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As a general rule, the cable can be bedded above and below with suitable stone free backfill. For
cable carrying large power loads it is sometimes an economic proposition to import a backfill
which has been selected on the basis of low dry thermal resistivity or to use a cement sand
mixture.
Cables in Ducts
The configuration of the duct path is of great importance as it is possible that with bends totalling
3000 the pulling tensions can equal the weight of the cable when the coefficient of friction 0.5 is
used. However lubricants can do much to reduce pulling tensions. Low alkali soft soaps or
commercial cable slipping compounds can be used for plastic sheath cables while for fibrous
served cables any sort of heavy grease or petroleum jelly can be used. Graphite is a good
lubricant but often creates a cleaning up problem.
For a new installation where the ducts are well aligned and clean, the cable well lubricated, a
value which is lower than 0.5 may be used. A conservative figure would be 0.35.
Value Of efa
ANGLE OF
BEND f=0.7 f=0.6 f=0.5 f=0.4 f=0.3
DEGREES
15 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.08
30 1.44 1.37 1.3 1.23 1.17
45 1.73 1.60 1.48 1.37 1.27
60 2.08 1.87 1.68 1.52 1.37
75 2.50 2.19 1.92 1.69 1.48
90 3.00 2.57 2.19 1.87 1.60
When the bending radius of the duct is small the weight of the cable around the curved section of
the duct may be ignored. The above equation is reduced to:
Immediately prior to the pulling of cable, ensure that the conduit is clean and free of dirt, stones,
water, scale or similar substances.
Tension at bends to limit sidewall pressure to safe level = 3,725R where R is in metres.
If it is necessary to pull cable in very cold weather, the minimum installation temperature of the
cable should be observed. Extra care in handling should be exercised and, in some cases, pre-
heating of the cable may be desirable immediately before pulling.
Cable should be pulled into ducts at a constant speed throughout the entire pull. The cable should
not be allowed to stop midway through the pull; the drag due to friction is greatly increased when
pulling is restarted. The recommended speed is 10-20 m/minute. If this speed cannot be
achieved, the minimum speed of 5 m/minute should be maintained.
When a long length of cable is pulled in a duct where maximum tension would be exceeded, it is
necessary to use caterpillar type cable helpers or similar equipment at the entrance to the duct
system and in extreme cases in pits along the duct run.
Pulling tensions at all times should be restricted to 20kN for duct installations.
With many duct runs there is a preferred end at which the drum should be set up. As a rule of
thumb this should be at the end nearest the sharpest bend. A worked example is given for the
duct configuration shown in following figure pulling from end A, the end closer to the first bend,
and the alternative pulling from end F.
500mm2 copper conductor, XLPE insulated, heavy duty copper wire screened and heat resistant
PVC sheathed single core 19/33kV cable with an overall diameter of 58mm and a mass of 7.14kg
per metre.
The maximum tension T m with pulling eye attached to conductor = 35,000N (limited to 20kN) or
with stocking over PVC sheath=16,800N.
Pulling from A to F:
Pulling from F to A:
Maximum pulling tension (limited by side wall pressure) around bend D-E; 3725*radius of bend in
metres=3,725x2 =7,450N.
This brochure is distributed with the understanding that the authors and editors are not responsible for the results of any actions taken on the basis of information in this work , or any errors or omissions.
Further, General Cable is not engaged in rendering professional services. General Cable expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person in respect of anything and of the consequences of anything done
or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether whole or partial of the whole or any of the contents of this publication. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by copyright may be
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