Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Fransiska Napitupulu
Fransiska_na70@gmail.id
Abstract
Compound words cause some difficulty in post-coordinate indexing systems: if too many
are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing, noise will be produced at
unacceptable levels on retrieval. Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are
examined which include those for precoordinated or rotated, indexes.The syntactic origins are also
explored and it is found that many compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between
the components, and that this relationship can be applied to decision making. Other compound
words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, while some are influenced by the
presence of a verb-like form. The rules have some bearing on the application of roles especially if
these are employed on a pre-coordinate basis.
Keywords : Compound words, Parts of Compound Words in English, Parts of Compound Words in
Indonesian
Based on the problems identified previously, this study focuses to analyze the
constrastive between English and Bahasa Indonesia in compound words and find out the
comparison of them. The writer will take the data from English and Bahasa Indonesia
magazines as her object of research and then the writer will analyze the language and the
pattern of using the word based on two theory, according to theory of English compound
words, Jackson (2002:80) gave a good explanation, compounds may be distinguished
1
from phrase on phonology, syntactic, and semantic grounds and theory of Indonesia
compound words, Chaer (2003:163), penggabungan kata didalam Bahasa Inggris dan
didalam Bahasa Indonesia tidak jauh berbeda. Hanya saja dibedakan oleh proses
pembentukan kata.
After doing this research, there are some significances found as following:
this study is useful for the writer to improve the quality in learning compound words., so
that they can identify compound word in English text., this study is useful for those
who will make the same research.
Theoretical Framework
This research is conducted based on the theories of science. In this case, the
theoretical framework aims to give a clear concept that will help the researcher to solve
the problems and avoid misinterpretation of some terms relate to the research.
a. Nouns
Nouns as initial elements: air, arm, ash, beach, bird, book, bull, car, cat, cow,
door, duck, ear, eye, farm, foot, hair, hand, heart, house, lamp, lip, moon, mouth,
rail, rain, rose, shoe, snow, suit, star, steam, sun, table, tea, wall, wind.
b. Verbs
Verbs as initial elements: break, carry, turn, take, stick, pick, push, play, read, run,
set, shoot, show, sit, splash, stand, pull, line, kick, go, feed, fall, drop, drive, count, come,
cast, rail, print.
c. Adjectives
Adjectives as initial elements: big, black, blue, brief, cold, fair, far, green, grey,
high, hot, left, long, low, near, quick, red, right, short, slow, small, south, straigth, tight,
white, yellow. Adverbs as initial elements: about, after, back, by, down, fore, font, hind,
in, off, on, over, under, up.
2
Jackson (2000:83) classifies that compounds to the word class, and the syntactis
relation between roots. As a general rule, the word class of the last element of the
compound determines the class of the compound, we shall consider in turn, noun, verb,
adjective, and adverb compounds The pattern is any root + verb. The second root must
be a verb abd the first root may be a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
A verb compound is a group of relate words that consist of a main verb and one
or more helping verbs. Helping verbs add meaning to other verbs. Some helping verbs
change the time express by key verb. Such as should and migth, are used to indicate
obligation, possibility, ability, or permission. For examples:
Noun Compound
The pattern of noun compound is any root + noun. the second root must be a
noun while the first root may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Example of
noun compounds are as follows:
A noun phrase is made up of a noun and all its modifiers. A noun phrase can
function as a subject, an object, or a complement. Some noun phrases start with an
infinitive (to+verb) or a gerund (a verb+ing).
A verbal phrase is a verb form that is used as a noun or adjective. There are three
types of verbal, they are gerunds, participles, and infinitives.
Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal noun (a verb form used as a noun), it has the same form as
the present participle ( -ing added to it). For example, read is the verb, added by ing to
form the word reading. In other example, swim added by ing to form the word
swimming. Now, the following points on gerunds:
3
a. As a subject
b. As a direct object
c. As an object of a preposition
Seeing is believing
e. As an appositive
Participles
A participle is a verb added by ed and ing. For example, work add with ing to
form the word working. The ing form is an active adjective and the ed form is a passive
adjective. Now, we can look the other ways:
Infinitives
Adjectives Compounds
The pattern of adjective compounds is any root (except verbs) + adjective. The
second root must be an adjective and the first root may be a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb. Verbs do not combine with adjectives in english.
Adverb Compounds
4
The pattern of adverb compounds is adverb + adverb, for example : Av +Av (co-
ordinate) : in-to, through-out.
Madjid (1984: 86) has definition about the compound words in Bahasa Indonesia
is Compounding is not determined based on the semantis meaning, but based on the
gramatical meaning. Therefore, one word has the diplacement group (transposition) even
the word used in different distribution.
a. Idiomatically meaning from compound words: the meaning that not exist from the
sum meaning in each components forming the compound words.
For example: Anak uang: anak kecil and anakku yang kecil.
Based on the nature of the relationship of syntactic between coponents, then the
compound words in Bahasa Indonesia devided into types as follows:
a. The first component is noun, while the second is the characterisric of noun, for
example:
5
Mata + hari: matahari (sun)
b. The firs component is adjective, while the second somponent is noun, for example:
c. The first component is meaning of process, while the second component is noun, for
example:
d. The first component is noun, while the second component is process, for example:
The lexical categories between both Falk (1978:43) and Ogrady and
Dobrovolsky (1996:127) are different in their combinations. Falk mentions no
combination of verb and noun, and preposition and noun, while Ogrady Dobrovolsky
mention no combination of preposition and preposition, verb and preposition, and noun
and preposition.
Edward Arnold (1990:90) has the definition about the compound words, that is:
a compound words is a word which is formed from two (or more) other words and there
are no clear rules for writing compounds.
6
Wren and Martin (1990:346) also gave their meaning in the compound words,
that is : compound words are formed that joining two or more simple words.
Compounds may also be distinguished from phrases in that they have specific
syntactic features. But it must be added that the grammatical relations between
constituens of the compound are sometimes obscure. The writer shall consider in turn
word order interruptibility, modification, and inflectibility of compounds.
Kam Chuan Aik (1992:75) also gave a good sample, such as goldfish which is
made up of gold and fish, flyover which is made up of fly and over, and father-in-law
which is made up of father, in and law. In other ways, such as: lily of the valley (a
flower), birds of prey(a category of birds) and personal computer (a type of computer). It
is important to distinguish between a compound word and words that are placed placed
one after another but are used to refer to different things. The characteristic meaning,
come-as-you-are is; is a compound word that function as an adjective modyfying party:
this is a come as you are party. in this sentence, come and are are verbs, as is a
preposition and you is a pronoun.
7
might also know that some compound nouns have components that are always spelt with
an s or es, while the a compound adjective normally does not have an s or es ending
even though it may be formed from a clause or phrase with a plural phrase. Such as, a
stamp that costs twenty cents, which is mean that a twenty cent stamp (not twenty cents).
From the above explanation, the writer might conclude that compound words is
used together to form one word and used as a group of separate words that refer to one
thing or idea.
Kam Chuan Aik suggets us that English form compounds very freely, many are
in everyday use and many are created on the fly in the conversation. Let us think of
carefully the words, such as: a heat of sources, the supply of gas, post offices, my mother-
in-laws-book, the population of the world etc. Some of these look similar to each other,
on the face of it. a heat of sources and the population of the world appear to be both
(noun + of + noun). But a heat of sources is an adjective and the populationof the world
is a noun being related to the world population, in their most typical uses. My mother-in-
laws book is the compound nouns formed by adding s. Where as the supply of gas is
relate to the gas supply, post offices being related to a post office.
In this case, vocabulary also is one of the systems of compound words, in which
the value of one elements is determined by the values of related elements in the system. A
parts of system, vocabulary is intimately interrelated with grammar. In fact, it is possible
to devide tha lexical system of most language into grammatical words, such as
preposition, articles, adverbs, etc. In most language teaching approaches, vocabulary has
play second fiddle to grammar.
8
or grammatically. The formation of compound in Bahasa Indonesia is slightly stated in
this chapter, we can follow this example:
9
banyak barang (many goods)
By word formation processes we mean the different devices which are used in
English to build new words from existing ones. Each word-formation process will result
in the production of a specific type of word. Word formation uses existing language
material words and morphemes to create new lexical items. The processes were already
well established in old English.
Derivation
Inflection
10
Inflection is a general grammatical process words and affixes to produce
alternative grammatical forms of words. For example, the plural morpheme is an
inflectional morpheme. This implies that the plural form roses, for instance, does not
represent a lexical item fundamentally different from the singular forms rose, it is simply
an inflectional variant of the same word. Similarly, the addition of the comparative
inflection (-er) to the adjective cold gives colder, which is not a different lexical item, but
an inflectional variant of the same word.
The above defenitions and examples show that the distinction between inflection
and derivation is mainly morphological. While the application of inflection leads to
formation of alternative grammatical forms of the same word, that of derivation creates
new vocabularies items. This is the basic difference between inflection and derivation.
Compounding
In some of those example we have just consider, there is a joining of two separate
words to produce a single form. Compounding is one of the most important word
information processes that may create and enrich the vocabulary of the English words.
Conversion
Blends
A blends may be defined as a new lexeme built from parts of two words in such a
way that the constituent parts are usually easily identifiable. For instance, brunch
( breakfast + lunch), slanguage ( slang + language), infotainment( information +
entertaiment).
Shortenings
Shortening which is notice able in blending, is event more apparent in the process
describe as shortening. This occcurs when a word of more than one syllable ( for
example telephone) is reduce to a shorter form (phone), often in casual speech. Other
example: flu ( influenza), plane ( aeroplane).
A large number of the words used in the Bahasa Indonesia are formed by
combining root words with affixes and other combining forms. Knowing how affixes are
used is the key to understanding the meanings of derived words and in learning to read
bahasa Indonesia. There are a relatively small number of Indonesian affixes in common
11
usage and bahasa Indonesia is still very much a root-based language with nice complete
word "families". This is in contrast to English where there are many more affixes from
diverse sources and the study of root words and their "families" is not as useful.
Infixes
There are 3 types of infix that are inserted after the first syllable of root words to
create new words with varying meanings: el, em and er. Infixes are rarely used and are
not productive (not capable of being used to form new words freely). In general, an infix
adds a notion of "being many, having repetition, being in the form of or being an actor or
tool."
Prefixes
a. Prefix ber
Adding this prefix ber to verb, noun or adjective root words results in a verb that
often means "being something, having something, having a certain attribute" or
"indicating a state of being or condition".
me-, mem- men-, meng-, menge-, meny-, All six of these prefixes are variations
of the same prefix "me-" and we refer to them collectively as the "me-group". They have
the same meanings and usage but are spelled differently, depending on the first letters of
the root word to which they are attached. Examples: melihat {me+lihat} = to see; to
look at
12
Prefixes from the me-group may be optionally dropped in informal speech,
except when the root word also has the suffix -kan or -i attached, in which case it cannot
be dropped. Prefixes from the me- group are never used in imperatives when the speaker
gives a command.
c. Prefix di
This prefix has a strong connection with the me- group of prefixes discussed
above.
Don't confuse the di- prefix discussed above with the use of "di" as a separate
word which means "in, at, on or to". The separate word "di" is not to be attached to other
words although some Indonesians do use it that way incorrectly.
All six of these prefixes have the same meaning and usage but have different
spellings depending on the first letter of the root word to which they are attached. Adding
one of these prefixes to a noun root usually forms a noun that indicates a person, agent or
thing that has the character of the root word.
e. Prefix ter-
Attaching the "ter-" prefix has two possible results. "ter-" is added to an adjective
root word, it usually results in an adjective that indicates an extreme condition or a
superlative.
f. Prefix se-
Adding the "se-" prefix has several possible results with varying word types. It
can often be viewed as a substitute for the word "satu" (meaning "one").
13
Examples: sebuah{se+buah} (noun) = a piece; one piece; the piece
2.1.1 Suffixes
a. Suffixes an
-an : About one in every 34 words in Indonesian publications will have this very
common suffix which creates nouns.
b. Suffixes i
Adding the "-i" suffix to a verb results in a verb which may indicate
repetitiveness, the giving of something or causing something to be. It may also simply
show where the action is directed or to whom the action is directed. The suffix "-i" is
used mainly in writing and formal speech.
c. Suffixes kan
Adding the "-kan" suffix to a verb results in a verb indicating causation; making
or causing something to happen.Its main function is to carry or transfer the action of the
verb to some other part of the sentence.
The suffixes -kan and -i both change predicates from intransitive to transitive.
For foreigners, the suffixes -kan & -i often cause great difficulty because there seem to be
no consistent patterns of usage which distinguish the two.
14
d. Suffixes -kah
Adding this suffix indicates that the expression is a question. The suffix -kah is
added to the word in the sentence that is the main focus of the question.
e. Suffixes lah
This suffix has many different and confusing usages but for simplicity we can say
it is often used to give emphasis, to soften a command or to add politeness to an
expression.
Confixes
a. Confix ke - an :
This is the most commonly used confix and about one in every 65 words in
Indonesian publications will have the "ke - an" confix.
b. Confix ketidak - an :
The ke - an confix may also consist of the negative tidak and an adjective root
word to form a noun that indicates an opposite state of being or something
uncharacteristic of the adjective root word.
All six of these confixes have the same meaning and usage but have different
spellings. We refer to these as the "pe - angroup". Adding a confix from this group
usually creates an abstract noun that indicates the process of performing the action
referred to by the verb in the sentence (as opposed to the result of the action). Indonesian
15
words formed from the "pe - an group" are often nouns that have English translations
which use the "-ing" English suffix when referring to a process in the sense of a noun.
d. Confix per an
Adding the "per - an" confix often results in a noun that indicates the result of an
action (as opposed to the process). This resultant state or condition is similar to that
obtained when using the "ke - an" confix, but the "ke - an" confix usually forms a word
that has a more abstract or less general meaning.
e. Confix se - nya
This common confix often combines with single or repeated adjective root words
to form adverbs indicating the utmost or highest level that is able to be achieved by the
action of the root word.
A comparison of two languages can be carry out using any several different styles
of grammar. According to the Bloomfield, this emphasizes the importance of language
based on a discription to the different categories that make up the pattern of language.
these categories are define in formal terms and they are establish inductively. The
differences among languages are emphasize as follows by Verspoor (2000:67) the
16
differences (among languages) are great enough to preventour setting up any system of
classification that would fit all languages.
The main similarities and differences of compound words between English and
Bahasa Indonesia can be summarized that a language is patterned system arbitrary sound
terms, characterized by structure defence, creativity, displacement, and cultural
transmissionwere explain by Jean Aitchison (1972:28). These studies compared language
from within the same. Generally, the similarities and differences needs to based on
universal categories, one of the differen way they are linguistically realize from one form
language to another form language.
However, most of the similarities and differences studies carry out have based on
surface structure characteristic, such as those describe by the structuralist. The procedure
could be seen as follows according to Stockwell and Bowen (1965:101):
b. Selection (the auxilary system or areas known true error analysis to present difficulty
are selected for comparison)
Conceptual Framework
This study is concerned with the similarities and differences of compound words
between English and Bahasa Indonesia. It is concerned about the comparing of two
language based on the types according to each theory. Compunding might be form by
noun and noun, verb and noun, and every combination of word class. The discussion is
conduct to look for the similarities and differences in compound words between English
and Bahasa Indonesia. The aspect of compound words include the function and position.
In this part of study, the data are analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative
method. Descriptive qualitative is a method of research which makes the description of
situation events or occurances. So that, this method has an intention to accumulate the
basic data (Nazir, 1998:36). The data were collected would be analyzed and the result of
the study was the description of circumtances of compounding word in using language
and to prove the similarities and differences of word formation of compound words
between English and in Bahasa Indonesia. In this case, the writer wants to describe the
similarities and differences of word formation of compound words between English and
in Bahasa Indonesia. Then, this description is conduct by comparing and constrasting
English and Bahasa Indonesia word to find out the similarities and differences in both
languages.
17
The Data
The writer took the data from some magazines, which are related to the study in
English and Bahasa indonesia. The sources of the data are taken from (Plantation King
Indonesias Richest Man by Globe Asia) Jun 2011-Vol 5 NO 6in English and(50
Best Banks by Investor Business and Capital Markets) Jun 2011-XIII/216in
Indonesia.
The data of this study are Compund word by taking from two magazines, Consist of
two languages between English and Bahasa Indonesia. Choosing the article; English
(Plantation King Indonesias Richest Man by Globe Asia) Jun 2011-Vol 5 No 6,
Indonesia(50 Best Banks by Investor Business and Capital Markets) Jun 2011-
XIII/216. And then all of them are investigate to find out the similarities and
differnces between compound words in both languages.
3. Data Analysis
The data are taken from English and Bahasa Indonesia magazine. The English
article is taken from Globe Asia magazine (page 162-167) Jun 2011-Vol 5 NO 6 edition,
they are:
1. Beyond 2015
2. Promoting Peace Through Entrepreneurship
3. Building National Competitiveness
The article using Bahasa Indonesia is taken from INVESTOR magazine (page
92-99) Jun 2011-XIII/216 edition, they are:
1. Patgulipat Harvestindo Berujung Petaka
2. Sisi Minor Kinerja Emiten BEI
3. Menagih Komitmen Emiten Rugi
18
Table 4.1: The analysis of article Beyond 2015
Derivation
NO Word Formation Explanation
1 Widely Wide + ly (Adjective)
A. Inflection
NO Word Formation Explanation
19
8 Anwers Answer + s (Noun)
B. Compounding
NO Word Formation Explanation
C. Conversion
NO Word Formation Explanation
20
5 A number A + number (Noun)
D. Blends
NO Word Formation Explanation
- - -
E. Shortening
NO Word Formation Explanation
1 ASEAN The Association of South-east Asian Nation (N)
A. Derivation
21
NO Word Formation Explanation
B. Inflection
NO Word Formation Explanation
22
18 Priorities Priority + es (Noun)
C. Compounding
NO Word Formation Explanation
23
22 Follow-on Follow + on (Verb)
D. Conversion
NO Word Formation Explanation
E. Blend
NO Word Formation Explanation
- - -
F. Shortening
NO Word Formation Explanation
24
2 Web Web + site (Noun)
B. Inflection
NO Word Formation Explanation
25
8 Worker Work + er (Noun)
22 Goes Go + es (Verb)
C. Compounding
NO Word Formation Explanation
26
10 Neighboring Neigh + boring (Noun)
D. Conversion
NO Word Formatioon Explanation
E. Blends
27
NO Word Formation Explanation
F. Shortening
NO Word Formation Explanation
Discussion
1. The examples of word formation in English above are called derivation, consist of
new words of the same grammatical form, such as noun to noun,or different
grammatical forms, such as verb to noun. For example:
b. Organization : organize (verb) + ion = noun
c. Foundation : foundate (verb) + ion = noun
2. The second types of word formation is inflection. For example:
a. Universities : university (noun) + es
b. Companies : company (noun) + es
3. The third types is Compound words may be written as one word or as two words
joined with a hyphen called by compounding. For example:
a. Entrepreneurship : consist of two words (entrepreneur as
adjective + ship as a noun)
b. Groundwork : consist of two words ( ground as a noun + work as
a verb)
3 A word of one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form
without any changes to spelling or pronunciation called conversion. For example:
a. To lay : to + lay as a noun (a verb)
b. To spread : to + spread as a noun (a verb)
4 As the examples of word formation above are called shortening, its called because
make a new word retains the meaning of the original word. such as US, web. For
explanation:
a. US (United State)
b. Web (website)
28
C-Suffixes
D-Confixes
Table 4.4: The analysis of article Patgulipat Harvestindo Berujung Petaka
A. Infixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
B. Prefixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
C. Suffixes
29
NO Word Formation Explanation
D. Confixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
30
18 Pemeriksaan Pe + periksa + an : checking (Noun)
Table 4.5: The analysis of article Sisi Minor Kinerja Emiten BEI
A. Infixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
B. Prefixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
31
19 Sebesar Se + besar : as much (Adverb)
C. Sufixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
D. Confixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
1 Pendapatan Pen + dapat + an : income (Noun)
2 Kenaikan Ke + naik + an : increase (Adverb)
3 Melanjutkan Me + lanjut + kan : continuing (Verb)
4 Dilandasi Di + landas + i : based (Adjective)
5 Perdagangan Per + dagang + an : trade (Noun)
6 Menegaskan Me + tegas + kan : assert ( Verb)
7 Mengkhwatirkan Meng + kwatir + kan : worry (Adjective)
8 Kesuksesan Ke + sukses + an : success (Adjective)
9 Dibenahi Di + benah + i : corrected (Verb)
10 Keuntungan Ke + untung + an: profit (Noun)
11 Berdasarkan Ber + dasar + kan: based ( Adverb)
12 Mencermati Men + cermat + i : observing (Noun)
13 Permainan Per + main + an : game (Noun)
14 Memprihatinkan Mem + prihatin + kan : concern (Adjective)
15 Dipetakan Di +peta + kan : mapped (Verb)
32
16 Perkembangan Per + kembang + an : developed(Noun)
17 Merupakan Me + rupa + kan : is (Adverb)
18 Dialami Di + alam + i : experienced (Verb)
19 Penggabungan Peng + gabung + ngan : combination (Noun)
20 Kehadiran Ke + hadir + an: present (Noun)
21 Penurunan Pe + turun + an: decrease (Noun)
B. Prefixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
33
20 Menutup Me + tutup : closed (Verb)
C. Suffixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
D. Confixes
NO Word Formation Explanation
34
13 Berdasarkan Ber + dasar + kan : based (Adverb)
Discussion
1. As the first types above called by infixes, because the words follow by infixel, -em,
and er. For example:
Pegang : add by infix em = pemegang (holder)
[an infix] is an affix which is incorporated inside another word.
2. The examples of word formation in Bahasa Indonesia in the second types is prefixes,
consist of prefixes -me, -di, -mem, -meng, -ber, -ter. Such as Terakhir, meningkat,
menembus, dibanding, mendorong, berlangsung, membangun, pemegang, dihimpun,
menderita, seiring, menjadi, berhenti, mencetak, mengambil. For explanation:
a. Meningkat: prefix me + tingkat (increase)
b. Terakhir : prefix ter + akhir (last)
c. Berlangsung : prefix ber + langsung (continue)
This prefix is related to me- prefix above. While the me- indicates that the subject is
the actor who doing an action , the di- indicates that the subject is the object of an
action. A sentence with me+verb is called active sentence, and di+verb is called
passive sentence.
3. The third types is suffix, which follow by suffix i, -an, -kah, -lah. Such as
Lompatan, gabungan, laporan, tahunan, lakukan, pinjaman, jaminan, aturan, batasan.
For explanation:
a. Lompatan : lompat + suffix an (leap)
b. Tahunan : tahun + suffix an (annual)
Indonesian suffixes are -kan, -i, -an and -nya. They can form a noun; can soft a
command or add politeness; can direct the action; and derives causatives or
adjectives.
35
4. And the other types in word formation in Bahasa Indonesia is called confixes.
a. Pendapatan : confix pen-an : dapat (income)
b. Kenaikan : confix ke-an : naik (rise)
c. Melanjutkan : confix me-an : lanjut (continue)
Based on the analysis above, there is one types by using a hypen (-) in Bahasa
Indonesia which is not used in English, named by reduplication words. For example:
a. Hingar-bingar (noisy)
Bahasa Indonesia
Infixes Prefixes Suffixes Confixes
36
37
REFERENCES
Chuan Aik, Kam & Kai Hui, Kam. 1992. Dictionary of Grammar and Usage. Singapore:
Longman.
Fairlough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. London and New York: Longman
Falk, Julia. S. 1978. Linguistics and Language: A Survey of Basic Concepts and
Implications. New York: Jhon Willey & Sons.
Jackson, Howard & Amvela, Etienne Ze. 2000. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. Cassel:
Wellington House.
Nida, Eugene A. 1976. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. New York: The
University of Michigan Press.
Wren & Martin. 1980. High School: English Grammar & Composition. N. D. V. Prasada
Rao: Hundred and Twenty.
50 Best Banks by Investor Business and Capital Markets Jun 2011- XIII/216.
38
39