CalculusISummary

TabulatedbyLambertPengatBrowninSummer2008

Limits Derivatives

Thelawsbelowarevalidsolongaswedon'thave Constantrule:(cf(x))'=cf'(x)
undefinedexpressionssuchas0/0,/,0, Sumrule:(f(x)+g(x))'=f'(x)+g'(x)
andsoon. Differencerule:(f(x)g(x))'=f'(x)g'(x)
Productrule:(f(x)g(x))'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)
lim Reciprocalrule:((f(x))1)'=f(x)2f'(x)
Constantlaw: C=C
xa f'(x)g(x)f(x)g'(x)
lim lim lim Quotientrule:(f(x)/g(x))'=
Sumlaw: (f(x)+g(x))= f(x)+ g(x) (g(x))2
xa xa xa
Difference lim (f(x)g(x)) lim f(x) lim Powerrule:(xn)'=nx(n1)ifnisaninteger
g(x)
law: xa = xa xa Generalpowerrule:((f(x))n)'=nf(x)(n1)f'(x)ifnis
lim lim lim
Productlaw: (f(x)g(x))= f(x) g(x) rational
xa xa xa Chainrule:(f(g(x))'=(f'(g(x)))(g'(x))
Quotient lim (f(x)/g(x)) lim lim g(x)if Multiplerule:(f(cx))'=cf'(cx)
f(x)/
law: xa = xa xa g(x)0 (sinx)'=cosx
lim lim (cosx)'=sinx
Multiplelaw: Cf(x)=C f(x)
xa xa (tanx)'=sec2x
Root n n
lim x lim aifxispositiveifnis
(ex)'=ex
law: xa = xa even
lim lim (bx)'=(logeb)(bx)
Compositionlaw: f(g(x))=f( g(x)) (logex)'=1/x
xa xa
lim sinx (logbx)'=1/(xlogeb)
Fundamentaltriglimit: =1
x0 x

Integrals
Constantrule:cf(x)dx=cf(x)dx
Sumrule:(f(x)+g(x))dx=f(x)dx+g(x)dx
Differencerule:(f(x)g(x))dx=f(x)dxg(x)dx
Productrule:f(x)g(x)dx=f(x)g(x)f(x)g'(x)dx
sinxdx=cosx+C
Intermediatevaluetheorem:Assumefiscontinuous
on[a,b]
LetCbeanynumberbetweenf(a)andf(b)
Thenthereissomecbetweenaandbsothatf(c)=C
Rolle'stheorem:Assumefiscontinuouson[a,b]and
differentiableon(a,b)
Iff(a)=f(b),thenthereissomecin(a,b)suchthatf
'(c)=0

cosxdx=sinx+C Meanvaluetheorem:Assumefiscontinuouson[a,
b]anddifferentiableon(a,b)
exdx=ex+C
f(b)
xndx=(x(n+1))/(n+1)+Cifn1andln(x)+Cif Thenthereisatleastonenumbercin(a,b) f(a)
n=1 suchthatf'(c)=
ba
Fundamentaltheoremofcalculus:Assumefis
continuouson[a,b]
LetF(x)beanyantiderivativeforf(x)sothatf'(x)=
f(x)
b
Then a f(x)dx=F(b)F(a)
wheretheLHSdenotestheareaunderthecurvey=
f(x)fromx=atob.
 lim
Continuity:Afunctioniscontinuousatx=aif f(x)=f(a)
xa

Firstderivative:Ifthefirstderivativeispositive,thefunctionisincreasingifthefirstderivativeisnegative,
thefunctionisdecreasing.
Iff'(a)=0thenaiscalledacriticalpointoff.

Secondderivative:Iff''(a)=0thenaiscalledaninflectionpointoff.

Findingextrema:Checkthevaluesoffattheendpointsoftheintervalandatallcriticalpoints.

Firstderivativetest:Letf'(a)=0.Thenfhasalocalmaximumifthefirstderivativeispositiveslightlytothe
leftofaandnegativeslightlytotherightofa(sothesignsoff'looklike+++0)fhasalocalminimumifthe
firstderivativeisnegativeslightlytotheleftofaandpositiveslightlytotherightofa(sothesignsoff'look
like0+++).

Secondderivativetest:Letf''(a)=0.Iff''(a)>0thenfhasalocalminimumataiff''(a)<0thenfhasalocal
maximumata.

Implicitdifferentiation:y=y(x),thendifferentiate.

lim f(x) lim f'(x)

L'Hpital'sRule:Iff(a)=g(a)=0or,then =
xag(x) xa g'(x)

Linearapproximation:Toestimatethevalueoff(x)forxneara,findthetangentlinetof(x)ata.Thetangent
lineisgivenbyyf(a)=f'(a)(xa).

Squeezetheorem:

f(x)g(x)h(x)

lim lim
If f(x)= h(x)=L
xa xa
lim
then g(x)=L
xa

Forx=anyrealnumber:

+x=
+x=
()()=
()()=
()()=
x()=
(x)()=
()(0)=1

Iff(x)=f(x)thensayfisanevenfunction
Iff(x)=f(x)thensayfisanoddfunction

lim f(x+h)f(x)
Definitionofthederivative:f'(x)=
h0 h
Definiteintegralhasb,aonintegralsign,andrepresentsareaunderthecurvey=f(x)fromx=atobindefinite
integraldoesnot,andrepresentsallantiderivatives.