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Introduction

Pumps produce flow of fluid and develop pressure adding energy to the fluid

Turbines produce power extracting energy from fluid

Fluid machines are divided into two categories:

Turbomachines positive displacement machines;

turbomachines

Positive displacement machines force the fluid into or out of a chamber by

changing the volume of a chamber. Thus the pressure developed (pump) or the work
done (engine) are the result of essentially static forces rather then dynamic effects.

Turbomachines involve a collection of blades on a rotor. Rotation of a rotor produces

dynamic effects that either add energy to the fluid (pumps) or remove energy from the
fluid (turbines)

Turbomachines are classified as axial-flow, radial-flow, or mixed-flow machines

depending on the predominant direction of the fluid motion relative to the rotors axis
as the fluid passes the blades. Note

Energy consideration Energy consideration

Consider a fan blade driven at constant
angular velocity, , by a motor as is shown in
Fig. We denote the blade speed as U where
r is the radial distance from the axis of the
fan.

U = r
Absolute velocity (V): The absolute fluid
velocity that seen by a person sitting
stationary at the table on which the fan
is denoted V.

Relative velocity (W) : The relative velocity

that seen by a person riding on the fan blade.

The actual absolute fluid velocity is the vector

sum of the relative velocity and the blade
velocity
V=W+U

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Energy consideration Example

The rotor shown in Figure (a) rotates at a constant angular velocity of = 100 rad/s. Although the fluid
initially approaches the rotor in an axial direction, the flow across the blades is primarily radial. Measurement
indicate that the absolute velocity at the inlet and outlet are V1 =12 m/s and V2 = 25 m/s, respectively.
Is this device a pump or a turbine?

Example (cntd) Example (cntd)

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Example (cntd) Example (cntd)

Answer: It is a pump

Pump or Turbine? Angular momentum consideration

When blades move because of the fluid force, we have a turbine; when blades are
forced to move fluid, we have a pump

When shaft torque and rotation are in the same direction, we have a pump;
otherwise we have a turbine

notes

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Angular momentum consideration Angular momentum consideration

Balance of angular momentum Balance of angular momentum

r F r V V n dA
cs
r F r V V n dA
cs

Shaft torque (Euler turbomachine equation)

Tshaft m 1 rV 2 r2V 2
1 1 m

notes notes

Angular momentum consideration Angular momentum consideration

Balance of angular momentum Balance of angular momentum

r F r V V n dA
cs
r F r V V n dA
cs

Shaft torque (Euler turbomachine equation) Shaft torque (Euler turbomachine equation)
shaft power, is related to the
shaft torque and angular
Tshaft m 1 rV 2 r2V 2
1 1 m Tshaft m 1 rV 2 r2V 2
1 1 m
velocity by
Shaft power Shaft power

Wshaft m 1 U1V 1 m 2 U 2V 2 Wshaft m 1 U1V 1 m 2 U 2V 2

W shaft is positive when power is supplied to the contents of the
Shaft work per unit mass
control volume (pumps) and negative otherwise turbines.

wshaft U 1V 1 U 2V 2

notes notes

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or (alternative)
Angular momentum consideration
wshaft

V22 V12 U 22 U12 W22 W12
Balance of angular momentum 2

r F r V V n dA
cs

Shaft torque (Euler turbomachine equation)

Tshaft m 1 rV 2 r2V 2
1 1 m

Shaft power

Wshaft m 1 U1V 1 m 2 U 2V 2

Shaft work per unit mass

wshaft U 1V 1 U 2V 2

it is an important concept equation because it shows how the work transfer is related to
absolute, relative, and blade velocity changes. Because of the general nature of the
velocity triangle in above Fig and Eq. 12.8 is applicable for axial-, radial-, and mixed-flow
rotors.

Centrifugal Pump Pump Theory

Pump arrangements: Flow through the pump is unsteady and three-dimensional

Volute or diffuser casing

Open or shrouded impeller
Single- or double suction
Single- or multistage

Work is done on the fluid by rotating blades

(centrifugal action and tangential blade force
acting on the fluid over a distance) creating a
large increase in kinetic energy of the fluid
through the impeller. This kinetic energy is
converted into an increase in pressure as the
fluid flows from the impeller into casing

notes

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Pump Theory Pump Theory

Flow through the pump is unsteady and three-dimensional Flow through the pump is unsteady and three-dimensional

Assume the average one-dimensional fluid flow from inlet to outlet of the impeller as blades rotate Assume the average one-dimensional fluid flow from inlet to outlet of the impeller as blades rotate

Draw velocity diagrams at inlet and outlet

notes notes

Pump Theory Ideal Head

Flow through the pump is unsteady and three-dimensional

Assume the average one-dimensional fluid flow from inlet to outlet of the impeller as blades rotate

Draw velocity diagrams at inlet and outlet

Apply the angular momentum equation and obtain:

shaft torque

Tshaft m r2V 2 rV
1 1 or Tshaft Q r2V 2 rV
1 1

shaft power

Wshaft Q r2V 2 rV
1 1 or W shaft Q U 2V 2 U1V 1

shaft power per unit mass of flowing fluid

wshaft U 2V 2 U1V 1
notes notes

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Ideal Head Ideal Head vs. Flowrate

Energy equation If fluid has no tangential component of velocity at the inlet then 1 = 90. In this case

poutV2 p V2 W
out zout in in zin shaft in hL
2g 2g
mg U 2V 2
hi
g
maximum (ideal) head rise

Wshaft From velocity diagram

hi
gQ
or U 2 V 2
cot 2
1 Vr 2
hi U 2V 2 U1V 1
g Then

or 1 2
hi
V2 V12 U 22 U12 W12 W22 U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot 2
2g hi
g g
K.E rise Pressure head rise Diffusion of
due to centrifugal relative flow
effect in blade notes notes

Ideal Head Ideal Head

The flow rate Q is related to the radial component of the absolute velocity through the equation

Q 2 r2b2Vr 2 U 22 U 2 cot 2
hi Q
g 2 r2b2 g

where b2 is the impeller blade height at the radius r2. Then ideal head rise:

U 22 U 2 cot 2
hi Q
g 2 r2b2 g

Ideal head rise for a centrifugal pump varies linearly with Q for a given blade geometry and angular velocity
Thus, ideal head rise for a centrifugal pump varies linearly with Q for a given blade geometry and angular
velocity
Blades with 2 < 90 are called backward curved. Blades with 2 > 90 are called forward curved

Pumps are not usually designed with forward curved blades since such pumps tend to suffer unstable flow
conditions.

For actual pump, the blade angles have a normal range: 20 < 2 < 25, 15 < 1 < 50
notes notes

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Example
Water is pumped at the rate of 1400 gpm through a centrifugal pump operating at a speed of 1750 rpm. The
impeller has uniform blade height, b, of 2 in. with r1 = 1.9 in. and r2 = 7.0 in., and the exit blade angle 2 is
23. Assume ideal flow conditions and that the tangential velocity component, V1, of the water entering the
blade is zero (1 = 90). Determine (a) the tangential velocity component, V2, at the exit, (b) the ideal head
rise, hi, and (c) the power transferred to the fluid.
Solution
Example
Water is pumped at the rate of 1400 gpm through a centrifugal pump operating at a speed of 1750 rpm. The
impeller has uniform blade height, b, of 2 in. with r1 = 1.9 in. and r2 = 7.0 in., and the exit blade angle 2 is
23. Assume ideal flow conditions and that the tangential velocity component, V1, of the water entering the
blade is zero (1 = 90). Determine (a) the tangential velocity component, V2, at the exit, (b) the ideal head
rise, hi, and (c) the power transferred to the fluid.
Solution

(a) U 2 r2 107 ft/s

Q
Vr 2 5.11 ft/s
2 r2b2
U 2 V 2
cot 2
Vr 2
V 2 U 2 Vr 2 cot 2 95.0 ft/s
(b)

U 2V 2
hi 316 ft
g
(c)

Wshaft QU 2V 2 61500 ft lb/s = 112 hp

notes notes

Actual Head Pump Performance Characteristics

Effect of losses on the pump head-flowrate curve

(backward curved blades)
notes notes

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Pump Performance Characteristics Pump Performance Characteristics

p2 p1
Actual head is determined experimentally ha

Power gained by the fluid Pf Qha

power gained by the fluid P

Pump overall efficiency f
shaft power driving the pump Wshaft

is made up of hydraulic, mechanical

and volumetric efficiencies hmv

Experimental setup for determining

the head rise gained by a fluid

Experimental setup for determining

the head rise gained by a fluid

notes notes

Pump Performance Characteristics Pump Performance Characteristics

Rising head curve

Head curve continuously rise as
flow rate decreases
Shuttoff Head
Head develop by the pump at zero
discharge. It represent the rise in
pressure head across the pump
with discharge valve closed. At
this point the efficiency of pump is
zero. Power supplied to pump is
dissipated as heat.
Falling head curve
Break horse power (BHP). As the
discharge increases from, the
BHP increases, until the maximum
discharge is achieved i.e. Best Typical performance characteristics for a centrifugal pump Performance curves for a two-stage centrifugal pump operating
efficiency points (BEP) of a given size operating at a constant impeller speed at 3500 rpm. Data given for three different impeller diameters
NPSHR required net positive suction head

notes back

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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Low suction pressure can cause cavitation

NPSH is the difference between total head on the suction side and vapor pressure head

ps Vs2 pv
NPSH
2g

NPSHR is the required NPSH that must be maintained, or exceeded, so that cavitation will not occur.
NPSHR is determine experimentally

NPSHA is the available NPSH, which represent the head that actually occurs for the particular flow
system. It may be determine experimentally, or calculated if the system parameters are known.

notes notes

NPSHA for Typical Flow System NPSHA for Typical Flow System
Energy equation
patm ps Vs2
z1 hL
2g
Available head
ps Vs2 patm
z1 hL
2g
NPSH available

patm pv
NPSH A z1 hL

For pump to operate properly

NPSH A NPSH R

As the height of the pump above the fluid surface is increased, the NPSHA is decreased.

There is some critical value of z1 above which the pump cannot operate without cavitation.

If reservoir is above the pump, NPSHA will increase as the height is increased
notes notes

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Example Example
A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water tank, as show in Figure, and is to pump water A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water tank, as show in Figure, and is to pump water
at a rate of 0.5 ft3/s. At this flowrate the required net positive suction head, NPSHR, is 15 ft, as specified by at a rate of 0.5 ft3/s. At this flowrate the required net positive suction head, NPSHR, is 15 ft, as specified by
the pump manufacturer. If the water temperature is 80F and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the pump manufacturer. If the water temperature is 80F and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, determine
the maximum height, z1, that the pump can be located above the water surface without cavitation. Assume the maximum height, z1, that the pump can be located above the water surface without cavitation. Assume
that the major head loss between the tank and the pump inlet is due to a filter at the pipe inlet having a that the major head loss between the tank and the pump inlet is due to a filter at the pipe inlet having a
minor loss coefficient KL = 20. Other losses can be neglected. The pipe on the suction side of the pump has minor loss coefficient KL = 20. Other losses can be neglected. The pipe on the suction side of the pump has
a diameter of 4 in. a diameter of 4 in.
Solution
patm pv
NPSH A z1 hL

patm pv
z1 max hL NPSH R

2
V2 1 Q
h L KL
2g
KL 10.2 ft
2g A

pv 0.5069 psi, 62.22 lb/ft 2

Answer: z1 max 7.65 ft Where to install the valve?

notes notes

System Characteristics and Pump Selection System Characteristics and Pump Selection

From energy equation between (1) and (2)

ha z2 z1 hL

With the lost head proportional to Q 2 ,

the system equation

ha z2 z1 KQ 2

System equation shows how the actual head gained by fluid from the pump relates to
system parameters

Each system has its own specific system equation.

notes notes

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Example
System Characteristics and Pump Selection Water is to be pumped from one large
open tank to a second large open tank as
To select a pump for particular application, it is necessary to utilize system and pump shown in Figure (a). The pipe diameter
throughout is 6 in. and the total length of
characteristics the pipe between the pipe entrance and
exit is 200 ft. Minor loss coefficients for
the entrance, exit, and the elbow are
shown on the figure, and the friction factor
for the pipe can be assumed constant and
equal to 0.02. A certain centrifugal pump
having the performance characteristics
shown in Figure (b) is suggested as a
good pump for this flow system. With this
pump, what would be the flowrate
between the tanks? Do you think this
pump would be a good choice?

notes notes

Example Example
Water is to be pumped from one large open tank to a second large open tank as shown in Figure (a). The Water is to be pumped from one large open tank to a second large open tank as shown in Figure (a). The
pipe diameter throughout is 6 in. and the total length of the pipe between the pipe entrance and exit is 200 ft. pipe diameter throughout is 6 in. and the total length of the pipe between the pipe entrance and exit is 200 ft.
Minor loss coefficients for the entrance, exit, and the elbow are shown on the figure, and the friction factor Minor loss coefficients for the entrance, exit, and the elbow are shown on the figure, and the friction factor
for the pipe can be assumed constant and equal to 0.02. A certain centrifugal pump having the performance for the pipe can be assumed constant and equal to 0.02. A certain centrifugal pump having the performance
characteristics shown in Figure (b) is suggested as a good pump for this flow system. With this pump, what characteristics shown in Figure (b) is suggested as a good pump for this flow system. With this pump, what
would be the flowrate between the tanks? Do you think this pump would be a good choice? would be the flowrate between the tanks? Do you think this pump would be a good choice?
Solution Solution
l V2 V2
Energy equation between (1) and (2) z1 h p z2 f KL
D 2g 2g

Q
With V
A

system equation ha 10 22 10 5 Q 2

Flowrate Q 1600 gal/min

Qha
Power Wshaft 32.0 hp

notes notes

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Pumps Arrangement Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws

Dimensional analysis is used in the study and documentation of pump characteristics

Effect of operating pumps in (a) series and (b) in parallel

notes notes

Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws

Dimensional analysis is used in the study and documentation of pump characteristics Neglecting Reynolds number and relative roughness effects, for geometrically similar
pumps (all pertinent dimensions, li, scaled by a common length scale), dependent pi terms
are functions of only Q/D3:
Principal dependent pump variables are actual head rise, shaft power and efficiency
gha Q
Ch 1 3
2 D2 D

Dependent variable f D, li , , Q, , , Wshaft Q

CP 2 3
3 D5 D
l Q D 2
Dependent pi term i , , 3
,
D D D Q
3 3
D

Q
Dimensionless parameter CQ is called the flow coefficient
D3
notes notes

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Pump Scaling Laws Use of Pump Scaling Laws

For two pumps from the family operating at the same value of flow coefficient:

gha gha
2 2 2 2
D 1 D 2

W shaft W shaft

3 D5 3 D 5
1 2

1 2

These equations are called pump scaling laws

Pump scaling laws are used to predict the performance of different-sized, geometrically
similar pumps.

notes notes

Example
An 8-in.-diameter centrifugal pump operating at 1200 rpm is geometrically similar to the 12-in.-diameter
pump having the performance characteristics of Figs. (a) and (b) while operating at 1000 rpm. For peak
efficiency, predict the discharge, actual head rise, and shaft horsepower for this smaller pump. The working
fluid is water at 60F
Example
An 8-in.-diameter centrifugal pump operating at 1200 rpm is geometrically similar to the 12-in.-diameter
pump having the performance characteristics of Figs. (a) and (b) while operating at 1000 rpm. For peak
efficiency, predict the discharge, actual head rise, and shaft horsepower for this smaller pump. The working
fluid is water at 60F
Solution
For a given efficiency the flow coefficient has the same value for a given family of pumps
From Fig (b) at peak efficiency CQ = 0.0625, CH = 0.19 and CP = 0.014 . Thus, for 8-in. pump:

CH 2 D 2
Q CQ D 3 1046 gpm ha 41.4 ft Wshaft CP 3 D 5 12.9 hp
g

Power gained by the fluid

Pf Qha 6020 ft lb/s

Thus, efficiency
P
f 85%
Wshaft

which checks with the efficiency curve of Fig. (b)

notes notes

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Special Pump Scaling Laws (Pump Affinity Laws) Special Pump Scaling Laws (Pump Affinity Laws)

Q Q gha gha Wshaft Wshaft

2 2 2 2
3 3
D 1 D 2 D 1 D 2 3 D5 3 D 5
1 2

1. For the same flow coefficient with D1 = D2 (the same pump operating at different ):

Q1 1 ha1 12 W shaft1 13
, ,
Q2 2 ha 2 22 W shaft 2 23

1.For the same flow coefficient with 1 = 2 (pumps from the family operating at given )

Q1 D13 ha1 D12 W shaft1 D15

, ,
Q2 D23 ha 2 D22 W shaft 2 D25

notes notes

Example Example

Answer: 6.9 kL/min; 12.5 m; 17.7 kW

Answer: 0.0328 m3/s; 8 m

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Example
Specific Speed

Specific speed is obtained by eliminating diameter D between the flow coefficient and the
Answer: 4 kL/min; 240 m head rise coefficient:

Q
Ns 34
gha

For any pump, the value of specific speed is specified at the flow coefficient corresponding to
peak efficiency

Specific speed is used to select the most efficient pump for particular application

Centrifugal pumps are low-capacity, high-head pumps, they have low specific speed.

Axial pumps are high-capacity, low-head pumps, they have high specific speed.

Mixed-flow pumps lie in between

notes

Specific Speed Suction Specific Speed

Suction specific speed, defined as

Q
Ss 34
g NPSH R

has a fixed value for a family of geometrically similar pumps.

If this value is known, then the NPSHR can be estimated for other pumps within the same
family operating at different speed and flow rate

notes notes

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Example
Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps

notes

Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps Pumps Comparison

notes notes

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Turbines

Turbines generate power extracting energy from a flowing fluid

In turbines, fluid exerts a torque on the rotor in the direction of its rotation

In hydraulic turbines working fluid is a water

In compressible flow turbomachines working fluid is a gas or steam

End of Lecture

Two basic types of hydraulic turbines are impulse turbines and reaction turbines

For hydraulic impulse turbines, the pressure drop across the rotor is zero; all of the pressure
drop across the turbine stage occurs in the nozzles

For reaction turbines, part of the pressure drop occurs across the guide vanes and part occurs
across the rotor. Reaction is related to the ratio of static pressure drop across the rotor to static
pressure drop across the turbine stage

In general, impulse turbines are high-head, low-flowrate devices, while reacton turbines are low-
head, high-flowrate devices

Which turbines are used in Tarbela power station?

Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbines

Impulse Turbines Impulse Turbines: Torque and Power

Water enters and leaves the control volume

surrounding the wheel as free jets Pelton wheel
Magnitude of the relative velocity of the water across
the buckets does not change, but its direction does
Change in direction of the velocity of the fluid jet
causes a torque on the rotor

Pelton wheel turbines operate most efficiently with a

larger head and lower florates Radial component of velocity is negligible. Fluid leaves bucket with axial component
Design considerations:
- head loss in the penstock;
- design of the nozzle;
- design of the buckets

notes

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Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbines

Impulse Turbines: Torque and Power Impulse Turbines:
Torque and Power
V 1 V1 W1 U m U V1 1 cos
Tshaft mr

V 2 W2 cos U Wshaft Tshaft mU

U V1 1 cos

with W1 W2
Power is a function of
V 2 V 1 U V1 1 cos Typical value of is 165
Power is maximum at U = V1/2
Maximum speed occurs at zero
torque, then U = V1 and there
is no force from fluid on bucket
Shaft torque m U V1 1 cos
Tshaft mr

Typical theoretical and

experimental power and
Shaft power Wshaft Tshaft mU
U V1 1 cos torque for a Pelton wheel
turbine as a function of
bucket speed

Example: Water to drive a Pelton wheel is supplied through a pipe from a lake as Example: Water flows through the Pelton wheel turbine shown in figure. For simplicity
indicated in figure. The head loss due to friction in the pipe is important, but minor assume that the water is turned 180 by the blade.
losses can be neglected. Show, based on the energy equation, that the maximum power output occurs when the
Determine: absolute velocity of the fluid exiting the turbine is zero
(a) the nozzle diameter, D1, that will give the maximum power output;
(b) the maximum power and the angular velocity of the rotor ant the conditions
found in part (a)
Answer: 0.07 m; 4.2 104 Nm at 302 rpm

Notes Notes

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Example: Water flows through the Pelton wheel turbine shown in figure. For simplicity Impulse Turbines
assume that the water is turned 180 by the blade.
Show, based on the energy equation, that the maximum power output occurs when the
absolute velocity of the fluid exiting the turbine is zero

Multinozzle, non-Pelton wheel impulse turbine

commonly used with air as the working fluid

An air turbine used to drive the high-speed drill used by your dentist is shown in figure. Air exiting Hydraulic turbines
from the upstream nozzle holes forces the turbine blades to move in the direction shown. The Reaction Turbines
turbine rotor speed is 300,000 rpm, the tangential component of velocity out of the nozzle is twice
the blade speed, and the tangential component of the absolute velocity out of the rotor is zero.
Estimate the shaft energy per unit mass of air flowing through the turbine (-29 kNm/kg)

Radial flow Francis turbine

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Hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbines

Reaction Turbines

Wshaft
N S 54
ghT

Axial flow Kaplan turbine

Turbine cross sections and maximum efficiencies as a function of specific speed

The single-stage, axial-flow turbomachine shown in figure involves water flow at a volumetric
flowrate of 9 m3/s. the rotor revolves at 600 rpm. The inner and outer radii of the annular flow path
through the stage are 0.46 and 0.61 m, and 2 = 60. The flow entering the rotor row and leaving the
stator row is axial when viewed from the stationary casing. Is this device a turbine of a pump?
Estimate the amount of power transferred to or from the fluid. (816 kW)

Compressible flow Turbomachines

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Compressible flow Turbomachines Compressors

p02
Pressure ratio PR
p01

For multistage compressor with the same PR of each stage

n
p
PR 02
p01

Two-stage centrifugal compressor

with an intercooler
Rotor from automobile turbocharger

Axial-flow Compressors Compressors

Performance characteristics
of an axial-flow compressor
Enthalpy, velocity, and pressure distribution
in an axial-flow compressor

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Compressible Flow Compressible Flow

Turbines Turbines

Enthalpy, velocity, and pressure distribution

Enthalpy, velocity, and pressure distribution
in a three-stage reaction turbine
in two-stage impulse turbine

Compressible
Flow Turbines

Wind Turbines

Typical compressible flow

turbine performance map

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Wind Turbines Ideallized Wind Turbines Theory

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAVT). Dutch mill, American farm mill, propeller turbine.

Vertical-axis wind wind turbines (VAWT). Darrieus rotor, Savonius rotor.

Idealyzed actuator-disk and streamline analysis

of flow through a windmill (A. Betz, 1920)

notes

Ideallized Wind Turbines Theory

Power extracted by the disk

1
P FV
4

A V12 V22 V1 V2

Maximum possible power

8 1
Pmax AV13 at V2 V1
27 3

Power coefficient
P
Cp
1
AV13
2

Idealyzed actuator-disk and streamline analysis Maximum efficiency (Betz number)

of flow through a windmill (A. Betz, 1920)
C p ,max 0.593

Estimated performance of various wind turbine designs as a function of blade-tip speed ratio.
notes

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End of Lecture

World availability of land-based wind energy: estimated annual electric output

in kWh/kW of a wind turbine rated at 11.2 m/s

back

Schematic design

References of positive-displacement pumps:

(a) reciprocating piston or plunger,

(b) external gear pump,

(c) double-screw pump,

(d) sliding vane,

(e) threelobe pump,

(f) double circumferential piston,

(g) flexible-tube squeegee.

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Pump Theory

Velocity diagram at the inlet

and exit of a centrifugal pump

back back

Example 12.4 Example 12.4

back back

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Hydraulic turbines
Impulse Turbines
Example 12.5

Pelton Wheel Turbine

Total head of incoming fluid is

converted into velocity head;
both the pressure drop and
change in relative speed of the
fluid across the bucket (blade)
are negligible
space surrounding the rotor is
not completely filled with fluid
torque is generated by the
impulse of jets striking the
buckets

back back

Hydraulic turbines
Reaction Turbines

Francis Turbine

Rotor is surrounded by a casing

completely filled with fluid;
there is both a pressure drop and
a fluid relative speed change
across the rotor;
guide vanes accelerate flow and
turn it in the appropriate direction
as fluid enters the rotor;
part of pressure drop occurs
across the guide vanes and part
occurs across the rotor

back

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HAWT HAWT

Dutch mill
American multiblade farm mills
back back

HAWT VAWT

Modern propeller mills

Savonius rotor Darrieus rotor
back back

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VAWT VAWT

Darrieus turbine Savonius rotor

back back

VAWT Ideallized Wind Turbines Theory

F x F m V2 V1

F x F pb pa A m Va Vb 0

F pb pa A m V1 V2

1 1
p V12 pb V 2
2 2
1 1
pa V 2 p V22
2 2
1
pb pa
2

V12 V22 V V1 V2
1
P FV AV 2 V1 V2
4

A V12 V22 V1 V2
1
V V1 V2
8 1 2
Pmax AV13 at V2 V1
27 3

8 1
Pmax AV13 at V2 V1
27 3
Savonius rotor + Darrieus rotor
back

29

Water is supplied to a dishwasher through the manifold shown in figure. Determine the
rotational speed of the manifold if bearing friction and air resistance are neglected. The
total flowrate of 9 l/min is divided evenly among the six outlets, each of which produces a
0.8 cm stream
notes
7/2/2017
Example
A centrifugal pump having a head-capacity relationship given by the equation
ha = 54 - 1.2 x 10-5 Q2, with ha in meters when Q is in L/min, is to be used with a
system in figure. For z2 - z1 = 15 m , what is the expected flowrate if the total length of
constant diameter pipe is 180 m and the fluid is water? Assume the pipe diameter to be
10 cm and the friction factor to be equal to 0.02. Neglect all minor losses.
30