ECONOMICS PROJECT

The marketplace of ideas

The area of economic activity in which buyers and sellers come together and the forces of
supply and demands expands affects prices.
This is why consumers love diesel cars over electrical vehicles despite their higher MRP and
pollution relative to petrol counterparts because diesel vehicles are cheaper and affordable
than electrical vehicles. So , the catch is the upfront cost. Electrical vehicle are expensive
primarily because of the battery or electrical motors used in them. People dont want to
spend their money on these expensive vehicles and thus, prefer diesel vehicles. But people
are unaware of the problems caused by diesel vehicles and the benefits of electric vehicles
over diesel vehicles. Indian government spends nearly $150 billions annually on imported oil
which includes diesel and petroleum which further leads to increase in taxes and costs of
various things. Indias booming economy has seen it become the worlds third largest oil
importer. Thus a switch to electric vehicles would put a sizable dent in demand of oil and
would save Indian government from spending heavy amount of money on oil. Its been
calculated that this revolutionary move would save the country $60 billion in energy costs
by the upcoming years.
As you know even at todays low oil prices running a diesel sedan can cost about Rs 5.5 per
km. Whereas the cost of electric vehicles depends on electricity prices, which varies
significantly. At Rs 7/KWh of power, they cost only about 1.1 km. This saves consumers
driving 5000 km per year over Rs 20,000 annually and taxis much more as the drive 10 15
times as much.
More than 12 million people die in India every year as a result of breathing in toxic fumes
released by diesel and petroleum vehicles which also leads to acid rain and ozone layer
depletion and many health diseases. Electrical vehicles release no tail pipe air pollutants at
the places where they are operated also generate less noise pollution than an internal
combustion engine vehicles may be powered through a generator, lithium ion, battery,
electrical motor, fuel cells, nuclear energy, solar energy, rechargeable electricity, storage
systems. There are special kind of electric vehicles, named as SAFA TEMPO in Nepal that
helps lower the pollution created by the vehicles.
INDIVIDUALS AS
VOTERS AND BUYERS
India is a democratic republic: democracy is a form of a government where
power rests with all the people be it men, women, slaves or an old citizen. But
on what basis do voters decide how they will cast their ballot? Many people
cast their votes. Many also buy cell phones .the question is how likely are they
to make a decision when in the voting booth compared to when buying cell
phones. The various factors that influence the vote decision vary in their
stability over time. Not many voters change their party identification or
ideology from one election and the changes that occur often are fairly small
ones. When voters are asked what they like or dislike about a specific
candidate i.e. what might make them vote for or against that candidate many
voters simply answer since we have been voting this party from many years so
it doesnt matter whos the candidate. Many voters dont take this seriously
and this causes many problems during election. The laws are preventing the
exchange of votes in markets , votes represent an priceless resource. While
various laws against bribery of voters function both reduce the quantity of
votes supplied and to increase the price.
About 30% of population do not vote mainly high class society. Some are too
busy, some due to illness, not interested, dont like options, some are out of
town, weather or lack of transportation. The regular voters are mainly adults.
But the intermittent voters are registered to vote but fewer acknowledge
always voting. Many people havent registered at all.
Is compulsory voting the way out? In such a scenario what else could be
needed to ensure larger peoples participation in elections? It may be recalled
that Narendra Modi led BJP government in Gujarat currently the prime
minister of India had passed a bill in December 2009 that provided for making
voting compulsory yet the bill did not receive the assent.
Several basic factors can be identified as a reason for choosing a candidate in a
presidential election. These orientations and evaluations in turn are influenced
by two more general attitudinal factors: party identification and general
ideological orientations. Part identification and ideology are more general long
run factors that influence the attitudes that are more immediate to the vote
decision in particular year.
While the specific issues crucial in presidential elections can change
dramatically, as can how the voters evaluate the presidential candidates on the
issues many basic policy question stretch across several elections with partisan
differences remaining relatively constant.
The various attitudes and orientations that influence voting behavior in
presidential elections are interrelated. Understanding the interrelationships
among these factors is important for a full understanding of voting behavior.
Voters should be more responsible while voting a respective candidate and
should choose wisely.
COW
NATIONALIZATION
Nationalization refers to the process of a government taking control of a
company or industry which generally occurs without compensation for the loss
of the net worth of seized assets and potential income. The action may be the
result of a nations attempt to consolidate power, resentment of foreign
ownership of industries representing significant importance to local economics
or to pop up failing industries.
The economic consequences of banning cow slaughter can be significant. It is
quite likely that over time cows may disappear from India. A look at the data
from livestock census, which is carried out every five years, is revealing. On 26
October 2005, the Supreme court, in landmark judgement upheld the
constitutional validity of anti cow slaughter laws enacted by different state
governments in India under the current trade laws of India, the export and the
import of beef is prohibited. The laws governing cattle slaughter in India vary
greatly from state to state. In some states its completely banned while in a few
there were no restrictions. On 26 May 2017, the ministry of environment of
Indian central
Government led by Bharatiya Janta Party [BJP] imposed a ban on the slaughter
of cattle at animal markets across India under prevention of cruelty of animals
statutes.
The ban on cow slaughter in India was drafted by B. R. Ambedkar under the
Jawarharlal Nehru government. According to article 48 of the constitution
states that the state shall endeavour to organize agriculture and animal
husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for
preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and
calves and other draught cattle. Recalling that Nehru was not really religious
but a secularist, he said the anti cow slaughter laws were enacted during his
times as cows has a special place in our culture.
Merits of banning cow slaughter:
It helps in cow protection and preservation thus bringing in an
improvement in bovine population.
 It upholds the directive principles of state policy contained in article 48 of
the constitution which prohibits cow slaughter.
Protects the animal rights.
Demerits of banning cow slaughter:
It affects livelihood of large number of beef producers, traders and
farmers.
It will result in shooting up the price of other meats.
It affects Indias thriving animal husbandry sector which has made India
the second largest beef exporter.
It might affect the poor people who depend on beef which is termed as
poor mans meat and worsen the malnutrition scenario.
It is likely to have an adverse impact on the cuisine and business of
premier hotels and might affect the foreign tourism.

The ban on cow slaughter will affect the economics of the dairy industry. If the
milk producer cannot get rid of an unproductive cow, she will have to feed it
for the rest of her life. Since the unproductive cows will be as many as
productive ones, the amount and cost of feed will double.This will increase the
price of milk. In fact milk price will increase even more as the demand for feed
will double and its price will be pushed up. This will also divert land to fodder
production and less of other agricultural commodities will be produced. Their
prices will also go up.In 2012, there were around 180 million heads of cattle. If
the ban is effectively implemented all over the country, the number of cattle
heads by 2027 will be around 360 to 400 million. They will put an enormous
strain on the resources of the country. What however is likely to happen is that
milk production from cows will be no longer competitive with milk production
from buffaloes.No one would want to keep cows. Even bullocks used in farm
operations will become expensive and would be replaced by tractors or
working buffaloes. The ban on cow slaughter will result in a ban on cows. They
may disappear from India. Of course if the government provides gaushalas for
the unproductive cattle the dairy industry could still use cows for milk. But the
price effect will still be there.
It is thus very important that the ban on cow slaughter is carefully
implemented in a way that does not discourage slaughter of buffaloes.