CONTENTS

S.NO. INDEX PAGE NO.

CRACKS IN BUILDINGS

1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE
a) MOISTURE CHANGES 7
b) THERMAL VARIATIONS 14
c) ELASTIC DEFORMATION 21
d) CREEP 22
e) CHEMICAL REACTION 24
f) FOUNDATION MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF SOIL 27
g) VEGETATION 28

DAMPNESS

3. INTRODUCTION 29
EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 30
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 31
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AGAINST DAMPNESS 32
DEFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGD 32
METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING 33

SPALLING

4. INTRODUCTION 36
SPALLING OF A BRICK WALL 37
REPAIR OF SPALLED CONCRETE SLAB 38
COVER SPALLING IN HSC COLUMNS LOADED IN CONCENTRIC
COMPRESSION 38
PREVENTION OF SPALLING OF CONCRETE 39
PREVENTION OF SPALLING IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE 40
METHODS OF REDUCE RISK OF COCRETE SPALLING 40

5. CONCLUSION 43

CONTENTS
1|Page
S.NO. INDEX PAGE NO.

CRACKS IN BUILDINGS

1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE
a) MOISTURE CHANGES 7
b) THERMAL VARIATIONS 14
c) ELASTIC DEFORMATION 21
d) CREEP 22
e) CHEMICAL REACTION 24
f) FOUNDATION MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF SOIL 27
g) VEGETATION 28

DAMPNESS

3. INTRODUCTION 29
EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 30
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 31
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AGAINST DAMPNESS 32
DEFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGD 32
METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING 33

SPALLING

4. INTRODUCTION 36
SPALLING OF A BRICK WALL 37
REPAIR OF SPALLED CONCRETE SLAB 38
COVER SPALLING IN HSC COLUMNS LOADED IN CONCENTRIC
COMPRESSION 38
PREVENTION OF SPALLING OF CONCRETE 39
PREVENTION OF SPALLING IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE 40
METHODS OF REDUCE RISK OF COCRETE SPALLING 40

5. CONCLUSION 43

CONTENTS

S.NO. INDEX PAGE NO.

CRACKS IN BUILDINGS

2|Page
 1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE
a) MOISTURE CHANGES 7
b) THERMAL VARIATIONS 14
c) ELASTIC DEFORMATION 21
d) CREEP 22
e) CHEMICAL REACTION 24
f) FOUNDATION MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF SOIL 27
g) VEGETATION 28

DAMPNESS

3. INTRODUCTION 29
EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 30
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 31
PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AGAINST DAMPNESS 32
DEFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGD 32
METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING 33

SPALLING

4. INTRODUCTION 36
SPALLING OF A BRICK WALL 37
REPAIR OF SPALLED CONCRETE SLAB 38
COVER SPALLING IN HSC COLUMNS LOADED IN CONCENTRIC
COMPRESSION 38
PREVENTION OF SPALLING OF CONCRETE 39
PREVENTION OF SPALLING IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE 40
METHODS OF REDUCE RISK OF COCRETE SPALLING 40

5. CONCLUSION 43

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 CONTENTS

Serial No: INDEX Page No:

1. CRACKS IN BUILDINGS
1.1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.2 CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE
1.2.1 MOISTURE CHANGES 7
1.2.2 THERMAL VARIATIONS 14
1.2.3 ELASTIC DEFORMATION 21
1.2.4 CREEP 22
1.2.5 CHEMICAL REACTION 24
1.2.6 FOUNDATION MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF SOIL 27
1.2.7 VEGETATION 28

2 DAMPNESS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 29
2.2 EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 30
2.3 CAUSES OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 31
2.4 PROTECTION OF BUILDING AGAINST DAMPNESS 32
2.5 DEFECTS OF DAMPNESS IN BUILDINGS 32
2.6 METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING 33

3 SPALLING
3.1 INTRODUCTION 36
3.2 SPALLING OFA BRICK WALL 37
3.3 REPAIR OF SPALLED CONCRETE SLAB 38
3.4 COVER SPALLING IN HSC COLUMNS LOADED IN CONCENTRIC 38
COMPRESSION
3.5 PREVENTION OF SPALLING OF CONCRETE 39
3.6 PREVENTION OF SPALLING IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE 40
3.7 METHODS OF REDUCED RISK OF CONCRETE SPALLING 40

4 CONCLUSION 43

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