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LOlS of (3) .
_.
2nd para: As many of these languages had no written grammar or vocabulary, and indeed were spoken by few
people, Kenneth picked them up orally. His tip for anyone who pressed him for advice on leaming a
language was to talk to a native speaker. 5tart with parts of the body, he said, then common objects. After
leaming the nouns, you can start to make sentences and get attuned to the sounds.
12
3rd para: This is all the more eonfusing as language is much more complex than, say, simple arithmetic, which
often takes years to master. It is often hypothesised lhat language is an innate human faeulty, with its own
specialised system in Qur brain.
4th para: He spent his childhood on a ranch in Arizona and started his education in a one-roomed schoal in the
deserto Many years later, lecturing at MIT, he stiU felt most comfortable in cowboy boots. On his belt was
a buckle he had won at a rodeo by riding bulls, and he had the slightly bowed legs of a horseman. His
students were impressed that he could hght a match with his thumbnail.
5th para: One lndian language at its last gasp was spoken by the Wopanaak, the tribe lhat greeted the Pilgrim
Fathers in 1620. It is now spoken again by several thousand people around Cape Cod. A Wopanaak who
studied under Kenneth is preparing a dictionary of her language. 'Ken was a voice for the voiceless; said
Noam Chomsky. And he worked tirelessly to leam endangered languages.
15
6th para: Despite lhese setbacks, Ken did contribute to an understanding of the apparently innate human eapaeity
for speech. He made a number of what he called 'nea!' discoveries aboul lhe strueture of language, and
had an instinctive sense of what alllanguages had in common. After his retiremenl from MIT, he said he
would 'reaUy get down lO work', an ambition he was unable to aehieve, though his other achievements
were considerable.
7th para: And these people are often particularly upset by a scholarly argument which surfaces from time lo time
about the desirability of keeping alive languages that have httle chance of survival. Occasionally lhe
argument tums nationalistic. For example, is what Kenneth called the 'revitalisation' of Welsh merely a
nuisance in Britain where, obviously, English is the working language? Kenneth Hale had an indignant
answer to that question. 'When you lose a language; he told a reporter, 'you lose a culture, intellectual
wealth, a work of arto The damage thars done is irreparable. It's Iike dropping a bomb on a museum, the
Louvre.'
Adapted from The Economist
@ Unil2
@) Read the
article again and match the paragraph Exam information
summaries from the box below with each
In Reading Part 2, you read a text with six gaps where
paragraph.
paragraphs have been removed and placed after the text.
o Now choose from the paragraphs A-G the one language helps you to learn another?
A And he had discovered his talent for language when playing with Indian friends who taught him
Hopi and Navajo, Leaming languages became an obsession. In Spain he picked up Basque, in
Ireland he leamt Gaelc, and he mastered Dutch within a week. He sought to rescue languages that
were dying out.
B And so he was, He had a gift, But he was also an academc, a teacher oflinguistics at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT). He was aware that many otherwise elever people find leaming a
second language extremely hard, He sought to find laws and structures that could be applied to
all languages and the search took him into many linguistic byways, to the languages of native
Americans and Australian aborigines and the Celtic fringes of Europe.
e However, for Kenneth bilingual dictionaries were an anathema and banned in his classes. He
held that meanings were too fluid to be captured and readily translated word-for-word from one
language to another, He always told his students that meaning was intuitive: you either grasped it,
or you didn't,
o In addition to his feat of learning so many languages, he is likely to be remembered by The Green
Book of Language Revitalisation, which he helped to edit. It was warmly welcomed, especially by
those who may be a touch aggrieved by the spread of English, whch s blamed for brutally sweeping
other languages aside.
E Kenneth could converse in about 50 languages, perhaps a world record. He was the last person on
earth to speak some languages. Hundreds are disappearing, he said. They beca me extinct, and I had
no one to speak them with:
F Some students of linguistics believe that such an ability, if it exists, is normally lost at the age of 12.
But for Kenneth it was around this age that his interest in language was just starting.
G 5till, there is much more to language than that. Noam Chomsky, like Kenneth a teacher of lnguistics
at MIT, wrote: 'Language is really weird, There is nothing else in the natural world that even
approaches its complexity. Although children receive no instruction in learning their native language,
they are able to fully master it in less than five years:
Mastering languages
7 We'd be ve ry gratefu l if you'd make your best to
Vocabulary solve this problem.
Colloca tions with make, get and do 8 You can spend lots of time at t his holiday eamp
O Form collocations with the words in bold by praetising exereise and havin g a great time !
writing make, gel or do in the correct form in
the gaps in these sentences from Reading Part
2. Then copy the complete colloca tion into your
listeni 9 Part 1
notebook. Exam information
After thal he could probably converse; obviously In Listen ing Part 1:
no t f1uently, bu l enough to (1) ..... m..~Ke . himself yo u hea r three short conversations on different th emes
understood . you have to answer tWQ multiple-cho ice questions w ith
three options about each conve rsation.
After lea ming the noun s, you can slart to
(Z) ........ sentences and (3) ..... a ttuned
O You will h ear three difierent extracts. Before you
to the sonnds.
listen, work in pairs. Read questions 1-6 below
He (4) . ... ... a number of what he ca lled 'neat '
and on page 21 a nd discuss the following.
discoveries about the Slfuctuce 01 language ...
a What do you think Khalkha is1
The damage tha t's (5) is irrepa rable. b Whieh answer won ld yo u give to qnestion 2?
4:} CAE candidates often use the wrong verb with d In queslion 4 , how a re options A, B a nd C related
to spelling reform?
the words a nd phrases in the box . Copy the table
e How wou ld you answer question 51
below into your notebook and write each word or f In queslion 6, wh ieh oplion, A, B or C, wou ld be
phrase in the correct column. Two words/phrases most helplul lor non-nati ve spea kers looking foc
can be written in more than one column. jobs 1
!eHlemmeAt a c~urs~ a deelsio;;- ';; mistake 8 j ~;-~
, an effOrl a point a propasal a qualification
a suggestion actlvities an apology business
, complaints changes exerelse friends
I fUrlher information harm money back one's best
some shopping sport household chores the cooking
"the right choice use 01 something an improvement _ _
What are the main difficu lties for people wanting helpful.
in yo nr langnage l
International companies are find ing it (O) ..... ..i.->\C,re..t\S.i->\1J"~V...... important to develop brand INCREA5E
na mes that can be used in a w ide range al conntres. A product with a single, nniversally
recognised name ca n lead to major (1) . ........ ............. in production and promotion 5AVE
costs - especially now lhat worId adverti sing is a (2) . ...... in snch contexts as RE AL
major sporting events.
lt is said that more time is (3) . spent deciding the na me ol a prodnct than ACTUAL
on its (4) Thonsands of poss ible names may need lo be investigated to DEVELOP
find one that is internationally (5) . ACCEPT
An indication al the scope of the problem can be seen from the experience of Dnnlop, who
spent over lwo years (6) . researching a name for a new tyre. They then SUCCEED
launched an internationa l (7) . . ..... amongst their employees, receiving over COMPETE
10,000 entries. Aronnd 30 names were selected lrom the enormous number
(8) . .............. - bnt not one wa s lound to be legally available in more than a small SUBMlT
number 01 countries. Olten companies end up with a na me that is (9) . USE
for legal or linguistic reasons. For example, a word may be nnprononnceable in sorne
languages; and lhere is always the danger of the na me being the same as a word which is
either (10) ......... ............ or taboo. RELEVA NT
Adapted from The Cambridge Encyclopaedia o{ La.nguage by Dav id Crystal
(l) For questions 1-10, read the text again. Use the
o Work in pa irs.
word given in capitals at the end 01 sorne o the
How do people in your country choose names lor
lines lo lorm a word that fils in lhe gap in the their children?
@ Unit2
Grammar Speaking Part 2
Express ing purpose, reason and result
Exam information
o Match the beginnings oi the iollowing sentences In Speaking Part 2 you are each given three photos and are
1 I thought 1 should pick the language up while I You must speak on your own tor one minute. You have to:
in q uestion so as
3 The eandidate often lacks the sort o cultural When the other candidate is speaking, you listen and th en
'approve' ...
You must w rite between 220 and 260 words and you have
Work in pairs. Make your own senlences about about 45 minutes to do this.
the photos u sing sorne of Ihe a dverbs in the box.
O The examiner u sed Ihe word difficult in his o Work in p a irs. Read Ihe fo llowing writing lask
question. Which Iwo words m eaning difficult d id and answer the questions below.
Bethia u se in her a nswer?
An international media company is investigating
o Change parlners and lake turns lo talk for a Ihe influence that television programm es imported
minule aboul the photos using your ideas. FolJow from English-speaking countries have on different
the instruc tions in Exercise 2. Try lo u se word s countries around the wortd. You have been asked to
from Exercise 4 and try lo avoid repeating the wrile a reporl on Englis h- Ianguage TV programmes
words from the question loo oflen. in your country. In your report you shou ld address the
following:
(!) Work in pairs. Look al the pholos below and read how popula r Ihese progra mmes a re an d wh y.
the examiner's inslructions.
Ih e effect Ihey are having on loca l culture.
t'd like you to ta lk on yo ur own for about a minute. any cha nges you wou ld recommend.
Here are yo ur pictures. They show adults a nd children Wrile your repor!.
talking to eaeh other. I'd like yo u lo compare two 01
the piclures and say why Ihey mighl be talking to each I Who is expecled to read this reportl
other and how they might be feeli ng. 2 Shou ld you use a form al or informal style 1
3 What are Ihe four main point s you should dea l
Sludenl A: Follow the examin er's in slruc tions above. with?
Sludenl B: Whe n Student A has fi nished , foll ow the 4 In what order would yo u deal with them?
exa miner's in struclious above using the photo
Student A didn 't use and one of the others.
@ Unit2
6 Read Ihe sample report on the right and write
one word/ phras e lrom t he box in each gap.
- -- - - _ .. --, English-language TV
accounted fo r tlle aim. as a consequence
due to means
the eflect
meant
Recornrnended changes
1 would recommend t he government to subsidise
national television companies (9) ..
to encourage them to make mo re quality programmes.
This would have (10) of reducing
our rehance on import ed prog rammes while at the
same time promoting local values and culture.
Mastering language s @