2 - Power System Fault Analysis - Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced Faults

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
SEDE MANIZALES
1 - Fault Analysis:
Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced
Faults
JORGE FERNANDO GUTIRREZ GMEZ

Anlisis De Sistemas De Potencia
Analysis of Unsymmetrical Systems
Except for the balanced three-phase fault, faults result in

an unbalanced system:
The most common unsymmetrical faults are:
Single line-to-ground (SLG)
Line-to-line faults (LL)
Double line-to-ground (DLG)
System is only unbalanced at point of fault!
The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system

operation due to faults is through the use of
symmetrical components
2
Anlisis De Sistemas de Potencia
Symmetrical components
The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to

decompose the system into three sequence networks.
The networks are then coupled only at the point of the
unbalance (i.e., the fault)
The three sequence networks are known as:
Positive sequence (this is the one weve been using)
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3
Symmetrical components: first proposed for power

system analysis by C.L. Fortescue in a classic paper
devoted to consideration of the general N-phase case
(1918)
A system with an unbalanced set of n phasors may

be resolved into n-1 balanced n-phase systems of
different phase sequence and one zero-phase
system
4
Va
One unbalanced
n-phase system is
equivalent to: Vb
Vc
n balanced n-phase
systems
Va1 Va2
Va0=Vb0=Vc0
Vb0 Vb2
Vc0
+ Vc1 +
Vb1 Vc2
Zero Positive Negative
Sequence (0) Sequence (1) Sequence (2)
5
Defining the complex operator (a) which causes a

counterclockwise rotation of 120:
a= 1120= -0,5 +j0,866
a2= 1 -120= -0,5 -j0,866
a3= 1 360= 1+j0,0
6
aV1 a2 V 2
Vc V2
Va = V1
+ +
Vb
a2 V 1
aV2
aV1
aV2
V0 Va
V0
Vc
Vb V2
V0 V1
a2 V 1
a2 V 2
7
Consider the three phase unbalanced currents: Ia, Ib, Ic.

Using Fortescue definition they are equivalent to:
Ia= Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
Ib= Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2
Ic= Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2
8
It is possible to rewrite all phasors in terms of phase a

using the complex operator a:
Ia= Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
Ib= Ia0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2
Ic= Ia0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2
Or in matrix form:

I a 1 1 1 Ia0
I 1 a 2 a I a1
b
I c 1 a a I a 2
2
9
In a more compact way, it can be written as:
I abc A I012
From the last expression it can be found that:
I012 A I abc
1
Where:
1 1 1
1
A 1 a a 2
1
3
1 a 2 a
10
Sequence Components For Unbalanced Network Impedances
Vmn a Z aa Z ab Z ac I a

Vmn b Zba Zbb Zbc I b
Vmn c Z ca Z ab Z cc I c

11
Replacing voltages and currents in terms of Fortescue

matrix:
A Vmn 012 Zabc A I012
Vmn 012 A Zabc A I012

1
Z012
12
Symmetrical components - Lines
Sequence Components For Unbalanced Network Impedances
Z S 0 2 Z M 0 Z S 2 Z M 2 Z S1 Z M 1

Z mn012 Z S1 Z M 1 Z S 0 Z M 0 Z S 2 2Z M 2
Z S 2 Z M 2 Z S1 2Z M 1 Z S 0 Z M 0
13
1
ZS 0 Z aa Z bb Z cc
3
Z S1
1
3
Z aa aZ bb a 2 Z cc
Z S 2 Z aa a 2 Z bb aZ cc
1
3
and
1
Z M 0 Z bc Z ca Z ab
3
Z M 1 Z bc aZ ca a 2 Z ab
1
3
Z M 2 Z bc a 2 Z ca aZ ab
1
3
14
Lets consider a three phase transposed line with one
single ground wire excited by a zero sequence source
Find zero
impedance
of this
system
(V0/I0)
What can be concluded

from this result?
15
Loads
Write the phase-domain line to neutral voltages and

find the sequence-domain equations
Saadat H. - 2011
16
Zero sequence circuit of three-phase loads
Star with isolated neutral:
I0 = 0
I0 = 0
I0 = 0
17
Star with isolated neutral:
I0 = 0
I0 = 0
I0 = 0
Tleis N. - 2008
18
Star with solidly earthed neutral:
I0
I0
I0
Tleis N. - 2008
19
Star with solidly earthed neutral:
I0
I0
I0
I0
Tleis N. - 2008
20
Delta:
I0 I0 = 0
I0
I0 = 0
I0
I0 = 0
I0
Tleis N. - 2008
21
Delta:
I0 I0 = 0
I0
I0 = 0
I0
I0 = 0
I0
Tleis N. - 2008
22
Sequence circuits of three-phase TRFs
The positive and negative sequence diagrams for

transformers are similar to those for three-phase loads.
23
Sequence circuits of three-phase TRFs
The zero sequence network depends upon both how the

transformer is grounded and its type of connection. The
easiest to understand is a double grounded wye-wye
Shatshat R. - 2010
24
Zero Sequence circuits of three-phase TRFs
Analyze the following connections:

a) starstar with isolated neutrals;
b) star with solidly earthed neutral star isolated

neutral;
c) star solidly earthed star neutral earthing
impedance;
d) star isolated neutral delta;
e) deltadelta;
f) star neutral earthing impedance delta
g) deltastar neutral earthing impedance
25
Sequence circuits of generators
For generators:
The sequence impedance matrix [Z012] is diagonal. No
coupling among sequences.
Only the direct component includes an voltage source.
Synchronous generators are built that way.
Sequences impedances are not equal. The zero
sequence impedance is usually substantially smaller.
The value of Zn depends

on whether the generator
is grounded or not.
Shatshat R. - 2010
26
Unbalanced Fault Analysis
The first step in the analysis of unbalanced faults is to
assemble the three sequence networks.
Consider the following example:
j 0,05 pu
MVA Voltage X1 X2 X0
G1 100 11 kV 0,15 0,17 0,05
G2 100 11 kV 0,20 0,21 0,1
T1 100 11/220 kV 0,1 0,1 0,1
T2 100 11/220 kV 0,1 0,1 0,1
Line 100 220 kV 0,105 0,105 0,315
Shatshat R. - 2010 27
Sequence Diagrams for Example
Positive Sequence Network:

j0,15 j0,1 j0,105 j0,1 j0,2
Negative Sequence Network
j0,17 j0,1 j0,105 j0,1 j0,21
Shatshat R. - 2010
28
Zero Sequence Diagrams for Example
Zero sequence network:
j0,05 j0,1 j0,315 j0,1 j0,1
j0,15
Shatshat R. - 2010
29
Thevenin Equivalents
Second is to calculate the Thevenin equivalents as seen

from the fault location. In this example the fault is at the
terminal of the right machine so the Thevenin equivalents
are:
Shatshat R. - 2010
30

are:
Shatshat R. - 2010
31

are:
Shatshat R. - 2010
32
Unbalanced Fault Analysis
Unbalanced faults unbalance the network, but only at the

fault location. This causes a coupling of the sequence
networks. How the sequence networks are coupled
depends upon the fault type.
It is necessary to derive these relationships for several
common faults.
33
Single Line-to-Ground (SLG) Faults
With a SLG fault only one phase has non-zero fault current
it is assume that the fault phase is phase A.
Ignoring pre-fault currents, les find the SLG fault
voltage and current relationships:
Shatshat R. - 2010
34
The only way that these two constraint can be satisfied is

by coupling the sequence networks in series:
35

36

37
References
[1] Glover J., Sarma M. and Overbye T., Power System Analysis and Design. Fifth
Edition. Cengage. 2011.
[2] Saadat H., Power System Analysis. Third Edition, PSA Publishing 2010.
[3] Anderson P., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems. IEEE Press, 1973.
[4] Gmez-Exposito A. et al., Electric Energy Systems: Analysis And Operation.
Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.
[5] Tleis N., Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis: Theory and Practice.
Newnes. 2008.
[6] Gmez A., Sistemas Elctricos de Potencia: Problemas y Ejercicios Resueltos.
Prentice Hall 2003.
[7] Shatshat R., Lecture Notes ELEC-B7 - Power Systems Engineering. University
of Waterloo. 2010. Available at:
https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~raelshat/COURSES_dr/eleb7/ELEB7.html
[7] Overbye T. and Baldick R. EE 369 Power System Analysis: Lecture 18 Fault
Analysis, 2012. Available at:
http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~baldick/classes/369/Lecture_18.ppt
[8] Conejo A. J., Anlisis de Sistemas Elctricos de Potencia Universidad de
Castilla La Mancha Course slides available at:
http://www.uclm.es/area/gsee/Archivos%20Pag-
web/docencia/aelect/04_UnbalancedFaultAnalysis_R3.pdf
38
Comments
39

2 - Power System Fault Analysis - Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced Faults

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

2 - Power System Fault Analysis - Symmetrical Components and Unbalanced Faults

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

JORGE FERNANDO GUTIRREZ GMEZ

Except for the balanced three-phase fault, faults result in

Single line-to-ground (SLG)

Line-to-line faults (LL)

Double line-to-ground (DLG)

System is only unbalanced at point of fault!

The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system

The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to

Symmetrical components: first proposed for power

A system with an unbalanced set of n phasors may

Defining the complex operator (a) which causes a

a= 1120= -0,5 +j0,866

a2= 1 -120= -0,5 -j0,866

a3= 1 360= 1+j0,0

Consider the three phase unbalanced currents: Ia, Ib, Ic.

Ia= Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2

Ib= Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2

Ic= Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2

It is possible to rewrite all phasors in terms of phase a

Ib= Ia0 + a2Ia1 + aIa2

Ic= Ia0 + aIa1 + a2Ia2

In a more compact way, it can be written as:

Sequence Components For Unbalanced Network Impedances

Replacing voltages and currents in terms of Fortescue

A Vmn 012 Zabc A I012

Vmn 012 A Zabc A I012

Sequence Components For Unbalanced Network Impedances

What can be concluded

Write the phase-domain line to neutral voltages and

Star with isolated neutral:

Star with isolated neutral:

Star with solidly earthed neutral:

Star with solidly earthed neutral:

The positive and negative sequence diagrams for

The zero sequence network depends upon both how the

Analyze the following connections:

b) star with solidly earthed neutral star isolated

f) star neutral earthing impedance delta

g) deltastar neutral earthing impedance

The value of Zn depends

Positive Sequence Network:

Negative Sequence Network

j0,17 j0,1 j0,105 j0,1 j0,21

Zero sequence network:

j0,05 j0,1 j0,315 j0,1 j0,1

Second is to calculate the Thevenin equivalents as seen

Second is to calculate the Thevenin equivalents as seen

Second is to calculate the Thevenin equivalents as seen

Unbalanced faults unbalance the network, but only at the

The only way that these two constraint can be satisfied is

The only way that these two constraint can be satisfied is

The only way that these two constraint can be satisfied is

Potrebbero piacerti anche