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Fritz Laboratory Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering

1972

Tangent stiffness method for biaxial bending of

reinforced concrete columns, October 1972
(74-17)(75-10) PB222327, PB224742/AS5
W. F. Chen

M. T. Shoraka

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Recommended Citation
Chen, W. F. and Shoraka, M. T., "Tangent stiffness method for biaxial bending of reinforced concrete columns, October 1972
(74-17)(75-10) PB222327, PB224742/AS5 " (1972). Fritz Laboratory Reports. Paper 473.
http://preserve.lehigh.edu/engr-civil-environmental-fritz-lab-reports/473

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LEHIGH U

TNENT STIFFNES MET 0

BfA l BE IN OF
REINFORCED CON ETE COlUM S
ENGIf\JEERI~\IG
Ltt\B()I~/\-r()rl;Y LJBHAHY

by
w. F. Che'n

M. T. Shoraka

October 1972,

IF,jtz Engineering Laborat-ory Repor't No. 389.1

 TANGENT STIFFNESS METHOD FOR BIAXIAL
BENDING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

By W. F. Chen1 and M. T. Shoraka2

Key Words: Moments; Biaxial bending; Columns; Plasticity; Reinforced

Concrete; Curvature; Computers; Structural Engineering

ABSTRACT

Analytical formulations and procedures are developed for

computing moment-thrust-curvature relations for reinforced concrete

column sections in biaxial bending. The cross section is partitioned

by a rectangular grid into a large number of small elemental areas

of steel and concrete. The moment-thrust-curvature relations are

obtained by step-by~step application of the analytically developed

linear force-deformation equation using the tangent stiffness iterative

procedure. The method is found to be extremely powerful and efficient

for computer solution.

Numerical results are obtained for two types of loading

paths: (a) given path of loading; and (b) given mixed path of loading

and deformation. Results are presented in the form of moment-curvature-

thrust curves and interaction curves relating axial compression and

biaxial bending moments. The important factors influencing the behavior

of these curves are discussed such as strength of materials, percentage

of reinforcement and the magnitude of compression force. Simple

analytical expressions to approximate the interaction curves of square

sections are obtained.

lAssoc. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engrg., Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.
2Grad. Student, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.;
Formerly Engineer', Nava Construction Co., Teheran, Iran.
 -1

1. INTRODUCTION

Moment-curvature-thrust relationships are of prime importance

in the analysis of reinforced concrete columns. For a biaxially loaded

columns, the appropriate loadings are bending moments M and M and axial
x y
force P. The corresponding deformations are bending curvatures ~x and

~ and axial strain e at corner O. The positive directions of force

y a
and deformation vectors are shown in Fig. la. For convenience in further

discussion, the following vectors of force and deformation are defined;

M
x
[F} = M
y
(1)
P

Herein a study is made of the relationship of the force vector

[F} with the deformation vector fD} for a reinforced concrete column

segment in biaxial bending.

The non-linear stress-strain relationship in compression

as well as the low strength in tension of concrete complicate the

analysis of structures using such a material. Hence it is useful to

establish an analytical rela~ionship of the force deformation equation

in terms of the infinitesimal changes reF} and [oD}. This leads to an

assumed linear relationship between these vectors.

[OF} = [Q] faD} (2)

 -2

The matrix [Q] is defined as the tangent stiffness matrix as

it represents the tangent of the force-deformation curve as well as the

stiffness of the cross section.

Once this linear relationship is established, it is easy to

answer the following three questions:

1. For a given path of force [F}, the corresponding path of

deformation [D} can be obtained by step-by-step caluclations

using Eq. 2, in the form

(3)

and by applying the tangent stiffness method developed in

Ref. [1J (Fig. lb) for numerical solutions.

2. For a given path of deformation [D}, the corresponding path

of force [F} can be obtained by direct step-by-step applica-

tion of this linear relation, Eq. 2 (Fig. lc).

3. This incremental equation CEq. 2) can also handle any mixed

path of force and deformation. For example, the column may

be first loaded axially to some value; and then, holding the

axial force P constant, the bending curvatures ~ and ~ may

x y
be increased proportionally in magnitude from zero. The

corresponding-bending moments M ,M and the axial strain

x y 0

can then be obtained by simply subdividing the stiffness

matrix [Q] into submatrices. Thus,

 -3

.
{X~ oM ')

OM
,

=
GIl

Q
Z1
QIZ

Q22
Q

23
13 ro~x1
j6~y(I (4)
Y "
1-oP.- --:!
i
\

\..
, ,I
Q31 Q32 ' Q
33 to~~J
Since [op} = 0, and
oCPx and oc.py are known,

oe: 0 - 1
Q33 [Q31 Q32} {::X} y
(5)

and
o~J
-!
oMx \ = r QU Q12 Q13

oMy
I
I Q21 QZ2 Q
6~yl ( 6)

23 ! 68
~
~
I
a

A somewhat similar solution for this particular mixed path of force

and deformations has recently been reported by Warner [2J. Based upon

the equations formulated, a computer program has been developed to

provide various numerical results. The elements of the tangent stiff-

ness matrix were evaluated numerically by dividing the concrete section

into finite elements and by considering each steel bar as an element

(Fig. Id).

2. ASSUMPTIONS

The procedure is based on the following assumptions.

(1) Concrete has no tensile strength, Fig. 2a, and in the usual nota-

tion

f e:
c
f
c k "f'
o when e
c
= -.- <
e'-
0 (7)
1 c c
 -4

(2) The stress~strain relationship for concrete in compression is

nonlinear and is of the form as shown in Fig. 2a

f
c Y1
c
+ (3-2"( 1) ec 2 + (Yl-2) ec 3
when a <
c
< 1 (Sa)

1 - 2ec + 2
c (Bb)
f
c
= 1 -
1 - 2"( +y ::3
when 1 < e
c
< "(2
2 2

f 0 when > (Be)

c c - \(2

where E 8'
C c (Sd)
Y1 kfT
1 c

and y represents the point of intersection of the stress-strain curve

2
with the strain axis.

(3) The stress-strain relationship for steel is elastic perfectly

plastic in both tension and compression (Fig. 2b), and in the usual

notation

f
s s
f
s f - 1 when e = - <
s e
- 1 (9a)
y y

f = when - 1 < < 1 (9b)

s s s

f 1 when > 1 (9c)

s s

(4) The effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete are disregarded

(5 ) Plane sections remain plane before and after bending.

 -5

.3 FORMULATION OF THE BAS Ie EQUATION

Consider the partially yielded cross section shown in Fig.

Ie. Equilibrium is satisfied when the internal forces equal the ex-

ternal forces. In x-y coordinate system,

M
x f (J y dA (lOa)

M
y f cr x dA (lOb)

p f (j dA (IOc)

in Xl_yl coordinate system,

M
x' - - f 0" y' dA (lla)

Myl - - f cr Xl dA (lIb)

p =
f (j dA (lIe)

In order to evaluate the internal actions, the concrete

area is divided by horizontal and vertical lines into a total of N

c
small rectangular elements, ~A (Fig. ld). The total steel area is
c
assumed to be distributed in N elements, all of equal area 6A The
s s
relation between 6A and LA is
s c

M S = pi M. c (12)

where N A
C S
pi p, P (13)
N ab
s

and Eq. 11 may be r~written in the form' (Fig. Id)

N N N N
a b s s
MXl {I ~ \--1

y'. (f ) ..
J c ~J
+ pI I y' (f) - pI
k - s k
Iyk(fc)J M
c
(14)
.i=lj=l k=l k=l
 -6

Na N N N
b s s

M.
y -{I I x~
1-
(f ) ..
e ~J
+ pi I x' (fs)k
k
pi jXk(fc)J
,_,.J
6.A
c
(14b)
i=lj=l k=l k=l
Na N N N
b s s
p = {2~ I (f ) i'
e J
+ pi I (f) - pi
s k
I (fc)J M-
c
(14c)
i=lj=l k=l k=l

where N and N are the numbers of rows and columns of elemental concrete
a b
areas respectively, and N is the number of bars.
s

The incremental forms of the equilibrium equations are

Na~b N
s
N
s

oMx , {I I y'. (6f ) .. +

J C 1.J.
p'I Yk (Ofs)k pi I y'k (6f c )kJ M c
i=l j:::: 1 k=l k=l (lSa)

N N N Ns
a b s

OM
y tI I x! ~
(6 )..
C 1.J
.+ pi j :...-J
Xl
k (Ofs)k - pi I x.1k (6f c )kJ M c
i=1j~1 1<,=1 k=l (ISb)
N N N N
a b s s

OP
tI I (6 ) i
C J
+ pI j .:......J
(Ofs)k - p'I )k r 6A
(6f C ) c
(lSe)

i==lj=l k=l k=l

The incremental changes of stress and strain in concrete

are related by

of c = Gc 08
C
(16)

where G 0, when
c
< 0 (17a)
c

2 (17b)
C'

when

and
G (17c)
c e'2
c
 -7

when

and G = 0, (17d)
c

The incremental changes in stress and strain of steel are related by

6 = G 08 (18)
S S s

G = 0,
s
when e < e
s y

G =-L = E when - < < e
s IS s' y- s y
y

G 0, when >
S S Y

Substituting of c and of s from equations 16 and 18 into

equation 15, we have,

N
s
8Mx , yj (Gc)ij (&ec)ij + p' I Yk (Gs \ (&e s \ -
k=l~

N
s
. p' j Yk (Gc \
_J
(&e
C
)k}
"
b,A c (20a)
k=l
Na N N
b s
oMy , = -{I I x~
~
(Gc)ij (&ec)ij + p' I Xk (Gs)k (&es)k -
i=lj=l le=l
N
s
PI I X
k (G c \ (oec)k} b,A c
(20b)

k=l
N N N N
a b s s
oP = {I Ii=lj=l
(G ).. (& e ) ..
C ~J c ~J
+ p' j.
k=l
j
(Gs)k(oes)k - pi I (GC)k(oeC)k} b,A c
k=l (20e)
The strain at any point in the cross section with respect to x'y'

coordinate can be expressed in a linear form as

 -8

= - y' ~x' - Xl ~ + e (21)

y 0

where is the strain at the corner '0 (Fig. 1). The incremental
o

change of the strain is

oe = - yl o~x. - Xl o~y , + oe 0 (22)

or (Fig. Id)

~
( uc )
ij -- - yl
j
~
ucpx'
- Xl
i ~
OqJyl
+ ~
ue o
(23a)

(23b)

where oe o is the strain increment at the corner 0 of the cross section.

Combinations of equations 20 and 23 gives a set of simultaneous linear

equations which can be written in the matrix form as

r6~x II
(24)
\ocpy'
108 0
\

where Q.. is defined as

1.J
N N N N
a b s S

QU = {~I (yj)2 (Gc)ij + pI I (Yk)2 (G s \ - p' I (Yk)2 (G c \ } /:,A c

i=lj=l k=l k=l
(25a)

Na N N N
b s s
QZ2 ={)
~ ._J > i J
(x ~)2
~
(G ) ..
C 1.J
+ pI )" J
(x' )2 (G) -
k s k
pI> ~ j
(x 1)2 (G \
k c } !::,A c
i=lj=l k=l k=l
(25b)
 -9

N N N N
a b s s
Q33 ={~ j
t_ J
(G ) ..
C ~]
+ pI j
!.....J
(G)
S k - pi ~
_...1
(G c \ } 6,A c (25c)
i=lj=l k=l k=l

N N N N
a b s s
Q12 = QZ1 ={I ~ x~ y~
~ J
(G ) .
c ~J
+ pI
.
f:-.J
Xl
k Yk (Gs)k - PI l~ X
k Yk(G c ) k} 6,Ac
i n lj=l k=l k=l
(25d)

N N N N
a b s s
Q
13
Q
31
= -{~ I y~
J
(G ) ..
c, 1.J
+ pI j Y k (Gs)k - pI ~ y' (G \ } 6A
k c c
i=lj=l k=l k=l
(25e)

N N N N
a b s s
Q23 = Q32 {~
l'J L x~
1.
(G ) ..
C 1.J
+ pI j
__.J
x'
k
(G)
s k
- pI )'
'__ J
x' (G \ } 6A
k c C
i=lj=l k=l k=l
(25)

Equation 24 can be rewritten as

[OF} = [Q] [8 D} (26 )

The symmetric matrix [Q], whose elements are given by Equation 25

is known as the tangent stiffness matrix as it represents the tangent

of the force-deformation curve as well as the stiffness of the cross

section.

4. NUMERICAL STUDIES

Based upon the equations formulated, a computer program

using the tangent stiffness technique [lJ was developed to provide

numerical results6 The numerical work was performed on a high speed

digital computer (CDC 6400). The specific case of a square section

 -10

with the follow~ng input values was treated as a standard concrete column

cross section:

a = 24 in, b = 24 in, Na = 10, Nb = 10

A
s
N
s
12, p = ab = 0.0325, k
1
ff
c
= 4.2 ksi

0.85, f = 60.0 Itsi, c

, = 0.002
leI s

E
s
29,000,000 psi, E
c
= 57,600 /i-'-c (for normal weight concrete)

Y2 = 4, Yl = computed from Eq. 8d

The elements of the tangent stiffness matrix of the cross section

were evaluated numerically by dividing the cross section into finite

elements N (Fig. Id). The value of N was varied from 100 (IOxIO)
c c

to 400 (20x20) for the square section. The increase in accuracy obtained

by using the finer grids was only 0.1%. A partitioning of the concrete

cross section into 100 elements and the steel areas into 12 elements

distributed uniformly around the sides of the section are used herein.

A somewhat similar partitioning was also suggested in Ref. 2.

The strain and stress in each element were computed as the

average value at its centroid. All force and deformation vectors are

nondimensionalized as,

Force vector

M M
x
{f'
. c
P ab f' ab 2
c
f I
c
Y
a2 b
4
}

Deformation vector

j
 -11

The allowable error in p/f' a b was 0.002.

e
The resultant moment on the section may be represented by the two

components M and M or by a vector M of magnitude 1M 2 + M~2 and

x y x y
inclined at the angle ~ = tan- (M 1M ) to the y axis (see Fig. Ib).
l
x y
The resultant curvature cp of magnitude ~~x2+~;2- and inclined at the

angle e = tan -1 (CPx/CPy) to the y axis (Fig. lc) is nondimensionalized

as ~/(~/b).

4.1 Example--Given Path of Loading

The 'moment-curvature curves plotted in Fig. 3, 4, 6, 7, and

8 are for M vs. CPx for various values of My' The column section is
x
first loaded axially up to some value and then bent by M to some
y
other value while keeping P constant and finally bent by M to failure
x
while keeping P and M constant. The curves have been terminated when
y
the strain ratio
o
Ie'c reaches the value 3.0. To indicate the magni-

tude of the strains in the cross section, two other lines of constant

let = I.S.recommended by ACI [3J and 2.0 have been plotted across the
o 0

main curves (dotted lines in the figures).

It is of interest to note that the values of the maximum

moment M
x
If'c ab 2 lie between the values of
0
Ie'c = 2.0 to 3.0 and

generally very close to the constant line eo/~ = 3.0. The maximum
values of the moment are indicated by the small circles in Figures

3 to 8. These moment curvature curves indicate that the maximum strength

of short columns in biaxial bending and compression are not unduly

sensitive to the variations in the assumed concrete ultimate strain

which is often chosen in the range between 0.003 and 0.004.

 -12

The moment curvature curves shown in Fig. 3 are considered

to be the standard cases. The important factors influencing the behavior

of the curves are the magnitude of compression force P, concrete quality

k f' steel quality f , and percentage of reinforcement A lab. The

l c' y s
variations of these factors with respect to the standard case are given

in Figs. 4, 6, 7, and 8.

The influence of axial compression force on the moment

curvature curves is shown in Fig. 4. The unloading of the moment,

M ' with' respect to an increase in curvature e.r is not seen for the
x x
curves P a b within the range Ie'
= 0.1 f'c ~ 3.0 but is rather rapid
a e
for the curves with p = 1.0 f' a b. It is also observed, that when
c
p = 1.0 ff
c
a b and the bending moment M, > 0.05 ff a 2 b, there is a very
y c
rapid unloading for both moment M and curvature ~x. The curvature
x
epy or the resultant curvature ep is, of course, not unloaded with respect
to an decrease in moment M , as shown in Fig. 5.
x

The influence of concrete quality k f' and steel quality f

1 c y
on the moment curvature curves is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The results

are calculated for concrete with k

1
f~ = 3.0 ksi and 5.0 ksi (Fig. 6)
and for steel with f = 40 ksi and 80 ksi (Fig. 7) respectively. As
y
can be seen, an increase in material qualities significantly increases

the stiffness and strength of a biaxially loaded cross section.

Figure 8 shows the influence of the percentage reinforcement

A lab on the moment curvature relationships. It is evident from the

s
figure that the percentage steel reinforcement has an appreciable effect

on the behavior of a biaxially loaded cross section.

 -13

The maximum points of the moment curvature curves as shown

by the small circles in Figs. 3 to 8 represent the maximum strength of

the biaxial1y loaded cross section. The maximum loads obtained in this

way for the standard cross section (Fig. 3) with three values of strain

ratio, /8'c = 1.5, 2.0 and 3~O are represented by the interaction
o
curves in Figs. 9 to 13. The small circles in these figures indicate

the regions where the maximum load is controlled either by the maximum

concrete strain or by the overall stress distribution of the cross section.

The important factors influencing the maximum carrying capacity of a

biaxially loaded short column are the axial compression force, P, the

concrete quality, k f~, steel quality, f ' and percentage of reinforcement

l y
A lab, as shown in Figs. 9 to 13, respectively. Since the interaction
s
curves are nondimensionalized, they can be directly used in analysis

and design computations.

4.2 Example--Given Mixed Path of Loading and Deformation

The moment-curvature curves plotted in Fig. 14 are for

-1 0
e/b vs. ~ for a given set of values of e = tan (~x/~y) = 15 and

pip = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. In the figure, the column section is
u
first loaded axially to some value; and then the axial force P is held

constant while the bending curvatures cp and cp (or c.p = /"cp 2, + cp-2)
X Y X Y
are increased proportionally in magnitude from zero. The corresponding

bending moments M and M (or e

x y
= M/p = 1Mx2 + M 2'/p) and axial strain
Y
at the corner 0 (Fig. 14) can be obtained by the Eqs. 5 and 6 using
a
the iterative procedure reported in Ref. 2. These moment curvature

curves were compared with those obtained previously by Warner and an

excellent agreement was found in all cases [2J.

 -14

The maximum difference between the angles e and ~, i.e.

between the directions of the resultant curvature ~ and resultant moment

vectors, W ~ ~ - 8, is also shown in Fig. 14. It can be seen that

the moment and curvature vectors nearly coincide in direction through-

out the entire range of loading, The maximum difference between the

two vectors is of the order of ten degrees.

It is also of interest to note that a similar conclusion

is al~o true for the case of other loading paths. For example, in

Fig. 15, the section is first loaded axially to some constant value

and then the axial force P is held constant while the bending moments
-1
M and M are increased proportionally in magnitude; i.e. ~ = tan
x y
(Mx/M )' The corresponding bending curvatures ~x and ~y and axial
y
strain e can be obtained by Eq. 3 using ,the iterative procedure
o
reported in Ref. 1. The maximum difference between the angles e and

is again only of the order of ten degrees.

5. SIMPLE INTERACTION EQUATIONS

The general form of the interaction curves shown in Figs. 9-13

may be approximated by a non-dimensional interaction equation [4J:

M O! M cy
(~) + (~) = 1.0 (27)
xo yo

where M and M represent the load carrying capacities of a particular

xo yo
column under compression and uniaxial bending moment about x and y axes,

respectiveJy. Thus, for a given compression P, M and M are the values

xo yo
given on the M ~ 0 and M = 0 axes shown in Figs. 9-13. The value ~
y x
 -15

is the exponent d~pending on column dimensions, amount and distribution

of steel reinforcement, stress-strain characteristics of steel and con-

crete, and magnitude of axial compression. For a given compression

and a given column characteristic, the value of a is a numerical constant.

The interaction surface corresponding to the column section

given in Figs. 9 and 10 is shown in Fig. 16a. The interaction curves

given previously in Figs. 9 and 10 for the particular case of strain

ratio o/~ = 1.5 are now dimensiona1ized by the values M and M

xo yo
and plotted in Fig. 16b. These curves corresponding to constant values

of p/f' a b 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 which may be thought of as "load contours".
c
Using Eq. 27, values of a are calculated for this column. The calculated

values of ~ are found, varying from 1.3 to 1.4 for plf' a b

c
= 0.1 and 0.5
but jumping to 1.7 for plf' a b
c
= 1.0. The comparison between the actual

curves computed directly on the basis of stress-strain relations and

the theoretical curves' obtained from Eq. 27 is also shown in Fig. l6b

and good agreement is observed. The values of a for columns with a

wide range of variation in values of f' f and A la b are tabulated

c' y s
in Table 1 for the particular case of strain ratio
o
Ie'C = 1.5 (recommend-

ed by ACT). In general, the values of a in the range 1.1 to 1.4 are

seen to give a good approximation for all the cases investigated in

the low and moderate axial compression range, but large variation in

values of a is observed for columns with high axial compression.

 -16

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

An analytical formulation of the force-deformation equations

in terms of the increments has been developed which enables one to

obtain the! complete moment curvature relationships of a short reinforced

concrete column, subjected to axial load and biaxial bending moments,

at all load levels. The method is found to be extremely powerful and

efficient for computer solution.

The computer program based on this formulation can be inte-

grated into the long column analysis or into overall structural analysis

programs, and is probably very useful and essential in such a study.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research reported here was supported by the National

Science Foundation under Grant GK-35886 to Lehigh University.

APPENDIX I REFERENCES

1. Santathadaporn, S. and Chen, W. F.

TANGENT STIFFNESS METHOD FOR BIAXIAL BENDING, J. of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 98, No. ST1, January 1972,
pp. 153-163.

2. Warner, R. F.
BIAXIAL MOMENT THRUST CURVATURE RELATION, J. of the Structural
Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. ST5, May 1969, pp. 923-940.

3. ACI Committee 318-71

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE, (ACI
318-71), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1971.

4. Bresler, B.
DESIGN CRITERIA,FOR REINFORCED COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND
BIAXIAL BENDING, J. of the American Concrete Institute, v. 32,
No.5, November 1960.
 -17

NOTATIONS

a = depth of section;

b width of section;

D = f~x ~y eo} = deformation vector;

E = modulus of elasticity ad concrete;

c
E = modulus of e las tic ity of stee 1;
s
e = t!=
p
(Fig. Ib) ;

= force vector;
F
- x My p}
fM

f = concrete stress;
c
1 = specified cylinder compression strength of concrete;
C

f f If I .
c C C'

f = stee 1 stress;
s
f
s
f
s
If y'
f specified yield strength of reinforcement;
Y of c
G = --;
c 08 c
of s.
__
G
s 08 s '

= ratio of strength of concrete in member to specified

cylinder compression strength;

M N2 +My2 ,
= vJ..l
x
M ,M , moment with respect to x and x' axes respectively;
x x
M M maximum moment capacity with respect to x and y axes
xo' yo
respectively;

M ,M I moment with respect to y and y' axes respectively;

Y Y
N number of rows of elemental concrete areas;
a
number of columns of elemental concrete areas;

N N = total number of elemental concrete areas;

a b
 -18

N =. number of reinforcement elemental areas;

s
p compression force in section;

p = failure load of section for zero eccentricity;

u
p = AS lab;
N
.c
pi = p;
N
s

O! = defined in Eq. 27;

E c c'
= kfT;
1 c

the point of intersection of the stress-strain curve

with strain axis (Fig. 2a);

strain;

concrete strain;

concrete strain when concrete stress is k f~

1
c
= I ,
c
= strain at corner 0;

= steel strain;

steel yield strain;

~.,
'y

e inclination of the curvature vector to the y axis;

(j stress;

= [CjJx 2 + CjJ..) ;
= curvature with respect to x and x' axes respectively;
CPx'\.Px '
curvature with respect to y and yl axes respectively;

inclination of moment vector to the y axis; and

' - e
 -19

Table 1 Computed Values of ~ in Eq. 27

p A
k f' s
f ~ Note
f'a b 1 c y a b
C I

0.5 I
4.2 60 0.0325 1.3

0.1 i
4.2 60 0.0325 1.4
j

1.0 4.2 60 0.0325 1.7

0.5 3 60 0.0325 1.3 eo

- , = 1.5
c
0.5 5 60 0.0325 1.4
for all cases.

0.5 4.2 40 0.0325 1.4

0.5 4.2 80 0.0325 1.2

0.5 4.2 60 0.0125 1.4

0.5 4.2 60 0.0833 1.1

 -20

LIST OF CAPTIONS

Fig. 1 Moment, Curvature and 'Strain in Cross Section and Partitioning

of Cross Section

Fig. 2 Stress-Strain Relations

Fig. 3 Moment-Curvature Relations: Standard Case

Fig. 4 Moment-Curvature Relations: Axial Compression Force Effect

Fig. 5 Moment-Curvature Relations: Complete Unloading

Fig. 6 Moment-Curvature Relations: Concrete Quality Effect

Fig. 7 Moment-Curvature Relations: Steel Quality Effect

Fig. 8 Moment-Curvature Relations: Percentage of Reinforcement Effect

Fig. 9 Interaction Curves: Standard Case

Fig. 10 Interaction Curves: Axial Compression Force Effect

Fig. 11 Interaction Curves: Concrete Quality Effect

Fig. 12 Interaction Curves: Steel Quality Effect

Fig. 13 Interaction Curves: Percentage of Reinforcement Effect

Fig. 14 Moment-Curvature Relations: e = ISo

Fig. 15 Moment-Curvature Relations: f = ISo
Fig. 16 Comparison of Interaction Curves
 -21

z x

I
y Y

><
OJ
y a

I
X
(0) (b )

I
Yj
o I
Y
It
l

~ 0

y1k - GD

I I
e 11

- b
Xl
I

I
(c ) X

Fig. 1 Moment, Curvature and Strain in Cross Section

and Partitioning of Cross Section
 --22

I .0 t----~_......__
- fc
fc ="kf'
I C

1.0

(a )

1.01------s------
- fs
fS- -
- fy

-1.0
1.0

_-----IIIIllll&-.---t -1.0
( b)

Fig. 2 Stress-Strain Relations

 x
p
0 f~ ab = 0.5
"
y c As
ex:> 0
d ab = 0.0325
,
I....O.Bb... 1
kl f c = 4.2 ksi
b fy =60ksi
0.25

MAX
0.20
",
;""'"
.",.....
---
0.15
Mx
fl ab 2
c
0.10

0.05

o 4 5

Fig. 3 Moment-Curvature Relations: Standard Case

 My
0.20 fd 02 b =0.02 MAX

",-"'"
-------
0.15 " x
Mx
flCO b2 O.

I
I.
,--~
:~ =0.0325
0.10 / I _I 0
/ y a:> c
0. () kl f~ =4.2 ksi
/
/
/
fib
ca
P
=O. J .. .. .. f y = 60 ksi
0.05 1.. 0.8b_1
b

o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.08 MAX epx/E~/a
JI?
0'y
'co~
/) ~
Mx 0.06
Eo/Ecl=3.0' 0.0/
f~ab2
0.04
P

0.02
f
cab =1.0

o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 I

epx/E~/a
N
+'

Fig. 4 MqD;lent ~C1Jrvatu)_~e~.-Re la ttons : Axia 1 Compress ion Force Effec t

:~;._-._: .;~_~; ....~.:~~:'~~ ~~ ;..;~~-~ -0.::
 Ole
,
x

As =0 0325
p ab
= 10 My =0.06 y"""
e. o
CO c
f ob
I
. 1 f~ 0 b
2 e o. 0
1
k, f~ =4.2 ksi
c

f y =60 ksi
I_O.Stl
b
0~06
MAX MAX MAX
(M X, X)
(M x ,)

0.04
Mx
flc ab2
0.02

o 0.4 0.8 1.2 I ~6 2.0 2.4

X/E~ /0 or y/E~/b or /E~/b

Fig. 5 Moment-Curvature Relations: Complete Unloading J

N
111

:;'~->~I...
 -26

0.20 . My
f
C0 2 b :: 0.01 MAX

0.15
Mx
f~ ab 2
0.10
k l f~ :: 3 ksi
0.05

o 2 3 4 5
epX/E'C/ a
My
I' 2b =0.01
CO MAX
0.25

0.20
k l f~:: 5 ksi

0.15
x
M'x
f' ab 2
c 0.10
. . ,. P
f~ ab :: 0.5
a
CO 0 As
0 ab :: 0.0325

0.05
f y :: 60 ksi

o 4 5

Fig, 6 Moment-Curvature Relations: Concrete Quality Effect

 -27

0.20
My
2 =0.01
MAX fc Q b
----"'""'!. . . . . . . . . . . . .- - -

0.15
Mx
f~ ab
2

0.10

fy = 40 ksi
0.05

o 4 5

0.25
MAX

0.20
f y = 80 ksi

0.15
Mx
f~ ab2 P
f~ ab = 0.5
0.10 0
~ a As
0 ab =0.0325

0.05
k l f~ =4.2 ksi

o 4 5

Fig. 7 Moment-Curvature Relations: Steel Quality Effect

 -28

, 0.35 My MAX
f~ a2 b = 0.01

0.30

0.25 As
Cib = 0.08333

0.15 x
. . ., . p
f~ab =0.5
0.10 .. 0
y - I"- c
k l f~
. . ., .
c) = 4.2 ksi
fy =60 ksi
0.05

o 2 3
0.15
MAX
x

0
y - 00 0
c)
0.05
:~ =0.0125

o 4 5

Fig . 8 Moment-Curvature Relations: Percentage of Reinforcement Effect

 -29

x P
f~ ab =0.5
0 e 01--
I.
e C A
a~ = 0.0325
0
y co C

.- D.
0

11
0
.... kl f~ = 4.2 ksi
1.98b~
b f y =60ksi
...

lEI = 3.0
o c
---- 2.0
--- .
15

0.25

Stress Control

Control
0.15
Mx
f~ ab 2
0.10

0.05
Stress Control

o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

My / f~ a 2 b

Fig. 9 Interaction Curves: Standard Case

 -.30

A .
c
y - 00 c _5
ab
= 00325

d
kl f~ =4.2 ksj
f y =60 ksi

o/~ = 3.0
2.0
1.5

0.20 Stress Control

0.15
Strain Control

0.10
~
6>~
\S'
C
0.15
"~'\ 0"~o/
Stress Control
Sfrain-: ~
Control \

o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

My/f~ a 2 b

Fig. ]0 Interaction Curves: Axial Compression Force Effect

 -31

fa .,
p
y -
c
(l) c
f~ab :: 0.5
o

:~ :: 0.0325
1_0.8b_1
b f y :: 60 ksi

EO IE~ :: 3.0
0.30 ---- 2.0
--- .
15
0.25 Stress Control

0.20
Strain Control

Stress Control
Strain
0.05 Control

o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

My/f~a2b

Fig. 11 Interaction Curves: Concre~e Quality Effect

 -32

x
o ~
. .. "
p
f~ab = 0.5
" 0
y - CO c
-0
:~ =0.0325
k, f~ =4.2 ksi

o/~ '= 3.0

0.25 ---- 2.0
--- .
15 .

0.20 f y =80 ksi

Strain Control

Stress
Control
Strain Control
0.05
Strain Control

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

My /f~ a b
2

Fig. 12 Interaction Curves: Steel Quality Effect

 -33

x x
0 l 0 l
P
f~ab = 0.5
y c
I'- CD CD C
c Y -::. ~ C
d 0 kl fb = 4.2 ksi
. 0.8.. .b .I
CD

fy = 60 ksi
I
_---.L-

.. .. A
b
.....a----Il!lil!llllBo\l
2.=00125
ab

0.35 EO/E~ = 3.0

2.0
1.5
0.30 As
(jb=0.0833

0.25
Strain Control

Mx "
f~ ab
2

0.15 As =00125
ab
"

Stress
0.10 Stress Control
Control

0.05 Strain
Control
,'\:

~~ \
I
o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
My /f~ a b
2

Fig. 13 Interaction Curves: Percentage of Reinforcement Effect

 -34

X
e = 15
c As
y ex> c ab =0.04166
d

kl f~ = 2.5 ksi
1 .. 0.8b_1
b fy = 30ksi

1.0

0.8

~ 06
b

0.4

0.2

o
..
. ".
10
-PP
I

u =~
5
.. ~. 1-0'"

0.6
w 0 ...."....,.,.,
~--~.......... I . . -
-- ::...,-::-:.. ::-:a. ...........___
-5 =:...:------ 1- 0.2
---
0.4
-10
2 5 6

o
Fig. 14 Moment-Curvature Relations: e = 15
 -35

As
ab =0.0325
M . .. .. ..
k, f~ =4.2 ksi
f y = 60 ksi
1.0

ftOb =0.25 MAX'

0.8

e
0.6
b

0.4

0.2

o 2 3 4 5 6
ep /'c /b
10.0
1.0 --
5.0
~~
.,
w 0 ~
-- _- """- .. -..... _- -
-.::::s ~---
...........
"'""'"--.
O.7~
............ '""""'--- 0.25
-5.0 0.50-- - .,...........

-10,0 I
0 5 6

o
Fig. 15 Moment-Curvature Relations: ' = 15
 -36

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

My! M yo

Fig. 16 Comparison" of Interaction Curves