RESINS - Associated with OILS and GUMS

Resins EXAMPLES:
ASAFETIDA
MYRRS
o Amorphous products of a complex chemical GAMBOGE
natural.
o Usually formed in SCHIZOGENOUS or BALSALMS
SCHIZOLYSIGENOUS ducts or cavities and
are end products of METABOLISM. - Resinous mixtures that contain
CINNAMIC ACIDS, BENZOIC
PHYSICAL FEATURE: ACIDS or both ESTERS of these
acids.
Hard
Transparent or translucent EXAMPLES:
Soft or soften (upon heating)
Melt ( final outcome) BENZOIN
PERU BALSAM
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: TOLU BALSAM
STYRAX
They are complex mixtures of:
- Partially soluble in hot water, if
Resin acids containing free acids (e.g. Benzoic
Resin alcohols acid and cinnamic acid).
Resinotannols
Esters GLUCORESINS OR GLYCORESINS
Resenes
- Resins found GLYCOSIDAL
combination.

Insoluble in water EXAMPLES:

An oxidation product of TERPENES, IPOMEA
(according to some investigator). JALAP
More or less homogenous mixtures with PODOPHYLLUM
volatile oils called OLEORESINS.
Also used in PHARMACY and in ARTS

EXAMPLES:
OLEORESINS
ROSIN
- Associated with VOLATILE OIL. GUAIAC
MASTIC
EXAMPLES:
TUPENTINE PLANT DRUGS DESCRIPTION
CANABA BALSAM
COPAIDA

GUM-RESINS ROSIN

- Associated with gums - Also known as COLOPHONY.

- Solid resin obtained from PINUS
EXAMPLES: PALUSTRIS LINNE.
- From light amber (finest or WATER
ASAFETIDA
GAMBOGE WHITE grade used as medicinal
MYRRH purposes) to almost black.

Constituents:
OLEO-GUM-RESINS Anhydrides abietic acid
 Sylvic acid MASTIC
Sapinic acid
Primaric acid - Also known as MASTICH or
Resene MASTICHE.
- Obtained from
Uses:
Constituents:
Stiffening agents cerates, plaster, and ointments.
Diuretic (veterinary) -resin
Varnishes, paints dryers, printing inks, soap, Example: Mastichic acid, alcohol
sealing wax and floor covering (manuf. Trade). soluble
Adulterant (other resinous products). -resin
Example: masticin, alcohol insoluble
ERIODICTYLON
Uses:
- Also known as YERBA SANTA
- Obtained from ERIODICTYON Dental varnish to seal cavities.
CALIFORNICUM.
KAVA
Constituents:
- Also known as KAVA-KAVA
Eriodictyol - Obtained from PIPER
Xanthoeriodictyol METHYSTICUM.
Chrysoeriodictyol
Homoeriodictyol Constituents:
Eriodictyonic acid
Yangonin
Desmethoxyyangonin
Uses: Kawain
Dihydrokawain
Flavoring (e.g. those contain bitterness product Methysticin
like QUININE). Dihydromethisticin
Stimulating EXPECTORANT (1gram)
Uses:
JALAP
Skeletal muscle relaxant
- Also known as JALAP ROOT. Antipyretic
- Obtained from EXOGONIUM PURGA. Local anesthetic

Constituents: CANNABIS

Ipurganol - Also known as INDIAN HEMP.

Jalapin - Obtained from CANNABIS SATIVA
-methyl esculetin LINNE.
- Its resin is referred to as HASHISH

Genetic type:

a. Hemp type- contain little active principle but

Uses: suitable in the manufacture of rope.
b. type rich in tetra hydrocannabinol (THC).
Cathartic
Hydrogogue
Drastic purgative
Constituents:
 (-)-9- trans- tetrahydrocannabinol - Also known as GUM MYRRH
- Obtained from COMMIPHORA MOLMOL
Uses ENGLER. And other spp. COMMIPHORA
JACQUIN.
Control nausea in cancer chemotherapy
Source of hemp 2 commercial types:
Source of fixed oil (hempseed) used in the
manuf. Of paints and soaps. a. AFRICAN or SOMALL MYRRH- better
Cattle food (cake meal) variety
b. ARABIAN or YEMEN MYRR
GINGER
Uses:
- Also known ZINGIBER.
- OTHER NAMES: Jamaica ginger, African TRADITIONAL
ginger, and Cachin ginger.
Ingredient for embalming material.
- Obtained from ZINGIBER OFFICINALE
Used in essences and perfumes.
ROSCOE
MODERN
Constituents:
Protective
1-3% volatile oil (containing bisabolene, Stimulants
zingiberene and zingiberol Stomachic
Oleoresin (containing zingerome and Mouthwashes
shogaol, and responsible characteristic Astringents
pungency), starch.
Constituents:
Uses:
20-40% resin
Flavoring
Condiment RESIN ACIDS
Aromatic stimulant lpha, eta, and lambda commlphoric
Carminative (same properties of the acids, resenes
ginger oleoresin)
PHENOLIC COMPOUND
COPAIBA
Yields PROTOCATECHUIC ACID
- Also known as BALSAM COPAIBA and PYROCATECHIN
- Derived from south American spp. Of
COPAIFERA (copaiba)

Constituents:

Benzoic acid, nor STORAX

Cinnamic acid
- Also known as LIQUID STORAX or
Note: not TRUE BALSAMS STYRAX.
- Obtained from the trunk of
Uses: LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS
MILLER (Levant storax)
Genitourinary disinfectant
- LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA
Diuretic
Stimulant LINNE (American storax)
Expectorant
Constituents:
Laxative

MYRRH
 - storesin AMORPHOUS but form crystalline
compound with potassium.
storesin WHITE FLAKES that do not form
crystalline compound with potassium.

Uses:

Pharmaceutics
Compound benzoin
Tincture
Stimulant
Expectorant
Antiseptic

Note: LEVANT STYRAX more Grayish,

brown, and opaque than AMERICAN
STYRAX (Yellow and Clear).

PERUVIAN BALSAM

- Also known as PERU BALSAM

- Obtained from MYTOXYLON PEREIRAE
- PATHOLOGIC product and also formed
INJURY in the tree.

Constituents:

ALKALOIDS

FUNCTION

o Poisonous agent protecting the plant

against insect and herbivores.
o End product of detoxification
representing a metabolic looking up
compounds otherwise harmful to the
plants.
o Regulatory growth factor
 o Reserved the substance capable of o Soluble either chloroform or other
supplying nitrogen or other necessary relatively non-polar, immiscible solvent
element plants economy. (salts are insoluble)
o More are CRYSTALLINE SOLID-
COMMON ALKALOIDS REAGENTS often useful means or rapid microscopic
identification
o WAGNERS- Iodine in Potassium iodide.
o Few are amorphous (formless or fluid)
o MAYERS- Potassium Mercuric iodide.
o RAGENDORFFS- Potassium bismuth iodide.

PCOL ACTION

1. Analgesic as Narcotics DEVIATION FROM DEFINITION

o Codeine
o Morphine o Do not represent a homogenous group
2. Central stimulant of compounds (physical, chemical or
o Brucine
physiologic point of view).
o Strychnine o Nitrogenous compounds containing
3. Mydriatics
basic nitrogen atoms.
o Atropine
o Applied to basic nitrogenous compound
o Hematropine
4. Myotics that is physiologically active.
o Physostigmine o Classified according to the nature of the
o Pilocarpine basic chemical structures from which
5. Increase BP (high blood pressure) they are derived.
o Ephedrine o Usually bitter taste.
6. Falls excessive Hypertension
o Reserpine Rule: By agreement the name of alkaloids should end
INE
True/ Fact - those alkaloids are capable of extensive
physiologic activities. NOMENCLATURE

1. Generic name

EXAMPLE
ALKALOIDS (AMINES)
Atropine = Atropa
o Double salts are usually obtained as Hydrastine = Hydrastis
precipitates , and many of them are
MICROCRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY 2. Specific name
o Double salts with Compounds of:
Mercury EXAMPLE
Gold Cocaine = Coca
Platinum Belladonine = Belladonna
Other heavy metals
3. Common name
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

o Hard to characterized- not a EXAMPLE

homogenous group Ergotamine = Ergot

o Insoluble sparingly in H2O
o Salt with acids, freely insoluble in H2O. 4. Physiologic activity

FREE ALKALOIDS EXAMPLE

Emetine = Emetic
Morphine
 True alkaloid
5. Discoverer
o Also known as TYPICAL
EXAMPLE ALKALOIDS.
Pelletierine = Pelletire o Derived from amino acids but have
nitrogen ring in a heterocyclic ring.
6. Prefix or Suffix

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE
Quinine
Quinidine Atropine
Hydroquinidine
Basic derivation: Proto-alkaloids

o Plant- occurs in plant sources rich in alkaloids o Derived from amino acids and do not
o Animals- reproduced by chemical synthesis have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
(reproduction of toxic and poisonous substance) EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES: Ephedrine
Fungi
Bacteria Pseudo-alkaloids
Insects
Frogs o Not derived from amino acids but have
Animals nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.
TRADITIONAL DEFINITION EXAMPLE

o Alkaloid Alkali-like = commonly Caffeine

used to designate basic heterocyclic
nitrogenous compounds of plant that are
physiologically active.
Basicity
False alkaloids
o Non alkaloids that give false positive
reaction with alkaloids reagents.

o Some alkaloids are not basic EXAMPLE

EXAMPLES

Colchicine
Piperine
Quaternary alkaloids

Nitrogen

o Some alkaloids are not heterocyclic

ring.

EXAMPLES

Colchicine
Ephedrine
Mescaline

TYPES