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The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish peo- area had a reputation for being rebellious, having been the
ple (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government scene of eleven separate periods of armed conict over
in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes the previous 40 years.[23]
parts of Tunceli Province, Elaz Province, and Bingl
Province.[5][7][8][9][10][11][12] The massacre occurred af-
ter a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkication 1.2.2 Tunceli law
policies of the Turkish government.[13] As a result of the
Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thou- The Dersim region included the Tunceli Province whose
sands of Alevi Zazas[14] died and many others were in- name was changed from Dersim to Tunceli with the Law
ternally displaced due to the conict. on Administration of the Tunceli Province (Tunceli Vi-
layetinin daresi Hakknda Kanun), no. 2884 of Decem-
On November 23, 2011, Turkish prime minister Recep ber 25, 1935[24] on January 4, 1936.[25]
Tayyip Erdoan gave an apology for the Dersim opera-
tion, describing it as one of the most tragic events of our
recent history.[15] 1.2.3 Fourth General Inspectorate
1
2 3 TURKISH MILITARY OPERATIONS
of the letter were arrested and executed. In May, a group The commander of the Guard regiment smail Hakk Teke and
of local people ambushed a police convoy in response, the Mustafa Kemal Atatrk at Tunceli region in 1937.
rst act of a localised conict.[31]
[4] http://www.guncelmeydan.com/pano/
The contemporary British estimate of the number of
dersim-yalanlari-ve-gercekleri-sinan-meydan-t33567.
deaths was 40,000, although historians suggest that this
html
gure may be exaggerated.[23] It has been suggested
that the total number of deaths may be 7,594,[22] over [5] Dersim 38 Conference
10,000,[49] or over 13,000.[15] Around 3,000 people were
[6] Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliam: 13 bin kii
forcibly deported from Dersim.[22]
ldrld", Radikal, November 19, 2009. (Turkish)
[13] http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/
Dersim-Massacre-1937-1938.pdf
4 Recent developments
[14] http://www.massviolence.org/
On November 23, 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Dersim-Massacre-1937-1938 (According to the or-
ganisation encyclopedia of mass violence, Dersim is a
Erdogan apologized on behalf of the state over the
Kurdish alevi province, and the massacre of turks were
killing of over 13,000 people during the rebellion.[54] His
towards zaza speaking alevi kurds)
remarks were widely commented on both inside and out-
side Turkey.[55] His comments were pointedly directed [15] Turkey PM Erdogan apologises for 1930s Kurdish
at opposition leader Kemal Kldarolu. Erdogan re- killings. BBC News. November 23, 2011. Retrieved
minded his audience that Kldarolus party, the CHP, November 24, 2011.
had been in power at the time of the massacre, then the
[16] Martin van Bruinessen, Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as De-
only political party in Turkey.[15] He described the mas- liberately Embraced Ethnic Identities in '"Asln nkar
sacre as one of the most tragic events of our near history Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity
saying that, whilst some sought to justify it as a legitimate of The Kurdish Alevis in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Bar-
response to events on the ground, it was in reality an op- bara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic
eration which was planned step by step.[56] Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers
5
of the International Symposium Alevism in Turkey and [35] Pamukolu: Dersim'in emrini Atatrk verdi, Hrriyet,
Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near August 19, 2010. (Turkish)
East in the Past and Present Berlin, 14-17 April 1995,
BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13. [36] Ahmet Kahraman, pp. 286287. (Turkish)
[17] Martin van Bruinessen, Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as De- [37] Ahmet Kahraman, pp. 292293. (Turkish)
liberately Embraced Ethnic Identities in '"Asln nkar
Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity [38] Cumhuriyet, November 18, 1937, 17 Kasm 1937:
of The Kurdish Alevis, p. 14. Atatrk'n Diyarbakr'dan Elz'a gelii, Tunceli'nin
Pertek kazasna geerek Murat Nehri zerinde Singe
[18] Faik Bulut, Devletin Gzyle Trkiye'de Krt syanlar Kprs'n hizmete a. (Turkish)
(Kurdish rebellions in Turkey, from the government point
of view), Yn Yaynclk, 1991, 214215. (Turkish) [39] Atatrk Pertek'te, The government of Pertek District.
(Turkish)
[19] Ziiolu, Vercihan (November 18, 2009). Military doc-
uments to shine light on 'Dersim massacre'". Hurriyet [40] 19371938de Dersimde neler oldu?", Taraf, November
Daily News. Retrieved 2010-09-22. 16, 2008. (Turkish)
[20] Beiki, Ismail. (1990) Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim [41] Faik Bulut, ibid, p. 277. (Turkish)
Jenosidi (The 1935 law concerning Tunceli and the geno-
[42] Reat Hall, Trkiye Cumhuriyetinde Ayaklanmalar
cide of Dersim), Bonn, p.29. (Turkish)
(19241938), T. C. Genelkurmay Baskanl Harp Tarihi
[21] aaptay, Soner (2002). Reconguring the Turkish na- Dairesi, 1972, p. 382. (Turkish)
tion in the 1930s (PDF). Harvard. Retrieved 2010-08-
[43] Muhsin Batur, Anlar, Grler, Dnemin Perde Ar-
02.
sas, Milliyet Yaynlar, 1985, p. 25. (Turkish)
[22] Lundgren, Asa (2007). The unwelcome neighbour:
[44] Martin van Bruinessen, Kurdish ethno-nationalism versus
Turkeys Kurdish policy. London: Tauris & Co. p. 44.
nation-building states: collected articles, Isis Press, 2000,
[23] McDowall, David (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. ISBN 978-975-428-177-4, p. 116.
London: Tauris & Co. pp. 207208.
[45] The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey
[24] New perspectives on Turkey, Issues 14, Simons Rock of (193738) Page 4 (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-24.
Bard College, 1999 p. 15.
[46] http://www.pen-kurd.org/almani/haydar/
[25] Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modern- Dersim-PresseerklC3A4rungEnglish.pdf
izers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed
[47] George J Andreopoulos, Genocide, page 11.
Books, 2000, ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7, p. 80.
[48] Hseyin Aygn, Dersim 1938 ve zorunlu iskn: telgraar,
[26] Cemil Koak, Umumi mfettilikler (19271952), letiim
dilekeler, mektuplar, Dipnot Yaynlar, 2009, ISBN 978-
Yaynlar, 2003, ISBN 978-975-05-0129-6, p. 144.
975-9051-75-4, p. .
[27] Birinci Genel Mfettilik Blgesi, p. 66.
[49] Hans-Lukas Kieser: Some Remarks on Alevi Responses to
[28] Cumhuriyet, August 26, 1935. the Missionaries in Eastern Anatolia (19th20th cc.). In:
Altruism and Imperialism. The Western Religious and Cul-
[29] Erdal Aydoan, "nc Umumi Metilii'nin Ku- tural Missionary Enterprise in the Middle East. Middle
rulmas ve III. Umum Meti Tahsin Uzer'in Baz East Institute Conference: Bellagio Italien, August 2000
nemli Faaliyetleri, Atatrk Yolu, Ankara niversitesi
Trk nklp Tarihi Enstits, Vol. 3334, pp. 114. [50] smail Besiki, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi,
Belge Yaynlar, 1990.
[30] Hasretyan, M. A. (1995) Trkiye'de Krt Sorunu (1918
1940), Berlin, Wann, nsttuya Kurd: I., p. 262. [51] Martin van Bruinessen: Genocide in Kurdistan? 1994, S.
(Turkish) 141170.
[31] Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: [52] The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey
Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. (193738) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen,
p. 215. Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Der-
sim rebellion in Turkey (193738) and the chemical war
[32] Faik Bulut, ibid, p. 221. (Turkish) against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopou-
los (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of geno-
[33] "'Dersim Katliam'ndaki o fotorafn srr ortaya kt". cide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141
Radikal. December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 170.
2014.
[53] Saymaz, Ismail (March 14, 2011). Turkish prosecutor
[34] Chaliand, Gerard (1993). A People without a country: the refuses to hear Dersim 'genocide' claim. Hrriyet Daily
Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Olive Branch Press. p. 58. News. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
6 7 EXTERNAL LINKS
7 External links
Kubilay Yado Arin, Turkey and the Kurds From
War to Reconciliation?, UC Berkeley Center for
Right Wing Studies Working Paper Series, March
26, 2015.
8.2 Images
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