Psychology Chapter 7

Memory
Chapter 7 Section 1 EQ: What are the three
kinds of memory?

-Is anything more complex than the human

mind? Consider all the material stored in your
memory:
First Memory Activity
-In your notes write about the first memory you
have or remember from your youngest age. Be
as detailed as possible.
How old were you? Where were you? Who
was there?
-Also discuss why you think that memory is
your first?
Answer questions in notes!
-Last four digits of your social security number,
the capital of South Dakota, The Star
Spangled Banner, phone numbers of friends,
generals in the Civil War, starting line-up of
your favorite team, your best friend in first
grade, and so on.
Three kinds of memory
-What kind of incredible filing system allows
you to instantly recover a line from a favorite
song?
-Alright stop, ________ and listen,
_______is
_______ with a _______ ______ _______!
-How does all this information fit in your head?
Three kinds of memory (Cont.)
-Memory is the process by which we recollect
prior experiences and informal info. learned in
the past.
-Memory can be classified according to the
different kinds of information it contains: events,
general knowledge, and skills.
Three kinds of memory (Cont.)
1. Episodic memory consists of events that
people have experienced or witnessed.
-Flashbulb memory is a special kind of
episodic memory (distinctness, positive, and
connected to other events).
It happened over March 28
and 29 or on "a snowy
December night in 1984."
Three kinds of memory (Cont.)
2. Generic memory is memory of general
knowledge (limited knowledge of when
knowledge was acquired).
Three kinds of memory (Cont.)
3. Procedural memory consists of the skills, or
procedures, that people have learned. (skills
that are learned usually stay with us a lifetime).
Chapter 7 Section 1 Review
-Describe the three kinds of memory.
-Explain what flashbulb memory is.
-Section 1 ERT
Chapter 7 Section 2 EQ: What are the Three
Processes of Memory?

-People process information through:

1:Encoding
2:Storing
3:Retrieval
Three Processes of Memory
-Encoding: the translation of information into a
form in which it can accept and use.
Write down the letters you learned
yesterday! Good luck! (10)
OTTFFSSENT
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
-In the memory system, sensory information is
put into various memory codes such as:
a)visual codes - represents stimuli as pictures
b)acoustic codes - represents information as
sequences of sounds
c)semantic codes - represents an experience
by its meaning Only Tiny Tots Feel Friendly
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
-Storage: the maintenance of encoded
information over time, often over a very long
time. People use a variety of strategies to store
new information:
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
a)maintenance rehearsal- involves repeating
an item over and over

b)elaborative rehearsal- involves thinking about

how material relates to information already
stored in memory
 Abraham
Lincoln 16th
U.S.
President
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
-Your memory resembles a vast storehouse of
files and file cabinets. The more you learn the
filing system needs to be expanded.
-As your memory develops, it organizes the
information you learn into files and then files
within files.
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
-Sometimes we file information incorrectly and
thus have memory errors, we cant find the
correct file.
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
-Retrieval: the process of locating stored
information and returning it to conscious
thought.
-Some information is readily available and
almost impossible to forget while retrieving
other information may be difficult.
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
a)context-dependent memory- is helped or
hindered by similarities in environmental
context. (in the same place where memory is
stored)
b)state-dependent memory- is linked to a
persons internal state in aiding or impending
retrieval. (the original mood when the memory
stored)
Three Processes of Memory (Cont.)
c)tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon- is trying to
retrieve information that is incomplete or poorly
organized.
Chapter 7 Section 2 Review
-What are the three processes of memory?
-What is the difference between maintenance
rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?
-How are memories organized?
-Section 2 ERT (back of section 1 ERT)
Memory Documentary (60 Minutes)
Endless Memory Part 1
Endless Memory Part 2

-As you are watching the video explain what

you found interesting for each segment. At
least a one page summary write up is
necessary for the extra credit opportunity.
Chapter 7 Section 3 EQ: What are the three
stages of memory?

-The three stages of memory are sensory

memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-
term memory (LTM).
-Because we can only take in and remember so
much of what our senses experience, the flow
of information through the three stages of
memory is critical.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Sensory memory is the first stage of memory
consisting of immediate, initial recording of
information that has entered through a persons
senses.
-The person must pay attention to the
information in some way or it rapidly
disappears.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Sensory memory includes iconic memory (brief
photographic memories), eidetic memory (long-
term photographic memory, and echoic
memory * (somewhat long-term sound
memories).
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Short-term memory, or working memory, is the
bridge between sensory memory and long-term
memory.
-Holding information in short-term memory
allows a person enough time to find a way to
store it more permanently.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
1.Rehearsing, or repeating, information enables
a person to keep it from fading from short-term
memory.
-Our memories of the first (primacy effect)
and the last (recency effect) items tend to be
sharper.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
2.Chunking organizes information into familiar
or manageable units and makes it easier to
remember.
Here we go again! Chunking (Cont.)

-Partner Up! Both write the

combination. Study the letters and then
quiz each other.

XTNTSROTBACEOOKFYI
Here we go again! Chunking (Cont.)
-Ok, lets do it again and Chunk the information.
-Quiz each other and check results.
Here we go again! Chunking (Cont.)

XTNTSROTBACEOOKFYI
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
3.Short-term memory can retain only a limited
amount of information at one time.
-Interference occurs when new
information takes the place of what
is already there. Demonstration pg.163
Short-Term Memory Activity!
-Remember the three letter combination!
-Count backward from 157 by 1s!
kkjagerg efwrgfqwr ewwwwwwqrggg
dddfgge regerwqge httreherhbebteyy
gggdttte sfghnneytn eytdjtrjkjuytrkykyk
dd3yjjtrg sghfddherh ggetrwehrehyteew
rjyetjeryj fsahterrtehe fhrnetymy,oiutlu,,,io
hteaewqh rwthrtherhh dhgnnntmuymtr33u
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Long-term memory contains the information a
person wants to remember more than just
briefly.
-The capacity of long-term memory is
endless, and there seems to be no
limit to the amount of information that can be
stored, all in color and stereo.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-We are more than likely to remember things
that capture our attention or have had the
greatest impact on us.
-Memories are reconstructed from the bits and
pieces of a persons experience.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-We put our own personal stamp on our
memories.
-People use their own schemas, or ways of
thinking about the world, to reconstruct their
memories.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Schemas influence both the ways we perceive
things and the ways our memories store what
we perceive.
Three Stages of Memory (Cont.)
-Ways to store information in Long-term
memory:
-Maintenance Rehearsal (repetition)
-Elaborative Rehearsal (relating to
information already known)
-Storage depends on the amount of attention
we pay to things!
Chapter 7 Section 3 Review
-What are the three stages of memory?
-How does information move through each of
the three stages of memory?
-Section 3 ERT
Chapter 7 Section 4 EQ: Forgetting and
Memory Improvement

-The first scientific experiments studying

memory and forgetting were done by a German
psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-
1909).
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-Forgetting can occur at any one of the three

stages of memory (sensory, STM, LTM), and
forgetting is not that simple.
-Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllable to study
memory and forgetting.
 Why
Immediate
Review Is
Critical
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-Because nonsense syllables (DAL, RIL, KAX)

are meaningless, remembering them depends
on acoustic coding and mechanical repetition.
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-These tasks play a part in the three basic

memory tasks:
1)Recognition-

2)Recall-

3)Relearning-
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-Normal forgetting occurs as a result of

interference (new information shoves aside
what has already been placed in memory) and
decay (the fading of a memory).
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-However, there are more extreme kinds of

forgetting:
1.Repression- pushing disturbing memories
from the conscious mind, may be a way to
protect against feelings of anxiety, guilt, or
shame.
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

2.Infantile Amnesia- people cannot remember

events from their infancy and early childhood.
Freuds view somewhat extreme, today most
psychologists believe it is a result of biological
and cognitive factors.
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

3.Anterograde Amnesia- prevents a person

from forming new memories following a trauma.
It's Clive Again!
4.Retrograde Amnesia- people forget the
period leading up to the trauma which can vary
from a short time to many years.
Gone In An Instant!
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-Memory can be improved, and there are

specific ways, psychologists recommend the
following methods:
1. Drill and Practice:

2. Relate to Things You Already Know:

Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

3. Form Unusual Associations:

4. Construct Links:

5. Use Mnemonic Devices:

Forgetting and Memory Improvement
(Cont.)

-Project: How can we improve and maintain our

memory?
Chapter 7 Section 4 Review and Chapter 7
Test Review