We I o 2014 Energy Efficiency Assumptions

IEA World Energy Investment Outlook 2014: Energy Efficiency Investment Assumption Tables
2014 OECD/IEA
http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/investment
This workbook contains the underlying energy efficiency investment tables for IEA's World Energy Investment Outlook released on 3 June
Contents 2014. The analytical report is available as a free download at http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/investment. Other than the
INDUSTRY spreadsheet of Annex A tables (available as a separate download), there is no free or paid database service for tables published or
underlying data from the report.
Cross-cutting
Should you have any questions or comments about this spreadsheet or the report, please write to weo@iea.org
Iron & steel
Please note that the IEAs World Energy Investment Outlook is subject to restrictions that limit its use and distribution. These terms and
Chemicals & petrochemicals conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/.
Cement All investment data are presented in real terms in year-2012 US dollars.
Pulp & paper General note to the industry investment tables
1) Costs include the additional cost for the more efficient measure (including taxes and freight costs) and the labour costs that are
TRANSPORT directly related to an installation.
2) Savings potential of individual efficiency measures cannot simply be added up to obtain a total savings potential as the measure
PLDVs interact and are in some cases mutually exclusive. Total savings will be less than the sum of the savings attributed to each individual
measure.
Freight 3) Costs are given for the European Union. In the model, cost assumptions are adapted for each region respectively.
4) Future adoption of the listed efficiency measures varies greatly from region to region and technology to technology.
BUILDINGS
Residential
ment Outlook released on 3 June
ment. Other than the
ce for tables published or
@iea.org
d distribution. These terms and
the labour costs that are
potential as the measure

ttributed to each individual
espectively.
o technology.
Residential
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Notes
1. BAT = Best available technology.
2. For appliances, efficiencies are measured as the conversion efficiency from final energy to energy service or useful energy. Least e
Lifetime of new Technology cost

equipment (years) Technology efficiency ($/toe)
Insulation
Loft insulation (200 to 300 mm 50 6 640
Loft insulation (100 to 200mm) 50 9 960
Floor insulation 50 11 540
Double glazing windows 50 56 120
Solid wall insulation 50 62 970
Space heating
Coal-fired boiler 20 71% 2 380
Efficient coal-fired boiler 20 78% 2 670
Oil-fired boiler 20 86% 2 380
Efficient oil-fired boiler 20 93% 2 750
Gas boiler 20 86% 2 230
Gas-fired condensing boiler 20 91% 2 520
Electric radiators 20 100% 1 250
Electric heat pump 15 222% 6 240
Ground source heat pump 15 412% 17 000
Heat radiators 30 90% 680
Efficient heat radiators 30 95% 820
Biomass-fired boiler 30 79% 5 200
Efficient biomass-fired boiler 30 87% 5 980
Solar thermal 20 100% 53 460
Efficient solar thermal 20 100% 46 040
Cooking
Coal cookstove 15 40% 3 070
Oil cookstove 15 70% 2 040
Efficient oil cookstove 15 80% 3 440
Gas Hob 15 70% 1 950
Gas oven 15 80% 2 980
Electric hobs 10 80% 4 090
Electric oven 10 90% 6 280
Biomass cookstove 15 30% 1 750
Efficient biomass cookstove 15 40% 4 140
BAT biomass cookstove 15 50% 6 890
Lighting
Incandescent bulb 3 220
Fluorescent bulb 2 750
CFL bulb 4 1 350
LED 8 3 930
Appliances (see note 2)
Least efficient appliance 10 100% 8 750
Efficient appliance 10 251% 22 820
BAT appliance 10 351% 34 750
Cooling
Air conditioner 15 101% 8 420
Air heat pump 15 213% 34 750
Advanced air heat pump 15 254% 57 920
Sources: DECC, Final Stage Impact Assessment for the Green Deal and Energy Companion Obligation, 2012; IEA analysis.
ce or useful energy. Least efficient appliance is taken as a reference for the other technologies.
2; IEA analysis.
Transport: PLDVs
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Notes
1. PLDVs = Passenger light-duty vehicles (up to 3.5 tons)
2. Efficiency improvement potentials and incremental cost are understood as relative to a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle of 2005.
3. The below data is largely based on the IEA's Technology Roadmap: Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles of 2012.
Gasoline ICE vehicle

Improvement potential Initial costs
Technology [% reduction in fuel use] [USD/vehicle]
Tyres: low rolling resistance 4.0% 84
Low friction design and materials 2.0% 46
Aerodynamics improvement 2.5% 63
Lightweight components other than BIW 2.0% 65
Variable valve actuation and lift 13.0% 450
Start and stop 3.0% 125
Direct injection 15.0% 710
Starter-alternator (increased battery) 5.0% 410
Lightweighting (HS steel) 3.0% 250
Auxiliary systems improvement 5.0% 455
Dual clutch transmission 5.0% 500
Lightweighting (aluminium) 4.0% 660
Gasoline ICE hybrid vehicle

full hybrid - electric drive 33.1% 2 420
Direct injection 7.0% 710
Diesel ICE vehicle

Diesel Engine 15.0% 1 080
Start and stop 3.0% 125
Advanced combustion technologies 7.5% 340
Starter-alternator (increased battery) 5.0% 410
Dual clutch transmission 5.0% 500
Diesel ICE hybrid vehicle

Diesel Engine 15.0% 1 100
full hybrid - electric drive 31% 2 420
Advanced combustion technologies 4.0% 340
Transport: Freight
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Notes
1. MFT (Medium-freight trucks) are those between 7.5 and 16 tons, and HFT (Heavy freight trucks) above 16 tons. ITS = intelligent trans
2. The reference vehicle is a ICE diesel truck of comparable size in 2005.
3. The below data is largely based on the IEA's Technology Roadmap: Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles of 2012.
HFT diesel engine

Efficiency improvement
Category Technology potential
Drive train Eco roll freewheel function 1.0%
Engine Controllable air compressor 1.0%
Engine Oil and water pump with variable speed 0.5%
ITS / ICT Driver support systems 5.0%
ITS / ICT Acceleration control 1.5%
Engine Smart alternator, battery sensor, electric accessory drive 1.0%
Vehicle Low rolling resistance tyres 2.0%
Engine Variable valve actuation 1.5%
Engine Sequential turbo/downsizing 3.0%
Engine Speed control (injection) 3.0%
ITS / ICT Vehicle platooning 4.0%
Engine Pneumatic booster air hybrid 4.0%
Vehicle Aerodynamic fairings 2.0%
Vehicle Active aerodynamics 3.0%
Vehicle Single wide tyres 5.0%
ITS / ICT Predictive cruise control 2.0%
Vehicle Light-weight materials 3.5%
Vehicle Aerodynamic trailer / Boat tail 1.3%
Drive train Automated manual transmission 5.0%
Engine Turbocompound (Mechanical / Electric) 3.0%
Engine Bottoming cycles/waste heat recovery (e.g. organic Rankine) 3.5%
Engine Dual fuel systems 1.0%
NGVs-HFT
Fuel Gas fueling system 0.0%
MFT
Drive train Eco roll freewheel function 1%
Engine Controllable air compressor 4%
Engine Oil and water pump with variable speed 3%
ITS / ICT Driver support systems 6%
ITS / ICT Acceleration control 3%
Engine Smart alternator, battery sensor, electric accessory drive 5%
Engine Variable valve actuation 2%
Engine Sequential turbo/downsizing 3%
Engine Speed control (injection) 3%
Engine Start/stop automatic 8%
Engine Pneumatic booster air hybrid 4%
Vehicle Light-weight materials 4%
Drive train Automated manual transmission 5%
Engine Dual fuel systems 2%
NGVs-MFT
Category Technology
potential
Fuel Gas fueling system 0.0%
Engine Start/stop automatic 7.5%
HFT Hybrid
Drive train Hydraulic hybrid 3.0%
MFT hybrid
Drive train Flywheel hybrid 8%
Drive train Eco roll freewheel function 1%
Engine Controllable air compressor 4%
Engine Oil and water pump with variable speed 3%
ITS / ICT Driver support systems 6%
ITS / ICT Acceleration control 3%
Engine Smart alternator, battery sensor, electric accessory drive 5%
Engine Variable valve actuation 2%
Engine Sequential turbo/downsizing 3%
Engine Speed control (injection) 3%
Engine Start/stop automatic 8%
Engine Pneumatic booster air hybrid 4%
Vehicle Light-weight materials 4%
Drive train Automated manual transmission 5%
Engine Dual fuel systems 2%
tons. ITS = intelligent transport systems; ICT: information/communication technologies
Technology cost
[US$]
100
200
300
300
350
400
400
450
600
600
800
900
1 600
1 600
1 700
1 900
3 500
2 000
5 250
5 500
15 500
33 000
Technology cost
[US$]
5 500
100
200
300
300
350
400
400
450
600
600
800
1 600
1 600
1 700
1 900
3 500
2 000
5 250
5 500
15 500
Technology cost
[US$]
100
200
300
300
350
400
450
600
600
750
900
3 500
5 250
33 000
Technology cost
[US$]
4 500
100
200
300
300
350
400
450
600
600
750
900
3 500
5 250
33 000
Technology cost
[US$]
13 000
100
200
300
300
350
400
400
450
600
600
800
900
1 600
1 600
1 700
1 900
3 500
2 000
5 250
5 500
15 500
33 000
Technology cost
[US$]
4 500
100
200
300
300
350
400
450
600
600
750
900
3 500
5 250
33 000
Industry: Cross-cutting technologies
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Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page
Process Process Step Technology [%]
Boilers / Steam systems Steam Piping Heat exchanger 1.5%
Boilers / Steam systems Steam Piping Repair leaks 3.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Reduced excess air 2.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Steam Piping Improve steam traps and maintain steam traps 8.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Insulate valves and fittings 2.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Improved process control (including flue gas monitoring) 6.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Steam Piping Automatic monitoring of steam traps 5.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Feedwater economiser 5.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Steam Piping Insulation pipes (Improvement and Maintenance) 5.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Flash condensate 5.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Return condensate 10.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Minimise short cycling (via multiple boiler operation and/or boiler downsizing) 2.5%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Improved blowdown 3.5%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Boiler maintenance 10.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Vapour recompression 10.0%
Boilers / Steam systems Boilers Vent condenser 3.5%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Maintenance of door and tube seals 2.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Reducing Wall heat losses 5.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Improved process controls (e.g. air-to-fuel ratio) 6.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Reducing Radiation heat losses 5.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Efficient design burners (e.g. low NOx) 12.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Flue gas heat recovery 13.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Oxygen enrichment 4.0%
Furnaces / Process Heater Furnaces Reducing wall heat losses on already insulated areas 1.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Electronically controlled pumps 3.6%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Reduced cooling load 1.5%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Regular clearning / maintenance 4.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Systems optimisation 8.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Improved process measuring and control 5.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Improved insulation 5.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Speed-controlled compressor and fan 4.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Improved compressor / heat exchanger 2.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Multicompressor refrigeration systems 1.0%
Cooling and refrigeration Refrigeration Multi-level compression and soprtion process 7.5%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Isolate flow paths to no-essential equipment 10.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Use of pressure switches 5.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Fix leaks, damaged seals and packaging 2.5%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Predictive maintenance 9.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Trim or change impeller to match output 15.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Remove sediment/scale buildup 7.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Install variable speed drive 15.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps Remove scales from heat exchangers and strainers 7.5%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps More efficient pump 15.0%
Motor-driven equipment Pumps More efficient motor 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Correct damper problems 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Remove sediment/scale buildup 1.5%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Isolate flow paths non-essential or non-operating equipment 8.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Fix leaks and damaged seals 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Repair or replace inefficient belt drives 2.5%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Correct poor airflow conditions at fan inlets and outlets 5.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Predictive maintenance 2.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Install variable speed drive 20.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan Replace oversized fans with more efficient type 11.0%
Motor-driven equipment Fan More efficient motor 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Fix leaks, adjust compressor controls, establish ongoing plan 15.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Address restrictive end use drops and connections 4.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Shut-off idle equipment, engineered nozzles 8.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Eliminate inappropriate compressed air uses 13.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Predictive maintenance 5.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems More frequent filter replacement 2.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Replace existing condensate drains with zero loss type 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Eliminate artificial demand with pressure optimisation/control 7.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Install sequencer 8.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Correct compressor intake problems 1.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Install dedicatated storage with metered recovery 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Reconfigure branch header piping to reduce critical pressure loss 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Match air treatment to demand side needs 6.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Correct excessive pressure drops in main line distribution piping 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Correct excessive supply side pressure drop 3.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Variable speed drive 15.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Size replacement compressor to meet demand 13.0%
Motor-driven equipment Compressed Air Systems Improvement of automatic control 4.2%
Based on following literature:

- IEA (International Energy Agency) (2009), Energy Technology Transitions for Industry, OECD/IEA, Paris.
-- Neelis, M., E.
Fraunhofer ISIWorrell
and FEEand E. Masanet
(2003), (2008), Energy
Mglichkeiten, Efficiency
Potenziale, Improvement
Hemmnisse and Cost Saving
und Instrumente Opportunities
zur Senkung for the Petrochemical
des Energieverbrauchs Industry, LawrenceTechniken
branchenbergreifender Berkeley National Laboratory,
in den Bereichen Berkeley,
Industrie undUK
Bundesministerium fr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Karlsruhe/Mnchen
- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (2010), Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking An Energy Policy Tool, UNIDO, Vienna.
- NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation) (2008), Japanese Technologies for Energy Savings / GHG Emissions Reduction 2008 Revised Edition, NEDO, Kawasak
Investment costs
[$/GJ saved]
3.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
20.0
17.0
30.0
50.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
150.0
200.0
300.0
0.0
7.0
12.0
14.0
21.0
27.0
42.0
39.0
120.0
214.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
11.0
50.0
71.0
121.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
13.0
14.0
21.0
25.0
27.0
28.0
35.0
44.0
59.0
23.0
onal Laboratory,
en Bereichen Berkeley,
Industrie undUnited States.
Kleinverbrauch,
ised Edition, NEDO, Kawasaki City, Japan.
Industry: Iron and steel
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Process Process Step Technology

Coke Oven Quenching Coke Dry Quenching / Coke Stabilised Quenching
Coke Oven Coal Preparation Coal Moisture control
Coke Oven Coke Oven Heat recovery of COG
Coke Oven Coke Oven Top gas utilisation (Coke Oven Gas Recovery)
Sintering Sintering Sinter plant heat recover
Sintering Sintering Improved process control
Sintering Sintering Utilisation of waste fuels
Iron making Blast Furnace Blast Furnace Gas recovery
Iron making Hot Stove Hot-blast stove automation
Iron making Hot Stove Improved Hot Stove Combustion Control
Iron making Hot Stove Waste heat recuperator on hot blast stove
Iron making Blast Furnace Top pressure recovery turbines
Iron making Blast Furnace Pulverized Coal Injection (to 130 kg/ton iron)
Iron making Blast Furnace Injection of natural gas to 140 kg/ton iron
Iron making Blast Furnace Injection of coke oven gas/basic oxygen gas
Iron making Blast Furnace Heat recovery from slag
Iron making Blast Furnace Improved blast furnace control systems
Iron making Blast Furnace Top gas recycle blast furnace
Iron making Direct Reduced Iron ULCORED
Iron making Direct Reduced Iron Midrex
Iron making Direct Reduced Iron HISARNA
Iron making Direct Reduced Iron HYL
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Contiarc Furnace
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace DC Arc furnace
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Scrap preheating
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Oxy-fuel burners
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Eccentric bottom tapping on existing furnace
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Improved process control (neural networks)
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Transformer Efficiency - Ultra High Power Transformers
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Flue gas monitoring and control
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Process to continuously melt, refine and cast high quality steel
Steel making Electric Arc Furnace Waste Heat Recovery for EAF
Steel making Basic Oxygen Furnace Waste Heat and Gas Recovery
Steel Finishing Casting Thin slab casting
Steel Finishing Casting Strip casting (e.g. Castrip, Eurostrip)
Steel Finishing Hot Rolling Hot charging
Steel Finishing Hot Rolling Process Control in Hot Strip Mill
Steel Finishing Hot Rolling Preventive maintenance
Steel Finishing Hot Rolling Insulation of reheating furnace
Steel Finishing Hot Rolling Recuperative burners
Steel Finishing Cold Rolling Automated monitoring and targeting systems
Steel Finishing Cold Rolling Heat recovery on the annealing line

US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2010a), Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse G
IEA CCC (IEA Clean Coal Centre) (2012), CO2 abatement in the Iron and Steel Industry, IEA CCC, London.
Pardo, N., J.A. Moya and K. Vatopoulos, Prospective Scenarios on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in the EU Iron & Steel Indust
Hasanbeigi, A., et al. (2013), A bottom-up model to estimate the energy efficiency improvement and CO2 emission reduction pote
NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation) (2008), Japanese Technologies for Energy Savings / GHG
Energy savings Investment costs
[MJ/t of steel] [$/t of steel per year]
401 3 059
87 13 408
52 347
143 5 388
234 642
30 223
109 86
837 2 695
377 67
41 624
204 763
149 6 563
785 2 339
377 846
367 870
357 133
408 74
1 226 3 031
2 474 7 510
1 474 12 604
1 562 4 758
862 15 087
720 6 801
320 1 012
254 1 488
140 1 121
50 5 308
108 737
60 3 804
50 5 308
72 25 804
468 24 273
920 1 544
615 3 012
1 380 3 929
60 3 299
300 228
450 106
160 5 176
700 322
216 442
311 717
es for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Iron and Steel Industry, US EPA, Washington, DC.
s in the EU Iron & Steel Industry, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Petten, Netherlands
CO2 emission reduction potentials in the Chinese iron and steel industry, Energy, Vol. 50, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 315-325.
gies for Energy Savings / GHG Emissions Reduction 2008 Revised Edition, NEDO, Kawasaki City, Japan.
Industry: Chemicals and petrochemicals
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Product Feedstock Technology

HVC* Ethane Steam Cracker (average technology)
HVC* Ethane Steam Cracker (efficient technology - medium)
HVC* Ethane Steam Cracker (efficient technology - high)
HVC* Ethane Steam Cracker (efficient technology - very high)
HVC* LPG Steam Cracker (average technology)
HVC* LPG Steam Cracker (efficient technology - medium)
HVC* LPG Steam Cracker (efficient technology - high)
HVC* LPG Steam Cracker (efficient technology - very high)
HVC* Naphtha Steam Cracker (average technology)
HVC* Naphtha Steam Cracker (efficient technology - medium)
HVC* Naphtha Steam Cracker (efficient technology - high)
HVC* Naphtha Steam Cracker (efficient technology - very high)
HVC* Gas oil Steam Cracker (average technology)
HVC* Gas oil Steam Cracker (efficient technology - medium)
HVC* Gas oil Steam Cracker (efficient technology - high)
HVC* Gas oil Steam Cracker (efficient technology - very high)
Ammonia Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Haber Bosch (average technology)
Ammonia Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - medium)
Ammonia Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - high)
Ammonia Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - very high)
Ammonia Fuel Oil Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (average technology)
Ammonia Fuel Oil Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - medium)
Ammonia Fuel Oil Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - high)
Ammonia Fuel Oil Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - very high)
Ammonia Coal Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (average technology)
Ammonia Coal Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - medium)
Ammonia Coal Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - high)
Ammonia Coal Partial oxidation + Haber Bosch (efficient technology - very high)
Methanol Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (average technology)
Methanol Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - medium)
Methanol Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - high)
Methanol Natural Gas Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - very high)
Methanol Fuel Oil Partial oxidation + Methanol synthesis (average technology)
Methanol Fuel Oil Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - medium)
Methanol Fuel Oil Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - high)
Methanol Fuel Oil Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - very high)
Methanol Coal Partial oxidation + Methanol synthesis (average technology)
Methanol Coal Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - medium)
Methanol Coal Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - high)
Methanol Coal Steam Reforming + Methanol synthesis (efficient technology - very high)
* HVC = High Value Chemicals. This includes ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes.

Broeren, M.L.M., et al. (2013), Forecasting global developments in the basic chemical industry for environmental policy analysis, Energ
Specific Energy Consumption Investment costs
[GJ/t of product] [$/t of product per year]
16.00 1 531
15.20 1 612
14.40 1 701
12.00 2 042
12.68 1 900
12.05 2 000
11.41 2 111
9.51 2 533
12.06 2 291
11.45 2 412
10.85 2 546
9.04 3 055
12.02 2 682
11.42 2 824
10.82 2 981
9.02 3 577
15.38 637
14.61 671
13.84 708
11.54 849
18.00 894
17.10 941
16.20 994
13.50 1 192
27.92 1 531
26.52 1 612
25.13 1 701
20.94 2 042
13.90 296
13.21 312
12.51 329
10.43 395
16.50 414
15.68 435
14.85 459
12.38 551
24.00 710
22.80 747
21.60 789
18.00 946
ntal policy analysis, Energy Policy, Vol. 64, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 273-287.
Industry: Cement
Return to contents
Process Technology
Raw materials preparation Vertical Roller Mill instead of Ball Mill
Raw materials preparation Classifiers (High-Efficiency Seperators)
Raw materials preparation Efficient transport system
Raw materials preparation Roller mill for coal preparation instead of impact or tube mill
Clinker Making Dry kiln to dry kiln with preheater and pre-calciner
Clinker Making Dry kiln with preheater to dry kiln with preheater and pre-calciner
Clinker Making Additional preheater cyclone stages
Clinker Making Process Control and management system
Clinker Making High efficient clinker cooler technology
Clinker Making Heat recovery for power generation
Clinker Making Kiln shell heat loss reduction
Clinker Making Variable speed drives for kiln fan
Clinker Making Modern multi-channel burner
Clinker Making Low pressure drop cyclones (suspension preheater)
Finish grinding High Pressure Grinding rolls or vertical roller mills
Finish grinding Introduction of pregrinder
Finish grinding Energy management & process control in grinding
Finish grinding High Efficiency Classifiers (for finish grinding)
General measures High efficiency motors
General measures Adjustable Speed Drives

US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2010b), Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas E
CSI (Cement Sustainability Initiative) and ECRA (European Cement Research Academy) (2009), Development of State of the Art-Techniq
Worrell, E., C. Galitsky and L. Price (2008), Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities for the Cement Industry, Lawrence Berkeley N
Hasanbeigi, A., et al. (2010), Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Cement Industry in Shandong Province, China: A Case S
Energy savings Investment costs
[MJ/t of cement] [$/t of cement per year]
42 15 823
16 8 916
8 20 054
5 15 779
1 088 4 370
226 2 497
68 3 449
117 1 712
148 7 595
43 12 902
158 70
16 7 846
38 2 143
14 18 215
42 7 472
20 19 934
11 1 806
10 9 830
12 2 740
17 3 414
nologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Portland Cement Industry, US EPA, Washington D.C.
Development of State of the Art-Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead, CSI/ECRA Technology Paper, CSI, Geneva.
e Cement Industry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.
ry in Shandong Province, China: A Case Study of 16 Cement Plants, Energy, Vol. 35, No. 8, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 3461-3473.
, CSI, Geneva.
Industry: Pulp and paper
Return to contents
Process Process Step

Chemical pulp Chemical pulp
Mechanical pulp TMP refiner and GW
Mechanical pulp Grinding (GW)
Mechanical pulp TMP refiner
Mechanical pulp TMP refiner
Mechanical pulp TMP process
Mechanical pulp CTMP
Recovered fibres Screening
Recovered fibres De-inking
Recovered fibres Concentration
Recovered fibres Bleaching
Paper Refiner
Paper Refiner, press, drying
Paper Drying section
Paper Pressing
Paper Pressing
Paper Paper

IEA (International Energy Agency) (2009), Energy Technology Transitions for Industry, OECD/IEA, Paris.
Fleiter, T, et al. (2012), Energy efficiency in the German pulp and paper industtry - A model-based assessment of saving potentials, En
Martin, N., et al. (2000), Opportunities to Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Pulp and Paper
Kramer, K., E. Masanet, T. Xu and E. Worrell (2009), Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Pulp and Pape
ry notes on contents page
Energy savings
Technology [MJ/t of paper]
Black liquor gasification 2 000
High-temperature odor free recovery boiler 6 188
Continuous digester 6 030
Batch digester modifications 3 200
Black liquor concentration (e.g. via falling film black liquor evaporation) 900
Lime kiln modifications 460
Heat recovery (TMP,GW) 3 475
High-efficiency grinding (GW) 2 592
Enzymatic pre-treatment 1 862
Efficient refiner and pretreatment (including wood shavings, conical refiners, RTS) 1 552
Thermopulping 1 100
Improvements in Chemi-thermomechanical pulping 1 133
Efficient screening 65
De-inking flotation optimization 50
Drum Pulpers instead of vat type pulpers 37
Efficient dispersers 22
Heat recovery from bleaching 30
Heat recovery from de-inking effluent 197
Incineration of residues 642
Efficient refiners 118
Chemical modification of fibers 349
Reducing air requirements (encosed hood) 760
Direct drying cylinder firing 1 050
High consistency forming 1 500
Infrared Moisture Profiling 620
Shoe press 480
New drying techniques (steam impingement drying, condensing belt drying, impulse drying) 667
Dry sheet forming 4 250
Hot press 610
High concentration size press for paper surface coat 1 576
Heat recovery and integration 1 071
009), Energy Technology Transitions for Industry, OECD/IEA, Paris.

ency in the German pulp and paper industtry - A model-based assessment of saving potentials, Energy, Vol. 40, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 84-99.
es to Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berk
Worrell (2009), Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Be
Investment costs
[$/t of paper per year]
16 350
902
2 301
137
6 633
361
819
10 107
17 310
5 052
13 671
18 091
6 288
1 338
6 261
3 716
3 220
638
5 008
9 573
873
829
7 025
3 077
128
4 474
9 582
23 474
2 795
817
958
Amsterdam, pp. 84-99.

keley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.
erkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States.

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d distribution. These terms and

the labour costs that are

potential as the measure

Lifetime of new Technology cost

Gasoline ICE vehicle

Gasoline ICE hybrid vehicle

Diesel ICE vehicle

Diesel ICE hybrid vehicle

HFT diesel engine

Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page

Based on following literature:

Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page

Process Process Step Technology

Based on following literature:

Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page

Product Feedstock Technology

Based on following literature:

Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page

Based on following literature:

Notes: please refer to general industry notes on contents page

Process Process Step

Based on following literature:

009), Energy Technology Transitions for Industry, OECD/IEA, Paris.

Amsterdam, pp. 84-99.

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