an insn rution Roy Nash has called "rhc wcrld's hcadqua rters for
in forma tion and scrums againsr sna ke bite." ~
Alrnosr com parable fame was won by rhc Inst ituto O svaldo Cruz
of Rio de janciro. a rcsearch cenrer which cnlisred the scrvices of
suc h illusrrious figures as Carlos C bagas, Adolfo Lurz, S ousa
Ara ic , Olmpio da Fonseca. O smino Pena, J. P. Fontanclle, Car-
doso Fome, t hc Osrio de Al r neida b rothers, Artur N civa. Belisrio
Pena. Anorbcr notable rnedical man of rhc period, Miguel Percira,
soundcd th e ala rm as to the deplorable sanirary condirions of rhc
citics, condirions which Belisrio Pena spent [he major part of his
Jife rrying ro rcmcd y and w hich occupied much of rhe lirerary out-
put of rhe wr ircr ;\ Ionteiro Lobato. T he Bahi ans Piraj da Silva.
j uliano " 1oreira, end Osear Freir . all of whorn achicvcd European
rcnown for r heir me dica! research, tnust also he noted here.
In insti rures like rhe .\t angu inh ns or Osvaldo Cruz, in th e medica!
schools of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, and in rhe public health serv-
ice, doc tors joined with sorne of the more audacious planrers and
indusrrialists ro hel p rhc R cpu blic recovcr from the inc rtia of Ped ro
II . Thcy werc der crmin cd ro dcmo nstr arc rhar it was possible to
esrablish a modern ag rar ian and industrial system in t he rropics w it h
rcchnical proccsses eq ual to rhose em plcycd in rhc m ore tem pe rat e
counm es.
In his book T be Conquest of Rrazil publisbed in '9 26, R oy N ash
remarked thar since rhe American t riumpb in opcning thc P anam
Canal. it had bccn undcrstood t hat it was possible for rhc w hite m an
to live and w ork in rhe t ro pies. :\'ash cited several im elligent obser-
vat ions made by Herbcrt j. Spindcn in his artid e "Civilization in
t he \Ver T ropies" (w hic h appeared in rhe Februar)', 1923, i.~su e of
1 El lion: op . cit., p. J15 .
2 Roy S"ash : T br Conql1u t of Br.rUI C... cw York, ' 9' 6) . p. >47.
, 60 Order mu Progress
sons. :L~ tho ugh thcy were en rcring forbidden rcrrito ries. c cnters o
frivoliry o r of d ubious divcrsions." I
N ot that wirh rhe coming of t he R cpublic an)' Brazilian bcgan to
livc cxclusively on t he profirs Frorn his w riring, no! cvcn Xlac badc
de Assis conld achieve rhis rapid and complete valorization of hs
lircrary arto Bur it was t rue rhar the figure of rhc man of lerrers
bcgan [(J exisr wirhour ha\'ing ro disg uise his Jirerary occuparion.
O n the cont rary ; he could bo ast of ir. For rhe Baron do Rio Branco
(as wc have seen ) ro be a rnan of lcttcrs was a rcccmmcndarion, if
not always fo r rhc diplornaric COtpS, al lcasr fo r the co nsular ser v-
ice, in which A lu sic Azevcdc and Xlareus de Albuquerque hcld
positions. At rhe samc time, missions or rasks o rclative importance
wcre being given to J oaquim Nabu co, G raca Aranha, Oliveira
Lima, Eu clydcs da Cunha, Domicio da Gama, and Arajo Jorge,
Il lio L bo. still young bur airead)' showing litcrary tendencies,
was a further figure rccruit cd by thc Baron for scrvice in the lr ama-
rat)',
Ano ther activity which acquircd presrigc in Brazil d uring t hc last
)'ears of rhc monarchy ami rhc carly day s of t he R cpubli c w as rhar
of indusrry. The Prados o Sao Paut o. whilc not rcli nq uish ing rhcir
pc sirion as a landholding family, scnr ma n)' of t hcir mernbcrs inrc
indusrrv.
And in Rio G rande do Sul t he so-called "lard arisrocracv"
ga incd social prcstige t hrough irs connection wirh rhe dried heef
industry, just as rhc sugar refi ncrs o thc north and the state of Rio
de J anciro combincd thc acr ivirics of raising an d proccssing their
producto The rcxrilc industry also showe d gr cat devclopr nent, with
the milis almosr always under Brazilian direcrion. rhough sorne of
tb cse direcrors had lcarned much from England.
Lus T arq nio, an indusr rialisr whom rh c historian Ped ro Calmon
d ubbcd rh c "Bahia n ,\ lall," lcarned fro m his associa non wirh
rhe Bnrish in t hc firrn of Hrudcrer & CA, ro consdcr commer -
cial and ind ustrial acriviry as ho norable as any orhcr fonn o f m ak-
ing a livin g. By rhc age of fO ffY, he had become ric h, but, thanks t o
his British training, withour lcningo hirnsclf become soft in his
w ealth "as usually occurred w ith (he majority of Portug uese husi-
nessmen an d the sons of sugar planters in the arca of the R ec(in.
c avo," 2 Thus he h:td flor in\"csted in securitics and re:tl estate in
I Aflll.ln.lque H r.lri l eiro Gamier (Rio de Janeiro, 19O'J) , p. 100.
2Pr id es ~hJur"ira .le Pinh.. : 1. lIi s T a. qiinio, PiOlleiro J.f rmira Social no
Brasil eBahia. n..I.) . p. ~().
] 66 arder and Progress
order ro livc "t bc carefrce Jife o a pcaceful bourgeois," bur had
insrcad rurned to ind ustrial pionecring. In 1891 he foundcd t bc
Companhia Emprio Indust rial do Norte, giving bis personal nttcn-
rion not 0 0 1)' ro t he fin ancia! and rech nical aspccrs o rhc businesss,
bu t also ro t hc developmcnt o a modem pattcrn of cm ploycr-
employee rclaticnships. Ir was in rhc choice o machincry, w rircs
P riclcs Al adureira de Pinho, rhat " rhc cxpcriencc of Lus Ta r-
qiiinio best asserred irself. .. . 'l is repcarcd t rips ro rhe grcat tex-
rile ccnrcrs o Europe made ir unncccssary for him tu acccpt rhe
offcr o 'com plete facrories' so ofren mad e by F nropcan manufac-
rurers o rhc time te budding Hraxilian indusrrialisrs." Rath er, "he
chose rhc bese frorn rhe enrire ficld .. rom England he brought
machincry from rhc famous ma nufacturing fi rm of Fclber J ucker &
Co.; c rhcr cquipmcnt carne From Germany and Bclgium , and he
took advanrape of rhc burgconing American indusr rv ro complete
the set-lIp and form whar in rhc opinin of experts constituted a
wcll -in tcgratc d whole." In rhe opnion of one Fnropean visiror
d uri ng rhe late nincreenrh cenrury. whoever visired Lus T ar-
qlnio's Fmprio cculd "confide in the futurc of Brazil." "
T he efforts of Brazilian ind ustria lists. sorne of t hcm really gran~
diose. bc camc a source of narional pridc. T hc work of Anr nio
Prado or J orge Srrcer in Sao Paulc, for cxamplc. or Carlos A lbe rt o
de ,\ k nescs in Pern ambuco, or D clmiro Gcuveia in Alagoas, as well
as Lus T arq lnic in Bahia. In R io G rande do Su l, Assis Brasil CO Ol -
bined an elcganr, if somcwha r ordinary. polirical philoso phy w it h
conside rable spccislizcd com petence in ind ustrial agriculrurc, in
additio n ro a financia! and rcchnica l kuowlcdgc unsurpassed by any
fo rcigner in his ficld. L'O rnatter ho w mu c h one may lamenr ccrta in
aspeces of Republican pro tec t ionism roward indusrry. no matter
how false and pcrnicious it may have bcen in irs effecr o n thc
national economy. ir ruusr be recognizcd rhar thc efforts o such
indusrrialisrs had many laudable aspect s bcyond tb ose o a purely
cconomic narure. Thrcugh indusrry, formcr slavcs an d rh eir d csccnd-
an rs we re offercd a means of livelihood. From a vagabond exist ence
rhey wcrc ablc 10 emerge as useful citizcns integ rarcd inro rhc regu-
lar em ploymenr. cultura l, and recrearional pan erns of Brazilian so-
ciery. T tms. the cont ribution of ind usrry ar r he time had ies social
value. pa rticularly in t he cstablishmenrs of t he men mentioncd
abo\'e, or o orhcrs like Il errnann Lundg ren in Pernambuc o, the
3 Ihid., pp. 7rr-"o.
Th e R epubtic T ns enty Years After
uso " Fau sto Cerdoso, a ralcntcd boy who me t a tragic cnd in po li-
rics. bccame so enthusiasric he thrcw his har, his jacket. and fi nally
his scat un to rhc stagc in token of his ap prcciarion of rhc am sr."
Rcturning tu t he subjcct of drcss, Albert o de Paula Rodrigues (b.
Cear . 8Hz) says rhar in his yout h it was obligator)' for men of
sorne staru rc ro wcar a blac k railcoat, rall hato and sta rc hed collar.
As a family physician. " 1 nevcr em ered ahorne wirhout this fu-
ncrcal and un hygienic garbo l Iowever, rhere were so rne who, d ur-
ing rhc horresr part of t bc ycar, changed to whitc duck t rousers,
t hough retaining rhc railccat and high hato . . . T be sack suit was
considcrcd vulgar. to be worn only by clc rks and rcen-agcrs . Whcn
.\ IaIlUel V itorino, an illustrious physician and professo r of medicine
in Hahia, arrivcd in Rio from Enrope wcaring a sack suir and col-
ored shirr, he brought , scvcrc c riricism un himself. \Vhen he rricd t O
csrablish a practico in R io de j anciro he failed and died shortly
afrerward poor nnd forgortcn."
Ir is ro t he crc dit of the physicians. howc vcr. rhat through rhc
inir iarive of the Xl ed ical Club and D r. Gras a Como. rhcy bcgan a
campaign against "thc ridiculo us and ina ppropriare drcss'' of rheir
colleag ues in favor of rhe sim ple jacket wirhour vcsr worn by the
ordinarv mano Pcrhaps t his broughr t hem dow n ro rhe level of rhe
clcrks. but in facr rhe clcrks we re bccom ing indusrrialist and be-
ginn ing ro cxcccd rhc doctors in soc ial prestigc . Al any rare, rbe
professionals-cdoctors. cng inccrs, lawycrs-c-bcg an dressing like in-
d usrrialisrs. ahan doning pricst ly garb and imita ting the t ropical
En glishman. T here w as also a decline in rhe use o perfumes and
jcwclry so characrc risric of male elegancc in rhc ni netccnt h c cn-
turro and a sim ilar decline in th c cqually luxurious display of facial
hair.
Bur if Brazil passcd from Em pirc ro R epublic wit h irs mcn exces-
sivc in t hcir display of rings, jew cls, good tceth, and glirrcring pince-
111?2 , we ar ing perfume in rhcir hair ami beerd and on rhcir hanJs, ir
is not surprising rhar t his scan dalous orienralism in dress was evcn
m ore extreme among thc w ornen. Rarely did t he wifc of a rich Hra-
zilian of rhc periodo even for ordinary shopping. lea\'e her home
unless dr ipping w ith jewcls ami do used w ith perfume from head
to foot.
Dona A nttlllia Li ns Vieira de "l elo (h. Sao Paulo, R79 ) , w ho
grew up on a sllgar planrarion in t he nu rrhcast, reports rhar aH her
clothes fo r social wear w ere acqu ireJ in Paris-"bought ro order
T he R epnb c T nsenty Y ears After 373
by Rec ife d rcssmakcrs." There wcrc hat s ami shocs from rhc same
ciry, togcrhcr with underclothcs "of rhc fi ncsr dclicacy and gcod
rasrc." As for jcwcls. shc prcferred largo diamond rings, broochcs
sruddcd wir h th c samc stone, and a gold necklacc with mcdallion or
jewcled crucifix. " 1 was particularly fond of diamonds," says Dona
A ntonia, "bur orhcr S((lOeS such as rubes or cmcralds were also used
ar rhc rime. The mountings for rhesc jewels werc varicd, bur one
ncted a prcfcrcncc fo r religious syrnbols, rhc Cross being particu-
larly in vogue. At times we wcre obligcd ro wcar rings o f white
metal w hich werc givcn us by fri ends and servants ('compddres' and
'comadres' ) ar thc festival of Santa Luzia. These gi fts could not be
rcfuscd." There wc rc some who sto ppcd wearing precious jewcls in
favor o f ri ngs of lesser valu "sirnply bc cause rhc larrcr had been
blcsscd by rhc pricst and had muc h mo re valuc ro a good Cat holic."
As fo r SpOrtS, D ona An rnia starcs rhat t he sportS o f t he mid-
rwcnricrh c en tu ry werc not currcnr in her rim e. l Ier o wn favo rito
was riding. " 1 spent r nuch time on horscback r iding fr om ene plan-
ration to anorher in visirs ro fr icnds and rclatives. \ Ve had goo J
horses in our stablcs, my farher always insisted on baving rhc best.
. . . Their harncss was mounred with silvcr, and thc sad dle w as of
rhe firsr qualiry. Such objecrs wcre nor bought in rhc markcr bur
sent o n order , m)' farher spared no expense in thcse mancrs.
Pcoplc at thc time preferrc d ro rravel on ho rseback . \\'hen the
w hole family had ro rravel and t hc rc wcre man)' c hild ren, an oxca rt
was uscd undcr the supervisin of the older membcrs o f the family,
bur even so, rhe head of rhc g rou p ami TIIoSt o f thc adulrs rodc ho rse-
bac k. ;\ Iy love o f ho rscs has alwavs been ver )' great."
In addiricn to ho rscba ck riding. sorne of t hc orhcr activiries cf
rhc period ar t hc w utcring placcs \vere rhe carri'lge rid e anJ the
croquet g amc. as 'w cll as Ri n ing and dancing the waltz o r t he p.Js de
qutltre, t he last fo r sorne reason know n in Bra7.il as footillg. These
\Vere the d iversions o f the rich, of c ourse. For )"oung: lad jes of mo re
modest means, spo rrs w ece less in favo r, ahhough sorne \'cnru reJ ro
ride a bicycle o r play tennis.
By rhe cn d of t he presidenc y o f V enceslau Brs many changcs
ha d t aken place in the d ai ly life o f the countr)', The R epublic had
pretty w ell re cove red from its ear lier ami-cl ericalism, alt hough
there \Vas still here and ther e a trac e o f J ac obi nism. (T he re was
even the d ramatic case o f a fed eral d epllty w ho entered the reli-
giOllS life afte r a m)'stic al experienc c in rhe legislarive c h:un bcr it
374 a rder nd Progres!
sclf.) O rhcr tbings had p ass ed also : rhc frock coat had disappcare d
cxccpr 0 0 rhe occasional individ ual ; rhc same could be said fo r rhe
rol' hat and thc horsc nnd carr iage, T he {mu re had faded into t he
past ; rhc R epu blic hall blendcd wirh rhe monarchy, fo rming a
single hisrorv. a Brazilian history . More than ene republican who
rer nembercd the romanric davs of t hc .\ Ianifcsto o Sao Pau lo
reachcd rhc end o rhar prcsidcncy sccing rhe rosy (m ure rhey had
envisaged now becornc one wirh rhe colonial, rbc Porruguesc. and
t he Im perial pericds o rhc nation al cxperience. while ocw furures
werc bcing quickly rransformcd inro t he present o
Nor rhar thc Rcpublic did nor nave t hc significance o a new
cxpcricnce for Brazil. Ir -ixas a new expcriencc. bur a som ewhat less
fcrvcnr onc (han its mosr ardcnt sll pport ers had look ed for, less
rhan the cxpcctations of a Silva j ardim or a Saldanha ,\ l arinho or
el-en a Prudente de ,\ Ioraes, a .\Iart ins jnior, or a Co clho Lisboa.
Contrary ro rheir expectations. thc Church had increased in pres~
rigc. T he int ensc rcpublican vogue for caricaruring Pedro 11 as
"Pedro Banan a" had fadcd, and the butr o f rhis sari re h ao virtuully
urraincd rhc srarure of a national saint, a saine " ..hom every Brazilan
incrcasingly rcgardcd as his own palron figure. Ben jamn Consrant
and his Posirivism had bccom e pass . by 1918 the doc tri ne hcld
little appcal for inrellecruals, rhc military, or rhe average man, and
was almosr wirho ur spokesmen in th e polirical arena. T hc ccm-
manding vcices of rhe pcriod were no longer thosc of intellectuals
likc Ben jamin or even Ruy Barbo sa. ratbcr, rhey were those of the
pragmatic down -ro-carrh Xlineiros and Paulisras who knew rhe po-
lirical game and were eno rm ously etfccrivc in t bcir efforts. Pinheiro
Xl achado, perhaps the last of rhe republican rom antics, was silent ;
rhc sociaiist ideas which had hegun ro arrive fr crn Europc held no
appeal: R uy Ba rbosa did nor interese t he )'oung and, dcspire his
erudition and vasr ralcnrs, hao begun ro look almosr like a menta!
defective alongs ide rhe practical energies of rhe pragm arists from
.\t inas G erais ano Sao Paulo .
Since rhe ead y yea rs of rhe cenrury, rhese pragmaric po liricians
had giv en a new and disconcerting examp lc of rhc techniques of
seare so cialism, as secn in the valorizarion of coffee, "rhar operarion
of su te socialism which is succeeding in spirc of rhe opinions of rh e
economisrs," as G eorges Clemenceau put it, ~ This Bralian innova 4
rion in socialism was perhaps rhe most importanr narional accom-
' O emenc eau: o p. CIt.,
. p. J 50.
T be R epnbic Tsxenty Y ears A iter 375
plishment during rhc pcriod, [ollowcd by th e publica-ion o( O s
Sert es. rhe integraeion of Acre into rhc rcrrirorv of rhe Rcp ub!ic.
the victory of O svaldo Cruz against ycllow fcvcr, and rhc pioncer
fli ght o Santos Dumont. Such th jngs revealed a Brazil hitherto un-
suspcctcd by Europeans, a Brazil capablc of effccting a concrete
realization of thc mono of 1890; "O rder ano Progrcss." Progress
moderarcd, when ncccssa ry, by rhe exigc ncics of O rdc r, the Brazil-
jan cconomic and social ordcr. with cmphasis 0 0 rhc adjccrivcs eco-
nornic and social wirhin rhc general con cept of th e narional morro,
bur wirh evcn rnorc spccific cmp hasis on that all-importanr adjcc-
tive: Brazilian.
~[XII J~
37 6
T be Cba/lenge of tbe Tropics 377
Fo r parasitic infcctions, doc tors uf t he pc riod cmploycd marcrials
che)' rcferrcd ro as "antizymotic ." In t he treatmcn t of c on tusio ns
t hey uscd iodoform solutions. bichlu n dc uf rnercury, and borre
acid. Hospitals of the t ime alweys rcckcd tc r ribIy of iodoform. For
sy philis. rhc crthodcx used merCllry and potassium iodide. Malaria
was treared with qui nine. Rabies. anthrax, and smallpcx werc p re.
venteo by vaccinario n. In ject ions were st ill rare ac che time. but at
che bcginning of the cemury this European rcchniquc was begin-
n ing 10 be used ag ainst syphilis. wit h thc eventual use of the G er-
man-dcvelopcd 606 and 9 1.f.
For anem ia. sc rofu la, cache xia, or rbeumatism, doc rors pre
scribcd iron, arsenic, aconire, ph osphorous, various oils. quinine,
linsccd. and wi nes. European wincs likc .\ lalag a or medic in al brcws
Iike qu inoga werc given to rhc ancmic and to convalescents, [he
manufacrurers making a spccia l effort to advernse tbe cffecriveness
of such products against thc diseases o f rhe tropics.
Prescriprions frequcntly had as rhcir hase nncrure of aconire, nux
vomica , calomel. jalap, ros cwater, belladonna. c astor oil, o range-
fl owcr syrup. and jabo rand i pepper. Ilousehold remedies inc1uding
sabugo ca ctus. chickcn hawk. watcrcrcss, and cirron. There wcrc
also unguents o f va rious so nso bumed in brazicrs to disinfccr rhe
sickroom. F or this purrose roselllary was o fte n uscd [ ir was also
used as a co ugh med icin e ) . Garlic was cmploy cd in poulriccs. an d
scldicrs hesiranr to cntcr combar oft en inrroduccd this subsrancc
inro rhe anus to produce fevc r and go on sick call." Anorher
rcmedy uscd as a scpricidc by such physicians as Xlesrrc Sousa Lima
of Bahia was erarobe, t he so-called "Babia powdcr." 3
Among rhc familiar houschold remedies of t he tim e was TUe, uscd
by midwives d uring labor t mercase rhc conrractilc power o f rhe
ut erus, and also du ring mcnsrruation . Fo r roothac hc ir w as commo n
p racricc ro use e le ves. Caraba was frcqucnrly uscd in therapeuric
barhs. Caiap was rhe purpativc mosr uscd by mor hcrs fo r rhcir
cbildren ami onc w hich rcc eived co nside rable medica! ancnncn, in-
cluding a doctoral thcss by J. .\ 1. de Castro and a study by Profes-
so r Gubler in Paris. At this time Brazil was also making ao elfart t
~ Utia~ A. da Sih eira : TI?T"p;1II ;c~ lI r..sil roJ (R io d c J~ n c iru, , Illl<, ), 11, 1411. See
aIro Ihe c haplers fln " Flora" and "C1 ilu, le ,nd D i~ase" in J. C. O akenfull: B... l
( Par s. 1909).
a Sih 'era: op. cil., H, I KI, s.:c al.o Ihe c hapler on "Le .\talat tie del Bra. He" (T ite
D iseases uf Brazi!) in Alfonso L"fl\onaco : A l JI ...ri/" (.\ t ilan, , IlRq ).
arder and Progress
~ FOf in{ormarion on the Iarnily d oc to r du ring the pcriod, scc Chaprer XXIII u{
Ot v io de Freitas: ,\lcdicin4 t Crmumts do Recife Amigo t Reeife, '90H ). Freit:l.S
srates that the fam ily doc tor w as a co mb inad on of "midwife, pediatrician. surgeun.
ocuiist, and even geriatris t" and that in him "the pal ienl foun d an inteU igent coun-
s.c: lor an d friend."
7 Silveira: o p. cit ,. 1.598, See also A n,nio .\la nins de Azevedo P imentel : Sub.
sidios p m l o ES/liJ o d.:l Higiroe do Rio de /aneiro ( Rin dc Janeiro , J8<o l.
] 80 arder and Progress
This manifesro was no inn oc uous doc umento In ir the Princc de-
clared: "Wirhout cncouraging my fricnds ro violence. much lcss ro
an always disasrrous civil war, I hope rhar. when thc momcnt
comes, we monarchists \ViII kn ow ho w to follow rhc manir cou rse
necessary fo r the coumr)"s salvarion." A nd he pointcd ou t rhar t hc
monarchical regimes of Europe wcrc disringuishing rbcmselves by
rheir inrelligcnt and cffcc rivc protccrion of [h e working class. a pro-
gram w hich wou ld be pursucd by t hc restored Empire in Brazil and
which would show rhar Em pirc as capablc of bcing more mo dcrn
than [he presem Repuhlic. In a scnsc, rhc manifesro of D om Lu s
was rcviving thc words of j oaqu im N abu co, who had wamcd the
Empirc of t his problem bcfore rhc pronunciarion of N ovcrnbc r 15
had removed him from rhc polirical sccne and replaccd him with
preachers of cr her polincal religions.
T o rhis bold ch allenge on [he pan uf a past rhac rhrearened ro
rcsuscirat c itsclf in t he form of a more sociall y advaoccd fut ure, rhc
Positivist mission in Brazil respo nded with irs Pam phler 350. per-
haps the mosr signiticanr of a series co nraining such ntles as "Leve
of Princi pies Bascd un O rder," "Progrese as an End," "To U ve for
Othcrs," "Te Livc Enlghrcncd." Wrin en by R. T cixeira ,\ t cnJ es,
Pamph ler 350 appearcd in R io de j anciro in 19 13 ("Year CXXV of
th c F renc h Rcvolution and Ll X of [he :-':omlal Era" ) unJer t hc
title O lmprio Brasi/eiro e 11 Repblica Brasileira perl11Jte a Regen-
era~iioSocial ('FIJe Rrazilian Empire alld tIJe Rr, li.1Il Republic
Confro m ed by lhe QlIestioll of Social ReKelleratiol1 ). T his rcpuJ i-
ated the accusat ion of Prince D om Lu s that t hc R epub lic had
failcd ro com ply with [he social aspects o its program through its
inability ro raise tseH ahovc thc eonfl icts o f special interests. O n
39 Order and Progress
pagc 30 of t his important dccumcnr in Brazilian labor history,
Teixeira .\ tcoJ es wrir cs: "Thc r nosr complete fraterniry has bccn
ac hicv cd borh among Braailians and wirh orhcr pccples, w herever
thcv ma), be. T hc coming o rhc Rcpublic w as ncccssary in o rdcr ro
enahle thc free prolc rariar to eme rge from rhc oppressive simarion
in which ir fo und irsclf in Hraxil. In facr, (lile of rhe firsr acts of rhc
rcpublican rcgime wns ro cstablish annua l vacarions for w o rkers
similar ro rhosc enjcyed by public funcrionaries. At the same time ir
bcgan rbc dignifying movemenc to dissolve the diffcrenccs berween
da)' laborcrs and orhcr public employ ccs. . . . O ne can scc th ar
rhis who lc movcme nr te> give dignitv te t hc proletariat w as in ac-
cord w irh rhc na rurc o f rhc rcpublican rcgim e and quite co ntrary to
rhc d vnastic ami arisrocraric prcj udiccs o f rhc mona rchy." And,
speaking direcrlv to the manifcsrc of Dom Lus: " In whar Euro-
pean monarcby is rh e digniry o f rhe prolctariar more respecred t han
in rhe Hraz.ilian Rcpubl c, as rhe .\ lanifcsro claims>" 7
T hc manifesro had dcclared tha t [he Rcpublic was " a govem -
ment by and for t hc few ar rhe expense of tb e many,' rhar rhc
government gave " nor rhe slighrcst artention'' ro "t he well-bcing of
th c pcople," and that "thc labo r problcm s . . . partly resolved by
rh e p rincipal Europcun monarchies" had noe cven be en fae ed in
Brazil. T hc republicm gO\'ern ment had srood by. doing nothing,
while thc labo r siruario, bcco ming intolerable. was rh rearening
Brazil. " as in the ncighbo ring Rcpoblic. wirh rhe speeter o f anar-
chisric socia lism."
T he c riticis m of D om Lu s was larg clv justified. The alienarion o
thc rcpublican governme m from the labor quesrion had been poinrcd
out. as wc havc sccn. by such diversifi cd obscrvers as Clemcnccau
and Farher G affrc, and st ill anot her coldly objcct ive viewpcinr was
gi\'en by rhc Eng lishman Charl es \V. Domville-Fife in his book Tb e
U nted Surtes of Brszil. This much-rraveled Brit ish obscrver said
rb ar in [he East End of Lcndon. as well as in rhe p(K)r scctions of
other largo ciries in G rear Hrirain. R ussia. Germany. Belgium. and
Spain. he had w itncssed " sc cnes of c ro w ded. sordid p(werry , w hich
no sysrem of government yet devised can effe crually cope w i(h or
prevent." Bu! in Sao Paulo rhese sord id eondirio ns scemed nm to
prevail. an d w hile rh e pe oplc were apparenrl)' hap py. wth room
and work en ough fo r al1, " it woul d be an umruth so say (ha[ the
lahou rer en joys more frcedom o r securi(y. o r even as much, as he
r R. T eixeir. "'endn : O / m ptfrl o 8 r.r j/eiro e 01 R efJi b/j e.r BrolliJejr.r p er.rnre 01
Regnlerolf iio S,oei.r' ( Ro de J. nciro. ' 91) , p. )0.
T he Restoration l l 07.:emc1lt 39
'
does under the Iimited Monarc hy of great and grcarer Brirain." ~ In
Brazil, "moncy rules as in al1 rcpublica n countries." And in repub-
lics ruled by moncy the gcncralization of the Princc as tu rhc 1110n
archics' grcarer sensitiviry to rhc cause of thc working man secms to
have Leen con fi rrncd, ar lcasr for rhosc rnonarchies which wcrc ar
all arrenrivc to labor: Germ any more than EnglanJ ; Belgium, 1101-
land, Swedcn, and N orway more rhan republican Franco.
In a pamphlct cnrirlcd Jfl111l1af do ,\fonar qllisM, issucd in Sao
Paulo in 19' 3, Couro de .\ lagalh!ics also affinucd rhe superioriry of
the monarchy ovcr the Republic on this issue, point ing out rhar,
because uf its heredirary narurc. the monarchy was not a govem -
mem of part ics or spccial inrcrcsts and, nor heing dependem upon
clections, was also free from rhc infi uenee of money. Xlcncy had
played an important pan in rcpublican elccrions; the United Stares
and Frnncc had bccomc "vcritahlc markcrs'' in this respect. lr was
nor rarc, "in rcpublican Brazil in '9 13, ro scc a candidato buying
votes." This bcing thc case, whar was ro prevent England, for in -
srance, " from sending mone)' here through irs ,lgenrs for thc pur.
pose of clccring a Presidcnr coogcnial ro irs fi nancia! inrcrcsts in
Brazil? " The monarchy. on the other ha nd, was thc bese guaranrce
of order ami narion al conrin uity and at rhc same time a "modern
[ype of governmem capable of favoring progress and social re-
form ." More [han any othc r system, ir eould proteet rhe popular
intcresr. since it was nor subjecr tO the desircs of any group. The
resroration uf rhc monarchy in Brazil, insofar as narive ind ustries
were conecrned, would not only incl udc "a moderare prorcction-
ism variable with rhc nccds of the moment, bue alsc woul d be a
defender of thc cc nsumer." At rhe samc time ir would clcarly
"guaranree cmploymenr ro labor," prorecring and valorizing the
work ers in wavs rhar had nor cvcn beco arrempred by a Repubhc
too closcly compromised by its obligations tu regional and eco-
nomic inreresrs. These ends cculd "bcst be achievcd rhrough a 11100
archy" , with " po wer remaining stable w ithin one fam ily," the chicf
of state would not flee d " tu court the fan lr of the proletariat ar
reguest the hclp of the rieh in an c!ee[ion campaign." \l
It was in the facc af sllch concrete argumenrs for a monarehical
restorarion that T cixeira .\1 endes felt himsclf obliged to recognize
that [he Republie was being compromiscd in its " social ambitions"
IlChuJes \ \'. D om\"ille-Fik T he U niteJ St Jter o( HrJziJ (ton don, 19 10 ), pp.
l 09, 1: 5,
9CoUto de .\ b g\l lhi es: M Jnu.:l/ do ,\fonarqui fta (Sao PauJo, 19'3 >, pp. Il!. n, 60.
392 arder and I'rogress
signifi ed 001)' prog ress in rerms o rhings. almos! cor npletcly ovcr-
look ing the advanccment o rhc people who wcrc car rying out t bis
progrcss.
T his neglecr o rhc workingman 0 0 [he pan o gcvemmcnr offi -
cials pllt Pinhciro "tachado. rhc srrong man o R io G rande do Su!'
in an ideal po sition ro do sOlllcrh ing abour this forgoncn cIcment o
rhc popul arion ami to realizo in Brazil a labor program similar ro
rhar o Barde y O rdocz in U ruguay. Ir is rrue that Pinh eiro ., ta-
cbadc did nor co jo)' Barrlc's advanragc o more rhan [wenty years
in Paris spent in close cont acr wirh Latine and the Freneh Posiriv-
ists ami wirh masrcrs o rhe Sorhonne and [he Collge de France.
Bur he could have ovcrcomc this defi ciency by ordcring srudics o
labo r laws and organizarions by rhose sarnc ralcnted mcn of lettcrs
who had mo re t han once drcctcd t heir efforrs ro examining Brazil-
ian econom ic and fi nancia! problcms. Ir is t hcrcfore han! ro under-
stand whv rhc rnosr ralcnrcd of Pinhciro's followers, rhc young [aw
profcssor G ilhen o Amado, prcferrcd t o accepr an innocuous mis-
sion ro H olla nd undcr rhe supe rvisin o Lau ro ;\ Iller, fo r t he
preparation of une more repo rt 011 Fn ropcan immigrarion. insrcad
of un dcrta king rhc Iar mo re impon ant rask of making an objccrive
srud y of Banle's lahor rcfo nus in U rug uay ami rheir relarionship ro
the various forms of Europcan starc soc ialism. \Virh the hclp of
such a sru dv. Pinhciro could havc preparcd himself for a mission o
labor o rganiz ation which. as scnator frorn R io G rand e do Sul and a
narionalleader ar thc hcighr of bis prcstig e, he was in a unique pcsi-
tion ro ca rry our. Unforruncrelj-, as we hace sccn, w har r cally hap-
pcncd was t hat t hc problcm was neglec ted by t he Republic. and rhe
ntass of workers, ho rh w hite and descendcnrs of slavcs. wcrc lefr
almosr complc rcly aba ndoned." ::"'0 real labo r leader eme rged in
t hc carly Repub lic, and ir was not until the eve of rhc First \ \'or hl
War rhar Princc Lu s de Orl ans-Braganca rook bis st and in favor
of rhc wo rkingman. Dcm Lu ls's attem pt at a rcsrorarion of the
monarchy based on an cnlighte ncd social prog ram lacked t he con-
tcxr o suitable c irc umsranccs. N everrheless. d ur ing the regim e of
Pr csident I le rmcs da Fonscca ( 1910- 14), there were tim es w hcn
matters seemed ro favor rhis apparcmly unpro pirious :l.lhenru re,
8 T his auandunme nt uf a large ' ''''I", rli"n of Ihe ro l'ub lio n ca<.lsed particular
alarm among p ll hlic'~l'irilrd medica l mm, w hu hcgan \O cry IOlldly Ihat Brazil
wa~ [ot"comin!l a "' :J., t hosp ital." It ,.-a~ [he", n i... , tal her [han h".e in fav or of
labor, w hich lUused Ihe puliticia m. and d erg}" w social aelio n.
Tbe R estorat on Jfo'l.'c1Jlcnt 399
and whcn Dcm Lus, in the eyes of orthodox republicans. bcgan ro
appear as a rhrear ro rhc cstablishcd ordcr.
O ne such momcnr. which occurrcd before Dom Luis issued his
manifcsr o. was rbc j050 Cndido rebellion. lt is not out of line ro
considcr rhis rnovcmenr, which in ' 910 disturbcd the rradirionally
peaceful rclarionsbips bcrwecn officcrs and menoas a form of prole-
tarian insurrccrion. And the same could be said of a previous move-
ment, rhar of naval machinisrs in Recifc in 19 9, In rhc earlier rebcl-
lion, thc machinists arrernpred ro align rhcmselvcs with rhcir civilian
conrcres alrcady organized undcr rhe Central Association of Sea-
mcn. rhe N aval Fircmcn's Associarion, and the N aval Cclliers'
U nion, all wit h hcadq uarters in Rio de j anciro ami branchcs in the
narion's principal scaports. Thc Pernamhucan newspapcr A Ptria,
sym parhct ic to rhc cause of the workers, had clashed wirh the Xl ari-
time Serviccs Company on Augusr 2 8. 1909. denouncing the COIll -
pany as "t he property of Senator Rosa e Silva and his family," who
were aIso prcprictors of rhc anti-prolerarian newspaper /Jirio de
Pernambuco. Under irs editor Pblio Puga, a Brazilian of lralian
origino A I' tra had styled itsclf rhe "defender of rhc working
classcs," rcferred to rhc seriking machinisrs as "p rolcrarian scamen,"
and accused Marine Cc mmandant Cun ha, Caprain of the Ports of
Pernambuco. as aiding rhc capitalisrs by hclping "smash the prole-
rariar."
There is linlc douht th ar thc leadcrs o rbe searnen's insurrection
of 1910 conducted by j oo Cndido had also developed rheir revo-
luronary sentimcnrs under Europcan infl uences. In one of thc most
intercsring books of the periodo Poltica versus Alar;lIha (l'olitics
versus tbe Na't'Y), w ritren by e ne who signs hmsclf merely " A
Naval Office r," ir is claimcd rhat j oo Cndido "shapc d and pcr 4
land, ro rrain thc berrer elemcnrs among irs prescnr pcrsonncl "so
t hat th e new and more powerful ships mighr have thc advan rage o
bcing mar mcd by sclecte d CiCWS . "
Thc drama of rhe Hrazilia n N avy was thus a small-scale version
o the drama o Brazil ar thc m m o th c century . th c N avy, like t he
coumr)' at largc. was lacking in what somccnc has called "indu st rial
infilrrarion." Even rhc naval officers for the most pan continucd to
be graduares of rhc law schools of Recife and Sao Paulo: acadcmics
wirh archaic prepararion for a nevo indust rial era. In 19 10 " A Naval
O ffi ccr" wrorc rhat his colleagucs werc "all cxt rcmely intelligcnt.
many were very able. and a few eccn erudito." N or nne, however,
kncw hc w ro pilor a ship.' T hcsc orficers clcarly nceded further ed-
ucarion , having existed for y ears in rhc long-dead days of the sailing
ship. A Brirish naval mission should have bcen callcd in. co rrcspond-
ing ro {he German mission dcsire d by rhc Baro n do Rio Branco for
thc rchabi lirarion of t hc Army and ro th c Frencb mission which had
airead)' transformcd t he milira ry policc of Sao Paulo into rhe besr
and mosr efficicnr organization of irs kind in Scuth Amcrica. Thcrc
was also nee d for an educarional programo which. in addirion ro
imparring rhc necessary practica] rraining ro otficers, would raisc
rhe "moral and inrcllecr ual levcl" of rhc wa rranr-officcr class. The
nced for this intermediare class was clca rly of supreme urgenc)' in
all branch cs of rhc milita ry, jusr as ir was in agriculmrc, commcrcc,
and indusrry. [accguay. ut th c cnd of thc nincrcent h ecn tury, had
alrcady sugges ted rhar ccrt ain fie lds-c-Ior examplc, mctallurgy.
mech anics, naval consr rucr ion, and fi shing- w cre good arcas "for
rhc recruiring of more or lcss quelificd seilors for rhc staffi ng of
modero naval vesscls." Ile also suggcstcd rhat sorne of t hc pre-
indust rial acriviries he considcred. T hc "j,mgadeiro of norr hcm
Brazil" was a good cxample rhcsc caboctos. he pointcd out, had a
"notable apritude for t hc life of rhc sea." ~
There was no serious attempt, howcver, ro develop rechnicians
ro serve as an intermediar), class bctwcen (he rradir ional lcvels of
"uppcr" and "lower." T his necessary link in the dass stn lcture was
nceded in agricult urc, trying ro bccomc modern by training agron 4
(llnists wilh co llege degrees \vithout devel oping foremen and over-
seers; it was nceded in industrYi it was needed in t he A rme d Fo rees.
Tbid., p. W5'
~ ArtUf J aceguay ; "Condil;'Oes Atuai!. da Marin ha Brasilcira," Re'l:iHa BrasileirJ
aml ! of'n,J1 do Co m m .:rcio (R io de Janciro. ' Ik/i).
T be R estorat on ,\[07.:e111em
3 This hel .lid nm C'SC~pe the Fren ehm~ n Mu e. who noted th ~t the b)e kl)n.lers
uf Ccn dllring lhe d rougJlI I)f 1877 rn :ch-cd gnHrnmem aid in lhe mme of chc
Que..n. H e al", ntlted lha! in Rio de JAn eiru Prinees> habd, on pruclaiming Aholi-
liun, "'As fen-emly hailed by Ihe ln"'e r das"",,,- nnl AS Pr joce" U f regem, bUI Wilh
'FIJe Restoretion M ove111cnt
ShOUfS of " V h -a a Rainha!"- A lfred .\tare : l.!' Brh iJ: Excu rnon J Trac en Su 10
l'r01.'inu s (Pars, I !!yo) , p. oH1 .
Gl ossary,
Illdcx
GIoSSaI)'
drink ,-ery popula r in rhe south o Brazil and rccently quite im-
p0rtant as an exporto
ma:ri:rl.'- ( 1) A popular dance ami t he music for such a dance; (2 )
a ghcrkin.
mestico-T crm applied to any individual o mixed blood.
1Itodinha-A popular song, usually romanric in naru rc.
orix-A voo doo prie sr.
palmatria- A narrow. fiar srick formerly used on rhc palm.. of
back ward or recalcitranr grarnmar school pu pils. Some of rhcsc
instrumcnrs of torture had a largc hole horcd in thc middle. N eed-
lcss ro say, rhc hales ofren ca uscd blisrcrs rcgarded by rheir 1'05-
sessors as a speci al son of acadcmic stgmata,
pas de qwJtTc-A dance cmploying four paces.
pl.'ixada-A fi sb srew, bc uillabaisse.
pitanga-Brazil cherry (Eu[!,eni,lllnifiora ).
pitomba-Fruir of rhc ptombeira (L uschnathiana) .
pll:ruri-Al~o pixurnn; a fo no of nlltl11 cg .
!abi_A Brazilian thrush, similar in appcarane e ro t he A me rican
robin.
Sa'm ba-T hc mese famous Hrazilian popular dance, probably of
African origino
sepoti-:The Fruir of (he sapodilla (A cbras rapota) .
StlT/lpatel-A dish made of pig's or shecp's visccra and blood.
sertoo-T he scmi-a rid backlands of Brazil.
rerum ejo- Inhabitant o rhc rertdo.
tucupi-A condimcnr made o manioc and peppcr, used in the
Amazon as the basis o a delicious sauce.
'l;inhtico- A rrec (Plathy1lt1.'1Iia ret cu sds ) of the mimosa family.
R.\V.II.
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Additional Rccent Books
Published in Brazil
ABk EO. J "Y ,\ l E: EduCilf ao, Sociedade e D esenc ooimemo. Rio de janciro,
11)68.
A U:SCAR, E IIGAR DE ; O C.tTntrL'al Ca riOCJ .llr.u's da .Hlricil. Rio de j aneiro,
I)S'
ALMf.IflA. RES AYO: ,\1,,1/11.11de Coleta Folclrica. Ro de janeiro, 1965,
A MU AL. IGNcIO ;\h :-m:L A ZH EllO oo: E m ilio sobre i1 Re'l:olu fiio Bresileire.
R o de j aneiro, Ig6J .
ASIHIAIlE. G n.IIERTo Os'uo 1)[ : Pro psit os de Unit:rrsidolJe. R ecite, ' 9'15.
A S llR"llt:, ,\ l RIO me : Mrica de f eit i fll ri.J 1/0 flrasi/. Sao Pauto, I9 I .
AZf:\'u>o, AR O!.l>O /)[, el st.: l1'aril, T erre e o H onrem, I (As B.lles FsiCIlI ).
Sao Paulo, ' ')64-
An:n:l'IIJ, FU S A:- [)() nt:: A Cutrurs l/r.lrilfrll: lntrodu f30 JO Estudo da Cul-
tura no Braril. 4t h edn., rev. and ampl. Sao Paulo, 11)4.
AlEVEOO, TH ALES m:; Cuftur, e S tuiJ fiio Racial Tl O Brasil. Rio de j aneiro.
'966
BA~llt:I RA. ,\ 1A:-'l;[J,; G uia de Du ro l' rt1to. 4th edil . Rio de j aneiro, 19} '
- - -: Rio de [m etro em Prosa e V erl O. Rio de j aneiro, 11)65.
B ASTl ll E. R{)(;u . and FLOIl ~:STA:-' Ft: R:-' A:-'IlES: rencos c N egros cm sao 'alllo:
Erllai o So cio l gico r o b r e A.p <:<: t OJ J" f orm .Jfiio . J,f'>llifnt .Jfo er A l u " r e
Fet os d o l'reconceito d e Cor 11'> Sociedsde Paulist.ma. and edn. Si o Paulo,
1959
B U Tl DF: , R o es.e: So ciolog a do Folclore Brasitera. Si o P aalo , 1959.
B ASTOS. lh: :-'I HFRTo ; Desenv oirimcnt a 0 11 EICrJddJo: A spect os de l nf/u-
ncias Externas 1101 FonnarJo Ec onmica d o Brasil. Sio Pauto, 11)6...
l h :Al; Ll F.ll, G II.U: S. P " UL EL:GF::-'r, C HARRl) S S EA\-', and Luis A RR() BU ;\1AItTlss:
f dllcil f iio BrasiJeira e Colgios d e Psdr e. Sao Paulo, 1966.
Bt:LW , J o s . .\ tA ItIA: 1fltoria da Rep blica (188!r19H ). 4th edn. Sio Paulo,
1959
B t: zHlR A. D A!'i I~:L V O IOA C AVALCA1H I: A IJJl,adol , .U ocam bos e tocsmbeiros.
Pr ef. by Gilberro Freyre. Reclfe, 11)65.
' '7
418 Additonal Recent Books Pubisbed in Brazil
BOIlEl'" FU.HO. HER ~Ul.lJ ; Fisionoma e Elpiriro do Mol1l1ule1//{o. (T he folk
thearre of the norrbeasr.) Sin Paulo, 1966.
B IlITO, '\1.\ il IO /H S In ...' A meced emes d.! Semana de Arte Xodcrna , a n d ed n.
V ol. I of H ist ris do sto ermnno Brssileiro, R io de jancir o. 1964.
R RITT O, ) n-'Iu n ,\ I I.-' NIZ ne: /)0 .Uodernim to J HOlS.! N ocs. Rio de j aneiro.
'066
BRc No, ER NAS I SII.U : ViJgem eo l'as dos I'Jllliwlt. R io d e j aneiro, 11)66.
B CLHf.S, O CTV IO GOI; n IA 1).:. et J/.: Edllca ro para o Desem-oto imemo. Rio
de j anciro, 19M.
Addtional Recent Books Pnblisbed in Brmil 41 9
D l'ART~ SJlGIO G n u ,, : E'or que Exutenr A nol/folbctos 7/0 Brolsi/? Rio de
}aneiro, 1963.
195
FR r Y ll l:, G ILBER TO : For f JS ArlllJd,u e O utrols Forcss: N ovas ComiderJfes
sobre as R elolf iJes entre as For fas A rll/oldols e as Dema s Forcas de Segu-
rolllf ol. Reci te, ly65.
~
~~~.: Qll aS/! Po sica. m d edn . Rin de janeiro, , <)66.
; E11I T omo de A lguns T mulos A ro-Criuos. Salvador, 11)60.
; H 01Jlo'm , Cu/turol e Trpico. Recite, Iy6Z .
: VidJ. Forma e Coro R io de j anci rn, I l) Z.
: U m Engenhe ro Franc s no Rrssi. ( Int imare diary of Louis Lger
Vauthier ; Brazilian Icrrers of samc.] Ro de j anciro, 1960.
- --: G uia l'rtico, H inrico e S entimental dJ CidJde do Recije. 4th edn.
Rio de Janeiro, 1<)68.
- -- : O mds: 2" G Uiol l'r.itieo, Histrico e Semmemat de () Jade Rrasileirll.
j rd edn. Rio de j aneiro, 1960.
- -- : .ti Propsito de Frades: SUKt:stt!S elll T omo J J /nfl ublci.l de Re,
lgiosos de SJo Francisco I! de Outras Ora m s 10brr o D esemrotv imento de
.\lClJeTn.lr C h ,j/iZJf ik s Cristas, Esped <l/lIIt:m e J ilt H iIpJnical , " <JI T r-
picos. Sal vador, 1959.
FL'RT A[lO, Cn.so : A O perafJ o N ordeste, R io de j an eiro , 1959.
- - - : A Pr-Rn :olufao Br,u i/eira. Rio de j ancir o, 19z,
- - - : l'erspecri!.'dS dJ E conoma RrJsi/eira. m d edn . R io de j aneir o, I l)O.
LAG ES[Sr , 11 . D. B.~II. R l'[l. m:: t.en ocin o e I' rorr ituiri o no Brasil. (Soeiologi-
c al stu dy.) R io de janciro , 19&1.
LA.\I BUT. j ACQl: ES: 0 1 Dois BT.tl r. R io de j an ci ro, 1959.
LATI ~', MIRA S lJE B.... RROS: O H omem e o Tr pico. ( A Br;IZ ilian ex pericnc e.]
R o de j anciro, 1959.
: U ma Cidilde 1/1) Tr pico. SJo S cbastiiio J o R o d e [m e ro. R io d e
j aneiro, 1<}6 5'
LI.... I A. Au,;u; A :o.toROSO: O usdro S int tico J.I Literatur a Brasilera. m d edn.
Rio de j aneiro, 1959.
LI.\ tA, Esr.ccrc U[ ; O Mrm do Estranbo d or Cilng.1ceirOI. ( Bio-sociolog teal
essay.) Salvad or, 1965 '
LI"'S, ,\ h RCIOS lI.O PE HARROS: A spectos da Universid ade llrilsileir.1. Recife,
H)6 5
=' AGU:. J ORGE ; f:ducil f Jo e Soc ed s-ie no !Jrill I910-1919. A raraqua ra, 19'
N As"ER, l) A\' III : A R et'olu fao 'lile 11.' l'erdeu a Ji MeJlIIa: Dtsrto de 11111 Re-
prtl.'r. R o de j aneiro, 195 '
Nn'[ s.lhn ll E1.;I. l.lo : Cmema N O'/Jilll0 Brss. Petr polis, 1966.
N If;M t;Y[W , O seAR: Afinhil Experiencia cm Rraslia. R io de j aneiro , 1961.
N L'M:S. ,\ t AW1" Tm:lIS: Emno S ccimdro e So cedade Brasieira. Rio de ja-
neirc, 19z .
PH ... lA I>t: .\lokA ls, j o, i:: Soci olog a JJ R t"IYllufao Brasie ra: An.ilise e nter-
pret<lf .10 do lJrilsil de fl ojeoRio de j anciro, 11}65.
- - - ; Trlldifao e T r<ll/J for1llaf ao dQ Br-ui: A nslise Sociolgica, Amro 4
SIL\' U RA, P UXO IO PA : A "'(!'t'a C,lpital: l'or que, pJrJ onde e como M udar i1
\\' II. LF-:>IS, L'\f1.lo: Uma V i/a HrasileiTa: Tradif :io e Tra nsifiio. Sio Paulo,
196 1
G.L
l udcx
Asia . 158, 1 H n., 145-6 Cou ncil, 7. 173i music al Jife. 1!),
A sians, in Brazil, 104 78; School of .\ l edicine. I n.
A ssassinawr Ma( onicOJ {T axil}, l H - j , 115=9. 1116. 194 , W",,60;
ES as c ultural ccntcr, 1...!4. 110--1
A ssis, j o aq uim '\lachado de: see Bakunin .\ Iikhai l. 3) 1
.'.lachadu de Asss, j oaq um Ialdwi n locomonve, 94
A ssociaciio da Colonia. Brssileira, Bsllou .\ b t urio .\ 1.. 1J 8=9. 11 4. 21-6,
15' 330- 1
A te ncu ( A rgent ina ), xxiii Bancrofr, George, an d Ped ro 11 . 9.1
Areneu Leopoldincnsc, 3:1 Bandeira \ lannel Camero de Sousa,
nrheism, ii xviii, j l-]. 56. 101. 113-14
A rias of Cbemissry ( Youman } , 94 Bandcira de .\ Ielo. F rancisco de Assls
Arri, A. d', l~; re Ge rmans in Bra- Chareaubria nd. xlviii
lit, !.97 Bangu ,\ Iills. 311
Audiffr ce, Georges, re biology, 81 banks. I I J
Auler, Guilhe rmc, 156 //. Baprisrs. I II:I IJ,
A ustra lia, 160 Harbosa, Fforenr inc, 319
Acsrreg so. Anton io. 3~ 1 Barbo s a \ la nuel. H!
A usrr tans in Brazil, 6 1, ~9j , n 7~8 , BarlJm a, Ruy. xlvi. xlix, 33 .JI , ' _'--' .
25-.2 I.E . I-I r=!!... 151 11., ~H. 1.59, 1_{j4.
auromoh ilc s, 34' '_ 3, 1f13 , 'Ql , ] 111 n., 1i!!; inrellccr.
Aven ida, H otel ( R in de j aneiro ), xvi, xxii, H1 I ; polirical t hiok ing,
!U - o, 265 xxxiv- xl, xlv i, JO-I, lOO 1/.; as
A y rcs, Emlio Cardoso, 1}3. 179::80, orato r, xlviii, 111 - 4, 116, ' 55 . !1$1 ;
~ ':4, 352 and roona ecbv, 21=.8, 5.0, 339. 314;
Azcvedo. Aluisio de, xlv, 1_~5 , 11 0 , and narinnal im age, 39, !j1. 1j fc1;
118, ~49, ~~_, ~ H, '.12=9. 161, and Army, 45.-6, l.l1::"J; and u.s..
Ji4. 353-4. 3Q5 9'!, 91=1; soci al rh inking, 91, 'J~,
A zc\-ed (;-.t\ ;'-=-a res de, ~ 49 160- 1, 1_84-:"5,3 14, 150. H~ - 2, 354,
Azevedo, Aroldo de, 12111. 188,404; Y(! religio n, / 10, 1.31 , 186,
Azevedo, Arthur. 155. 157 1_~9. 2Q1-=3, 314, Jl~ ; nn rirles,
Azevc dn, Cost a, 92 ~J, 166; and N egre es. 160, 186;
A zeved o. j o o L cio 1.1 '. 190 (JO econornv, 1 ! ~, lQi~
A zevedo , .\tanue\ Amonio D uarre Barbosa de R esen de, Cssio.
de: see D uartc de Azeved o , 11 9:':} 1
xtsnuel Antonio Barbosa Lima, Alexand r e J os: sce
Azcvedo Pereira de Qucie s .\ l ar ia Lima, A lexandre J os Harbosa
Vincenrin a de. 75 Barcelona architect ure, ~4
Barral, Scnho ra, ?3
B.F.F.. governor of A mazonas, Barrero , Alfredo Coclho, J.l9
~4~j Barre ro, Barros, 53
Hahson, Roger \\ '. 11411. 1-'9 Barrer o. D anras. Gen., xxx i
Bach. J ohann Seb asrian. 134 Bar rero. jojiu, on .\ tac hado, 1-.1
Bal pc ndi. sra, 380 Bar rero. Lacte, 11I
Hagehor, \\ 'alter . xxiv Barrero, Lima, narive Brazitian. ' 59.
Bah ia, xlviii, 5-6, /071. , 59. ~, I1 j - 354
B , 133 71 ., Ha. H z=9. 3J..! ; Bar rero, L u s Pc rcira, 1] , P -3, / 18,
N egrees in. xxv, 5~. ~3(J; Ctry lJQ, 149= 50, l!lJ
lndcx v
Barreta, P aulo : sce R iu, j o o do Bible. ISO, 1611!" Jl 7
Barrero. Plnio, 106 lJig .Uolley, T be (D os Passus) ,
Bar rero. T obias, XX\', xlv- xlvi, iZ 4, 155 ' 1., I S6 11.
15.211'J !J4, 162, 197, 225-6, ~ H; Bilac , Olavo, 11+ 149, ' 5 11., Ij l- 3,
in educarion, I!.S, ! ~ 8-J?, 151. on !59, 2'" , 1~', 31.1 4
race, 1(j .I , 184-S, 1 11 Bincr, Ca rlos, 11
Barrero de .\ l eneses, j o o : see Mcn- Hinculo, O , 140- 2
eses, joo Barrero de birds. j l-4, 7..6
Barrero X abuco de A rajo, j oaquim . bir rh ccnrrol, 2~ '(/
2l:l5=1 Bittcncourt, Ed rnundo, 148, 354
Barros, Feliciana de, 1.! 9 Bitten co urt, ;\ l an uel, !..!5
Barros, Francisco and Scbasrio ( do Hirjcn cou r t , Sampaio, 149, I j ~
R cgO ), 181 Bivar, ,\ Iilit ao, 38011.
Barr os Barrero, .\ lisscs, reac hcrs, 53 Bizcr. G corgcs. E =3
Bar rus Carvalhu, Am o nio de, viii Rlack Guar d, Il:l::! 1, 3', ' 76-7,
Barroso, Gustavo, 360 !19
"Bartolomeu d e G usm:io ," ~ Blanco, Am on io GU1.mn, on
Bastos, T avares, 86-7,1.49 N abuco, 31
Bastos de .\ leneses, D ur val, 146 11. Bland , J. O. p " : j1 IJ., : 65 11.
Bates, H en rv " ' alter, 9 2 Hlcsscd Sacramcnc, O rder of thc, 300,
Bart lc y Ordoez, 3.t1, 39 ; -8 3 ~3
Bcard , Charles and " Iarr , xxv Blot, pubhshcr, ' 5....
Beckma n, .\ tanuel, and .\laranhao Boa Via gcm, 1:0
up rislngs in 16t14, 49 Roa Vist a, Bar on de, ~J =4, 23 6 11 ,
becf see carde Boa V ista Repuhlican Cluh, 14S
bcgging, 0 Bocsgc. .' Ian uel .' ta rie Harbosn de,
Bel m. 53, S9,93 , 1 4~ 141 '--B - 14
Belgian influencc , ~ Bocay uva. Q uint inu, xxxix.-xl, ](i, ib
Bclg ians, in Braall, x liv, ~, 3 iZ- 1J, 79::80, 141- 8, 1_17; on l)'Atri,
Ji' ~ 9 Zt aoo, 24Zd3j, H1
Belgium, 6 1 , ~ , 3'}O-1, 397 Bol var , Simn, !j- 14
Belo H orizonte, as a new city, H 7 Bolivia, ~44
Benedictino order, ~ 9Zt E2, 3.1_6, Bom Consclho. Viscou nr do, 24
E2::1 1 Bom Retiro, 1 0 1
heoen ,leoces, 297, 30.1, H ~ Ron tlm, Baron css nf, 00 :-':egroes and
Bennen, F rank: on race and Empire, thc Rcpublic, 8 11.
I ~; and re volu rion, 11.2 Bon fi m, M srt fnlano do, so rcerer,
B rangers, I~ 3<:'.1
Bergson, H cnr i, philosopher, XXI Bonifcio de And r ada e Silva, J os,
Bcrnadcc . Arrhur. 336 11. xxi-ccx ii, 35, ~ ! 4, ~5Z, , 60, 1IIz,
Bern ardelli, H cnrique, 1Jl:3 21 3, ~ 42 , H~
Hern rdez, ,\ lan uel, 35 1 bnoks and readi ng: see lircrarurc ;
Bernc. xlvii, 35 2 p ublishing
Bern icr, P., H Z Hordalo, Rafael, Ip
Bevilaq ua. Clvis, social ph ilosop hcr, Bordclo, T bc ( R osa ) , 60-1
xx v; on civ il cede, xlx. l IS, S orges, Abilio Csar, I QSl, li
14\1 Borgcs. Alf redo Bart olo mcu da Rosa,
Bczer ra, Jos, !J5 11. !!J
v/ lndex
Born eo, 2 4 ~ 60, 65, 91, 193, 157. 186, 399::400,
Bossuct, jacq ues-B nig nc, 11 6
4'
Borafogo, farnilv life in, Si Brito, Lus Corr ia de, 3:6-7, B 1- 1
Horelho de '\hgalhacs. Amcsr Ar- Briro, R , Fa rias. 197
ma ndo, 212 Brito, Saturnino de , H ~
Hou cre, jeweler, 'Z.l Hr inanv , 304
Hradford, agronomisr, E S Brown. ,\ l iss, 1 1 7- 111, 119 11.
Braga, Emiliann R ibciro de A lmcida, Hr ud c rc r & Co ., 3~J
53 n., 84~ , }68 Hrum. Balrhazar. polirical philnso-
Br aganca linc, xl pher, xxii
Bra h m a R estaura nt, Ji3=i Hr vce, James, 161- 1; on Bra ailian
Hrand o. firmo 1~ 3 Constitution, 1 66 ; un church re-
Branncr. j ohn Casper, 91, l 55 7/., viralizaeion, l B ; un rhe Rcp ublic.
l O' 3-10-1; nn A rrny, 3-19
Branr, Mario, : 81 n. Buarq ue de H olanda. Aurlio: scc
Brs, V enccslau, xvi, XX XI , xlix, ~ H o landa, Aurlio Buanluc de
319. l23 bu bunic plague, H5
Brasil, A ssis, l OO, ~H. 366 Bchncr, Lud wi g, 115
Brasil, H ure! ( Prrc A legre) , ;44 Bueno. Pir nent n, xliii. 1.t9
Brasil, ,\ Io ur a, 3 ~ 2 Buenos A ires, 4l ' 171 , 157
Brasil, Vital , xlvii, H9. 1~ 3 Bll lh''es, Lco poldo de. 1!9
Br.ul; O : see Lambcrg, " ' auricio Burgcss. Q uaker , 3~1
Brasilianische Bank fu e D curschland , burial, 3'><:'
; 54 hll rili, s:
Breut: A Study of Econontc T y pes Burma, 1,15
( :"ormano ), I 12 Burnichon, j oseph. ~1=5 . l OO, 3 ~J ,
Hrau / an tbe Brezi ians: ICC Flete her, 3049; on c hurc h state, : 89, : 9 3- 4;
J. C. on rhe Chu rc h, 33- 5, 311-1}, 311
Brasil Imelecmsl, El ( .\ ' eroll) . 16 1 Hurro n, R ichard , lis 11., 16.
Braut, T oda y and T'omorro-ur: ser Buran ran lnsrirurc. xlvii, 359::iX', 383,
[ Iliott. L. E. 4()4
Brazilian Acadernv o f Lctrers, xvi,
xxxi, xlix, 164 cable, transatlan ric, xliv, 94. ~!l9
Brazilian At hencum , 1 1 1- 1 3 Cabo Friu, Viscounr de, 9Q
BrJzili,1n Excbangc ( \ " ileman) , u 8 Cab(><:la, wirch, 3<!9
Bra zilian Posirivisr Church, 12- 18, Cabodo Club, ~
'l su.
cahoros , !9l'I, !98::9, 113. 1 ~3 ,
Brazilian \\' ar Cotlcge, xxiii-xxiv 3;5, 4 1, 4(~4
Brazlian \ \'arr am Company, 155 Cabr al. Luis Gonl.aga, }3()
Brennand , Ricard o, collecror, Cabral, Ulisses Jos da Costa, 111
XXX II Cabrima, reachcr. 1 J 3
Br sil JII XX , Scle, Le: iee Denis, Cadiz ( Spain), 10
Picrre Cacuno, j cac. 1.55
8 rh l , L e ( ,\ Iarc ). 35 ~ cafs, 14?
Brhil, Le ( ,\ Inr) , 158 Ca ldas, spa, 3110
Br si d'A fljourd'hlli, L e: see Calder n, Francisco G arcia, xxii,
Bumichon, j osep h XXV I
Br it ains, in Brazil. xix-xx, =Z. 9, 5], Calmenn-Lvv, publis her, 15{)
Index ','IJ
Canudos. xxxi, xlvi, 9!:!, 100- 1. 171. Castro, F rancisco de, 3+1, 381
: 44, 3%(), 40 i Castro, G ent il de, po
Capibar ibe ( Rivcr ) , S!, 25 Castro, J . .\ 1. de, 377
capoere, IO-:-U, l.15- 8, : 64, JI 6, Castro, Lus de. 150
lt;>4 Castro , ,\ lagalhaes, E9":w
Ca puch in orde r, xliv, 3ol!=9. 3! :, Castro, Placido de, 144
ll ' Castro, Viveiros de, 1 15
Ca rapeb us, Jos de. li5 Castro e Sousa, M ilitao de, .E 5
Ca ravelas, H 8 Catete Palacc (Sao Pa ulu ), 75
Ca rd itf (\ "alcs ). 351=4 Cat hcc C hu rch : see chu rch and
Cerdoso. Fausto. : 00-1 , 37 ~ clergy
Cerd oso, Vicen te Lknin, social phi- Cat ho lic Co ngress, Firsr, j2 7-tI
losophcr . X X \', 355; en hisrorical Carholic socialism, 3l : -<}
st udies, xxix canje, ~j l, l B n. l Jl - 3. !.Sj. :61,
Cardoso A y res, Emilio : tec Ay res. 3lil. 3t;>.s
Em ilio Cerdoso Caruci, u :z=H
C a rd o sc Brcrhers, firm . , <)o Cavalcan re, Virgnia, 5' -' , 55-6, 116,
ca rtc atu re, 15%- j , 352- 3 : IJ
Carlos, Am on io, 118- 19 Cavalcanti, A maro, xxii. 219. 154 n.
Carlos, j oo, lB Ca valcanri, And r, 6 1
'1.'111 lndex
,,,
Co l'inia Hr asileira, A sscciac o da, Conrendas, Baro n de, 137
Conro, D r. " Iiguel. 341=... 1-1
colony. Brazil as, xiii, xiv, 31..::J . 3l>' Comes Fluminenses ( Assis}, xliii
49. 56, 66-, 88, 198. ar o, n o, ~ ~. conrra band: iee sm uggl ing
16.1, 114 Contrib uindo ( Andra da), 397
Co lor, Lindolfo, 194 cooking: t ee food
Colum b ia Un iver siry, xxiv Coolev, Ch arles H orton, xxx
Cornair, 11m}. 17 Coope r, j ames Fenirnorc, 9 1
Comandu tuha, colon)', ~ Corco, G ustavo, xx
Com bate , O , !9 Corcovado, xlv
commcrc c, 4t::J, 93, IZ[ -Z. 119 Come r ly, " I r.. 39":"40
Eonnnerrio de Sao Pall lo, 31 'l. Comuc p s des Solles, I Sl l1.
com rnurucanons, 39, 1.! 9, 113 Correia, R aimu ndo, !!4
communism, xx, p , 195. lS ~ , 3]1-3 . Cor reia. Rivad via, : 00- [
3E; see abo .\ la rxism Correia. Scrzcdelo, 107-8, ~
Companhia Emp r io Ind ustrial do Corria de Hrito, Luis. 316-7. 31 1
N o rrc, 3' Co rreia de Olivcira, j oo A lfredo.
COOl p,mh ia Unido e Indsrria , ! 'll z8, ;)Z
Comrc, Auguste, xxi, I j . ! !S, u3. COTTeiOdo ['0"1,'0 ( Rio ) , +1::5, 4Z=!1
391_; cired, ix; philosophy of, xvi, Correio Alercolntil, 93
11, I ! z; influence in Br azil, 15. 17- Corre o Psulsrmo, l S. H 6
x l ndex
Corsi. Cario, 1 1 1 Cunha, Flores da , :00- 1
Cort if o, O ( A zevedo }, r ao st. Cunha. G asro da , 85, 200-1 , 243
Cc ruja. grammarian. 10 5 Cunha, H er culan o A ugusto Lassance,
Costa. Afonso, 15oJ 11" P9 60 .
Costa, Alberto T eixeira d a, } I 5-=-16 Ccnha, H igino Ccero da, 97, 115
Cost a, Antonio Maccdo, 191, ~ 94, Cu nha, ,\!ar ine Commandant , 399
188, 193, 331 C un ha, Q uint ino, 237
Costa, Cruz, 400
Costa , Flix d a. 61 dancing, xxvl, 5l, 58, 69, 72::"5, 7.6 11"
Costa, Isalrino, 168 n., 169 90,97, 1!-6, 151 n.,
364, 371,
Coeeglpe. Joao "iaurcio, Baron of; "
8(i,-J . 111>:::"1; on social issues, xlv, D am as, Car los L us de V argas,
88, ~41 . 299, l OO; o n srate rssucs, 1~=-8
lOO, 199 Danres, Dem ste nes fpi ranga de
cotton, l B ~., 1 5 ~, ; 55, 159. in na- Soma, -4
rional economy. 111, 227, 3tI Darcy, J ames, 2 ~1
Coumer-A erm, 19 D ad o, R ub n, ~
Caurt Planning Cornm ission, I P =3 D sudrs, the, 359
Co urinho, Afran io. 14811. D aza, 37
Couto, Dr. G ra~a. 372 Deb rer, j ean-Bapt isre, xvi, 61
COutO de ,\ 1agalhaes ( Rive r}, '91 Dcada R epu blicana, A ( Figueira) ,
Co urro, Pedro de, 1(11 182, 2.p
Cooey, Louis, 22 1 n, de eo r, l5-5:::1. ~ 41 -2 ; see also furnish-
crirne, z(i3::4
Crtse da Prafll, A ( Carvalho ), l J9
m"
Defoe, Daniel, ]7.(
Cr ie da Barrocba, A ( Sousa ), 146 n., Denis, Ferd inand . 66 /1,
' 47 Dcnis, Pierre, 2 ~~, 2Z2, 336
Cr uls, Gastao, p denrisrr v, ] 8 2
Cruls, Lus. xliv, !O} n. Deodoro d a Fonsec a: see Fonseca,
C r uz, D sval du, zOO::"I, 241. 156, ~~. Deodoro d a
3~. 345. 38! ; on yeltow fever, de pression, 1894, xlc
xvii, 147, li'S't on mosq uito con- Deruy, O r ville A lbert , 92, 255 11." 141,
t rol, 3-4 J~I
Cruz e Sousa, 161 Descric es Pr rics d a Provin cia d a
C ruz [Osvald o ) Instirure, 319, 4~i Bahia ( Aguia r l , ~ I
C ruz eiro, V lscount d e, 299
Cruzeiro, O , 36, 10 1 n.
D ever dos M onarquistas,
( ;-.;'abuco ) , 11 1
Cuba, f~ Dcwey. j ohn, xxiv
cuisine: see fo od Dia , O , ] 0
C unha, Co um da ( rxrh century l, Disbo a Q U.7tro, 0 , 115:, 9 1
loo DiMio da Rahia, 181 , 19 1
Ccnha, Euclydes da, xviii, XX \" xlix, lJirio de Conrntercio ( R io), E ::2
xlvii, ~J 11., ~4 ~. 101, 111, 155, Di.rio de N oticias ( Bahia }, ;" ] 0-1.,
159, ~ 154, 21) 1, 238, 243, 255 n., H 5, 45=7, I,P , L, S
H2, 365; on use of naeive ele- V idrio d e Pernam buco, xlviii, ~J 9,
mcnts, XX\', ~59, 3i15, 3(i] i on back- 99
lands, 192, 2J 7, 24 ~, 25(, 273, Dirio do Congresso N ac onsl, ]89
60 Dirios, club , 15
l ndex xt
57. 11 ' , " 4, 13 !!. ' 49, 16 1, ' 64=5, .\ la ranho, Joi o d'Alb uq uerque, 54,
'l.!.
~24 , lOO ~.I lSlS, 400f; success. ;~ 4, l lS~, 11, 1So-'
' 5' , IH::, 365 ; foreign crhics of, .\ Iar anhao ( ch y ), ~ 1. , ' ]0
157"""'9 , 163 ,\ lar an hiio, uprisng in, xl, 9'"""10, 49
Mackenzie College, 118 ,\ la re , Alfred , 158, 404 n., 405 1/.
Madcr a-St amor {railroad ) , xlix, .\ Iarccl, G abr iel, xx i
l 41=!! ,\ la reel ino, J os, 100- '
;\laestrini, Sgnor, F5 ,\f.1rgenl da H tsr ria, A ( C unha ),
,\ Iagalh iies, Amk ar A rm ando Bo- l O
55-6: lndian-whire, 1.0, 2!..!, H 6; .\ to reira, j uliano , 1]0-1, 18] ,20 1,203.
scc also tnestitot; mulattus J19
,\ l isericr dia, Santa Casa de, 2 98- 3 ~-, Mor eninba, A , 156
14 8 .\ Ior gan, j uh n Picrpo nt. 37 n.
,Hissio/l rio, O ( Sousa ), ~ . ,\ l oslems, 3 ~2 , lOO
,\ l olicsto, Hciror, 14:-=' jlo ra, Ccs:irio, lI Z:: 11l
. .
modinbas, Z ~ . 25 movre s: Jet' c mcrna
,\ lo hall1 lTIedanism : scc .\ t oslcms .\ I ozan , \\' olfgang Amad cus, ~ H
ruonarch v, xiii, xv, xxii, 13, [', 15- 16, .\ Iu irhcad , reachc r, 120
36, ~J, 1!. 7'L!l..I , 2 and Rio .H If/'UO, O {A zcvedo ) , .\ 1\", 161
Branco, n-i, xlvii, H 7: and rhe mulanos, 60, U , U!I-, 1.9 !l- u Ji. i .<:!J ;
A rm y, xxiii-xxiv, :11 decline of, ano slavcry, 55, 186; promincnt
I= ~ O, i+ 33I; rcsro r arion of, U. Brazilians as, 15, , ~6 11 ., IZ~ ; im-
15=1, 311. 386, J2=~n and socia l pr e ved condirions o f, t ZV-I., 1!l:5,
issucs, 113, 32.6 ; see .lIso INS i an d annc d [orces, !.Ji. I~
Emplee unde r the E rnpirc, ' 99; u nde r t hc
ruonasreries, 1.39 R cpublc, 190; sce .1IJO ruisccgcn-
.\ lonbeig, Picr rc, 1: 1J. at ion; X egroes
monetas)' valucs. x, xxxv .\ t uller , Lauro , n i. S6-7, H 2, 39R
,\ Ion iz, Patr icio, 3l ~ .\ l ullI furJ , Lewis, W
.\ Ioniz, Ped ro, l ll6 ,\ t uniz, Baron de. H ]
xton roc Doct rine, 97 .\ Iu rtinho, j oaq uim, !!l4, !.!9. 345
M on roe Palacc, xlvii-odviii, :65 music, xliv, 6Z-7H, l!s , 115- 16, IZ017.,
,\ l ont' A\vern e, Francisco de, HI-=: , 1.59, 1.{i3, !14=S , 31!=;; narive and
155 17., F!l popular, xviii, xxv, 156, 3jI cdu-
Mont e Rod rigues d'Ara jo , xtanuet eation, 193, ES- .6; c hurch. l P
do. ~ 9~ mus ical inserumenrs, Mi- 71
.\ tonteiro, Ant<lIlio Peregr ino .\ laeicl, .\ l usset , Alfr ed de, '50
!J 6. 18: mvsricism. xv ii, xx, xlvi, ~
J\ lontciro. Jos Rod r igues, : ','.
,\ I nnteiro , T obias, I.H N ahucn, Jos T' ho rnax: polieical
J\ l onteiro Filho, 1_9 p hilosophy, xxii; 0 11 abolition,
.\ I ontepin, Xavicr Aymo n, !! l s tI, ~ 51
.\ t ont pdier xtcdtcat 5e11001, !U X ab uco de Ara jo , j o aq uim Barrero,
.\ t onrish influc ncc, ~1 xlix, 49:::"J:~, ' 54, l 0 ', 1 jl , li S, 1~'
,\ Ior aes, Pru dente de, xv, xl, xlv-. .o.; ami social issucs, XX\" ~1 H-3.0,
xlvii, 79::80. 86-z, u1, ~25--(j, ;J!!, E S, 322-3 ; po lirical philosophv,
335-6, 345. 3i4 xvii, 23, li, ~4 , U_', 130, I{jI , 184,
.\ lo raes, V inicius de , xviii 3Q4 rccognirion. xviii, J...!j , 15 : 11.,
.\ l nrais, author of dicrionary, 12i"':"5, 155. 15 7; on emancipation, xliv-
01 xlv, L{)Q, 1_~ S=8 works o f, xlv.
,\ t urais, Alexandre Jos de .\ Ielo, P ai, xlvii, ' 49, 151- 2.; at t he P an-
~ i9 A merican Confer cncc, xlviii, 1.2 ;
.\ f orais, Alexandre J os d e Melo, on raci al issues. ~ , ~., 188=9
F ilho, '.i 9, '.H ~ ~J; on rhe monarc hv, 1~- ' 5 , 2] ,
,\ t urais, :\m onio de, [6 2 100 , ~ oo--' 339; o n rhe Army . !J.
J\ l ora is A ncora familv, 182, 233 rl . 4 ; as nra tor, 155, 161; as linguist,
,\ l or, J. L., ~i!l . .- 164, JH ; un labor , !9!. 319-, 3!l6n.,
XXIl Index
}87, }89' on the C hur ch, 1 85~7, 118-80. and labor, 19 1, 156, 17} ;
1 .~ 9, 191,:"}, }l8 see alto mulartos; race
N aegeli, Roberto Chrisriana, 109, }68 Neiva, A rt ur, 171, 359
n ames, 19 1- 1 N eologismos Indispens vets ( Lores ) ,
Naples. l B -:-" 1}6-7
Na scenres, Antenor, 104, a..4 X epomu cenc, Alberto, 155
Nascime nro, A lfredo. l84 N eukomm, Sigisrnund, 8
Nash, Ro y, lSl}-: 1 Neven du .\ t ont, ,\ la rk. lJ! n.
National Academ y of J\ ledicine. }84 New rlcans, 9 1
N arlonal Congress, 175 New York : Fire Deparrmenr, 9 1,
Nadonal Exposirion (R io) , xlviii-. Hisroricel Sociery, 9}, N arional
xlix Ciry Bank, '54; cn mrnercial ad-
N anonal Guard, xxxix, ' 1=8, 49,61 verrising, 3S~
Narional Gymn asium : see Im per ial N ewton, Isaac, '9'
Academy N icaragu a, 11!l
National M useurn , 94-:-5, 10}. l~ I. N ietzsche, Friedr-ich, 111. : 1: ; i ee
} 8} also Comre, Auguste
Nava l Colliers' U n in, 199 Xlreri, 111, 1.93
Na val Fl reme n's Associatio n, }99 X brega ( Reclfe ), } I "
Navy : revolr of xxxi, xl, xlvi, xlix, N ogueira, A lmeida, 15
: 00 n., H O, l l)9:"400 ; reo rganiza- X ogucira, Ataliba, 1: n,
t io n of, xlviii, 175, 184, '5 6, HS, No rmano, J. F., lU
H 7; on rece, 11. 17... " 00- 1; and N orte, H otel do ( Rio ), 141,)
t he Sute. 16, 18-30. 45::::6. condi- N orte, 0, 100
tions in, ..... }94. 400-: ; educaticn, N orrh fr ica, 35 1
194 ; see also armed [ orc es N o rwa y, l t? 7, l 9, } ~ I , }91
N azarerh (culr ), 3~4 Nossa Scnhora Aparecida (cult ),
N ecessidade d e mn Equilibrio Amer- 3'!4
O este. H o tel d ', 144 O uvidcr, Rau d o ( Rio ), 51, 59, 11,
oil, ]6..1 79
(Hind a, U 4, 11]. ! JS O xford '\Iovement. 191
O linda, Bishop o: lee Olivcirs. Vital
,\ la r ia G o nca lves de Pachcco. Flix, 148
O llvelra, A lberto de, 114, 1.19, 15 1.1 59 painring: tec arrs. rhe
(Hiveira, A ntonio M ariano Al berto f ,ls, O, xxxix, 61
d e, 359 Paica, Ata ulfo :'\'poles, 199 ' 1.,
Olivcira. Isabel H enr iq uera de Sousa 1~1 11.
e, 55, :~ 5 polnrar ria , 53 , ]1 1
Oltvetra, Joao A lfredo Ccrrea d e, Pan-A mer ican Confcre nce, xlviii,
Pr ime M inisrer, 28,; 31 1)0, ]~l
Oliveira, Sebast lo de. ] 67 Pan-A rncric anism, 9
Olivelra, Virgillo, 1~ Panam Canal. 359
O livcira. Vita l ,\ la ria G oncalves de , Panorama of t he Second Emtnre
xxx, xliv, z88, ]0] ( Sod r ), 11
O tiveira Lima , Manuel d e: see Lima, Papa e o COI/ cilio, O ( Barhosa ) ,
Manuel de O ltveira I IO, l ll . 1 !l9
ope ra, II s= HS, I n, l H , 1] 6, 1\I, Par . xlvii, 51, 114. 1]0, 'i1 j
315= 16; Italian, 68, H ::3, 15 , 85 ind uat r ializcd, xlviii, Z61 , z(j3, z.16
n pere tta . 73, 15 Para, Bishop of, xxx '~'I xljv
O porro ( Portugal ). xl P araguay , ]6, n i
oraro rY , 11 , 81- 7, Q, I Z ~, 149, !55. Parag uaya n \\'ar. xxxix, xliii, 48,
16.1 , 16] , ]18; Carholic, ]31 147 710, Z] ] n_o; as point of
Ordem , A (Sa ntos ). 146 ch ronolog y , xxxiii, XXX\-, 11 . ] 0 ,
"Ordem e I'rogreSlo," mon o, xl\'- 43. H O ; presrige o f Army in, xliv,
xlvi, t z n., 1]-::.14, 1]. 315. 405 7.l , 11 1, 174-::5, l .~ ] ; and r ace,
Orgm iz.lfiio N eciona, A (T or res ). 1 1 1-1 1, 19 1
Orinoco ( Rive r ), : 45 Parsgu ayans, in Brazil, 193
Orlando, Arr ur, I} s Paran ( srare) , xv]
D r lans-Braganca, Prinee Lu s de, 11, Paran, Viscount do, 199
288, 314, ]86, 38l!=94, 39t l Paran hos, J os .\ la r ia da Silva: lee
"Orrhographc Code for rh e Rio Hranco, Baron do
Brazilian Empire,' 1J1 Pa ranh us. j uca, u 1/.
Ortigi o, R amalho, ~1 , !J l . Hs . l~J ; Paris: Bra zilians in, 55, 1.9, ~j~, 119;
re Pedro 11 , 37-1:1, 39 'l., 49=5.~ ; sc hools. 8z- 3' 1 Z-t , I ~-t ; o pera
on Brazilian life sryle, 62, 261 in, ~ 3 ~
Orton, 9 z Parliamenr, xxxvii, xxxix, xlvi, 38,
Osear. Bishop o Mariana, xx yo
O s r to, G en ., !5Z 1/, Pa rreiras. artist, 2!!3
O sro de Almeida brorhers, 359 Pascal, Blalse, xxi
Osvaldn Cru z, Insritu to, H9, "~4 Passos. Francisco Pereira, xlvii, .u,
O uvo, Rodrigo, l OO. l~ Z ! 94. 224~ ,-l Z~,H z,.J4S
O rraviano, 158 P e sos Ma nuel P rizc, 105
rrikcr, firm, Tl Pasreur lnst irure, Z99, H 1
Ou ro Pr ro, Viseounr d e, xxxix- ocl, paSloris, l S
27- 8, E , ZOO, n o, ~4z , p o 71 ., I'Jtria, A ( Pern ambuco) , ] 99
311-1. )]6 TI . f otria Brasilera, A (O li\-eira) , Zl (l
XXIV l ndex
parria rc hal sociery, Brazil as, XiV-Xl', Peixoro. A fd.n io, 194, ]60; re
xxix.-xxx, xxxiv, 53-=4, 57- 8, Conselheiro, 101 ; and scientific
74, 79::-80, 1], 153 , tt? i'- 8, H J. re fo rm, 1]0- 1, 159
2] 0 , 2p , 29 3, ]0], H 9 Peixuro, Carlos, ora ror, 85
Pat rocn io, Jos de, 1...!1, 154, ISi, Peixoro, F lo riano, xlvi, 19 n., <'1 1,
~ 86-7, ! 72, 199, ~ 9 2 . 339, 345. H8;
Patronato Ag r cola, 26] !I" z1 3 polieical philosophy uf, xxxi, Z] ,
Patterson, u 1, !..-Zj , !J.! ~.fI.-, 394-::"5; and Arm y , xxxix-xli,
Parri, Adelina, 7 48"""'9 , ~ --I . 1JI..j.; on fol k rcligion,
Paula, Negress. 139 198, ]06
Paula, Sisrer, ]1,11 Pena. Afonso, Presiden e, xlviii,
Paulista Com pany. P 7 1!.12z. 194, 346, 35 8
" Pax," 1!1 Pena, Bel isr io and O sm io o, 359
Pan a, Frei, 3(l!!=:9 Pencd o, Baron de, xxii, 20 1
Pecanha, Al cebades. 18], 188 Penss-ior, ~ 1 _1 5
Pecanh a, N ilo , 14t? ~. !zfI, I J , Pens es D tacb es ( Faguer ). 355
188, 194, ] 29::3, 405 Pereira. A lfredo Severo dos Santos,
ped dlers. 54, 56,69, 221 82, 21Z- 1 3
pe der asry: see homosexualiry Percira, Asrro jildo , 35 1- Z
Pederneiras, 157 Per eira, Ed ua rdo C arlos, 118
Ped ro 1, xxxvii, 35 n., 64, 68, 99 Pereira, Jos Cle mente, 2 9~
Pedro 11, xlv, 27, Z17, 276-7, 298; Perelra, Jos Silva, 8u
as poinr of chronology, xxii, H , Pereira, Miguel, 359, 3-z
66, ~ t, 90, 95, 1 11 . 115. 1Z 7, Pere ra Passos, Francisco : see P assos ,
z40. z6], ]04, ]09 ; as intellecrual, Francisco Pereira
xxxi, xvi; and E mpire, XXX \j- Pern am b uco, jZ , 55, ~1. 1JO; schools,
xxxix, ]7. 100-1, IAA. 288; on xxiv, I OIl-9, 121 , 1 24 ; ind ustrial-
repuhlicanisr u, xxxvii, Ij -1 8, ization o f, xlviii, I l -~. z~3,
H 5--6; life st vle, xxxvii, 14, 37-8, z67 n.; uprisings in, 49. 501/.
49, 79,24] , 26 1-Z, 28z ; and th e Peru, xxii, 92-3 , 2j Q
Revoludon, xxxix- xl, z::8, z4-::"5. Pesca ne AIII,'IZQnia , A ( V er issim o),
3.341--6; on Negrees, xliii, IZO), tQI, zf~
11.6, I~; re Army, z 1, z8, 49, Pesseguciro, 353
1.75-6, 345-6; and educarion, Pessoa, Epinicio, xvi, xxii, 5, 116,
35 11" 3!!=:9. I.(lj . 1.0 5. 31jl 11,; aoo-cr
popular jry o , ]""43, 84, ! E , Pessoa, J os da Silva, ] 17
1 4~. }5 z, 314; and U .S. 4z, Pestana, Ncsror Raogel , 14~
9 1- 2, 94, 99 ; co u rr life under, pesrs. msccr, ] 84- 5
5 ~ , 6 2-]; re E urope, 57-, ~]-=s ; perrole urn , xviii
on music. 68, l.t , 76--9, 16] ; and Perrpolfs. xl, 156, 189; syrnbol (Jf
Ben jamn Consranr, 17, 18] ; on mona rc hy, 10; royal palace, ] H
lirerat ure, 1 5 ~ , 158, I.J; Pcrr pols , Baroo de, l 8z
polirical philosophy of. 1 6~_, Pharm aceutic al Institu re, 194
359, ]9z=J ; cm rcl igion, 29, 3c,>6. pharmaco logy, l f<rj~, 35~. 319.
H~; caricat ured, ] 52 , 374 jH ,
Pedro 11 A cadem y : sec Im per ial Philadel phia Ceeeenn al Exposition,
Acade my 9.1- ;', 94
Pedro 11 H ospital. 298 physician s: see m edicin e
lndex xxv
~! 5 ~9;
Santos (city ), xlvill, 161 Senate . 195, 3~j, } 9; on slavery,
Santos an d Sao Pauto R ailm ad Co., xli v- xlv, !..79
1.95 Senbo ra V iU'!)a (d ance ), j l
xxx lndex
Iorces, xlix, 403; racial issues, " era Cruz, C rispin Amaral de, IS' ,
L1 , 170-1, 188, aoa, ' ~4, ' I I . 35'
21S- 16. 221, 330; Brazilians in, Verdi, Gicscppe, 73
I.f 11. , 164, ')Si Braaillan at titudes Ve rger, Pierrc, 331/,
roward , 34, 4' -::3, 89; com pari- Verssimo, J os, 49":"j l), '-. !J, 1-l9,
sons w ith and n ucocc on Braz jl, !.SS , 16 " D 5; et hnic writings,
66, 111, 119, 1.68, 276-8, 336; '- 5.9, I.(jl , ! 9 ~ , ~3, 2 -l~, 360, 16'
technical assstancc to Brazil, Vcrne, j ules, 1 IZ, 1 17, 150-1 ,
92::9, , H -::l, l 16-]. 4~ ; commer- ~H~4, z76-7, 3!5
cial relations wit h Braail, 93-8, Vcrsatltcs Peace Conference, as
246, 251- .2, 34 1; Civil wo. 9 , poinr of c hrono logy, xxxii
221 , ' s8; influence on educa- Yiana, Fcrreira, 200, 239
riun in Brazil , 118, 1.~ 3 , I z6, Viana, joaquim, 345-6
30', 31 6::20; in uence on Brazil- V ian a, O livcira, xxv, 161
ian medici ne, Ijl n., 301, 38'; Viaria Filho, Lu s, xvii, 7 11" B 11.
on Brazilian lirerarure, 153":+ Vicen te .\ Ionsignnr Manuel, 332
158; rechnology in Brazil, U9, V ieh)', ! -ll. 351
, .8, ' 77; life style, ' 1 ~, Victoria (Quee n of England ), ~{i1'
2 ~' ; archirecture, ' 7S-6 ,,6
Unlted Stater of /lrll::J/, T be ( D om- V icto ria Acad emy ( Ri o ) , SI
ville-Fife ), 39 1 Vid" de R uy Barbase, A (Via na ) ,
U niversal Congress of Races. B n.
"l Vid" Parlamentar ( R e bo ucas ),
Umversat L brery ; ISO , 7'
U rban V III, Pope, ' 9<> V ieira, Antonio, xxv
urba nizarion, xiv, U 4 V ieira, j oiio, 124
Ursuline order, 3!J Vie ira, ,\ l encscs, I I
Uruguay , xxii, 1 1 n., 31; immigra- V iei ra, Sevcrlno, 20 1
tion, 2.~, l ; labor movcmenr, Vilabolm, "-lan uel , ~ , n i
3lt', 391=-8 Villa-Lobos, H eiro r, xvii. xxv
Urugua y, Viscou nt of, ~49 Yilleres, H enriq uc Dumonr, !54 n.
Y incc nr de Paulo, ordcr of, 3'-3
Vllngll.Jrd;l ( R io ) , 11! \ ' incent de Paul, SI., 29Z
Va rela, Fag undes, l B , l i~ Virages du Brsi; Les: tee Ad am,
V arga s, G erlio, xv--xvi, xxiii, Paul
XXXI, xvu, 91 V iiom du Br slr see Gare, Fa rher
Va rn hapen: see Pon o Seguro, L. A.
V iscount of V ital , D om F rei ( Bishop of
V aseoneelos, Jos, xxii Oioda ). xxx, !H , , !:l8, ]1 0- 1:,
V ascon celos, i\lax, 352 l '4
Vanean. ,6S--< Vitor, X csro r, ~ 49
Vaugha n, Percy. 2.J() Vir ria, transpo n fac ilities, xlviii
Vaur hier , Lo uis Lger, lj- 14, ~ H ; Y iro r ino, i\lanuel, u(j, !Jo-I , 1Hz ,
re Fouricrism, p 8 37l
Vaux, C1I)tildc de, xxi, ' 1 Volraire, Francois xt aric Aroucr, I tI,
vcncrcal d iseases, 2L I , 3H, 317-8, 29.! , 'n, 3Q9
l 8" voodoo, xx, 33-1), 3! 1
" enelUela, 352 V oy age eu Brril ( Agasste). ~7 n.
XXXI'L' lndex
\ Vallace, A lfred R ussel, 92 \Vo rld W ae 1: as po im o chronol-
\ \'alsh. Rev., 195-6
". .
0gy , Xlll-XIV. XXXI,
. xxxm.
...
W ander tcy, ,\ b.ollel da Roc ha, lI xxxvii, 139. 11 7. 3all, 398 ; Brazil
\ Var Collcge. Brazilian, xxiii-xxiv in, xlix, 105, 357; France in,151
wars o f inde pendence from Spain, 5 ws-tr, Wo rk , 360
W ash ington ( D .C.) , xlix, lIS \ Vrig ht , O n 'i1l e and \\'i lbuf, 31811.
'''atson's, fir m , 266 Wucherer, H err, 121 , 12 5, 131
w ebb, Sidney j e mes, H
\\'erneck, Francisco Pcixoto de Xa xier, A gilbcno, !l1- j
Lacerd a, E!M. 1 U 1/ . X , Y "I I I
wesr Poinr, 91
W hite. 361
\ Vh irman, \Valt , 163
Y..\t.G A., JO I
Y., X., I 11
\ \'h ittier, j ohn G reenleat, 91 , 158
yellow feve r, 6, 4 j. 9 1, 118, 343-4;
\Vick ham, H cnry A lexander, 145-6
erearrncnt and control, xvil, 156.
\ \,leman, J. P., nR- 19
378-<),384,375; cl iminat ion o f,
W ilhelm 11 ( o f G erm any) , H7
161, 16j, }46-7
\Vilson, Mr., 7. 42
Youman, chernisr. 94
Wilson, \ Voodrow , xxii
Young ,\ 1cn's Christia n A ssociat ion ,
witchcraft: Uf voodoo
wor nan: in sociery , dI. 1 ' , ' 11, 303 ; J"'
symbol of rhe Srare, 175. RS
\Vorkcr's C or porarion, )17 Ze uallos, Estanislau, xx ii
working class: see labor Zio n, or der of, 313
JVorld ( X ew York), .p Zola, t m ilc. n i, l B
AnUlropologyJtalin American Studies
Gllberio Freyre, bom in Brazil in 1900, has been inlemationally honored and trans-
lated into many languages. AmaRg his many accomplishments as a writer-teacher-
politician-intemational envoy. none has received wider acclaim than this panoramic
trio ct books devoted lo the rise and tall 01 patriardlal society in Brazil. IIls a master-
plece thal gOO5 beyond the Iimitations of place and time. The distinction between
ractl and culture, whch lhe author leamed trom pioneer anUlropologist mOl Boas,
illuminales ils pages, as does Freyre's combinabon 01 imposing scholarship and
unique personal insight.
The Maslers and tne Slaves: AStudy in the Development 01 Brazilian Civilization,
by Gilbel10 Freyre, lranslaled by Samuel Putnam, wiUl atorewonl by David H. P.
Maybury-Lewis
11Ie Mansions and Ihe Shanties: 11Ie Mating 01 Modem Brazjl, by Gilberio Freyre,
lransJaled by Harriel de Onis, wilh atoreword by E. Bradlonl Burns
ISBN D-52D-D5b82-5