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Biological Membranes
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Defects in channels causing
Inherited Disorders
Phospholipid Bilayer
Spanning proteins
Phospholipid Bilayer
Membrane Lipid Protein
Mitochondrial Inner
25% 75%
Membrane
Membrane Functions:
1.Selective Barrier (barrier to diffusion of hydrophilic m
a) Surround cells to hold enzymes and metabolites inside
b) surround organelles inside cells
2.Contain Enzyme Systems--energy metabolism
(oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis etc.)
3.Contain Transport Systems--bring food molecules
inside and maintain ion concentrations
4.Contain Specific Recognition Sites--for hormones etc.
5. Maintain ion concentrations of various substance
6. Control incoming and outgoing substances
7. Protect cell
Lipid Bilayer -- primary barrier, selective based
upon size and polarity of molecules
) Nonpolar molecules (O2, hydrocarbons, fatty
acids)-- bilayers are most permeable to small
nonpolar molecules
b) Small uncharged polar molecules (H2O, CO2) --
bilayers are somewhat permeable
c) Large polar molecules and ions -- bilayers are
relatively impermeable to large polar molecules and
to ions
d) Macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides) -- cannot pass unless a special
mechanism exists (signal hypothesis).
Differentiated functions of the plasma
membrane of an epithelial cell.
Methods of Transport Across
Membranes
I. Passive Transport
1. Diffusion -passive transport - no energy
expended
Osmosis - Passive transport of water
across membrane
2. Facilitated Diffusion - Use of proteins to carry
polar molecules or ions across
Molecular Weight
-Larger molecules will have more drag across the
membrane thus producing a slower rate of diffusion
-Test using HCl (36.461) and NH4OH (35.050)
Facilitated Diffusion
Proteins act as carriers or pores that
permit flux of substances that cannot
diffuse directly through the membrane.
Movement is still passive (like
diffusion), from high concentration to
low.
Occurs across cell membranes only.
Saturates when substance reaches
high concentrations due to lack of
available protein (exhibit saturation)
Related substances can compete for
the same carrier or pore (Specificity)
Maximum rate of transport (fully
saturated) is called Tm, the transport
maximum.
Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Allows diffusion of large, membrane insoluble compounds such as
sugars (glucose) and amino acids
Does not require energy (passive transport)
Substance binds to membrane transport protein
Molecules may enter the cell and leave the cell through the transport
protein.
Particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration; diffuse
Uniport (facilitated diffusion)
carriers mediate transport of a
single solute. An example is the
GLUT1 glucose carrier. The
ionophore valinomycin is also a
uniport carrier.
Calcium enters cells through 2 kinds of channels:
voltage-gated calcium channels activated by depolarization, and ligand-gated
Ca2+ Channels which in various types of cells are activated by many different
types of hormones and neurotransmitters.
It is also transported out of the cells by an antiport driven by the sodium gradient
that exchanges 3 Na+ for each Ca2+.