CHAPTER 4 Traffic Management 1

BRIEF NOTES

1. Definition of Traffic Management

The management of the physical and cost-control phases of the receiving, handling,
storing, and distributing of goods for industrial and commercial organizations.

2. Functions of Traffic Management

i. Ensure the safety and comfort of road users

ii. Ensure that rules and regulations can be provided to users
iii. Provide parking facilities
iv. Study factor of accident contributor

3. Purposes of Traffic Management

i. To reduce accident rates

ii. To minimize clash of between vehicles and pedestrians
iii. Can reach the destination safely
iv. To manage and control parking
v. Smoothen traffic flow
vi. Identify the total and traffic signs

4. Traffic Management Techniques

i. Physical Management of Road System

ii. Instruct Form and Traffic Regulation Management
iii. Management of Information to Road User
iv. Management of Payment for Traffic Facilities

5. Physical Management of Road System Techniques

i. Isolation of Traffic Movement

Movement Isolation for Public Service Vehicles
Movement Isolation when Traffic Congestion
ii. Junction Improvement
Traffic Priority Control at the Intersection
Give a Way and Stop
iii. Introduction of Traffic Control Phase Coordination
iv. Modification of Traffic Sign and Road Sign
v. Provide Pedestrians and Cyclists Facilities
vi. Provide Public Transportation Facilities
vii. Repairs and Changes In Landscape and Road Equipment
viii. Car Parking Control

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6. Instruct Form and Traffic Regulation Management

i. Traffic Control

Traffic Control
Pedestrian Way

Special Lane for Bus

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Channelization

Channelization is an engineering concept which employs the use of

secondary roads to separate certain flows of traffic from the main
traffic lanes. It is the separation or regulation of conflicting
movements into definite paths of travel by traffic islands or pavement
marking to facilitate the safe and orderly movements of both vehicles
and pedestrians.

ii. No Turning Movement

iii. One Way Road

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iv. Vehicle Speed Limit

v. Road Markings

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vi. Tidal Flow Method

Tidal Flow tends to be used on roads where the flow of traffic is heavy in a
certain direction. This method will opens and closes lanes on a roadway
according to priority of traffic direction. It allows the road space to be used
the most efficiently. Most cities experience regular morning and evening rush
during working days which increases the usage of private vehicles travelling
back and forth to work.

Burminghams A38 (M) Tidal Flow

7. Management of Information to Road User

i. Traffic Direction Sign

Traffic signs help to guide the safe and orderly movement of

traffic. They serve many uses such as:

Providing directions
Giving instructions that road users must observe
Alerting road users of potential hazards which are not self-
evident
Indicating facilities and tourist attractions in the vicinity

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Warning Sign

A type of traffic sign that indicates a hazard ahead on the road

that may not be readily apparent to a driver.

Informatory Sign

These signs provide information to the driver about the

facilities available ahead, and the route and distance to reach
the specific destinations.

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Prohibitory Sign

They provide information on the prohibitions and failure to

comply with these signs constitutes an offence.

Mandatory Sign

These signs require the driver to obey the signs for the safety
of other road users. It is an offence to disobey them.

ii. Traffic Control

Traffic Light
Limitation for certain types vehicles on the road according to
the weight, speed and size
Temporary regulations during on Festival Day such as speed
limit

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iii. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Campaign Program

Car Pool or Rideshare

A flexible commuting arrangement where in a car shared by

more than one individual to travel together to their
destination.

Priority to Public Transport

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8. Management of Payment for Traffic Facilities

i. Car Parking Management

Parking Meter
Parking Coupon
Time Limits
Parking Ticket

ii. Road Awards System

Electronic Road Pricing (toll payment)
Road Tax
Additional License Method

9. The Car Park Necessity for Various Types of Users

Easier for drivers according to their own criteria as private, fixed or

public
As a control and the use of private parking in the building and the
central
Can control the capacity of road

10. The Effects of Car Park Areas on Traffic Flow

It will increase delays in travel time

Can cause accident
Obstacle to the operation of emergency actions such as fire
extinguishing
Pedestrian walking speed will decrease

11. Functions of Car Park

To avoid interruption to moving vehicle

To reduce accidents
Be used as a detention of mechanism for road consumers in
congested areas
To reduce pollution such as noise pollution or air pollution

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12. Method of Car Park Area Usage Study

i. Inventory of car park area

Data related to the amount of space, location, and potential

areas for parking
Study area are detailed by marking in the form of maps /
plans
Divides the study area into several parts according to the
roads
Parking spaces which is not gazetted should also be taken
into consideration
Vacant land and idle suitable for parking space
Data relating to parking facilities that have recorded are as
follows:
The amount and road length
The amount of space available in the road
somewhere
Location of bus and taxi stops, pedestrian crossings
Road management methods such as one-way road,
no U-turn etc.
The amount and type of traffic sign
Private road

ii. Inventory of Supply Information Parking Space

Road Side
Parking spaces are monitored by wardens
Metered parking spaces
Parking the special permission
Unmetered parking
Road which is cannot be parked vehicles at a certain
time
Road which can be placed the vehicle at all times
without any restrictions

Car Parking
Free or charged
At ground level or multilevel
Public or Private

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iii. The use of car park area by questionnaires

Types of vehicles
Purpose
Parking duration
How many hours to the destination

iv. The Use of Car Park Area by Patrols

10-week study was conducted for 12 hours a day

The frequency of patrols:-
30 min/patrol (on the road)
60 min/patrol (off-road)
Walking speed during marking the registration number is
900m/30min

v. Inventory of Requests Information

Demand distribution in the overall of study area

Demand distribution in study period
Total number of drivers parking in the area at the time of
the study
Parking time period
Purpose of travel into a parking space
Origin and Destination purpose

13. Types of Parking Facilities

i. On-Street Parking

Parking bays are provided along the curb on one or both sides of
road.

ii. Off-Street Parking

The facility is private or public own.

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14. Methods of Parking Control

i. Time Limits

Sometimes you are only allowed to

park for a limited amount of time or
only between certain hours of the day.
This is usually corresponded with signs
at the parking place.
There are also situations
where you have to pay
for parking between
certain hours of the day,
and that the other hours
are free.

ii. Parking Meter

Mostly used in areas with high traffic

Provide meter zone that all parking is prohibited except in
lots marked
Advantages of this method:-
Parking areas clearly
marked and drivers will
always monitor that it
would not be parking
somewhere else
Payment for roadside
parking encourage
private company to
finance and provide off-
road parking space thus
saving public funds
Parking scheme is private supporters and there will
actually revenue advantage which can then be used
for the construction of parks off-road parking public.

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Disadvantages:-
Expensive to install and maintain
Block the pedestrian way
Look bad
Need coins
Attract vandalism

iii. Coupon Parking

Advantages:-
No need device
Low Cost
Easy
Disadvantages:-
Probably complicated to
use
Problem to Visitors
Fraud
Offer drivers free parking along
the road that is not marked at the
specified time.
Show tapes in the car mirror
Tape shows the arrival time and
the time to leave the car park

iv. Parking Ticket

Advantages:-
Easy
Number of machine
small
Low maintenance cost
Disadvantages:-
Attract vandalism
Distance
Great care complicated

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15. Road Accidents

A road accident refers to any accident involving at least one road vehicle,
occurring on a road open to public circulation, and in which at least one
person is injured or killed. Intentional acts (murder, suicide) and natural
disasters are excluded. According to Association for Safe International Road
Travel (ASIRT), nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, on
average 3,287 deaths a day. An additional 20-50 million are injured or
disabled. More than half of all road traffic deaths occur among young adults
ages 15-44.

16. Factors of Road Accidents

i. Human Factor

Negligence while driving

Driving in hurry
Careless driving
No discipline and violation of traffic regulation such as
violation of traffic light
Turning right or left without giving signal
Illegal passing
Unauthorized parking
Driving without physical fitness such as driving under the
influence of alcohol or drugs
Physically unfit and tired
Eating or drinking while driving
Using cell phone while driving
Pedestrian do not obey the traffic rules

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ii. Vehicles Factor

Some accidents are caused by unsafe and old vehicles or

vehicles are not properly maintained which have technical
problems such as steering system is not good.
The steering wheel not properly fixed and the arm joint
loose
Brakes are not functioning properly
The light system failure such as no head light or set at high
beam
No turning light signal
Tired worn out
Some vehicles have been improperly altered and do not
meet the technical standard

iii. Road Condition Factor

Some road stretches are narrow and damaged

Road condition worsen with potholes and dropped road
shoulder
No proper or inadequate warning signage at road under
maintenance
Lack or no road safety audit on newly constructed road and
many of the roads do not meet the road safety standard.

iv. Climate

Rain will cause road become slippery and hydroplaning

Fog reduces sight distance

17. How Traffic Management Reduce Road Accidents

i. Road Geometry Design from Safety Aspect of road and driver

Widening of the critical path
Build Pedestrian way such as bridge and subway
Zebra crossings should be provided at appropriate places
for crossing the road safely
Flyovers should be constructed at busy junctions, on fast
track
Humps should be made mandatory for all sub roads where
it enters a main road. It is should be clearly marked.

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ii. Law Enforcement

One Way traffic should be implemented as far as possible
Speed Limit Zone
Traffic Police or JPJ inspection
Heavy Penalty should be imposed on all those who cross
speed limits.
Heavy Penalty should be imposed for those who cause
accidents.
Children below age should not be permitted to do cycling in
busy roads where heavy vehicles are plying.
iii. Road Safety Awareness Campaign
Car Pool
Priority to Public Transport
Road Safety Day should be observed in all schools every
year
Competitions on Road Safety Tips, Slogans, or Essay should
be conducted for various categories of students.
iv. Driver Awareness
Drive according to road condition
Drive slower when the weather is bad
Wear a seatbelt
Keep vehicle in good working condition. Replace worn tires
and brakes as needed
Use a signal properly
Avoid cell phone when driving

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EXERCISE OF CHAPTER 4
PART A: SUBJECTIVE QUESTION

1. Identify FOUR (4) purposes of traffic management.

2. Explain TWO (2) main factors that contribute to road accidents.
3. List FOUR (4) objectives of traffic management.
4. List FOUR (4) traffic management techniques and give the example for each of the
technique.
5. Classify FIVE (5) advantages and FIVE (5) disadvantages of traffic control by using one
way technique.
6. Classify THREE (3) types of Traffic Direction Sign
7. Explain how traffic management reduce road accidents.
8. Differentiate the following car park area control method:
i. Time limit
ii. Parking Meter
iii. Coupon Parking
9. Explain briefly the traffic management techniques below:
i. Physical management of road system
ii. Instruct form and traffic regulation management
iii. Management of payment for traffic facilities

If You Want To Be A Leader, You Must Have Ideas. If

Not, Youre Simply a Follower

We Are In A Challenging World. People Who Are Lazy

Will Be Left Behind. Only Those Who Attempt Will
Succeed

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