Parts of Speech Table

This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech.

part of
function or "job" example words example sentences
speech

(to) be, have, do,

EnglishClub.com is a web site. I
Verb action or state like, work, sing, can,
like EnglishClub.com.
must

pen, dog, work,

music, town, This is my dog. He lives in my
Noun thing or person
London, teacher, house. We live in London.
John

a/an, the, 69, some,

Adjective describes a noun good, big, red, well, My dog is big. I like big dogs.
interesting

quickly, silently, My dog eats quickly. When he is

describes a verb,
Adverb well, badly, very, very hungry, he eats really
adjective or adverb
really quickly.

Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.

links a noun to another

Preposition to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday.
word

I like dogs and I like cats. I like

joins clauses or
Conjunction and, but, when cats and dogs. I like dogs but I
sentences or words
don't like cats.

short exclamation,
Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are
Interjection sometimes inserted oh!, ouch!, hi!, well
you? Well, I don't know.
into a sentence

* Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or 10 parts of speech. At EnglishClub.com,

we use the traditional categorization of 8 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are:

Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:

o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)

o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)

 Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized
under Adjectives

Parts of Speech Examples

Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:

Verb noun verb noun verb verb

Stop! John works. John is working.

Pronoun verb noun noun verb adjective noun

She loves animals. Animals like kind people.

Noun verb noun adverb noun verb adjective noun

Tara speaks English well. Tara speaks good English.

pronoun verb preposition adjective noun adverb

She ran to the station quickly.

pron. verb adj. noun conjunction pron. verb pron.

She likes big snakes but I hate them.

Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:

interjection pron. conj. adj. noun verb prep. noun adverb

Well, she and young John walk to school slowly.

Words with More than One Job

Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. For
example, "work" can be a verb and a noun; "but" can be a conjunction and a preposition; "well"
can be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many nouns can act as adjectives.

To analyze the part of speech, ask yourself: "What job is this word doing in this sentence?"
In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some of the
words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word "but" has
six jobs to do:

verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjuction!

Word part of speech example

noun My work is easy.

Work
verb I work in London.

John came but Mary didn't

conjunction
But come.

preposition Everyone came but Mary.

adjective Are you well?

Well adverb She speaks well.

interjection Well! That's expensive!

noun We ate in the afternoon.

afternoon noun acting as
We had afternoon tea.
adjective

PHRASE vs CLAUSE
By Swara Bhaskara on April 23, 2010 21:04 7 Comments

A. PHRASE

Phrase (frasa) adalah sekelompok kata (2 kata atau lebih) yang dapat difungsikan sebagai noun
(kata benda), sebagai verb (kata kerja), sebagai adjective (kata sifat), atau sebagai adverb (kata
keterangan). Dengan perkecualian pada absolute phrase, phrase tidak memiliki subject.

Sebuah phrase dapat mengandung: phrase + klas kata tertentu. Sebagai contoh, adjective phrase
+ noun akan membentuk noun phrase; noun phrase + adjective akan membentuk adjective
phrase, dst.

1. Tipe-Tipe Phrase

Penamaan phrase pada umumnya berdasarkan headword (kata kunci) yang menyusun phrase
tersebut. Headword ini biasanya terletak di awal phrase atau di akhir phrase atau kadang-kadang
di tengah phrase.
Berdasarkan headword-nya, tipe-tipe phrase dalam bahasa Inggris antara lain:

a. Noun Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa noun, yang diletakkan di akhir atau di
tengah phrase. Noun phrase dapat diawali oleh article (a, an, the), demonstrative (this, that, these,
those), modifier (some, any, dst), atau oleh adjective pronoun (my, your, his, dst).

Contoh:

an extremely fast runner.

this bouquet of roses

my fiance.

the laptop.

his sister.

the substance in this bottle

my sisters room

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

b. Gerundive (Gerund) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headwordnya berupa gerund, yang
diletakkan di awal phrase. Gerund phrase pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

reading a book.
playing chess.

drinking beer.

stealing my book.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya. Di reading a book, a book itu sendiri
adalah noun phrase, yang menjadi direct object dari reading, sedangkan di stealing my book
my book adalah noun phrase yang menjadi direct object dari stealing.

c. Infinitive Phrase,yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa infinitive, yang diletakkan di awal
phrase. Infinitive phrase pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

to play chess
to buy that red car

to solve this mathematics problem

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya. that red car dan this mathematics
problem adalah noun phrase.

d. Verb Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa verb, yang diletakkan di akhir phrase.
Verb phrase diawali oleh auxiliary. Bentuk-bentuk verb phrase, antara lain:

Be + verb-ing/verb3
Has/have/had + verb3

Has/have/had + been + verb-ing/verb3

Modal + verb1

Modal + be + verb-ing/verb3

Modal + have + verb3

Modal + have + been +verb-ing/verb, dst.

Contoh:

am typing.
has passed

will see.

will have graduated. dst.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

e. Phrasal Verb, yaitu verb + preposition/adverb.

Contoh:

looked after.
going out with.

look forward to.

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

f. Adverbial (Adverb) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adverb, yang diletakkan
di akhir phrase. Adverbial phrase diawali oleh adverb. Adverb yang posisinya di depan dan yang
menerangkan adverb di belakangnya disebut intensifier.

Contoh:

very quickly
extremely fast
 almost never

g. Prepositional Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adverb. Prepositional phrase
diawali oleh preposition, dan pada umumnya diakhiri oleh noun.

Contoh:

into the woods

on the table

at home

on time

in the morning

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

h. Adjectival (Adjective) Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa adjective. Letak
headword-nya pada umumnya di akhir phrase, yang diawali oleh adverb. Kadang-kadang
headword-nya diletakkan di awal phrase, yang biasanya diterangkan oleh adjective yang lain.

Contoh:

extremely toxic
full of dolls

extremely fast

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

i. Participial Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa participle, baik present participle
(i.e. verb-ing) maupun past pasticiple (i.e. verb3), yang diletakkan diawal phrase. Participial
phrase selalu berfungsi sebagai adjective.

Contoh:

breast-feeding her baby

calling you

stormed by gun fire

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

j. Appositive Phrase, yaitu phrase yang headword-nya berupa appositive (Appositive adalah
noun atau pronoun yang difungsikan untuk menggantikan noun atau pronoun). Appositive phrase
ini merupakan hasil reduksi dari non-restrictive clause; selain yang diawali oleh participle.
Contoh:

my dog
the English teacher

the ones I wore last night

NOTE: Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah headword-nya.

2. Penggunaan Phrase dalam Kalimat

a. Phrase sebagai Noun.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai noun (baik sebagai subject maupun sebagai object (direct
object, indirect object, atau object dari preposition), antara lain:

- Noun Phrase.

Contoh:

He is an extremely fast runner.

I will send this bouquet of roses to my fiance.

He bought the laptop for his sister.

The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.

My sisters room is full of dolls.

- Gerundive (Gerund) Phrase.

Contoh:

Reading a book is her hobby.

I love playing chess.

He stopped drinking beer.

He didnt confess to stealing my book.

- Infinitive Phrase.

Contoh:

I want to play chess now.

He decided to buy that red car.

To solve this mathematics problem needs three equations.

- Prepositional Phrase.

Contoh:

In the morning is a prepositional phrase.

From this moment is a song sung by Shania Twain.

b. Phrase sebagai Verb.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai verb, antara lain:

-Verb Phrase

Contoh:

I am typing this comment.

Andi has passed the exam

We will see you again.

Susan will have graduated by August this year. dst.

- Phrasal verb.

Contoh:

My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.

She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.

I look forward to seeing you soon.

c. Phrase sebagai Adverb.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai adverb, antara lain:

- Adverbial phrase

Contoh:

She runs very quickly.

The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast.

He almost never comes on time.

- Prepositional Phrase:

yang dapat dapat difungsikan sebagai adverb of place (keterangan tempat) dan adverb of time
(keterangan waktu).

Contoh:

The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast. (adv. of place)
The food on the table looked delicious. (adv. of place)

I am at home now. (adv. of place)

He almost never comes on time. (adv. of time)

They left in the morning. (adv. of time)

4. Phrase sebagai Adjective.

Phrase yang dapat difungsikan sebagai adjective, antara lain:

- Adjective Phrase.

Contoh:

The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.

My sisters room is full of dolls.

He is an extremely fast runner.

- Participial Phrase.

Contoh:

The mother breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
I think the girl calling you likes you.

All people stormed by gun fire in that building were found dead.

NOTE: Participial phrase ini merupakan reduksi dari adjective clause (tidak termasuk appositive
phrase).

- Appositive Phrase.

Contoh:

Robby, my dog, is very big.

Mr. Smith, the English teacher, is from Canada.
 I cant find the jeans, the ones I wore last night.

B. CLAUSE

Clause (klausa) adalah serangkaian/sekelompok kata yang sekurang-kurangnya memiliki subject

dan predicate. Clause pada umumnya diawali oleh relative pronoun, tetapi relative pronoun ini
sering dihilangkan. Selain diawali oleh relative pronoun, clause juga dapat diawali oleh
conjunction.

Berdasarkan ketergantungan terhadap clause yang lain, clause dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu
independent clause (klausa bebas) dan dependent clause (klausa tidak bebas). Sebuah
independent clause dapat berdiri sendiri menjadi sebuah kalimat, sedangkan dependent clause
tidak. Dependent clause selalu membutuhkan independent clause.

Berdasarkan fungsinya, dependent clause (atau disebut juga subordinate clause) dapat dibedakan
menjadi: noun clause, adjective clause, dan adverb clause

1. Noun Clause, yaitu klausa yang difungsikan sebagai noun.

I love how you love me.

It is important that we help one another.

Have I told you lately that I love you?

NOTE: Selengkapnya silakan baca topik: Noun Clauses.

2. Adjective Clause (atau relative clause) adalah klausa yang difungsikan sebagai adjective.
Ada dua tipe adjective clause, yaitu: restrictive clause dan non-restrictive clause.

Contoh restrictive clause:

The mother who is breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
I think the girl who called you likes you.

All people who were stormed by gun fire in that building were found dead.

Contoh non-restrictive clause:

Robby, which is my dog, is very big.

Mr. Smith, who is the English teacher, is from Canada.

I cant find the jeans, which are the ones I wore last night.

NOTE: Topik khusus tentang adjective clause belum diposting. Untuk sementara silakan baca
Penggunaan WHO, WHOM, dan WHOSE dan Penggunaan WHICH.

3. Adverb Clause, yaitu klausa yang difungsikan sebagai adverb.

Contoh:

My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.

She has been going out with him since they met three years ago.

You say it best when you say nothing at all.

A. Phrase
Phrase (phrase) is a group of words (2 words or more) that can function as a noun (noun), as a verb
(verb), as an adjective (adj), or as an adverb (adverb). With the exception of the absolute phrase, the
phrase has no subject.
A phrase can contain: + class specific word phrase. For example, "adjective + noun phrase" will form a
noun phrase; "adjective + noun phrase" will form the adjective phrase, and so on.
1. Phrase Types
Naming is generally based on headword phrase (keywords) that make up the phrase was. Headword This
phrase is usually located at the beginning or end of phrases or sometimes in the middle phrase.
Based on its headword, the types of phrases in English include:
a. Noun Phrase, which is his phrase is a noun headword, which is placed at the end or in the middle
phrase. Noun phrase can be preceded by the article (a, an, the), Demonstrative (this, that, these, Those),
modifiers (some, any, etc.), or the adjective pronouns (my, your, his, etc.).
Example:
an extremely fast runner.
this bouquet of roses
my fiance.
the laptop.
his sister.
the substance in this bottle
my sister's room
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
b. Gerundive (gerund) Phrase, which is a gerund phrase that headwordnya, which is placed at the
beginning of phrase. Gerund phrase is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
reading a book.
playing chess.
drinking beer.
stealing my book.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword. In reading a book, "a book" itself is a noun phrase, which
became the direct object of "reading", while in stealing my book "my book" is a noun phrase is the direct
object of "stealing".
c. Phrase infinitive, that is his phrase that headword infinitive form, which is placed at the beginning of
phrase. Infinitive phrase is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
to play chess
That red car to buy
mathematics to solve this problem
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword. "That red car" and "this mathematics problem" is a noun
phrase.
d. Verb Phrase, the phrase that headword its verb form, which is placed at the end of the phrase.
Preceded by the auxiliary verb phrase. The forms of verb phrases, among others:
Be + verb-ing/verb3
Has / have / Had + verb3
Has / have / Had + been + verb-ing/verb3
Capital + verb1
Capital + be + verb-ing/verb3
Capital + have + verb3
Capital + have + been + verb-ing/verb, etc..
Example:
am typing.
has passed
Will see.
Will have graduated. ff.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
e. Phrasal verb, ie "verb + preposition / adverb".
Example:
looked after.
going out with.
look forward to.
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
f. Adverbial (Adverb) Phrase, the phrase that headword its adverb form, which is placed at the end of the
phrase. Adverbial phrase preceded by an adverb. Adverb that position in front and behind it an adverb
explaining called intensifier.
Example:
very Quickly
extremely fast
almost never
g. Prepositional Phrase, the phrase that headword its adverb form. Prepositional phrase preceded by a
preposition, and is generally terminated by a noun.
Example:
Into the Woods
on the table
at home
on time
in the morning
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
h. Adjectival (Adjective) Phrase, the phrase that headword its adjective form. The location of its
headword in general at the end of the phrase, preceded by an adverb. Sometimes its headword placed
at the beginning of phrase, which is usually explained by another adjective.
Example:
extremely toxic
full of dolls
extremely fast
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
i. Participial Phrase, the phrase that headword its participle form, both the present participle (ie verb-
ing) and past pasticiple (ie verb3), which is placed at the beginning of phrase. Participial phrase always
functions as an adjective.
Example:
breast-feeding her baby
calling you
stormed by gun fire
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
j. Appositive Phrase, the phrase that his form of appositive headword (noun or pronoun Appositive is
enabled to replace the noun or pronoun). Appositive phrase is the result of reduction of non-restrictive
clause; other than those preceded by a participle.
Example:
 My dog
the Classic teacher
the ones I wore last night
NOTE: The word in bold is its headword.
2. Phrase Usage in a sentence
a. As a Noun Phrase.
Phrase that can function as a noun (both as subject and as object (direct object, indirect object, or object
of the preposition), among others:
- Noun Phrase.
Example:
He is an extremely fast runner.
I Will send this bouquet of roses to my fiance.
He Bought the laptop for his sister.
The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
My sister's room is full of dolls.
- Gerundive (gerund) Phrase.
Example:
Reading a book is her hobby.
I love playing chess.
He stopped drinking beer.
He did not Confess to stealing my book.
- Infinitive Phrase.
Example:
I want to play chess now.
He decided to buy That red car.
To solve this mathematics problem needs three equations.
- Prepositional Phrase.
Example:
In the morning is a prepositional phrase.
From this moment is a song sung by Shania Twain.
b. As a Verb Phrase.
Phrase that can function as verbs, among others:
-Verb Phrase
Example:
I am typing this comment.
Andi has passed the exam
We will see you again.
Susan Will have graduated by August this year. ff.
- Phrasal verb.
Example:
My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.
She has been going out with him since They met three years ago.
 I look forward to seeing you soon.
c. As an Adverb Phrase.
Phrase that can function as an adverb, among others:
- Adverbial phrase
Example:
She runs very Quickly.
The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast.
He almost never comes on time.
- Prepositional Phrase:
which can be functioned as an adverb of place (the description) and an adverb of time (tense).
Example:
The thief disappeared into the woods extremely fast. (Adv. of place)
The food on the table looked delicious. (Adv. of place)
I am at home now. (Adv. of place)
He almost never comes on time. (Adv. of time)
They left in the morning. (Adv. of time)
4. Phrase as Adjective.
Phrase that can function as an adjective, among others:
- Adjective Phrase.
Example:
The substance in this bottle is extremely toxic.
My sister's room is full of dolls.
He is an extremely fast runner.
- Participial Phrase.
Example:
The mother breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
I think the girl likes you calling you.
All people stormed by gun fire in That building were the resource persons found dead.
NOTE: This phrase Participial a reduction of the adjective clause (excluding the appositive phrase).
- Appositive Phrase.
Example:
Robby, my dog, is very big.
Mr. Smith, the Home teacher, is from Canada.
I can not find the jeans, the ones I wore last night.
B. Clause
Clause (clause) is a series / group of words which at least has a subject and predicate. Clause are
generally preceded by a relative pronoun, but the relative pronoun is often omitted. Besides preceded by
a relative pronoun, clause can also be preceded by a conjunction.
Based on the dependence of the other clause, clause divided into two, namely independent clause
(independent clause) and the dependent clause (the clause is not free). An independent clause can stand
alone into a sentence, while the dependent clause is not. Dependent clause always requires an
independent clause.
Based on the function, the dependent clause (also called subordinate clause) can be divided into: noun
clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause
1. Noun clause, the clause which functioned as a noun.
I love how you love me.
It is Important That We help one another.
Have I told you Lately That I love you?
NOTE: More please read topic: Noun Clauses.
2. Adjective Clause (or relative clause) is a clause which functioned as an adjective. There are two types
of adjective clause, namely: non-restrictive clause and a restrictive clause.
Examples of restrictive clause:
The mother Who is breast-feeding her baby over there is running out of money.
I think the girl likes you you Called WHO.
All People who were the resource persons stormed by gun fire in That building were the resource
persons found dead.
Examples of non-restrictive clause:
Robby, the which is my dog, is very big.
Mr. Smith, Who is the Classic teacher, is from Canada.
I can not find the jeans, the which are the ones I wore last night.
NOTE: Special Topics on the adjective clause has not been posted. For the moment please read the Use
of the WHO, Whom, and Whose and use WHICH.
3. Adverb clause, that clause which functioned as an adverb.
Example:
My grandparents looked after me until I was 6 years old.
She has been going out with him since They met three years ago.
You say it best When you say nothing at all.