General Earthworks 1.4.12 Licensed Surveyor Employ a Licensed Surveyor who shall be responsible for surveying the site and submit the results to the SO. 1.4.43 Quality Control Plan ‘Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer to the ‘General Requirements", clause 1.4.10 for quidance. 1.4.14 Safety Provide safety precautions to comply with all current lagisiation and regulations, notably: - Building Control Regulations - Code of Practice for Tratfic Control at Work Zone - Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSHA) - SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites - For works within LTA Railway Protection Zone, ensure the works comply fully with Code of Practice for Railway Protection. Additionally, comply also with the following: — BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low rise building = BS 8008: Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and descent of machine-bored shaft for piling and other purposes 1.8 Definitions a. | Accredited | The Testing Laboratory shall mean an organisation or testing laboratory accredited under the Singapore Laboratory laboratory Accreditation Scheme (SINGLAS) and fully equipped to carry out all tests and checks required by the Specification, b. | Topsoil Se by its nutrient content is capable of supporting the growth of vegetation. cc. | Obstructions ‘| Include rock, concrete, reinforced concrete, solid brickwork, ‘sheet piles and the like, met within the excavations, but ‘excluding those met on the surface of the ground. d. | Formation ‘The surface of the ground after completion of any excavation or filing. e. | Temporary All construction works that are not part of the permanent works works. but are required for their completion. f. | Suitable All that which is acceptable in accordance with the Contract for Material use in the works and which is capable of being compacted in the manner as specified to form a stable fill having side slopes as indicated on the Drawings. g. | Non-suitable | Other than suitable material, including: eaaal a. Material from swamps, marshes or bogs. b. Peat, logs, stumps or other organic matter and perishable and toxic materials. 7 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filling) LSW Consutng Enginoors Pe Lid ~ SpecificationGeneral Earthworks . Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion. d. Marine clay generally and clay of liquid limit exceeding 70 andlor plasticity index exceeding 35. . Materials having a moisture content greater than the maximum permitted for such materials in the Contract, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. h. | Rock Waterial with a large coherent mass of such size and strength, which can be loosened or fractured only by blasting, or the ‘employment of heavy pneumatic tools, or by chemical expansion methods. Loose boulders up to 1m? in volume that can be removed are not classified as rock . Goneral Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LLSW Coneuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpecifeationGeneral Earthworks 2 24 22 23 24 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS General Carry out the earthworks in accordance with BS 8000 and SS CP 18. The Contractor shall carry out a11 earthwork in such a manner as to prevent erosion or slips and shall limit working faces to safe slopes and height. The Contractor shall ensure that all surfaces have at all times sufficient gradients to enable them to shed water without causing erosion. At the end of each day, all surfaces shall be left with no area that can retain water. If necessary, the Contractor shall provide and maintain temporary and approved surface or sub-surface drainage system to ensure minimum delay in work progress. due to wet weather. Alternatively, adequate means such as covering all surfaces with polythene sheet shall be provided and maintained ‘Temporary Earth Retaining Supports When carrying out detailed design for the temporary supports in clause 1.4.1.1, ensure the temporary works will withstand all loads, including those due to the hydrostatic pressure, earth pressure, surcharge loads, overburden, effects of surrounding properties and varying load conditions due to different stages of constructions. Ensure the factor of safety and permissible wall deflection as stipulated are achieved by taking into account the effects of the designed temporary strutting or anchoring system. Verify the design based on SS EN 1997-2 unless otherwise agreed. 224 Pits and Trenches Design, supply, fix and remove all planking and strutting for the excavation as required. Ensure that the sides of pits and trenches remain stable at all times against all anticipated loadings. Ensure the safety of the workmen and to prevent damage to any adjoining property. Ensure the design comply with the requirements of SS EN 1997-2. Slope Stability Provide necessary protective measures to ensure the stability of slopes during the Whole duration of the construction period and in the long term if relevant. Check slopes from both cut and fill against slip failure to achieve the required factors of safety as directed. For slopes stabilized by berms, check the stability of both the overall slope and slopes between berms. For slopes formed in weathered or fresh rock such that joints dip into the excavation are exposed, form the slopes on a continuous profile parallel to the joints to prevent wedge failure. Filling Works for Embankment Design the filling works to remain stable at all times. Before proceeding to higher fill at every stage of fling works, report the strength of the underlying soil to the SO for review and consent to proceed. General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) {LSW Consuting Engineers Pie Lid — Spectication2.5 26 General Earthworks Ground Movements and Vibrations 2.5.1 Ground Movement and Vibration Control for Existing Critical Structures or Services Propose for SO's acceptance, the allowable ground movement and vibration due to the works, taking into account the vuinerabilty and sensitivity of the adjacent properties after camying out damage assessment as stated in Clause 1.4.1.2. State the values for “alert” and “work suspension” levels in accordance with the requirements of Building Control Act [Section 7(2)] Annex (BE/CP/5 OCT 2001). Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent: a. Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1. b. The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak Particle velocity of 15mmis. 25.2 Consolidation Settlement ‘Where applicable, upon completion of the works, ensure that consolidation settlement due to filling activities have achieved a degree as stipulated in the drawing. Make good any settlement that may occur up to the end of the period of maintenance. Water in Foundations The Contractor is to keep the Site and all excavations thereon free from rain, storm, Percolating, spring or running water and remove all water finding its way into the ‘excavations from any source by pumping or othenwise as required. No accumulation of water will be permitted at any time during the Contract. 10 General Earthworks (Excavation And Fiting) LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Lid = SpeciicaonGeneral Earthworks 3. MATERIALS 34 Granular fill materials In general, granular fill material shall conform to the requirements of types 1 and 2 materials as delineated below: 344 Typet Fill materials of this category shall consist of any combination of: ‘a. Crushed rock (other than argillaceous rock) b. Crushed concrete c. Crushed (non-expansive) slag d. Well-burned non-plastic colliery shale e. Natural sand 34.2 Type2 Fill materials of this category shall consist of any combination of: a. Crushed rock (other than argillaceous rock) b. Crushed concrete c. Crushed (non-expansive) slag d. Well-burned non-plastic colliery shale e. Natural gravel {Natural sand 3.41.3 Gradation The particle size distribution, determined in accordance with BS 1377-2, shall be within the grading limits below: Table 3.1.3 Gradation of Granular Fill Materials BS Sieve Size % By aso passing Type 1 Type? 75mm 100 100 375mm 85 - 100 85- 100 20 mm 60-100 60- 100 10 mm 40-70 40- 100 Smm 25-45 25-85 600 micron 8-22 8-45 75 micron 0-10 0-10 "1 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Specifcaton32 3.3 General Earthworks 3.1.4 Moisture Content of Fill 3.1.4.1 Typet ‘The material shall be transported, laid and compacted without drying out or segregation. 3.1.42 Type2 The material shall be transported, laid and compacted at a moisture content within the range 1% above to 2% below the optimum moisture content determined in compliance with BS 5835 and without drying out or segregation. 3.1.5 Plasticity of Fines ‘The material passing the 425 micron BS sieve, when tested in accordance with BS 1377-2, shall be non-plastic for Type 1 granular material and shall have a plasticity index of less than 6% for Type 2 granular material. Report for each test the ‘amount of material retained on the sieve. 3.1.6 Crushing Resistance When tested in accordance with Section 8 of BS 812-111, the fill material shall have the following minimum 10% fines values: Material 10% Fines (kN) Type t 50. Type 2 50. ‘Special Fill Material When required in the project, special fill material may consist of suitable material of which at least 95 per cent shall pass a 125 mm BS sieve and at least 90 per cent shall pass the 75 mm BS sieve. Up to 5 per cent of the material may be made up from isolated boulders of maximum dimensions not exceeding half the thickness of the layer of material being placed, provided that the fill can be compacted in the manner as specified in Clause 4,7. ‘The coefficient of uniformity shall be greater than 10. The fraction passing a 75 pm BS sieve shall be less than 20% by weight and shall have the following characteristics: a. Liquid limit not exceeding 35 b. Plasticity index not exceeding 12 Rock Fi Provide clean well-graded quarry waste from sources outside the Site. The material is to be resistant to weathering. The maximum size particles in the material shall pass through a rigid 200 mm square grid and the largest dimension of any particle shall not exceed 300 mm. The material shall not have more than 10% of its particles passing a 0.75mm BS sieve. Rock used in rock fill embankments shall, except for any specified extemal cover to slopes or within 500 mm of formation levels, be of such size that it can be deposited in horizontal layers each not exceeding 450 mm loose depth and extending over the {ull available width of the embankment. 12 Gonoral Earthworks (Excavation And Filling) LLSW Consulting Engines Pte Lid~ SpecificationGeneral Earthworks 35 3.6 37 3.8 Hardcore Hardcore shall consist of any combination of the above, together with broken brick free from plaster, dust, loam, wood, rubbish or organic materials. All pieces shall be less than 75 mm in any direction. 3.4.1 Crushing Resistance When tested in accordance with Section 8 of BS 812-111, the hardcore material shall have a crushing resistance of 50kN for 10% fines value. Classification of Materials For the purpose of compaction defined by Clause 4.7.2, materials are grouped as follows:- 3.5.1 Cohesive Soil Includes clays with up to 20 percent of gravel and moisture content not less than the value of the plastic limit (determined in accordance with BS 1377 Test No. 3) minus 4, 3.5.2 Well-Graded Granular and Dry Cohesive Soils Include clays containing more than 20 per cent of gravel and/or having a moisture content less than the value of the plastic limit (determined in accordance with BS 1377 Test No. 3) minus 4, and well-graded sands and gravel with a uniformity coefficient exceeding 10. 3.5.3 —_Uniformly-Graded Material Includes sands and gravel with a uniformity coefficient of 10 or less, and all sits and pulverised fuel ashes. Any soil containing 80 per cent or more material in the particle size range 0.06 - 0.002 mm will be regarded as silt for this purpose. Materials with Excessive Moisture Content Naturally occurring materials within the site that are non-suitable due only to excessive moisture content may be spread and dried. The use of material treated in this way shall subject to the acceptance of the SO. Blinding to Fill Blinding layer to the surfaces receiving sheet overlays or concrete shall be: a. Grade 15 concrete or b. Sufficient sand, fine gravel or other approved fine material applied to fill interstices and moistened as necessary before final rolling to provide a fiat, close smooth surface. Sand for blinding shall meet the requirements of SS EN 12620. Geotextile Sheet Unless otherwise specified, geotextiles shall be non-woven and shall be made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester or a combination of the aforesaid materials. Geotextiles shall not be susceptible to bacteria and fungus attack and shall be resistant to chemical action and not affected by exposure to ultra-violet light. Use class A geotextiles where the geotextiles serve as a separation or reinforcement function, Use class B geotextiles where the geotextiles serve as a fitration function. The property requirements for class A and class B geotextiles are specified below. 13 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) Ls Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciationGeneral Earthworks ‘Submit methods of laying and jointing prior to commencement of work. Table 3.8 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTILES Rea Class of Geotextile eee sical Proy ion eee ClassA | Class B He Minimum ‘ASTM D5261 or 125 50 Unit Weight, gim? Iso 9864 Minimum Grab 530 270 ASTM 04632 Tensile Strength, N Minimum Elongation i E ‘ASTM D4595 To Break, % Orso 10319 Minimum Trapezoidal 180 80 ASTM 04533 Tear Strength, N Water Permeability, Manufacturer sohfuaiererat 2ox102 | 27102 eo emisec test report to be submitted 14 usw! General Earthworks (Excavation An Filing) Consutting Enginears te Lid ~ SpecificationGeneral Earthworks 4, WORKMANSHIP 44 Preparatory Work 4.1.1 General Carry out at least the following in preparing the site for excavation or fill. Confirm the ‘extent of work before proceeding: — Break out old foundations, beds, drains, etc. Seal off drain ends and remove contaminated earth. Backfill as necessary. — Remove existing fences, gates, walls, roads, paved areas and other site features as required. — Remove trees, shrubs and hedges as shown on the drawings. Cut down, grub up main roots and fill voids. Dispose of all wood using methods approved by the Authorities. — Clear site of rubbish and vegetation. Grub up and dispose of large roots. — Remove unwanted materials from site. 41.2 Ground Movements Establish an agreed datum to monitor ground movements at the start of the Works. 41.3 Topsoil Remove all Top Soil to full depth (including turf) from the areas of cuttings and embankments, and other areas shown on the drawings. Remove topsoil also from existing embankments required to receive additional fl and from areas of new ditches and watercourses. Stockpile all removed top soil for re-use, where practical. Remove the top soil in accordance with BS 3882. 4.1.4 Areas for stockpiling Make arrangements and provide appropriate areas for stockpiling of Top Soil and/or Suitable Material. 41.5 Ground improvement by Jet Grouting Method Carry out ground improvement if necessary prior to commencing the earthworks. 4.1.6 Verification of Ground Keep a copy of the site investigation report on site for verification of the ground. The onus is on the Contractor to inspect the Site, prior to tendering, to form his own opinion of the nature of the ground to be excavated and to estimate the percentage of rock to be removed. This estimate will be at the Contractor's sole risk and will not be subject to any adjustment, Information which the Architect may possess about the nature of the soil from trial bore holes etc. will be made available on request. This information will be given in good faith but no guarantee can be given of its accuracy or applicability throughout the site. 15 General Earthworks (Excavation Ard Fig) LSW Consulting Engineers le Lid ~ Specfication42 General Earthworks Excavation: Generally 4.2.4 Drainage of Excavations 424.4 — General ‘Arrange for the rapid dispersal of water shed on to the site from any source. Where practicable, discharge the water into the permanent outfall for the drainage system. Provide adequate means for trapping sitt on temporary systems discharging into permanent drainage systems. 4.2.1.2 Provision of temporary systems Provide where necessary temporary water courses, ditches, drains, pumping or other means of maintaining the earthworks free from water. Maintain a sufficient minimum surface crossfall at all times and, where practicable, a sufficient longitudinal gradient to enable them to shed water and prevent ponding. 4.2.4.3. Temporary obstruction of free drainage Do not rely on pumping to provide drainage where temporary earth dumping obstructs the free drainage of a cutting, ‘Construct temporary drains to a suitable outtall or install a permanent drainage through the dumping to ensure free drainage for the whole duration of the Works. 4.2.1.4 — Contractor's Negligence ‘Should the Contractor, through his own negligence, allow water and sludge to accumulate to such an extent that it has to be excavated out to a dry and firm bottom, the Contractor shall carry out such further excavation as may be ordered by the Architect and fill this excess excavation with concrete (1:3:6) all at his own expense. 422 Dewatering 4.2.24 — General Groundwater control and drawdown shall comply with the requirements of SS CP 4 and in accordance with agreed methods. The dewatering method chosen shall ensure the stability of the excavation and the safety of nearby structures. Assess the effects of dewatering settlement on structures, services and land in the vicinity to the acceptance of the SO. 42.2.2 Damage due to settlement Where settlement due to consolidation is predicted to cause unacceptable damage to structures or utilities, implement measures to prevent such damage. 4.2.23 Drainage control measures For excavations carried out in permeable material below groundwater level, make provisions for adequate drainage control measures to prevent piping or a general weakening of the foundations due to the flow of water. 16 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Ltd ~ SpecificationGeneral Eanhworks 4.2.3. Adjacent Excavations Where excavations are to be made in close proxi deepest excavations first and, where required, fil. to each other, complete the Do not place excavated material adjacent to the excavation, unless the additional surcharge from such placement has been considered in the design 4.2.4 Surplus Excavated Material Remove all surplus materials that are not specified to be spread and levelled on site and dispose of to a suitable location. No excavated approved material other than surplus to the requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site except on the direction or with the permission of the Engineer. Should the Contractor be permitted to remove approved material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then he shall make good at his own expense any consequent deficit of filing arising therefrom with approved material. ‘Surplus excavated materials arising from excavation and not required for filing etc. as indicated in the Contract shall become the property of the Contractor who shall remove such surplus away from the site immediately. However, the Government reserves the right to select and secure such surplus materials. if Engineer desired by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide necessary transport for the delivery of such materials to a site or sites as directed. He shall therefore be reimbursed according to contract rates or rates analogous thereto for such materials and transport. No claim against borrows and surplus material shall be entertained. The Contractor shall ensure that such cost be included in the tender price. 4.2.5 Formations Generally a, Remove the last 150 mm of excavations above formation level just before inspection. Trim excavations to the required profiles and levels, and remove all loose materials. b. Keep the bottom of all excavations free from mud and water, trim clean, protect from the effects of weather and thoroughly compact and consolidate by approved means, c. Unless otherwise specified, seal formations within 4 hours of inspection with concrete or other agreed blinding. 42.6 Trafficking in Cuttings Do not permit constructional traffic other than that required for the excavation and ‘rimming, on the surface of the bottom of a cutting unless the cutting is in Rock or as agreed. Make good any damage to the sub-grade arising from such traffic on the surface with ‘same materials or materials having the same characteristics. 4.27 Separation of Materials Where the excavation reveals a combination of Suitable and Not Suitable Materials, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the Suitable Materials are excavated separately for use in the works without contamination by the Not Suitable Materials. 17 ‘Gonoral Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Specification43 General Earthworks 4.28 Temporary supports Provide temporary supports including temporary retaining structures, strutting and ground anchors where necessary, in accordance with the accepted design proposals. Ensure that the construction sequence comply with the accepted design proposals. Obtain the approval from the SO and the design PE for temporary supports for every level of strut before proceeding with further excavations to the next level of struts. Excavations: Pits and Trenches. 43.1 General Ensure the sides of pits and trenches remain stable at all times. 43.2 Supports to Excavation Where required by the nature of the materials being excavated, provide all necessary planking, strutting, shoring, ground anchoring and any necessary stagings for Upholding the face of the excavation, Before removing any planking, ground anchors or struts demonstrate that there is sufficient support to the retained ground to avoid excessive movement. For temporary ground anchors, as soon as progress of the works permits and with the acceptance of the SO, de-stress temporary ties and remove all strands if required. Identify locations where ties are to remain and ensure these are accepted. Alternatively, subject to the prior agreement, suitably batter the face of the excavation, 43.3 Struts and Walings Struts and wailings shall be adequate to sustain the calculated maximum loads without failure or unacceptable deflections. When necessary, pre-load struts to remove any slackness of the propping system. ‘Submit the proposed magnitude of preloading for the SO's acceptance. Ensure the gaps between the waler and the retaining walll are properly wedged or packed to SO's acceptance. Indicate all wor loads of struts clearly on the relevant construction drawings. 4.3.4 Width and Length of Pits and Trenches Trenches and pits shall not be wider than is necessary for the efficient laying and jointing of pipes or for other works to be carried out. Do not excavate more than the agreed length of trench at any one time. 4.3.5 Base of Excavation Ensure the bottom of all excavations is to the correct levels as required. Fill any over- excavation of foundation pits or trenches below the specified levels with Grade 15, concrete to the specified levels. Remove any pockets of soft material or loose rock at the bottom of pits and trenches and fill the resulting cavities and any large fissures with Grade 15 concrete, or otherwise fil with Suitable Material compacted in layers as required. Do not trim the side faces within 24 hours after placing such concrete. Alll excavations are to be inspected and approved by the Architect before any hardcore or concrete is laid. If satisfactory foundations are not obtained at or before 18 CGoneral Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Enginoors Pte Lid ~ SpecificationGenera Earthworks 44 the depths shown on drawings, permission in writing is to be obtained before proceeding further with the excavation. Should the Contractor excavate below the levels shown on the Drawings without the Architect's written instructions, he shall, at his own expense fill in the excess excavations with concrete. 43.6 Spoil Remove all surplus spoil immediately on excavation and keep re-usable material tidy at all times. 4.3.7 Backfilling of Pits and Trenches Use Suitable Material, deposited and compacted by approved plant in accordance with Clause 4.7.2, Remove timber sheeting and other excavation supports carefully as the filling proceeds except where they are required to be left in position as agreed. Excavations: Cuttings and Slopes 4.4.1 Excavation in Rock Unless otherwise specified, excavation in rock shall extend to at least 150mm below the specified formation level and backfilled with approved materials. 4.4.2 Undulations In all cuttings, whether in earth or rock, undulations in the general plane of the slope will not be permitted 44.3 Loose Mat ial Remove any overhanging, loose or unstable material on slopes. 44.4 Drainage Ensure the working areas are adequately drained throughout the period of construction. 44.5 Benching Unless otherwise specified, when cutting through any material subject to fretting, provide a 900mm wide horizontal bench at a height of 600mm above the table drain. Slope the cut surface at both ends of the bench in accordance with Clause 4.4.6. In cutting earth overlaying rock, which is required to be cut to a slope steeper than 1:2, provide a 900mm wide horizontal bench at the interface and slope the rock and earth surfaces in accordance with Clause 4.4.6. 4.4.6 Required Slopes Ensure the cut slopes achieve the stability as required in Clause 2/3) Unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings, the top edges of cutting shall be neatly rounded to the dimensions shown on the drawing or as directed by the Engineer. Such work shall be deemed to be included in the Contractor's rate for cutting work and shall not be paid for as extras. If however, the Contractor excavates the slope of a cutting beyond the specified line and the tolerance applicable thereto, the Engineer may authorize a minor change in the general slope of the cutting to suit the convenience of the works or the Contractor 19 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Censuting Engineers Pte Lid - SpeciicaionGeneral Earthworks may be instructed to fll and make up the cutting to the required slope in the manner as directed by the Engineer all at the Contractor's expense. Such a change shall not be regarded as a re-determination of the slope and no payment shall be made for any increase in the excavation. 45 Excavation: Rock Blasting 45.1 General Should rock be met in the course of excavation, remove it by approved means, which may include blasting. 45.2 Use of Explosives ‘On each occasion that the use of explosives is proposed: a. Obtain the written consent of the SO. b. Obtain all necessary licences from the appropriate authorities and conform to all Government regulations relating to transport, storage, handling and use of the ‘explosives. ©. Conform also to the rules set out by the authority in charge of Arms and Explosives. 45.3 Safety Precautions 45.3.1 General When blasting is proposed, determine the danger zone likely to be created and ensure that no damage is caused to persons or property on or offsite. Provide full details as to the steps and precautionary measures to be taken to safeguard the surrounding properties. Prior to commencing blasting operations, submit a written report listing any existing defects in the structures in the zone which may be affected, supported by photographs where necessary, to the SO. 45.3.2 Road closures ‘When blasting operations are being carried out, close any road affected to traffic and erect the appropriate signs in accordance with the latest “Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Control” published by the Land Transport Authority. 4.5.4 Removal of Loose Material Upon completion, all rock faces shall be scaled of loose blocks. 46 Filling: Generally 46.1 General Filling works shall include the preparation, placing and compaction of Suitable Material at specified areas. Al filing materials, whether placed and/or compacted or awaiting placing and/or compaction which, in the opinion of the Engineer does not comply with this Specification or has been damaged by weather or in any other way, shall be removed and replaced at the Contractor's expense. 20 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consutng Engincars Po Lid ~ SpeciationGoneral Earthworks 47 4.6.2 Placing Fill Ensure that the areas to be filled are free from loose soil, rubbish and standing water. Take all necessary precautions to ensure stabilty of adjacent structures. Ensure plants employed for transporting, laying and compacting are suited to the material. Spread and level material in layers and compact as soon as practical. Lay differing materials separately so that only one type of material occurs in each layer. 4.8.3 Stability of Works Ensure the filing works remain stable at all times. 4.6.4 Weather Condition ‘Stop all filling works when the weather is judged by the SO as would adversely affect ‘the compaction of the fill. 46.5 End Tipping End tipping of fill is not permitted unless otherwise agreed. Filling: Compaction of Fill 47.1 General All materials shall be compacted in layers as soon as practicable after deposition. Upon completion and before overlaying, the surface of the layer shall be free from ridges, craoks, loose material, potholes, ruts or other defects. Rectify such defects to the full thickness of the layer before overlaying, Before commencing any filing, test each class of material to be compacted by an acceptable laboratory to establish the maximum value of the dry density that can be achieved and the optimum moisture content for compaction. Test in accordance with BS 1377 test no. 13. 4.7.2 Compaction by mechanical plants Table 4.7.2 below may be used as a guide in establishing appropriate use of compaction methods and plants. ‘The depth of each compacted layer shall not be greater than the maximum depth of the compacted layer stipulated for each type of compaction plant. Earthmoving plant shall not be accepted as compaction equipment. Alternative methods or plants may be accepted if it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the SO at site trials that the required field density can be achieved. 2 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Lid Specifcstion4.7.2 GUIDANCE FOR THE USE OF COMPACTION PLANTS General Earthworks Welt-graded granular | Uniformly -graded type ot Cohesive Soil | and dry cohesive soils materials Compaction | Category Max depth of | Min | Maxdepth | Min No. | Maxdepth | Min Plant Compacted | No.of | of of of | No.of layer(mm) | passes | Compacted | passes | Compacted | passes layer (mm) layer (mm) Force per 100 mm smooth | Width wheeled roller 24 -28KN 125 8 125 10 125 10° 2.61-5.2kN 125 6 125 8 128 s More than 5.2 «N 4150 4 150 8 Unstable Force per 100mm with Gridroter [2.6 - 52KN 150 10 Unsuitable 150 10 53 - 7.8kN 150 8 125 12 Unsuitable More than 7.8kN 150 4 150 12 Unsuitable Tamping eee Tame More than 40 kN 25 4 450 12 250 4 Wheel Load 1 = 45tonnes | 125 6 Unsuitable 150 10 15-2 tonnes | 150 5 Unsuitable Unsuitable 2 + 28tonnes | — 175 6 125 2 Unsuitable Preumate- |25- 4 tomes | 225 5 125 10 Unsuitable twedrolier |. 6 tonnes | 300 4 125 10 Unsuitable 6 - 8 tonnes | 350 4 150 8 Unsuitable 8 - 12 tonnes | 400 4 160 8 Unsuitable More than 12 hors th 450 4 175 6 Unsuitable Static pressure under base plate pate [86 = 10.3 eine Unsuitable Unsuitable 8 6 Compactor | 10.3 = 12.1 kNim? Unsuitable 75 10 400 6 424 -13.8kNim? Unsuitable 75 10 450 6 138 -17.2kNim? | 100 6 125 450 4 47.2 -20.7 kNIm? | 150 6 150 200 4 more than 20.7 here 200 6 200 5 250 4 22 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Enaineers Pte Lid ~ SpecificationGeonoral Earthworks Table 4.7.2 (Cont'd) Wel-araded granular | Uniform-graded Sree Cohesive Soll | and ary cohesive soils materials ype Compaction | Category Max deptnof | in| M*SPP T van no, | MOEGEPH Tg lent ‘Compacted | No. of of ot No. of - oF | Compacted Compacted ‘ayer (mm) | P8825 | ayer (mm) | P#5°5 | ayer (mm) | Passes Force per 100 mm width 0.25 - 0.45 KN Unsuitable 75 6 150 16 0.46 - 0.70 kN Unsuitable 75 12 150 12 O71 = 1.25KN 100 12 125 12 150 6 wbratory | a.26 = 1.75 KN 125 8 150 8 200 10" 1.76 - 2.30 kN 150 4 150 4 225 12 2.31 - 2.80 kN 175 4 175 4 250 10" 2.81 - 3.50kN 200 4 200 4 275 a 3.51 - 4.20kN 225 4 225 4 300 e 421 - 490kN 250 4 250 4 300 s ‘Mass kilogramme Vibro- 50 - 65 100 3 100 3 150 3 Tamper | ¢5 - 75 125 3 125 3 200 3 More than 75 200 3 150 3 225 3 ae Mass kilogramme rammer | 100 150 4 150 6 Unsuitable more than 150 275 8 275 12 Unsuitable 7 Weight of hammer Dropping woe over 5 kN compactor | Drop 1m to2m 600 4 600 8 450 8 Drop over 2m 600 2 600 i Unsuitable Read this table in accordance with the following definitions: ‘a. The depth of compacted layer is the height by which an embankment is raised by each successive compacted layer. b. The number of passes is the number of times that each point on the surface of the layer being traversed by the compaction plant (or struck in the case of power rammers or dropping weight compactors). ¢. The effective width of a pneumatic-tyred roller is the sum of the widths of the individual wheeltracks together with the sum of the spacing between the Wheeltracks provided that each spacing does not exceed 230mm. Where the spacing exceeds 230mm the effective width shall be taken as the sum of the ‘widths of the individual wheeltracks only. d. The force per 100mm width of roll is the total weight on the roller divided by the {otal roll width. Where a smooth-wheeled roller has more than one axle the machine shall be assessed on the basis of the axle giving the highest value of force per 100mm width, e, Wheel load is the total weight of the roller divided by the number of wheels. 23General Earthworks {For items marked with an asterisk (*), the rollers shall be towed by track-laying tractors. Self-propelied rollers are unsuitable. g. Where a combination of different types of plants are used, the following additional definitions apply: |. The depth of layer shall be that for the type of plant requiring the least depth of layer. ll The number of passes shall be that for the type of plant requiring the greatest number of passes. Disregard the above assessment when a lighter type of plant is used to provide some preliminary compaction only to assist the use of heavier plant. 47.3 Required Field Density Produce a compacted fill material having a field density of at least the following percentage of the maximum dry density previously established for that material: a, 95% in the case of material within 500mm of formation level. b. 90% in the case of material more than 500mm below formation level. Notwithstanding compliance with the table in 4.7.2, verity by site tests at a rate of 3 tests per 300m2 or less unless otherwise agreed, that the required field density is being achieved and make any adjustments to the compaction methods if necessary. 4.7.4 Moisture Content Maintain the moisture content of the in-situ material during compaction as close to the optimum moisture content as possible. If necessary, adjust by wetting or drying on site to consistently maintain the required in-situ field densities. 47.5 Compacting Different Materials When materials of widely divergent characteristics are used in fill areas, compact in separate clearly defined areas for each type of material If itis not practical to define the areas in which each material occurs, operate the compaction plant base on the material which requires the greatest compacting effort 47.6 Use of Rock Fill Spread and level each layer of Rock fill and systematically compact by at least 12 passes of either: a. A towed vibratory roller with a static load per metre width of roll of at least 1800 kg, or b. A grid roller with a load per metre width of roll of at least 8000 kg, or ©. Other approved plant. Ifthe rock contains sufficient soft material for satisfactory compaction to the requirements of table in 4.7.2 for well graded granular soil, compact the fill according to the table. Gonaral Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Pe Lid ~ SpeciationGeneral Earthworks 41.7 Deterioration of Material If the material deposited as fil subsequently reaches a condition such that it cannot be compacted in accordance with the specified requirements, seek agreement with the SO to either: @. Make good by removing the deteriorated material and replace with Suitable Material, or b. Make good the material by mechanical or chemical means to improve its property, or c. Cease work on the material until its physical condition is again such that it can be compacted as required, 43 Filling: Fill Adjacent to Bridge Abutments, Culverts and Retaining Walls 4.8.1 Fill Material Use Special Fill Material as defined in Clause 3.2 within the zones as stipulated in table 4.7.2 above. TABLE 4.8.1: Fill Adjacent to Abutments, Culverts and Retaining Walls ‘Structure Minimum Width of Special Fill Bridge Abutment & Wingwalls 2m Culvert wingwalls HIB Retaining walls, Hi or full width of base, whichever is greater Barrels of box culverts 43 Barrels of pipe culverts 600mm all round 48.2 Filter Drain Provide a filter drain layer when filing behind structures with weepholes. The filter drain shall consist of clean, hard and durable broken stones or hardcore conforming to the grading as set out in the table below. TABLE 4.8.2 Filter Drain Material BS Sieve Size Percentage by weight passing 63mm 400 37.5mm 85-100 20mm 0-20 410mm 0-5 3.35mm 0 Place the larger stones adjacent to the weep-holes and the smaller particles behind and above the larger layer. Unless otherwise specified, the filter drain shall a. Have a width of 300mm. b. Extend horizontally across the whole width of the structures. ©. Cover every weephole vertically by at least 300mm. 25 General Earthworks (Excavation fre Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciationGeneral Earthworks 48.3 Placing Fill For framed structures, bring up fil at both ends of the structure simultaneously with the difference in levels of fills at both ends limited to 600mm. Do not place fill against concrete structures within 21 days after placing concrete Unless sufficient supports have been provided to the walls to the acceptance of the sO. 48.4 Compaction Place fill in horizontal layers of thickness and compact using the appropriate plant in compliance with Clause 4.7.2. The degree of compaction shall be at least 95% of the maximum dry density achievable of the material. Do not use heavy compaction equipment close to the back of the wall. ‘The Contractor shall allow in his tender for all costs incurred in executing compaction by whichever method he has adopted and any subsequent alteration as may be directed by the Engineer. 49 : Embankments and Fill Slopes 49.4 Material Ensure Suitable Materials are being used for embankment fill, including materials which may be initially wetter than specified but become Suitable after drying. For capping layers ensure specified material including topsoil are placed to a consolidated thickness below the formation level. 49.2 Build-up and Compaction Unless justified as impractical, build up embankments evenly over the full width and maintain a sufficient cambered surface to enable ready drainage of surface water. Compact fill material as per Clause 4.7. 49.3 Rock Fill 49.3.1 Spreading and levelling Using a crawler tractor weighing not less than 15 tonnes. Each layer shall consist of well-graded rock. 4.9.3.2 Finishing Fill surface voids with broken fragments before the next layer is placed. ‘Thoroughly blind the top surface and side slopes of embankments with approved fine graded material to seal the surface. 4.9.3.3 Use ofisolated boulders Isolated boulders each within the range 0.02 m® to 0.10 m? in size may be used provided that the specified compaction requirements are met and no stone exceeding 0.02m? shall be placed less than 0.5 metres below the top of the embankment fil 26 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filng) LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpecteatonGeneral Earthwores 4.9.4 Embankments Bridging Culverts etc. In constructing embankments up to and over culverts, pipe drains and bridges, bring the embankments up equally on both sides. Filling may proceed over widths less than the full width of the embankment and in steps not exceeding the depth of one layer above the adjoining area offi 49.5 Construction Traffic During construction, control constructional traffic uniformly over the full width of the embankments. If itis intended to use the surface of embankments for constructional traffic before trimming to formation level, bring up and maintain the area to a level not less than 150 mm above formation level before allowing constructional traffic on the surface. In areas of shallow filing where the ground level is within 300 mm of formation level, bring up and maintain the surface level at least 300 mm above formation level. Make good any damage caused to the subgrade. 4.9.6 Formation of Slope Faces = Form the slope faces of embankments by overfiling, cutting back and trimming neatly to the determined profile. The formed siopes shall achieve the stability as required by Clause 213. ~ Where an embankment is to be constructed on a hillside, or where the natural surface falls away at a slope steeper than one vertical to four horizontal, cut a horizontal bench to support the toe. The minimum width of the bench shall be one third of the vertical height of the fill (measured from the toe) but not less than 600mm. - Where an embankment is to be constructed on the slopes of existing embankments exceeding one vertical to four horizontal, the existing slope shall be cut in the form of horizontal terrace over the full area to be covered by the new fill. Cut the terraces in minimum width of 600mm and stepped progressively as the fill progresses. = At 1.2m below the embankment surface, no point on the completed slope shall vary from the required face by more than150mm measured at right angles to the slope. At greater than 1.2m below the surface, no point on the completed slope shall vary by more than 300mm. 49.7 Placing Fills in Embankments Ifthe material deposited as fill subsequently reaches a condition such that it cannot be compacted in accordance with the requirements of the Contract, the Contractor shall at his own expense either: — make good by removing the material off the embankment either to tip or elsewhere until it isin a suitable physical condition for re-use, and replacing it with suitable materials; or = make good the material by mechanical or chemical means to improve its stability; or = cease work on the material until its physical condition is again such that it can be compacted as described in the Contract. Rock material shall be broken down to dimensions not exceeding the compacted thickness of the layer in which it is placed.. Rock material shall be well distributed in 27 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Fte Lid ~ Specification4.40 4a General Earthworks layers extending the full width of the fill and sufficient fine material shall be placed around the larger material as it is deposited to fill the voids and produce a dense compact fill. Where insufficient fine material is present to fill the voids, additional fine material shall be obtained from other sources at the Contractor's expense. Unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings, the top edges of embankments shall be neatly rounded to the dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Such work shall be deemed to be included in the Contractor's rate for earthwork. 498 — Hillside Fills Where embankments are to be constructed on hillsides or on the slopes of existing embankments, or where embankments are to be constructed in part-widths, the existing slope, if it exceeds one vertical to four horizontal, shall be cut in the form of horizontal terrace over the full area to be covered by new fill. As each layer of new ‘embankment is constructed, the existing slope shall be stepped in successive terraces, each at least 600 mm in width, the terraces to be cut progressively as the embankment is placed. Materials thus excavated shall be re-compacted as part of the new embankment material if it has satisfied 4.1. No payment shall be made for material removed in the construction of benches and terraces, which shall be regarded as part of the earthwork. If, in preparing hillsides, the Contractor removes material outside the limits specified in this Clause in order to facilitate his operations, no payment shalll be made for the removal of this extra material, and he shall be required to make good at his own ‘expense any scars created by him. Hardcore Under Concrete Slabs Use material as in Clause 3.4. Provide thicker layer than specified if necessary to make up levels from stripped site levels to underside of slabs. Use of Geotextile Sheet 4.11.1 General a. Protect from exposure to light, except for a maximum of 5 hours during laying. Protect from all materials listed as potentially deleterious by the manufacturer. b. Before commencing laying, remove humps and sharp projections from the ground and fill hollows. Do not stretch or bridge the geotextile over irregularities and ensure that the specified lap is maintained. c. Take care to avoid damage to geotextile by vehicles, plant or by tipping material from excessive height. Do not allow construction traffic over geotextiles until covered by the full thickness of fill. d. Temporarily weight edges of sheet with fill and lay a maximum of 15m of geotextile before covering to prevent upiift. Place fill as soon as possible after laying and within a maximum of 24 hours. @. Place geotextile patches over tears with minimum lap of 300mm beyond extent of damage and cover immediately to retain in place. 28 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LLSW Consuling Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciestionGeneral Earthwork 4.11.2 Jointing Propose and comply with one of the following methods of jointing: a, 300mm overlap - Overlaps to be 300 to 1000mm, with the wider overlap necessary on very soft subgrades to allow for movement when trafficked by vehicles. Overtaps to be weighted down immediately with small amounts of aggregate. b. Single stitched prayer seam with high tenacity polyester thread - Carry out sewing with portable stitching machines using high tenacity polyester or polyester/cotton thread in a single or double stitch to form a prayer seam configuration. A single line stitch is generally adequate. c. Single welt with two rows of staggered, corrosion resistant staples — Carry out stapling on welted seams with two rows of staggered, corrosion resistant, staples. 4.12 Preparation for Cultivation with Spot and Close Turfing Trim and cultivate cut or filled areas that are to be turfed as soon as possible after completion of the earthworks. For turfing requirements refer to the architectural specifications 443 Accuracy and Tolerance 4.13.1 General ‘Comply with SS CP 18 except where noted below. 4.13.2 Permissible Deviations from Formation Levels a. Beneath mass concrete foundations: #25 mm. b. Beneath ground bearing slabs and R.C. foundations: #15 mm. ¢. Embankments and cuttings: #50 mm. d. Ground abutting external walls: + 50 mm, but such as to ensure that finished level is not less than 150 mm below any damp proof course, 4.13.3 Blinding to Fill Permissible deviations on surface level: +0, -25 mm 29 General Earthworks (Excavation An Filing) {LSW Consulting Engineer Pte Lid SpeciationGeneral Earthworks VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 5A Submissions 5.4.1 Method Statement Before work commences, provide the SO with a method statement including at least the following information as relevant: a. Proposed excavation and compaction plant. b. Maximum depth of each compacted layer. c. Minimum number of passes per layer. d. Method of treating slopes. ©. Protection of formation and slopes. f. Proposed temporary works. 9. Dewatering control. h. Ground anchors, etc. 51.2 Programme of Works ‘Submit to the SO prior to the start of the Work unless otherwise agreed. 5.1.3 Additional Site investigation Factual Report Extend to the SO, a copy of the factual report for additional site investigation conducted under Clause 1.4.6.2. 5.1.4 Temporary Works Design 5.1.4.1 General Before commencement of Work, submit details of proposals for supporting the sides of all excavation which have slopes steeper than 1:2, or less if poor conditions exist, or exceeding 1.5 m in depth which will be formed during the course of the work, Provide adequate information to justify the adequacy of his proposals, if so requested. 5.1.4.2 Flow chart for ground movement monitoring ‘Submit a flow chart clearly indicating the proposed line of actions and the persons in- charge in connection with the actions to deal with critical ground movements for the SO's acceptance, 5.1.4.3 Use of ground anchors Where there are use of ground anchors as part of the temporary works, submit to the SO a detailed specification for the anchors as part of the method statement. Provide an appraisal of the suitability of the proposed anchor installation in relation to the ground conditions, the possible effects on adjoining structures and services, and the rights of adjoining owners whose structure or land may be affected. Ensure all necessary approvals and permits have been obtained from the Authorities. 30 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Po Lid - SpeciationGeneral Eerthworce 5.2 53 54 5.1.5 Quality Control Plan Prepare and submit the quality control plan for SO's acceptance prior to starting work. Inspection and Tests of Temporary Works Inspect the temporary works scheduled as follows: a. Intermediate inspections if the works are in place for more than 1 week. b. Ifthere has been a change in loading conditions, including impact. c. After any adverse weather conditions. Submit a method statement for acceptance indicating the proposed frequency and details of the inspections. 5.2.1 Pull Out Tests for Ground Anchors a. Pullout test shall comply with BS EN 1537 b. Propose numbers of tests for acceptance in the method statement. . Perform preliminary pull-out tests prior to the installation of working ground anchors to verify the design capacity of ground anchors. d. Carry out acceptance tests on the working ground anchors. Fill Material Samples Atleast 21 days before filing work commences, submit full details of the sources and types of the proposed filling materials together with 25kg representative samples of each type from each source. On request from the SO collect and dispose of these samples. At the same time, deliver to an accepted accredited laboratory, sufficient representative samples of each material for the specified tests, at a rate of one set of tests per sample. Testing of Fill Materials Carry out the following tests on all proposed fill materials at the rate of one test for each representative sample: a. BS 1377-1 Section 3: Classification b. BS 5930 Site Investigation ¢. BS 1377-2: Determination of the particle size distribution. 4. |. BS 1377-2: Determination of the plasticity index (of material passing the 425, micron BS sieve; % of material retained to be reported). e. BS 1377-3: Determination of the total sulphate content. f. BS 812-111: Determination of the ten per cent fines value, The following tests may be required for certain materials as directed: a. BS 1377-4: Determination of the dry density/moisture content relationship of granular soil (vibrating hammer method). BS 1377-4: Determination of the California Bearing Ratio. c. BSEN 13738: Geotextiles-related products. Determination of pullout resistance in soil d. BS 5835: Determination of strength of aggregates. 31 ‘General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciationGeneral Earthworks 5.4.1 Additional Tests ‘When directed, test all imported fill for compliance with specified limits on contamination to ensure that material is ‘clean’ relative to the proposed end use. Propose and submit the specific oriteria, schedule and timing of tests required to SO for acceptance. 32 General Earthworks (Excavation And Filing) LSW Gonsutng Engineers Pe Lid~ SpeciationConcrete Construction Generally LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd Concrete Construction Generally Concrete Construction Generaly LSW Consutng Engineers Pie Lid~ SpeciicavonCONTENTS 1 GENERAL 14 Scope 12 Related Specifications 13 Standards 14 Trade Preambles 2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS: 24 Concrete Mix and Concreting Process 2.2 Execution Class 23 Control on Shrinkage and Temperature Effects 24 Construction Loads 25 Noise Nuisance a MATERIALS 34 General 32 Cement 33 Fine Aggregates 34 Coarse Aggregates 35 Water 36 Admixtures 37 Concrete Mix Constituents 38 Ready-Mix Concrete Plant 39 Surface Hardener 3.10 Responsibility and Defects 4 WORKMANSHIP 44 General 42 ‘Transportation of Concrete 43 Inserts 4a Placing and Compaction 45 Kickers 48 Construction Joints ar Concreting in Hot Weather 48 Pours with Temperature Control 49 Protection from Rain 4.10 Curing and Protection amt Accuracy of Construction 412 Responsibility and Defects 5 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 5A Submission 52 Compliance Testing 53 Inspection 54 Temperature Control 5S Non-Destructive Testing 56 Core Test 87 Check Test 58 Structural Test Cconerete Construction Generally Page ©oowOV NING 10 10 10 10 10 10 " " "4 4 12 22 23 23 23 23 23, 23 23 24 ‘Conerete Construction Generally LLSW Consuting Enginoers Pte Lid - Specification14 12 13 Concrete Construction Generally GENERAL Read with the General Requirements specification, and all other contract documents. Scope This specification covers general requirements for the use of structural quality concrete in plain, reinforced or prestressed structures. Relevant requirements may also be adopted for non-structural concrete, for example in external works. For particular requirements of specialists works such as prestressing and pre-cast, refer to the other respective specifications. Related Specifications Read this work specification in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work specifications as follows: Reinforcement Standards 13.4 Standards Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted. Singapore Standards SSEN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for NAto SS EN buildings 1992-1-1 SS EN 1992-1-2 Design of concrete structures. Structural fire de: NA to SS EN 1992-1-2 SSEN 1992-3 Design of concrete structures. Liquid retaining and containment NAtoSSEN Structures. 1992-3 ss78 Testing concrete SS 544 Concrete - Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206-1 SSEN 197-1 Cement — Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cement SSEN 197-2 Cement - Part 2: Conformity evaluation SSEN 206-1 Concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity SSEN 934-2. Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout Part 2: Concrete Admixtures — Definitions, requirements, confirmity, ‘marking and labelling SSEN934-6 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout Part 6: Sampling, confirmity control and evaluation of conformity CConerete Construction Generally LSW Consutng Engineers Pie Lid - Specification36 37 CConerete Consirustion Generally Admixtures To comply with the requirements of SS EN 206-1. Acceptance of admixtures will only be made upon provision of satisfactory information relating to name, type, dosage and justification for use. 3.6.1 Air Entrainment ‘Admixtures to be based on Vinsol resin and comply with SS EN 934-2. 3.6.2 Chloride Content ‘Any admixtures used not to be substantially Calcium Chloride based. 3.6.3 Waterproofing Admixture Where the required waterproofing performance is to be achieved by the use of concrete waterproofing admixture systems, provide details of the proposed admixture for agreement by the SO and provide full details of the proposed mix(es) to both the supplier and the SO for agreement. This shall be mixed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and as detailed in the Bill of Quantities. Concrete Mix Constituents 3.7.4 Concrete Mixes 3.7.1.1 Design Mixes When designing the concrete mix, comply with the limiting mix parameters and constituent materials as set out in SS EN 206-1 and SS 544 series to satisfy the strength and durability requirements. The Engineer reserves the right to instruct the Contractor to modify and improve the mix design from time to time during the progress of work as and when he considers necessary to meet the requirements. This shall not entitle the Contractor to any extra payment. 3.7.2 Chloride Content Limit the chloride content of the proposed concrete, including chloride contained in the admixtures, to that specified in SS EN 206-1. Provide written evidence of conformance. 3.7.3 Calcium Chloride Not to be included in any concrete, 3.7.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction Take precautions, in accordance with SS EN 206-1, to prevent alkali-silica reaction. Test aggregates to determine any varieties of susceptible silicas and for other local requirements. 3.7.5 Sulphates Take precautions to restrict the amount of sulphate in the proposed concrete, in accordance with SS EN 206-1 3.7.6 Additions or Changes Additions or changes to the fresh concrete not to be made after batching without the prior agreement of the SO. Concrete Construction Generally LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - Specification3.8 3.9 3.10 Concrete Consrution Generally Ready-Mix Concrete Plant Obtain from an approved source. Ensure that the concrete supplied complies with the requirements of this specification and the recommendations of SS EN 206-1 Forward details of the ready-mix concrete plant proposed for use to the SO for acceptance. Provide contingency plans prior to commencement of work in the event of supplies being interrupted during a pour due to a plant breakdown. Where feasible, detai's of a suitable back-up plantisupplier should be submitted to the SO for acceptance. The Engineer reserves the right to instruct the Contractor to change the supplier due to unsatisfactory performance or to rescind his approval for further use of ready-mixed concrete during the progress of the works, if any of the requirements has, in his opinion, ot been satisfactorily complied with. While it is not being discharged, the concrete in a transit truck/truck mixerfagitator shall be kept continuously agitated. The concrete shall be placed in its final position and left undisturbed within 2 hours from the time when the cement was added to the mix. Surface Hardener To consist of aggregate particles which have a hardness of not less than 7, as measured by Mot’s scale. Responsibility and Defects The fact that the Contractor has used materials, etc to the approval of the Engineer shall in no way relieve him of his responsibilities of producing a concrete of the reat characteristic strength, workability, shrinkage characteristics, etc for the purpose to which itis put Concrete Construction Ganeraly LSW Gonsuting Engineers Pte Lid SpecificationConcrete Construction Generally 4 WORKMANSHIP 44 General ‘The Contractor shall be entirely responsible for the control of the quality of the concrete manufactured and placed in the Works. Where concrete is required to resist water pressure, the Contractor shall ensure that the concrete remains completely watertight and shall guarantee the water-tightness of all such structures. The Contractor shall at his own expense carry out any remedial measures to the satisfaction of the Engineer which may be necessary to make such structures watertight whether leakage is through the concrete or through the joints. No concrete shall be placed in the work until the results of the trial mix are approved by the Engineer. 42 ‘Transportation of Concrete ‘Supply and transport all concrete to the point of discharge from the mixer/agitator in accordance with SS EN 206-1. 421 Delivery Tickets Information to be in accordance with SS EN 206-1 and to be completed and available prior to discharge of concrete into the structure. 43 Inserts Ensure that any cast-in inserts are securely fixed prior to placing concrete. 44 Placing and Compaction Place and compact the concrete in accordance with BS EN 13670. Place and fully compact the concrete to avoid cold joints and honeycombing, and to minimize segregation, excessive blemishes or other defects in the hardened concrete. 45 Kickers Kickers to be monolithic with the slab, of sound construction and not less than 100mm. high. Where kickerless construction is specified on the drawings, form horizontal construction joints for walls and columns without kickers taking guidance from the British Cement Association Guide: Kickerless Construction, Ref. 47.023, 1988. Ensure robustness of the chosen method of construction and cast a sample wall and column Panel for the SO’s approval. 46 Construction Joints 46.1 General Position and form joints such as to suit the structure and to avoid distress to the structure. Unless otherwise agreed with the SO limit pour sizes to as given in the following table: Max. Area_| Max. Dimension CONSTRUCTION (m) (m) Weter-resisting walls 25 5 Water-tesisting slabs “100 10 ‘Slabs with major restraint at both ends: “100 13 ‘Slabs with major restraint at one end only 250 20 ‘Stabs wit ile restraint in any direction 500. 30 Walls 40. 10 10 ‘Concrete Construction Ganeraly LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpecificationConcrete Constuction Generally 47 43 49 4.10 4.6.2 Preparation of Construction Joints. Carefully prepare construction joint surfaces to expose the coarse aggregate and leave a roughened surface to provide a key. Apply a layer of cement grout on the joint surface prior to pouring fresh concrete against a construction joint. Conereting in Hot Weather ‘Comply with the recommendations of BS EN 13670 and make reference to SS EN 206- ‘Twhere appropriate. Cool formwork made of metal, concrete or other material with water before placing concrete against it. Ensure no standing water is left in formwork, Pours with Temperature Control In pours when temperature control measures are necessary to achieve the Performance requirement of crack control due to temperature and shrinkage, or when rich mixes are to be placed at high ambient temperatures, or when directed by the SO: — Propose suitable methods to SO’s acceptance to ensure the temperature of the concrete does not exceed 65 during hydration. Control the temperature gradient across the section by the provision of thermal insulation to prevent a differential greater than 20. = Monitor the temperature of the concrete through the section, — Continue temperature monitoring until the hottest part of the section is less than 20T greater than the minimum daily ambient tempera ture. = Protect the conerete from abrupt changes in temperature at the end of the curing period, = Inspect and remove any bleeding water and weak concrete at the top surface prior to setting of concrete, replace the surface concrete and re-compact if necessary. The limits on temperature differential may be adjusted by agreement with the SO, subject to assessment of information concerning the aggregate type and its effect on the thermal coefficient of expansion of the concrete. Protection from Rain Protect the conerete during transportation and after placing using tarpaulins, polythene sheeting etc. If heavy rain commences during concreting, implement appropriate protection measures before continuing. Curing and Protection 4401 Curing Cure the surface of the concrete to avoid premature drying-out. Methods of curing to be in accordance with BS EN 13670 and as agreed with the SO. Commence curing immediately after compaction: protection from radiation to be in place within 30 minutes of final tamping. Curing membranes to be compatible with any finishes to be applied subsequently. Cure for not less than 3 days after casting. TT ‘Conerete Construction Generally LLSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Specification4M Concrete Construction Generally 4.10.2 Protection Protect the structure against damage. Propose methods for the repair of any damage occurring and make good subject to the agreement of the SO. Accuracy of Construction 411.1 General Construct all work within the permissible deviations given below. Note that the tolerances given here are not cumulative. Carry out regular checks on the accuracy of the structure and if a part of the structure is found to be out of tolerance, propose any remedial work required. Unless otherwise stated in this Specification or the drawings, any constructed concrete work after removal of the formwork which deviates from the intended size or position by more than the permissible values given in the table shall either be able for rejection or subject to the approval of the Engineer, be rectified at the Contractor's expense, 4.11.1.4 Precedence The following are the permitted tolerances for the structures as defined on the drawings. These tolerances take precedence over those given in BS EN 13670. All appropriate tolerances have been repeated for completeness. The tolerances for position refer to the tolerance from the reference lines and datum given in the Specification. Any deviation in secondary lines are included in the tolerance given. ‘The hierarchy of tolerance adopted in the Specification is such that the tolerance of each level must be contained within the tolerance of the level above where 1 is the highest level: First — The overall tolerance of the structure, 4.11.2, 4.11.3 and 4.11.4. ‘Second — The positional tolerance of all parts of elements of the structure within the overall tolerance, 4.11.5 and 4.11.6. Third — The dimensional tolerance of the individual elements within their positional tolerance, 4.11.7, 4.11.11 and 4.11.12. Forth — The positional tolerance of the reinforcement and fixings within the individual elements dimensional tolerance, 4.11.8, 4.11.9 and 4.11.10. 4.1.1.2 Tolerance Class Tolerance Class 1 is considered to be the normal tolerance as set out in BS EN 13670. Unless otherwise specified or agreed with the SO, lesser deviations to meet design fit requirements or any other reason shall be considered Class 2. Class 2 tolerances may apply to the whole structure or any part and shall be agreed with the SO. 4.1.1.3 Execution Class Where Ciass 2 tolerances are specified or agreed with the SO, the execution will be to Execution Class 3. 4.41.1.4 Measurement The tolerances given in 4.11.2.2, 0 and 4.11.6.6 below apply before the striking of the formwork. The tolerances given are before deformation caused by loading and time- dependent effects. 12 ‘Concrete Construction Generally SW Consulting Enginoers Pie Lid - SpecificationConcrete Constniction Generaly 4.11.1.5 Reference Grids ‘The location of the reference grids or primary lines and levels for the overall positioning of the Works shall be agreed by the SO and the Constructor before the structure is set, out, 4.11.1.6 Box Principle The ‘box principle’ can be applied to the tolerances in the Specification. Where it is. applied to the whole building the tolerances is as given by 4.11.2.1; where it is applied to an individual element the tolerance is + 20 mm, 4.11.2 Overall Structure 4.1.2.1 Inclination Location of any column, wall or floor edge, at any storey level, from any vertical plane through its intended design centre at base level in a multi-storey structure. Permitted deviation & = the smaller of 50mm, for H/(200n") mm whore h = frog storey height in mm H = free height at location = 3h in mm N= number of storeys where n> 1 4.11.2.2 Level Level of floors measured relative to the intended design level at the reference level. H+. Permitted deviation a for Hs tom = 15mm ‘10m < H < 100m = 0.5(H + 20) mm H=100m = 0.2(H +200) mm Where H = sum of the intended storey heights in m 4.41.3. Base Support (Foundations) Base supports shall include direct foundations and pilecaps, etc. but not deep foundations such as piles, slurry walls, diaphragms, special anchorages, etc. ‘Concrete Construction Generally LLSW Consutng Engineers Pe Lid ~ SpeciictionConcrete Construction Generally 4.41.3.1 Plan Section Pues Permitted deviation 4 = 25 mm ; . where = intended position in the x direction |, = intended positon inthe y direction yea 4113.2 Vertical Section Position in the vertical direction of a base support relative to the intended design positions. Permitted deviation & = 20 mm where supporting concrete superstructure Permitted doviation A= -15 mm +5 mm where supporting steel superstructure here h = intended distance of foundation below 4.11.4 Foundation bolts and similar inserts Note: Deviations are coordinated with BS EN 1090-; 4.1.4.1 Preset bolt prepared for adjustment ~s 2008 Cl. D.2.20 + Distance of centre ofa bolt group from intended 10 m= the farger of 25 mm or tv600 where h = height of element in mm. 15 ‘Concrete Construction Generally LLSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd SpeciicationConcrete Construction Generally 4.11.53 Offset between floors Deviation between centrelines at floor level. Permitted deviation A = the larger of 10 mm or 130. ‘mm, but not more than 20 mm. al ‘where t= thickness in mm = (ty + ta)/2 4.11.54 Curvature between adjacent floors Curvature of an element between adjacent storey levels Permitted deviation 4 for hs 10 m= the larger of 15 mm or h/400 > 10 m= the larger of 25 mm or W160 where h = height of element in mm. 411.55 Level per storey of the structure Level of adjacent floors at supports. he A Permitted deviation a= 10 mm where h = storey height in mm 4.11.56 Distance between adjacent columns and walls Distance between adjacent columns and walls, measured at corresponding points. Permitted deviation A = the larger of 20 mm or ¥600 ‘mm, but not more than 40 mm y where |= distance between cantralines in mm 16 Concrete Consiuction Ganeraly {LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lis SpecificationConcrete Construction Generally 4.41.6 Elements - Beams and Slabs 4.1.6.1 Location of beam to column connection Location of a beam to column connection measured relative to the column. « al oat Permitted deviation 4 = the larger of 20 mm or b/30 mm b where b = dimension of column in the same direction a as. Ainmm 1 Centreine of beam i Couns LiF Comte of column 4.1.6.2 Position of bearing axis of support Position of bearing axis of support when structural bearings are used. Permitted deviation 4 = the larger of 15 mm or /20 mm, where |= intended distance from edge in mm 4116.3. Straightness of beams Horizontal straightness of beams. I Permitted deviation 4 = the larger of 15 mm or 1600 mm a t where |= distance between supports 4.1.6.4 Distance between adjacent beams Distance between adjacent beams, measured at corresponding points. Permitted deviation 4 = the larger of 20 mm or 1600 ‘mm, but not more than 40 mm where |= distance between support centrelines in mm 7 CConereto Constuction Generally LSW Consuting Enginoors Pte Lid ~ SpecificationConcrete Construction Geneally 4.11.6.5 Inclination of beam or slab Difference in level across a beam or siab at corresponding points in any direction, A. Permitted deviation a = (10 + 500) mm ‘where | = span of element in mm 4.11.66 Level of adjacent beams Level of adjacent beams, measured at corresponding points. Permitted deviation 4 = (10 + 500) mm where I= distance between support centrelines in mm 4.1.6.7 Position of slab edge Position of slab edge relative to actual slab edge position on the floor below. EE] on Permitted deviation a= 10 mm ” 4.11.7 Section of elements 4.11.7. Cross-section dimensions of elements Applicable to beams, slabs, columns and other elements covering length, breadth and depth rer Permitted deviation A= for ee 1$150mm —=10mm 1=400mm = 15mm baa 122500mm = 30mm with inear interpolation for intermediate values. where I, intended dimensions ie ‘Gonerete Construction Generally |LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpocifeatonConcrete Constuction Generally 4.1.7.2 Squareness of element Application to beams, slabs, columns and other elements. A Permitted deviation 4 = the larger of 10 mm or a/25, mm, but not more than 20 mm. a where hy le= intended dimensions 4.11.8 Position of reinforcement within elements 4.11.81 Location of reinforcement Gives the tolerance of cover to reinforcement within an element Permitted deviation Aun for hs150mm = =+10mm h=400mm = +15 mm h22500mm = +20mm Permitted deviation Armas) = 10 mm et where required minimum cover Con Afro mot a cum =nominal cover given on drawings A. = permitted deviation from Crom h =height of cross section For foundators and members la foundations, permed plu \eviaions maybe increased by 15 mm. The given minus- ‘evietions apply. 4.1.8.2 Length of reinforcement lap joints Permitted minus-deviation a = 0.06! mm where |= intended lap length in mm Lea 19 ‘Goncreta Construction Generaly LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Specifeaion‘Concrete Construction Generally 4183 bh yea 411.9 Surface Straightness 4.11.91 Flatness Flatness of surface of any element. 4.1.9.2 Edge Straightness Location of reinforcement and ducts in prestressed elements © Anchorages Permitted location deviation = 25 mm horizontally ‘5 mm vertically + Tendons Permitted deviation Am Horziontally| Jn beams = 0.03h (width) = 5 mm <30 mm in labs = 150 mm Vertically ‘wus fh < 200 mm = +hi4o Ith > 200 mm = #15 mm Aine) all 10mm. Where h for vertical section = depth in mm h for plan section = width in mm y= Intended location in mm. + Basic unformed surface Permitted global deviation Permittod local deviation 4 = § mm © Ordinary unformed surface Permitted global deviation A= 8 mm Permitted local deviation a = 3 mm Ordinary surtace Permitted global deviation A= 9 mm Permitted local deviation A + Ordinary unformed surface Permitted global deviation 4 = 9 mm Permitted local deviation A. Straightness of edge of floor slab or element. fica eet Permitted global deviation & = 12 mm letm =8mm 1>11m=8 mmm, but no greater than 20 mm. where I= lenath of edae 20 Concrete Gonctuction Generaty LSW Consulting Enginoors Pte Lid - SpeciationConcrete Construction Generally 4.11.10 Holes and Fixings 4.11.10.1. Holes Size and location of hole relative to design position. + Position Permitted deviation 41 = 10 mm where I = Intended distance to centre line + Size Permitted deviation as = 2150 mm = 6mm, z= 400 mm = 15 mm 1g 2500 mm = 30 mm with linear interpolation for intermediate values. ‘where la= intended dimension 4.11.10.2 Cast-in Fixings Location of fixing or groups relative to the intended design position. + Deviation in plane Permitted deviation a= 10 mm = Deviation in depth Permitted deviation A2= 10 mm 4.11.10.3. Cast-in Bolts and Similar Fixings Location of fixing or groups relative to the intended design position = Location of fixing or groups relative tothe intended ‘design position Permitted deviation a: = 6 mm where Ir = distance between bolt groups of + ‘+ Internal distance between fixings in a group relative ; to the intended design position oi Permitted deviation as = 3 mm, ‘where le = distance between bolts + Protrusion of fixing Permitted deviatio ‘jaa * 25 mm. Amine) 5 mm, 21 ‘Conerete Construction Generally LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid Specifcation4a2 Concrete Construction Generally 4.11.10.4 Verticality by storey of the structure Ay ‘= Inclination of fixing Permitted deviation As = greater of i '5 mm or b-200 mm where ls = height of bolt 4.41.11 Staircases ‘The permitted deviation in the height of any riser is 5 mm of the intended design value. 4.11.12 Precast Concrete Elements 4.11.12.1. Standard precast products Standard precast products shall comply with the tolerances given in the relevant product standards. 4.11.12.2. Verticality by storey of the structure Concrete elements produced for the project shall comply with the tolerances for: sections of elements; position of reinforcement within elements; surface straightness; and holes and fixings given above, Responsibility and Defects Any defects due to materials and workmanship not in accordance with this specification shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer by the Contractor at his own expense. All such remedial work shall be executed without undue delay. ‘Concrete Construction Generally LSW Consulting Enginrs Pte Lid SpecificationConcrete Conetruction Generally 5. 54 52 53 54 5.5 5.6 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS Submission The Contractor shall submit the following to the Engineer for his approval during the course of the works: Plans depicting location/detail of all proposed construction joints and sequence of construction to suit his concreting programme prior to construction of any level. = Location of co-ordinated service penetrations/pipe sleeves through structural members, on a floor by floor basis, at least two weeks in advance of the intended date of concrete casting of that level, No hacking is permitted ~ As-built dimension plans of each section of the works completed. Compliance Testing Carry out sampling and testing during concreting operations in accordance with SS EN 206-1 and the appropriate parts of SS 78. Supply three copies of all test results to the SO as soon as they are available. Materials for tests shall be provided and delivered by the contractor at his cost, to any approved laboratory. testing fees shall be borne by the contractor. 5.21 Addition of Water If water or other materials are added to the ready-mix truck mixer drum before discharge, comply with SS EN 206-1. Camry out additional concrete cube strength testing where designed mixes are used. The water added to be recorded on the dolivery ticket. 5.2.2 Testing of Concrete Cubes Test concrete cubes in an accepted SAC accredited laboratory independent of contractual parties in accordance with SS EN 206-1 Inspection 5.3.1 Inspection Before Concreting Inspect the formwork, spacers, fixed reinforcement and inserts before placing the concrete. Allow concrete to be placed only when the works are inspected and satisfactorily accepted by the SO. 5.3.2 Inspection After Concreting Inspect the conerete after the specified curing period. Identify any remedial work required and submit proposal of rectification for agreement by the SO. ‘Temperature Control Provide evidence that the temperature of the concrete will not exceed 650 during hydration where large sections and/or rich mixes are being used, Non-Destructive Testing IF required, to carry out the tests in accordance with SS EN13791. Core Test ‘The Engineer reserves the right to direct that samples be cored from any portion of works for the purpose of examination and testing. The cored portion of the works shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer. B ‘Concrete Construction Generally LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid~ Specification57 58 ‘Concrete Construction Generally If the equivalent cube strength of the specimen is less than the appropriate specified characteristic strength, the concrete in that part of the works of which it is a sample shall be deemed not to comply with the specified requirements. ‘The Contractor shall bear the costs for the core tests if: = they are required because of work cube test failure, or = the Engineer having doubts about the quality of concrete, calls for a core test and the core test fails Check Test Consequent upon work cube test failure, the Engineer may instruct that other appropriate tests be carried out in accordance with BS 8110 on any portion of the works for the purpose of assessing the strength. The Contractor shall bear all the cost for such test. Structural Test 5.8.1 General ‘The Engineer may instruct the Contractor to make a load test on the works or any part thereof if in the Engineer's opinion such a test is necessary. If the test Engineer instructed is to be made because of: — cube test failure, or — the finished work, in the opinion of the Engineer is structurally defective and therefore unacceptable unless proven otherwise; then the test shall be made at the Contractor's expense irrespective of the test result. 518.2 Load Test (2) Building Works For building works the load test shall be done generally in accordance with BS 8110. (b) Bridges The load test shall be the same as that for building works except that the test loads shall be increased by 15%, (0) Precast Units Testing of the precast units shall be carried out as and when directed by the Engineer in accordance with BS 8110. Samples of the precast unit for the tests shall be provided and delivered by the Contractor at his cost to any other approved laboratory. The Contractor shall pay for the testing fees of the precast units which fail to meet the requirements of this Specification. ‘Where more than one sample from any sample batch of two or more similar units fall {0 satisfy this Specification, then the entire batch of units represented by such samples shall be liable for rejection by the Engineer. For precast concrete members which shall subsequently form parts of composite members, any of the following methods may be used at the discretion of the Engineer: ()) The precast member may be tested along with a load system equivalent to that producing the most critical conditions in the composite members. (i) The precast member may be made equivalent to the final composite member by casting the relevant amount of in-situ concrete, and then tested as a composite member. m4 ‘Gonerete Construction Generally LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecificationConerete Construction Generaly 5.18.3 Test Results If the result of any of the test is not satisfactory, at the Engineer's instruction, that part of the works shall be rejected and reconstructed to comply with this Specification, or other approved measures be taken to make the works secure, all at the Contractor's expense. No extension of time shall be entertained in this connection. 25 CConereto Construction Generally LSW Consulting Engingers Pte Lid ~ SpecificationReinforcement LSW CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTE LTD Reinforcement Relnforcoment LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid -SpecifetioneReinforcement CONTENTS Page 1 GENERAL a 14 Scope 3 12 Related Specifications. 3 13 Standards 3 14 ‘Trade Preambles “ zi PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5 24 Detail Reinforcement Drawings and Workshop Drawings 5 22 Bar schedule 5 a MATERIALS 6 34 Reinforcement 6 32 Welded Fabric Reinforcement 6 33 Punching Shear Reinforcement Systems 6 34 Fibre Reinforcement 6 35 Couplers 6 36 ‘Spacers 6 4. WORKMANSHIP 7 44 Storage 7 42 Cutting, Bending and Fixing 7 43 Handling 7 44 ‘Tying and Welding of Reinforcement 7 45 Surface Condition 7 46 Cages for Precast Units 8 ar Cover 8 48 Ground Bearing Slabs 8 49 Laps 8 440 ‘Anchorages 8 ant Exposed Reinforcement 8 5 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 9 5A ‘Submissions. 8 52 Sample Tests 9 2 Reinforsement [LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecificationsReinforcement GENERAL Read with the General Requirements specification, and all other contract documents. 14 Scope This specification covers general requirements for bars and welded fabric reinforcements used in reinforced concrete elements. 1.2 Related Specifications No item. 1.3 Standards 13.4 Standards Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted. ‘Singapore Standards SS 560 Specification for stee! for the reinforcement concrete ~Weldable reinforcing steel-Bar, coil and decoiled product ss 561 Specification for stee! fabric forthe reinforcement of concrete SSEN 1992 Design of concrete structures, Part 1-1 General rules and rules for building SSCP 83 Construction computer-aided design (CAD) SS 566 Specification for steel for the reinforcement of concrete-Ptain Bars Other Standards Bs 6744 Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete ~ requirements and test methods BS 7973 Spacers and chairs for steel reinforcement and their specification Part 1: Product performance requirements Part 2: Fixing and application of spacers and chairs and tying of reinforcement BSEN 1011 Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials. Part 1: General guidance for are welding BSEN 10080 Steel for reinforcement of concrete -Weldable reinforcing steel -General BS EN 19670 Execution of concrete structures BSEN 14889 Fibres of concrete Part 1: Steel Fibres — Definitions, specifications and conformity Part 2: Polymer fibres — Definitions, specifications and conformity 3 forcement LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Ltd - Specifeations3.2 3.3 3.4 35 3.6 Reinforcement MATERIALS Reinforcement 3.4.1 Reinforcing bars Deformed bar is to comply with the requirements of SS EN 1992-1-1 Annex C and SS 560. Reinforcement bars in accordance with SS 560 shall be strength Grade 500 unless otherwise specified in the drawings. Plain bar is to comply with SS 566 34.2 Galvanized Reinforcement Comply with ISO 1461 after cutting and bending. Thickness of galvanised coating to bbe in accordance with Clause 6.2 of ISO 1461 3.4.3 Stainless Steel Bar Reinforcement To comply with BS 6744, type 1.4301, strength grade 500. 3.1.4 Epoxy Coated Bar Reinforcement To BS ISO 14664, bond classification type 1 or 2 as indicated in the drawings. Handle and fix s0 as to avoid damage to the coating, and avoid exposing the underlying steel. Welded Fabric Reinforcement To comply with SS EN 1992-1-1 and SS 561. Punching Shear Reinforcement Systems Details of the source and suppliers shall be forwarded to the SO for agreement. Fibre Reinforcement Details of the proposed fibres, dosage, source and suppliers shall be forwarded to the SO for agreement. Couplers Performance requirements of couplers shall be in compliance with CIRIA Report 92. Details of the sources and suppliers shall be forwarded to the SO for agreement. Carry out installation in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation, ‘subject to acceptance by the SO. Reinforcing bars shall be adequately and appropriately prepared by the supplier to receive the agreed couplers. Spacers Detail, supply and fix all spacers, in accordance with minimum standards listed in BS 7973. Seek SO’s acceptance for spacers where the concrete will be exposed subsequently. Mortar spacers to have durability and strength characteristics not less than the surrounding concrete. Reinforcement LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid SpecificationsReinforcement 44 42 43 4.4 45 WORKMANSHIP Storage ‘Store reinforcement clear of the ground, and protect from mud, oil and other substances that may adversely affect its use in the works. Deliver and store steel! fabric in flat. Cutting, Bending and Fixing In accordance with BS 8666 and Clause 6.3 BS EN 13670. Bars incorrectly bent shall be used only if the means used for straightening and rebending be such that in the opinion of the ENGINEER it will not injure the material. No reinforcement shall be bent down into position in the works without approval, whether or not itis partially embedded in hardened concrete. Handling Reinforcement shall not be dropped from height, mechanically damaged or shock loaded in any way. ‘Tying and Welding of Reinforcement 4.44 Tying Reinforcement Tie reinforcement with black annealed mild-steel 16-gauge tying wire. Tie stainless steel reinforcement using 16 swg annealed stainless steel wire. 442 Tying Wire Bend all ends away from the concrete face and remove alll loose ends before placing concrete. 443 Welding of Reinforcement Permitted only with the prior written approval of the SO. Where permitted, carry out in accordance with BS EN 1760-1, BS EN ISO 15614 and BS EN 1011 444 Welding Procedures All work is to be carried out by properly qualified welders to BS EN ISO 9606-1. 44.5 Welding of Galvanised Reinforcement Not permitted. Surface Condition At the time of placing concrete, ensure the reinforcement are clean, free of corrosive pitting, loose rust and mill scale and other substances that may adversely affect the bond with concrete. Light surface rust is acceptable. Unless detrimental to the finished structure by causing rust staining to adjacent exposed concrete of formwork Reinforcement LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid Spociicatons46 47 48 49 4.10 441 Reltorcament Cages for Precast Units Make up cages and fix securely in accordance with the reinforcement drawings to provide adequate rigidity and to ensure that the specified cover and fit within the moulds are achieved. Reinforcement not exceeding 12mm in diameter which projects from the face of the Units may be bent to facilitate the casting or demoulding of the unit subject to approval for each case. Bending shall be in accordance with BS 8666 and Clause 6.3 BS EN 13670. Cover Maintain concrete cover to reinforcement as shown on reinforcement drawings. Ensure that the actual cover to all reinforcement is not less than the nominal cover minus § mm. Unless otherwise specified, tolerances are to be in accordance with SS EN 1992-1-1, Clause 4.4.1.3 Before concreting, check thoroughly that the specified cover dimensions have been obtained. Ground Bearing Slabs Where these are reinforced with a single layer of fabric in the upper part of the slab, the fabric may be placed in position on top of the first compacted layer of concrete, followed by the top layer of concrete, placed within 30 minutes of the first layer. Laps Lap reinforcement as shown on the drawings unless otherwise agreed with the SO. Where laps required are not shown in the drawings, propose suitable location for SO’s acceptance. Comply with the requirements of SS EN 1992-1-1, Clause 8. Anchorages Protect all steel parts from corrosion and keep all threaded parts protected until used. Keep all devices free from any coating or contamination. ‘Anchorages, including buried dead anchorages, shall be fixed with due regard to cover requirements for cor resistance and fire protection. Exposed Reinforcement In the event that reinforcement are expected to be exposed for a prolonged period over three months or such that loose rust and scale may form, apply a corrosion protection coating to SO’s acceptance. Ensure the coating is compatible with the concrete and will not reduce the bond of the reinforcement. Reinforcement projecting from work being conereted or already concreted shall be protected from deformation or other damage. Reinforcement LSW Consulting Engineers Pe Lid- SpecifeatonsReinforcement 5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 54 Submissions 5.1.4 Mill Certification Prior to putting the reinforcement on site, provide mill certificate to confirm that each batch of steel and mesh supplied to the site complies with BS EN 10080, SS 560, SS 561 or SS 566 as appropriate. Include also information such as country of origin and the name of supplier for review. 5.1.2 Details of Welding Works ‘Submit full details of welder’s qualifications, welding procedures and joint details for acceptance prior to carrying out the works if required for the project. 52 Sample Tests Carry out the following tests in an approved laboratory on every batch of reinforcement delivered to site. Testing requirements and frequency to be in accordance with BS EN ISO 15630 and BS EN 10080. a. Tensile test b. Bend and Re-bend test c. Weldability test Selection of test pieces shall be made by the ENGINEER. The Contractor shall bear all costs involved in making these tests except that he shall be reimbursed the testing fees of tests which pass. The Contractor shall have no claim for bars mutilated in obtaining the test pieces. 9 Reinforcement LLSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecieatonsConcrete Repair LSW CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTE LTD Conerete Repair CConerote Repair LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - SpeciationCONTENTS 1 GENERAL 14 Scope 12 Related Specifications 13 Standard 14 Trade Preambles, 45 Definitions 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 24 Contractor's Proposal 22 Quality of the Works 3. MATERIALS 3A Cement 32 Aggregates 33 Water 34 Polymer Based Admixtures 35 Proprietary Concrete Repair Mortars 36 Surface Coatings 37 Reinforcement 38 Moees for Rendering Mortar 4 WORKMANSHIP 4a General Requirements 42 Preparatory Works 43 Cutting Back of Defective Areas 44 Restoration of Reinforcement 48 Final Surface Preparation 48 Batching, Mixing and Transportation Repair by Local Patching Repair by Rendering Repair by Pressure Grouting with Pre-packed Aggregate Repair of cracks by Epoxy Resin Injection Repair by Sprayed Concrete Repair by Jacketing Surface Coatings Defective Areas Reinstatement of Inserts, Fixings and Fittings Health and Safety Concrete Repair Page AWN oaa000 5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 19 5A ‘Submission 19 52 ‘Mock ups and Trials 19 53 Tests 19 a Concrete Repair {SW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - Specification14 12 13 Concrete Repaie GENERAL Read with the General Requirements specification, and all other contract documents. Scope This specification covers the requirements for the repair to concrete surface or cracks by patching or injection using cementitious, polymer-based and epoxy repair materials. Related Specifications Read this work specification in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work specifications as follo Reinforcement Standard Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below in Building and Construction Authority's Approved Document - Acceptable Solutions or referenced in the body of the Specification, Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted. Singapore Standards SSEN 197-1 Ordinary Portland cement ‘SS EN 12620 Aggregates from natural sources for concrete SSEN 206-1 Testing concrete SS 544-4 Method of sampling fresh concrete on site SS 544-2 Method for determination of slump Method for making test cubes from fresh concrete Method of normal curing of test specimens (27°C met hod) Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes Method for determination of the compressive strength of concrete cores Other Standards Bs 5262 Code of practice for external rendered finishes In the event that the Standards or Codes are partially superseded or become obsolete, refer to the latest edition or the approved substitution for the relevant clauses. Concrete Repair SW Consuiting Engineers Pte Ld - Spectfeation14 15 Trade Preambles 4.4.1 Contractor's Submissions and Proposals Engage qualified and experienced personnel to: ‘a. Propose suitable material and methods to be used for the repair works. b. Design and provide suitable supports to the defective elements to be repaired. 1.4.2 Qualifications ‘Al repairs and associated works are of a specialist nature and are to be undertaken and supervised by appropriately experienced personnel. Provide evidence of past experience to the SO prior to commencement of the Works. 1.4.3. Quality Control Plan ‘Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer to "General Requirement", clause 1.4.10 for guidance. 1.4.4 Warranty ‘The repair works have been specified to preserve the integrity of the structure. Warrant the works for a minimum period in accordance with contract conditions. Definitions ‘@. | Bagging In’ Coat | A coat provided for the purpose of filing blowholes to cleaned or grit-blasted concrete to obtain an even surface. b. | Levelling/Fairing | A coat provided for the purpose of giving a uniform finish to Coat the surface of repaired and un-repaired concrete. It may be trowelled or roller applied. Concrete Repair LSW Consulting Enginoors Pte Lid - SpecicatonConcrete Repair 24 22 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Contractor's Proposal Take into account the strength and durability requirements of the works. Quality of the Works Ensure the repair works achieve the following general quality: — Low permeability to water = Consistently high quality = To the requisite strength throughout the works, taking into account local climatic conditions. Concrete Repair LSW Gonsuting Enginoers Pte Lid SpeaiicatonConcrete Repae MATERIALS: a4 Cement Use Ordinary or Rapid-Hardening Portland cement complying with SS EN 197-4 and supplied in sealed bags. 3.2 Aggregates 3.21 General Al aggregates are to be clean and free from salts and deleterious matter. Carry out tests to establish suitability. 3.2.2 Fine Aggregates Fine Aggregates are to be natural or crushed sharp sand complying with SS EN 12620. 3.2.3 Coarse Aggregates Coarse aggregates are to be natural or crushed rock complying with SS EN 12620 with a maximum nominal size of 10mm. 33 Water Use potable water supplied by PUB unless otherwise agreed. 34 Polymer Based Admixtures Polymer based admixtures for mortar and priming coats to be either: a. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) emulsion having a British Board of Agrement (BBA) certificate or accepted equivalent and a solids content of 47% by weight; or b. Acombination of cement reactive materials and a Polyacrylate Co-polymer Resin dispersion, reinforced with mineral fibres, plasticiser and water-retaining substances, having a British Board of Agrement (BBA) certificate or accepted equivalent. 35 Proprietary Concrete Repair Mortars Use all proprietary products strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations in respect to all matters such as storage, handling, application and disposal. 3.5.1 Polymer Modified Mortar Propose and use to SO's acceptance. 3.5.2 Pre-packed Polymer Modified Mortar Propose and use pre-packed concrete repair mortars including non-shrink grout to ‘SO's acceptance. 3.5.2.1 Supply of Pre-packed Mortar ‘Supply in single-batch sized containers. Do not supply in part containers. 6 Concrete Repaie LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - Speccaton3.5.3 Shelf- Use materials in the order in which they are received on site. Observe the manufacturer's instructions with regard to use of materials after opening and/or mixing 3.6 Surface Coatings 3.6.1 Bitumen Based Compounds Propose and use to SO's acceptance. 3.6.2 Cementitious Based Compounds Propose and use to SO's acceptance 3.6.3 Vapour Diffusion Propose and use to SO's acceptance. 37 Reinforcement For general material requirement refer to “Reinforcement”, clause 3.0. 3.8 Mixes for Rendering Mortar Where site-batched mortars are to be used, rendering mortar is to consist of cement, aggregate and water. Do not use other ingredients without acceptance by the SO. Unless otherwise agreed, use the following mix for each batch of rendering material. Priming | Render Concrete | Backing Coat | Finishing Coats | Coats Coat (SBR) | (SBR) Cement. | 50kg | S0kg ‘50 kg 0 Kg 50 kg Polymer. | SOlitres |74itres | 4.5 litres Sand: 725 kg dry | 125kg dry | 290kg dry | 340 kg dry weight weight — | weight weight ‘Aggregate: | 150 kg ry weight Water: Titres 135 litre Site adjusted max toachieve | to achieve the required | the required workability | workability 3.8.1. Adjustment to Water Obtain prior agreement from the SO of any proposed adjustments to the water to be added to allow for the moisture content of the aggregate and workability. 7 Conerote Repo SW Consulting Engineers Pe Lid - SpecificationConcrete Repair 4 ‘WORKMANSHIP: 44 General Requirements 4.4.4 Methods ‘Submit for SO's acceptance and adopt methods of repairs in accordance with the recommendations of the material manufacturer and as set out in this specification. 4.1.2. Location of Defects and Remedial Measures Verify the location of the defects and their related remedial measures together with any surface finishes required as stated in the drawings. 4.1.3. Sequence of Operations Unless otherwise agreed, adopt the sequence of operations as set out below: a. Surface inspection and testing. b. Cutting back of local defective areas. ¢. Restoration and replacement of reinforcement. d. Removing dust and debris. e. Priming and filling of defects. f. General surface cleaning or preparation. g. Applying surface treatment. Carry out the final cleaning down or treatments to the whole surface as a single continuous operation. 4.1.4 Dust and Debris Keep the Works free of dust and debris at all times. Do not spray with water or liquids unless otherwise agreed. 4.1.5 Protection for Adjacent Areas Submit to the SO for acceptance, proposed methods of screening the areas to be repaired and protecting the adjacent building and occupants of the building from dust, falling debris or water run-off. 441.6 Temporary Support Provide all necessary temporary supports to maintain stability during the implementation of the works. 42 Preparatory Works 4.2.1 Check for Additional Defects Immediately after erecting the working platforms prior to commencement of any work, examine and hammer test the concrete surface in the zone of the repair or as directed by the SO. Notify the SO if any additional blemishes, imperfections or defects to those shown on the drawings are found, 8 Concrete Repalr LSW Consuting Engineers Pe Ld - Spectteation43 Concrete Repait Notify the SO if, during the course of the works, the defects being repaired are found to be greater or more extensive or of a different nature to those described on the drawings. Take samples of the defective concrete for testing in an approved testing laboratory. 4.2.1.1 Record Drawings Keep on site a complete set of the Drawings for recording all additional defects and their authorised method of repair. Make these drawings available for inspection at all times. 4.2.2 Clearing Defective Surface 4.2.2.1 Attachments Prior to commencement of the works remove all surface attachments (signs, notices, electrical fittings, etc.) from the areas to be repaired or which obstruct access or are in a position where they may be damaged. 4.2.2.2 Inserts and Fixings Unless otherwise directed by the SO, remove all inserts and fixings, which have been cast-in or mortared into pockets or otherwise attached to the concrete from the area to be repaired. Adopt methods that avoid unnecessary damage and to SO's acceptance. If cast-in inserts and fixings are to be removed by coring, ensure the diameter of the core is not greater than three times the diameter of the insert or fixing and the depth of the core not exceed the depth of the insert or fixing, do not core through the full thickness of the concrete unless otherwise agreed. 4.2.2.3 Surface Finishes Remove all plaster, render, paint and surface finishes from the area to be repaired. ‘Obtain specialist advice on the removal of special surface coatings or finishes where shown in the drawings. Cutting Back of Defective Areas 4.3.1 Methods of Cutting Back ‘Submit methods for cutting back defective concrete in localized areas to the SO for acceptance. Do not adopt methods that will result in feathered or irregular broken ‘edges. Include in the methods, the following procedures for removing all loose, defective and condemned concrete: a. Remove all poorly compacted concrete and accumulations of coarse aggregates. b. In the event of carbonation, remove the concrete to a minimum depth of 20 mm behind the rebars to allow complete re-casement and 50 mm into non-carbonated concrete at the edge of boundaries. . In the case of the chloride content being above the critical limit, remove the concrete to a minimum depth of 30 mm behind rebars and 100 mm into concrete with a chloride content below the critical value at the edge of boundaries. . Inthe case of concrete that has been exposed to fire, remove all concrete subjected to temperatures above +300°, If the resu iting exposed concrete contains chlorides, comply also with item c above. e. Clean the concrete surface by air blasting following mechanical removal. Concrete Repair LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lis -Spectfeation44 Concrete Repair {Take care to carry out concrete removal without damage to the reinforcement or the remaining concrete. g. Use only hand operated pneumatic hammers unless otherwise agreed. h. For edges of a cut out section, form an inward sloping angle of approximately 45° from the adjoining external surface. 4.3.2 Size of Repair Area Extend the surface area of the repair zone for a distance not less than 50mm each side and end of the defective area of concrete, unless othemise agreed. Take the depth of breaking out to sound concrete or 20 mm whichever is the greater. Where the defective area is within 100mm of a comer or edge, take the repair zone to not less than 75mm round the arises. 4.3.3 Shape of Cut Back Uniess otherwise agreed, restrict the cut back areas to a uniform rectangular shape with a clean sharp edge not less than Smm deep. 4.3.4 Around Reinforcement Upon cutting back and in the event where the exposed rebar is either: a. exposed by more than 50%; b. de-bonded: c. corroded; or d. has a cover of 10mm or less; Remove the concrete to a imum depth of 20 mm behind the rebars. Where the corrosion has reduced the diameter of the reinforcing steel by 10% or greater, cut back the concrete along the length of the bar for a distance on either side of the reduced diameter in accordance with clause 4.4 (Restoration of reinforcement) below. 43.5 Trial Area Carry out a trial area of cutting back prior to commencing the rest of the work. Restoration of Reinforcement 4.4.1. Cleaning of Reinforcement Remove rust and corrosion scale from the reinforcement exposed after cutting back and using method accepted by the SO. Adopt methods using wire brushing and chemical rust removers with permission, Clean all exposed reinforcement to remain in the completed works to a bright finish, including areas behind the bars. Do not leave the bars exposed for more than two days after cleaning. Unless otherwise agreed, do not use rust inhibitors. 4.4.2 Defective Reinforcement Unless otherwise directed, replace all reinforcing bars, which have corroded to more than 10% reduction of the nominal diameter. Either cut out the defective portion or clean it as specified. 10 Concrete Repaie LSW Consulting Enginoors Pe Ld - SpecificationConcrete Repair 45 Expose longitudinal bars on either side of the defective portion to leave an unaffected length projecting from sound concrete, for a lap in accordance with SS EN 1992-1-1 plus 50mm. For links, binders or stirrups, leave not less than 12 diameters or 120mm, whichever is the greater, of unaffected reinforcement projecting from the sound concrete. 4.4.3 Replacement Reinforcement Replace or supplement all defective reinforcing bars with bars of the same type and diameter exposed from the original construction unless otherwise designed. Likewise provide cover as in the original construction. Lap the replacement bars with the projected existing reinforcement in accordance with the lap length requirement of SS EN 1992-1-1 plus 20mm for links, binders or stirrups and 50mm for all other reinforcing bars. Fix and tie all replacement reinforcement in position and ensure no displacement when making good the concrete, Do not weld the reinforcement unless otherwise agreed, 4.4.4 Additional Reinforcement ‘Supply and fix additional reinforcement, such as steel fabric column and beam ‘wrapping or reinforcement to render coats, in accordance with the drawings. Final Surface Preparation 4.5.1 Preparation on Different Surfaces For smooth, board marked, acid etched and similar concrete surfaces to receive a render finish, either mechanically scrabble or grt-blast to remove all surface laitance and weak, friable conerete to a minimum depth of 3mm. For bush-hammered, exposed aggregate and rough textured concrete finishes, either grit-blast, pressure jet, wash or scrub with a stiff, non-metallic bristled brush. In local areas where the reinforcement is exposed or the concrete removed exceeds a depth of 20mm, cut back such areas and prepare as directed by the SO. 4.5.2. Fungicidal Washes Carry out fungicidal washes not less than 7 days before the surface is to receive the renders or coatings. 4.5.3 Removal of Dust and Debris Immediately before commencing the repair, remove all dust, debris and loose material by air-blasting, vacuuming or vigorous brushing with a stiff, non-metallic bristled brush. Use water jetting and brushing on permission subject to compatibility with the accepted repair method. 45.4 Wetness Before applying the repair compounds or coatings ensure that the surface conditions and the weather are suitable in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation Do not carry out repair work if any of the following cont a. The base concrete is saturated, ns prevail: 1 Concrete Repair SW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid SpeciationConcrete Repair b. The surface to be repaired, including any previous applications of repair compound, is damp. c. During periods of drizzle or rainfall unless the area to be worked is adequately protected, 45.5 Trial Area Carry out surface preparation on a trial area prior to commencing the works. 46 Batching, Mixing and Transportation 4.6.1 Batching of Materials Unless otherwise agreed, batch all dry materials by weight and liquids in graduated flasks or dispensers. Keep all containers used for batching clean and free from adhering materials. 4.6.2. Mixing 4.6.2.1 General Clean all equipment used for mixing to be free of deleterious substances such as lime, plaster, organic matter and dirt. Mix adequate quantities of materials accounting for the volumes of the repair areas, the procedures of application and the life of the mix. Do not reconstitute or re-work the mixes. Mix the constituents of resin-based compounds for priming, strictly to manufacturer's recommendations. Mix the constituents of cementitious based primers, mortars or concrete in ‘accordance with good practice and strictly in acoordane with the admixture manufacturer's recommendations. Do not hand-mix mortar or concrete on a spot board or similar for batch yields exceeding 0.015m? unless otherwise agreed. Mix in batches to comply with the limits of yield recommended by the mixer manufacturer. 4.6.2.2Renders Unless otherwise agreed, combine constituents for renders in a trough type mixer. 4.6.2.3 Cleaning Clean all equipment used for mixing thoroughly after each batch is discharged. 4.6.3. Transportation Mix small batches at the point of application. Transport all other mix loads to the point of application in such a manner as to avoid delay, segregation or other harmful effects, Ar Repair by Local Patching 4.14 General Ensure that the applications of the repair compounds, including the requirements for priming, thickness of coats, time periods between successive coats and the methods of application comply with recommendations from the manufacturer. 12 Concrete Repair LSW Consulting Engineers Ple Lid - SpecificationConcrete Repair 48 For cementitious repair compounds, ensure the surface of the repair zone is wet but not saturated, and remove any surplus water before work begins. 47.2 Priming Apply priming coats thoroughly into all hollows and crevices in the prepared surface and around the projecting reinforcement. Prime the reinforcing bars as the filing coats built up. ‘Overlay priming coats as soon as they become tacky and will not lft from the repair surface if touched. If at any time the primer completely dries out before overlaying, re-prepare and re-prime the repair surface. 4.7.3 Filling Apply fling coats in layers not exceeding 15mm thick. Thoroughly work and compact each layer into the repair zone and around or between reinforcing bars. Apply successive layers as soon as the preceding coat has become sufficiently stiff to ‘support the weight of the additional layer but is still adequately tacky to provide bonding. If at any time the last layer applied completely dries out before over-laying, re-prepare the surface. 4.7.4 Finishing Apply finishing coats to not less than Smm thick. Level off or profile and adjust the colour and texture to match the adjacent original concrete. Reinstate exposed aggregate finishes by coating the back of each individual stone with primer and, when it is tacky, bed it firmly into the plastic final filing coat. Profile moulded or sculptured features to match the original works. Submit to the SO for acceptance methods of forming. Provide support to the features until they have cured sufficiently to support their own weight. 4.7.5. Protection and Curing Propose for SO’s acceptance and adopt methods of protecting and curing the repaired areas for periods as recommended by the manufacturer. 4.7.5.1 Cementitious Based Repairs Protect from the weather and cure by using damp hessian, polythene sheeting taped down at the edges or other suitable methods. Cure for 48 hours unless otherwise agreed. Repair by Rendering 48.1 General In general comply with BS 5262 for methods and procedures, modify where necessary in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations if any. 48.2 Surface Condition 4.8.2.1 Local depressions and imperfections. Before work begins inspect the surfaces to be rendered to identify any local depressions exceeding 10mm deep and area of loose of friable concrete. Prepare and fill any imperfections and cure before rendering, Check also for surface flatness and irregularities in all directions, Correct all irregularities or deviations in flatness as follows: 13 Concrete Rept LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - SpeaiieationConcrete Repair Remove ridges and bulges greater than 5mm in height by accepted methods. Bring depressions and hollow areas deeper than 5mm up to the general surface level by rendering and allow to cure before applying the render. 4.8.2.2Wetness For cementitious rendering compounds wet but do not saturate the surfaces prior commencement of application. 4.8.3 Day-work Joints Propose the positions and details of day-work joints for SO's acceptance. Form the day-work joints in @ regular pattern. 4.8.4 Priming 4.8.4.1 Priming coats Work thoroughly over the surface and into all hollows and crevices. Overtay priming coats as soon as they become tacky and will not lift from the surface iftouched. If at any time the priming completely dries out before overlaying re- prepare and re-prime the surface, 4.8.4.2 Rendering Coats Apply in accordance with the following: “Thickness per coat (mm) ts Type ol cond | eeentorcan For modified render __| For plain renders Undercoat 1 9 12 : 1 z 8 Finishing 1 6 5 Total 3 16 Fa Place each coat and compact by trowel, scrape with a straight edge to give a level, uniform thickness. Apply the coats by either: a. Cure the undercoat and scratch the surface for keying further coats. Thoroughly brush the surface to remove all loose material and wet before applying successive coats or b. Apply successive coats as soon as the preceding coat has become sufficiently stiff to support the weight of the additional coat but is still adequately tacky to provide bonding. If at any time the last coat applied completely dries out before over-coating, re-prepare the surface. 485° Finishing Apply as directed, either: a. Compact and float the finishing coat to give a dense, smooth finish free from trowel marks; or b. Immediately after compacting the finishing coat, provide a textured finish. 4.8.6 Protection and Curing Propose for SO’s acceptance and adopt methods of protecting and curing the repaired areas for periods as recommended by the manufacturer. 14 Concrete Repair LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid- Speciicaton49 4.10 an 15 Concrete Repair 4.8.6.1 Cementitious Based Repairs Protect from the weather and cure by using damp hessian, polythene sheeting taped down at the edges or other suitable methods. Cure for 48 hours unless otherwise agreed, Repair by Pressure Grouting with Pre-packed Aggregate Carry out preparation works as described above. Erect formwork and temporary supports to its final position and pre-pack washed aggregate with provision of inlet and outlet pipes. Mix non-shrink grout or cement and additive with water and pump it through grouting Pump into the lowest inlet pipe. Grout continuously from the lowest inlet pipe to the highest inlet pipe. Maintain grout pressure at 1.0 bar for 3 minutes. Remove the formwork and temporary support after 24-36 hours and cure the repaired surface with approved curing agent. Repair of cracks by Epoxy Resin Injection 4.10.1 Preparation Drill and insert injection ports along the crack at spacing and depth as recommended by the manufacturer. Seal all surfaces of cracks by accepted taping material and methods. 4.10.2 Injection Inject Epoxy compound into prepared ports under pressure using appropriate ‘equipment. ‘Commence injection at the lower entry port and continue until epoxy compound appears in the adjacent entry port. Lock off the first port. Continue from port to port until the entire crack is filled. 4.10.3 Finish Remove temporary seal and excess epoxy. Clean surface adjacent to repair and blend finish. Repair by Sprayed Concrete 4.11.1 Application of Sprayed Concrete 4.11.41 Preparatory Work ‘Complete all preparatory work necessary to secure proper functioning and quality of the sprayed concrete prior to the commencement of spraying concrete. 4.11.1.2 Substrate Do not place sprayed concrete on substrates exposed to severe environmental conditions without taking special precautions. Ensure that the surface of the substrate is clean and damp but without free water Prior to the application of sprayed concrete. 4.1.1.3 Protection of Adjacent Substrate Ensure that all adjacent areas of substrate are adequately protected from rebound or overspray. LLSW Consulting Enginers Pte Ld - Specicaton442 CConerete Repair 4.11.1.4 Distance from Nozzle The distance between the nozzle and the surface being concreted is not to exceed the minimum distance in Clause G8.2.1 of the EFNARC Guidance. 4.11.1.5 Angle of Nozzle ‘As a general rule, hold the nozzle perpendicular to the application surface. However, ‘when shooting through reinforcing bars, hold the nozzle closer and at a slight angle in order to permit encasement and minimise rebound. 4.41.1.6 Rebound Material Do not cover rebound material with sprayed concrete, Remove it from the site and do not use in the works. 4.41.1.7 Layer Thickness Define the thickness of the sprayed concrete using screed boards, guide wires, depth pins or other methods as agreed by the SO. 4.11.1.8 Build-up of Layers Build up each layer of concrete by making several passes of the nozzle over the working area. If a layer of sprayed concrete is to be covered by succeeding layers, first allow it to set and remove loose material and rebound. Finally clean and wet the surface using a blast of air and water. Where a layer of sprayed concrete is to be covered by succeeding layers, and two layers of reinforcement are used, cover the far face reinforcement by sprayed concrete before the near face layer is installed. Cover the near face layer by sprayed concrete up to the required thickness with the minimum delay. 4.41.1.9 Flow of Concrete The concrete is to emerge from the nozzle in a steady uninterrupted flow. Should the fiow become intermittent for any cause, direct it away from the work until it again becomes constant 4.11.4.10 Concrete Containing Accelerators Leave sprayed concrete containing set accelerators as sprayed unti it has set and do not work by float or any other means. If a smooth surface is required, apply a flash coat after the sprayed concrete has set. 4.11.1.11, Removal of Rebound Do not cover rebound material with sprayed concrete or incorporate it into the works in any form. Remove all rebound material from the working area. Repair by Jacketing 4.12.4 General Jacketing is done to increase the cross-sectional area of columns. 4.12.2 Preparation The plaster or tiles or other finishes shall be removed to expose the concrete surface. All concrete surface shall be cleaned of loose material using compressed air or any other approved method, 16 Concrete Repair LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid- SpecitcatonGonerote Repair 4.12.3 Application ‘An approved bonding agent shall be applied on the concrete surface. This bonding agent must re-activate when it comes into contact with non-shrink cementitious grout. The Bonding agent shall be active for a period of at least 48 hours. Mix and use strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation, Take all necessary steps to ensure proper bonding between the old and new concrete. ‘A.water-tight formwork shall be provided around the columns along the entire length of the jacketing. Suitable clamping devices shall be provided for securing the formwork till the concrete has been cured. The formwork shall have air vent tubes of adequate sizes provided at suitable intervals to facilitate cement grout (neat cement grout with maximum water-cement ratio of 0.35 by weight) to be pumped Aggregates of maximum 20mm size shall be hand packed (and rodded) inside the formwork. The concrete strength shall have reached its minimum design strength at 28 days. 4.12.4 Grouting The injection of cement grout shall commence with the lowest air vent tube and continue upwards gradually. The grouting operation shall be carried out immediately after the water-tight formwork has been installed around the length of the jacketing. The bleeding time for the grout shall be sufficiently long to allow all water and air to be pumped out of the formwork. If after the grouting process, proper and even surfaces do not result in the opinion of the SO, carry out repair with an approved mortar to ensure a proper and even surface at no additional cost. The formwork for the jacketed column can be removed 3 days after grouting. The wet curing shall be continued for at least another 4 days. 443 Surface Coatings 4.13.1 General Mix and use coatings strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. Do not thin or dilute in excess of the recommendations. 4.13.2 Surface Condition Before work begins thoroughly treat the surfaces to be coated to remove all loose material, debris and dust. Treat by grit blasting, high-pressured water jetting, or other ‘method as agreed with the SO. 4.13.3 Application Apply coatings to thickness as agreed and approved by the SO. Apply each coat in a single pass and allow to cure fully before applying subsequent coats. 4.13.4 Filling of Pinholes Fill pinholes and similar imperfections on the coated surface with accepted filler ‘compatible with the coating system. Apply the filler after the primer but before the application of the finishing coat. 4.14 Defective Areas Cut out and replace as directed, any areas of repair identified as being detective. 7 Concrete Repair LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid» SpeciationConcrete Reps 4.15 Reinstatement of Inserts, Fixings and Fittings ‘On completion of the repair work reinstate all attachments in the position from which they were removed, or as agreed with the SO. 4.16 Health and Safety Comply with the manufacturer's recommendation in respect of using and handling of all materials. 18 Concrete Repaie LSW Consulting Engineers Pe Lid - SpeetteationConerate Repair 54 5.2 53 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS ‘Submission 5.1.1 Method Statement ‘Submit a method statement for acceptance prior to commencement of the works, containing at least the following information: @, Materials: For each material or system proposed, manufacturers’ data, test results, design life certificates, health information, pot life and temperature at application, number of coatings proposed, coating thickness. b. Sequence: Proposed sequence of each process to completion, including drying time between successive coatings. ©. Methods: All tools and equipment to be used, application methods including details of access and meeting noise and nuisance restrictions. d. Site organisation and quality control: Details of the control of the quality of works, sampling regimes, proposed testing methods and organisation. 5.1.2 Warranty ‘Submit the warranty for SO's acceptance upon completion of the works. 5.1.3 Quality Control Plan Prepare and submit the quality control pian for SO's acceptance prior to starting work. Mock ups and Trials 5.2.1 Trial Mixes Prior to commencement of the Work, provide trial mixes and tests to demonstrate compliance with the specified requirements. ‘Submit the results of all trial mixes and any related tests not less than two weeks prior to commencement of the works. ‘Adopt the accepted trial mix and materials consistently for the project. 5.2.2 Procedural Trials Carry out procedural trials employing the intended materials and methods in the works at agreed positions not less than two weeks prior to commencement of the relevant work unless otherwise agreed, 5.2.3. Sample Panels ‘Submit for acceptance, sample panels as agreed with SO not less than two weeks. rior to commencement of the related work unless otherwise agreed. Maintain the accepted sample panels unaltered and protected for reference during the course of the works. Tests 5.3.1 Strength Test For cementitious mortar carry out strength tests on 100 mm cubes in accordance to ss 78. 19 Concrete Repair LSW Consuitng Engineers Pie Lid- SpecificationConcrete Repair 5.3.2 Soundness Test 5.3.2.1 Hollow Test the soundness of the repaired works by hammer to identify any area sounding hollow. 5.3.2.2 Bond Test the bond of the applied repair and coating materials using a pull-off tester, approximately seven days after completion of the application. Test at a rate of one per 50 m? unless otherwise directed. 20 Concrete Repair LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecificationBored Png Werks LSW CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTE LTD Bored Piling Works Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ld SeocietionsBored Pling Works, CONTENTS Page 1 GENERAL 3 14 ‘Scope 3 12 Related Specifications 3 13 Standards and Regulations 3 14 Trade Preambles 4 15 Definitions. 7 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 8 24 Requirements for Design Verification 8 22 Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test 8 23 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services 8 3 MATERIALS 9 34 ‘Source of Materials 9 32 Driling Fiid 9 33 Water 9 34 Concrete 9 35 Grout 9 36 Reinforcement 8 37 ‘Temporary Casings 8 38 Permanent Steel Casings 10 4 WORKMANSHIP " 4a General Workmanship Requirements " 42 Trial Bores 4 43 Boring Excavation 12 4a Use of Driling Fluid 3 45 Cleaniiness of Pile Bases 4 46 Reinforcement “4 47 Pile Casting 14 48 Backiiling Empty Boring 8 49 Grouting of Piles 18 4.10 Tolerances 19 ant Protection to Piles 20 42 Replacement of Piles 20 413 Cleaning Up 20 aig Non-Performance of Working Piles 20 415 Cutting Off Pile Heads 24 416 Noise and Disturbance 24 4a7 Underground Services 24 448 Proximity of Adjacent Property to the Site 24 4.49 Final Survey and As-Built Drawing 2 5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 2 54 ‘Submissions 2 52 Inspection and Test Certificates 24 53 Tests 24 54 ‘Compliance Testing of Driling Fluid 24 55 Pile Testing 26 56 Records 26 87 Payment 27 2 Bored Plog Works SW Consuting Enginvers Pe Lid ~ SpecificationsBored Piling Works 1 GENERAL Read with the General Requirements specification, and all other contract documents. 14 Scope This specification covers the requirements for the construction of bored piles including: In-situ conerete piles - Micro piles ‘The piles may be used as foundations to support principally vertical loads, or may be used to form embedded retaining walls resisting principally horizontal loads. 12 Related Specifications Read this work specification in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work specifications as follows: ‘Specification for Condition Survey and Monitoring Specification for Pile Testing Specification for Concrete Construction Generally Specification for Reinforcement 13 Standards and Regulations 4.34 Standards Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted. ‘Singapore Standards SSEN 12620 Specification for aggregates for concrete SSEN 1997-1 Geotechnical Design. General rules SSEN 1997-2 Geotechnical Design. Ground Investigation and Testing SSEN 1992-11 Design of concrete structure. General rules and rules for buildings SSCP 4 Code of Practice for Foundations SSCP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites Other Standards ‘API Specification Drilling Fluid 13A 5* Edition API-RP-13B-1 2% Standard procedure for field-testing water-based drilling fluid Edition BS EN 1008 Mixing water for concrete, specification for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water 3 Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineer Pto Lid ~ Specfeations14 Boro Pilng Works BS 5228-1 Code of Practice for Noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. Noise BS 5228-2 Code of Practice for Noise and vibration control on construction and open sites. Vibration BSEN 12504-1 Testing Concrete in Structure. Cored Specimens, Taking, ‘examining and testing in compression. BS EN ISO Welding. Welding of reinforcing steel. Load-bearing welded joints 1760-1 BS EN ISO Welding. Welding of reinforcing steel. Non load-bearing welded 17660-2 joints Bs 8008 Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and descent of machine-bored shaft ping and other purposes. BS EN 1536 Execution of special geotechnical work — Bored Piles BS EN 1538 Execution of special geotechnical work — Diaphragm Walls BS EN 14199 Execution of special geotechnical work — Micropiles 1.3.2 Technical References Refer to the following technical reference for guidance in carrying out the works: — BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low-rise building. - Construction Industry Research and Information Association, England (CIRIA) Report 104 (1984) Design of retaining wall embedded in stiff clay. Trade Preambles 1.4.1 Design Verification Engage technically competent personnel with relevant geotechnical experience to SO's acceptance, to carry out: — Verification of material excavated at the intended pile founding level as consistent with the design requirements. ~ Design verification checks based on actual ground conditions to determine the required length of each pile and ensure that the specified working load and settlement criteria of the piles are achieved. - Proposals to amend the design including compensating piles as necessary in the event that for any reasons the installed piles do not perform as intended, ~ Proposals to amend the pilecap design of the buil are installed out of the permitted tolerance. 19 in the event that the piles ~— Proposals as a response plan in the event that measures taken to control ground ‘movement and vibration do not perform satisfactorily. ‘Take into account of the design requirements as set out in Clause 2.1 below. Submit the design to the SO for acceptance. Design proposals in (c) to (d) are to be endorsed by a PE (Civil) Submit the CV of the personnel to be engaged for the above including the PE's, for 80's acceptance. Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pto Ltd SpecieationsBored Fling Werks 1.42 Building Damage Assessment Carry out a Building Damage Assessment on the effects of ground movement to the neighbouring properties due to the works, for the purpose of establishing suitable values for ‘Alert’ and “Work Suspension’ levels for monitoring. Submit to SO with ‘endorsement from a PE. 1.4.3. Coordination with Other Works Co-ordinate with other contractors who may carry out other works at the same time at the site. Take into account of site access, space occupation, safety and safeguarding of adjoining properties and each other's works. 1.4.4 Condition Survey Where applicable, prior to and upon completion of the site works, carry out a condition survey to adjacent buildings in accordance with the requirements of ‘Condition Survey_and Monitoring’. Submit all records to the SO and adjacent property owners where directed, Keep a copy of the survey report on site ready for inspection. 1.4.5 Instrumentation and Monitoring Provide instrumentation to monitor the ground movement, vibration and condition of adjacent properties. Refer to the drawings for the schedule of instrumentation required. If necessary or as required by the authorities, propose and provide additional instrumentation and monitoring for records. Take cognisance of and co-ordinate with other contractors on site who may be carrying out instrumentation and monitoring works to avoid duplication of installation and readings. 1.4.6 Upholding of Adjoining Properties Accept responsibility for the upholding of the adjoining buildings and roads, footpaths etc., where applicable, together with the mains and services from the time of taking possession of the site through the duration of the works. Adequately maintain roads and footpaths within and adjacent to the site and keep clear of mud and debris. 1.4.7 Verification of Site Information 1.4.7.1 Site Surveys Verify and be satisfied that the information given in the existing site survey plans provided are accurate. If necessary, engage a registered Surveyor to carry out additional site survey before commencing any work 1.4.7.2 Additional site investigation Carry out additional ground investigation where additional information is needed for the works or when directed by the SO. Carry out the boreholes progressively prior to commencement of the works in areas according to the contractor's construction programme. On completion of drilling, backfill the boreholes with a suitable bentonite/cement mix. Submit the location and schedule for the boreholes to SO's acceptance prior to carrying out the works. On completion, prepare the site investigation report and submit to the SO for acceptance. Bored Ping Werks LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid= SpecificationsBored Ping Works 1.4.7.3. Groundwater level Verify the data on groundwater level from available ground investigation reports. 1.4.7.4 Contamination Verify information on contamination identified or believed to be present on site. In the event that contamination is either positively identified or suspected, draw to the attention of all personnel working on site together with the need to take any precautionary measures in handling contaminated materials, groundwater and ‘obnoxious vapours from the ground. 1.4.7.5 Ground Levels Existing ground levels at pile positions shall be determined and agreed between the Contractor and the Engineer before piling work starts. The ground levels so determined and agreed upon shall be used as a basis for the determination of the pay length of the piles. 14.8 0 Exis 1g Services Affected by the Works Refer to Preliminaries and conditions of contract for the requirements to deal with existing services affected by the works. 1.4.9 Site Protection Protect all equipment and working area using fencing or other methods as accepted. 1.410 Obstructions If any obstructions such as existing fences, structures, footings, boulders, concrete blocks, pipes, drains, driveways or ramp are encountered during excavation, submit proposals for their removal for the SO's acceptance. ‘The Contractor shall allow in his tender for the removal of all obstructions, which may be encountered during the course of this Contract. All obstructions shall be removed and disposed by the Contractor at his own cost. No claim for standing time shall be allowed in connection therewith 4.4.11 Supervision of the Works Engage a competent and suitably experienced site engineer to the SO's acceptance, to supervise the field works. 1.4.12 Quality Control Plan ‘Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer tc Requirements", clause 1.4.10 for guidance. "General 1.4.13 Safety Provide safety precautions to comply with all current legislation and regulations, notably: = Building Control Regulations = Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone - Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSHA) = SSCP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites. Bored Ping Works |LSW Consulting Enginoors Pte Ltd ~ SpocetionsBored Ping Works — For works within LTA Railway Protection Zone, ensure the works comply fully with Code of Practice for Railway Protection. Additionally, comply also with the following: — BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low rise building — BS 8008: Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and ‘descent of machine-bored shaft for piling and other purposes 1.4.14 As-Build Pile Surveys Employ a Licensed Surveyor who is to be responsible for surveying pile locations and eccentricities and submit the as—build survey to the SO in format as directed within 14 days after the piles have been trimmed to the cut-off level. 1.8 Definitions ‘a. | Pile Dimensions] Ples dimension specified in pie layout drawingls) piling schedule are the minimum acceptable dimensions B._| Rock Material classified as in EN ISO 14689-1. 7 "Bored Png Works LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid = Specifeations22 2.3 Bored Ping Works PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Requirements for Design Verification The required working load and sizes of the piles are indicated in the drawings, together with an indication of the required pile penetration depth. Based on actual ground conditions encountered as revealed by boring logs or ground investigations, carry out design check to confirm the required pile length as to achieve the specified working loads within the specified limits for load settlement behaviour as indicated in Clause 2.2. Account for effects of negative skin friction where applicable. Verify the design based on SS EN 1997-1 or SS CP 4 unless otherwise agreed. Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test Any of the piles, when under static or dynamic load test, is to satisfy the performance criteria as set out below, unless otherwise specified in the drawings: — The maximum permitted settlement at one time the specified working load (SWL) is to be 7mm, increased by 2.2% for every meter depth of pile length beyond 30m — The maximum permitted settlement at two times SWL is to be 13mm for SWL < 65 tonnes, increasing by 0.2mm for every tonne above 65 tonnes, until maximum 25mm. — For piles subject to negative skin friction (NSF), the working load test can be performed in the normal manner, but with its acceptance subject to satisfaction of an additional criterion that pile settlement at the test load of 1.0 times column load plus 2.0 times negative skin friction should not exceed 10mm. Pile head settlement at test load of 1xWL + 2xNSFs 10mm, The maximum permitted permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test load is 13mm. Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services Based on the results of the damage assessment as set out in Clause 1.4.2, propose the allowable ground settlement and vibration limits due to the works taking into account the vulnerability and sensitivity of the adjacent properties. State the values for alert and work suspension levels in the submission in accordance with the requirements of Building Control Act [Section 7(2)] Annex (BE/CP/5). Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent: = Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1. - The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak particle velocity of 15mmis. - Unless otherwise directed, refer to drawing for general restrictions on ground movements and vibration limits for adjacent structures where relevant. Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd = SpecificationsBored Pling Werke a. MATERIALS 34 Source of Materials Do not change sources of supply until it has been demonstrated that the materials from the new source can meet all the specified requirements. Remove from site any material that fail to comply with the specification. 32 Drilling Fluid 3.2.1 General Requirement Where drilling fluid is used itis to be such as to: = Provide continuous support of the excavation = Be easily displaced during concreting = Not pollute the ground at any stage — Not coat the reinforcement such as to impair the steel/concrete bond Drilling fluid including Bentonite supplied to the site and prior to mixing is to b accordance with API Specification 13A 5" Edition (1993) Drilling Fluid. 33 Water ‘Water used for the construction is to be clean and free from harmful matter in solution or suspension. If taken from a source other than the Public Utilities Board, water is to be tested in accordance with BS EN 1008. 34 Concrete Refer to "Concrete Construction Generally’, clause 3.0 for general requirement of conorete. 35 Grout Grout containing fine aggregate may be used in place of concrete. Constituents are to be water, ordinary Portiand cement, fine aggregate where permitted and admixtures subject fo agreement. 3.5.1. Minimum Cement Content Minimum cement content is to be 400kg/m? for concrete to be placed under water or drilling fluid by tremie method. 3.5.2 Fine Aggregate Fine aggregate is to be In accordance with grading C or M of SS EN 12620. 3.6 Reinforcement Refer to “Reinforcement”, clause 3.0 for general requirements of reinforcement. 37 Temporary Casings Unless otherwise agreed with the SO, temporary casings of accepted quality or an accepted alternative method is to be used to maintain the stability of pile excavation. Propose to SO's acceptance, the depth, size and thickness of casing to be provided Q Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid SpecifcavensBored Ping Works Temporary casings are to be free from significant distortion. They are to be of uniform cross-section throughout each continuous length. During concreting they are to be free from internal projections and encrusted concrete, which might prevent proper formation of the piles. 38 Permanent Steel Casings ‘When permanent casings are required, use S275 steel sections in compliance with BS EN 10210. 10 Borod Piling Werks LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ld ~ SpociationsBorod Piling Works 4. WORKMANSHIP 44 General Workmanship Requirements Ensure the equipment set up and installation procedures are in conformance with SS EN 1997-1 and SS CP 4. 41.1 Depth of Penetration Install each pile to a penetration as indicated in the drawings or as adjusted as a result of the design verification check. 44.2 Socketing of End Bearing Piles For all piles indicated as end bearing in the drawings or schedules, form a socket of depth at least 1m or 1 times diameter, whichever is larger, into the material that meets the founding conditions, unless indicated in the drawings or modified as a result of the verification check in clause 1.4.1, as approved by the SO. 41.3 Pile Toe Adopt a construction method, which ensures that the soil below the pile is not softened. Ensure that no drilling fluid or slurry remains at the base of the pile. 41.4 Continuity of Construction 4.1.4.1 Time for Excavation and Concreting Each pile is to be excavated and concreted within twenty-four hours from the start of excavation below any temporary casing. Where this time restraint cannot reasonably be met, set out an alternative in the method statement together with an estimate of the likely effect on the performance ‘and capacity of the pile. 4.4.4.2 Construction without temporary casing A pile constructed in a stable cohesive soil without the use of temporary casing or ‘other form of support is to be bored and concreted without prolonged delay and in ‘any case soon enough to ensure that the performance of the pile is not impaired. 42 Trial Bores Conduct trial bores to confirm the ground conditions and the feasibility of the proposed method of installation. Agree with the SO on the location, depth and size of the trial bores. 1" Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Lis Spociiations43 Bored Ping Works Boring Excavation 4.3.1 General ‘Submit a detailed method statement clarifying the procedure for installing the bored piles including the method of overcoming any obstructions encountered and drilling through hard rock for SO's acceptance. The method of excavation is to ensure no soil collapse in the bored holes. Do not commence working pile excavation before method of excavation is accepted. Carry out boring excavation generally using boring or reversed circulation drilling ‘equipment operating at the existing ground level. Provide temporary steel casing and drilling fluid if necessary to support the excavation. Ensure the extreme dimensions (teeth to teeth) of the boring bucket or auger is not smaller than the specified pile diameter. Do not dewater within the excavated bored holes. ity Do not bore so close to piles that have been recently cast which contain workable or partially set concrete that a flow of concrete or instability could be induced or damage sustained by any previously formed piles. Boring is to be kept clear from a minimum distance of 5 times pile diameter from a newly cast pile within 24 hours after casting. 43.2 Boring Proxi 4.3.3 Sequence of Piling ‘The Contractor shall first obtain the Engineer's approval for his proposed sequence of installation of piles in a group or in close proximity before implementation. The Engineer reserves the right to order changes to the approved sequence of piling if, based on work completed, he considers it necessary to do so. The Contractor shall not be entitled to claim extra payment for additional plant movements, etc. resulting from such an order. 43.4 Ground Condi Report to the SO immediately any apparent variance in the ground con those reported or might have been inferred from reports. ns 43.5 Rock Socketting and Obstructions When socketting through rock had been called for or in the event of encountering obstructions below ground level during boring, use reverse circulation drilling method, chiselling or propose other means for SO's acceptance to bore through the obstruction or rock. Should the reverse circulation drilling method fail to clear the obstruction or rock, propose and employ other methods including predriling with coring to assist in the clearing of the obstructions. 4.3.6 Temporary Casing Unless otherwise agreed, provide a temporary casing of appropriate size and length to support the excavation. Use low vibration equipment to install and extract casing for bores in built-up areas. 12 Bored Ping Works SW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid SpecicatonsBored Ping Werks 43.7 Pumping from Pile Excavation Do not pump from a pile excavation unless a casing has been placed into a stable stratum, which prevents the flow of water from other strata in significant quantities into the boring, or unless it can be shown that pumping will not have detrimental effect on the surrounding soil or property. 43.8 Determining Penetration Depth Verity soil extracted as consistent with design assumpti 1.4.1above. Terminate boring at the level indicated in the drawings, subject to modifications as a result of verification check in clause 1.4.1. and to SO’s approval. Keep soil samples drilled at strata change and at 3m intervals for records. 1s in accordance with clause 44 Use of Drilling Fluid 4.4.1 Proposal for Use Propose to the SO's acceptance on the need to use drilling fluid. If acceptable, propose suitable type and method of driling fluid to be used. 44.2 Storage Store solid additives in separate waterproof stores or containers, which will prevent the materials from becoming contaminated. 443 Use Use in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions unless there is a demonstrable reason to do otherwise. 4.4.4 Mixing Mix driling fluid thoroughly with clean fresh water to make a suspension, which will maintain the stability of the pile excavation for the period necessary to place concrete and complete construction. Where saline or chemically contaminated groundwater occurs, take special precautions to modify the drilling fluid suspension or prehydrate the drilling fluid in fresh water so as to render it suitable in all respects for the construction of piles, 44.5 Stability of Pile Excavation Using Drilling Fluid Where the use of drilling fluid is accepted for maintaining the stability of a boring, maintain the leve! of the fiuid in the excavation so that the fluid pressure always exceeds the pressures exerted by the soils and groundwater. Use an adequate ‘temporary casing in conjunction with the method to ensure stability of the strata near ground level until concrete has been placed. Maintain the fluid level at a level not less than 2m above the level of the groundwater unless otherwise agreed. In the event of a rapid loss of drilling fluid from the pile excavation, backfil the excavation without delay and inform the SO immediately. Obtain directions from the SO before excavation at that location is resumed. 44.6 Spillage and Disposal Take all reasonable steps to prevent the spillage of driling fluid suspension on the site in areas outside the immediate vicinity of boring. Remove discarded driling fluid 13 Bored Ping Werks SW Consuitng Engineers Pie Lid SpecifeationsBored Ping Works from the site without delay. Disposal of drilling fluid is to comply with the regulations of the appropriate authority. 45 Cleantiness of Pile Bases (On completion of boring and immediately ptior to casting, remove all loose, disturbed or remoulded soll or rock from the base of the pile while avoiding disturbance to the ground below the base. Maintain the stability of the bore at all times, using appropriate levels of support fluid as required. 46 Reinforcement 4.6.1 General Refer to "Reinforcement", clause 4. 46.2 Fixing Keep the number of joints in the longitudinal bars to a minimum. Arrange the joints such that the full strength of each bar is effective. Ensure the reinforcement cages are sufficiently rigid to enable them to be handled, placed and concreted without damage. Welding is to be in accordance with BS EN ISO 17660. 46.3 Placing Lower the steel reinforcement accurately into position with sufficient spacer blocks to ensure the correct cover is maintained at all times. Spacer blocks are to be of suitable durability. Allow a vertical tolerance of +150/-50mm on the level of the reinforcement projecting above the cut-off level. 4.6.4 Cover to Reinforcement Ensure cover provided comply with SS EN 1992-1 and SS CP 4, unless otherwise Indicated in the drawings. ar Pile Casting Read these clauses in conjunction with "Concrete Construction Generally’, clause 4.1 to4.4. 47.4 General Adopt a method of placing, and a suitable workability of the concrete, so as to form a continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section. 4 Bored Ping Works LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpecifestonsBored Pisng Werks Place the concrete without such interruption as would allow the workability of the previously placed batch to have deteriorated significantly. The method of placing is to be accepted by the SO. If necessary, incorporate an accepted set retarding additive into the mix in order to ensure extended workability of the concrete after placement. 1g of the concrete to avoid Take all precautions in the design of the mix and pla arching of the concrete in a casing. Prevent contamination of the concrete by spoil, liquid or other foreign matter. 4.7.2 Workability of Concrete Use slump testing for mixes with workability type A as in Table 4.7.2 below. Use flow testing as alternative workability test for higher workability mixes if practical, submit proposals for SO’s acceptance. Slump measured at the time of discharge into the pile shaft or at the time of discharge into the concrete pump hopper is to be in accordance with the standards shown in the table below, unless otherwise agreed. Do not use a concrete pump to place tremie concrete dir Table 4.7.2 ctly into the pile shaft Class of | Target fow | Stump “Typical condition of use Workabiliy [mm Min] Max (mm) _| (mm) ~ Not 75 | 125 _| Placed into water-ee or permanenlly ined shat applicable, reinforcement spaced at not ess than 100mm centres 500+/-50 | 400 | 178" | Where reinforcement is spaced at less than 600mm, oF pile bore is water free and less than 600mm diameter c B50%-50 [175 | 225" | Where concrete is to be placed by treme under dling fluid AT3 Compaction Do not use internal vibrators to compact concrete in the pile shafts. 4.74 Placing Concrete in Dry Shafts If the pile shaft is completely dry and stable, allow concrete to be discharged directly into the borehole. Before placing of concrete, clean out all loose materials. Take necessary measures to avoid loosening of the sidewalls of the shaft, segregation, and bleeding; and to ensure that the concrete at the bottom of the borehole is not deficient in grout. Use a hopper and a length of rigid delivery tube of not less than 3m to ensure the concrete falls centrally down the shaft. The lower end of delivery tube must be no ‘more than 10m above the bottom of the reinforcement cage. At no time must the concrete be allowed to free-fall more than 10m. 47.5 Placing Concrete Under Water or Under Drilling Fluid Place concrete under water or driling fluid using a tremie concrete pipe. Do not engage altemative methods of underwater placement such as the use of a drop bottom bucket or hose from a concrete pump unless otherwise accepted. 15 Bored Piling Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid~ SpecieationsBored Ping Works Do not discharge concrete freely into the water or drilling fluid. Before placing the concrete, ensure, by a method acceptable to the SO, that there is no accumulation of silt or other material at the base of the boring, and ensure that heavily contaminated drilling fluid suspension, which could impair the free flow of concrete from the pipe of the tremie has not accumulated in the bottom of the hole. ‘Take a sample of the drilling fluid suspension from the top and the base of the boring using an accepted sampling device. If the specific gravity of the suspension exceeds 1.25 or does not comply in any respect with the stated limits for the particular material, do not proceed with the placing of concrete. In this event, modify or replace the driling fluid as agreed to meet the Specification. 47.51 — Tremie Equipment ‘Check that the hopper and pipe of the tremie is clean and watertight throughout. Extend the pipe to the base of the boring and place a sliding plug or barrier in the pipe to prevent direct contact between the first charge of concrete in the pipe of the tremie and the water or driling fluid. If the plug or barrier is sacrificial, do not retain it in the mass of the concrete. 47.5.2 Tremie Procedure Keep the tremie pipe outlet at least 2 m below the surface of the concrete at all stages in the pour to prevent the re-entry of slurry into the pipe and do not withdraw Until concreting is complete. Develop a system of level checks for the concrete and pipe outlet to ensure that this requirement is met. At all times, maintain a sufficient quantity of concrete within the pipe to ensure that the pressure from it exceeds that from the water or drilling fluid. The internal diameter of the pipe of the tremie is not to be less than 250 mm. The number of tremie tubes per pile is to be acceptable to the SO. Where more than ‘one tremie pipe is employed during concrete pouring to any one pile, arrange the charging of concrete in the tubes so that it is evenly distributed between the tubes and no differential head exists at the concrete/slurry interface over the length of the pile. Confirm this level by soundings taken during the concrete pour. 475.3 Delay in Concreting Operation Should a delay or breakdown occur during the concreting operation, which in the opinion of the SO could cause a cold joint, entrapment of laitance in the tremie concrete, or otherwise lead to defective concrete, abandon the concrete placing. Ensure that an adequate supply of concrete to the tremie is available at all times so that placement is continuous. 4.7.6 Monitoring of Concrete Level During Pile Casting For each truckload of concrete discharged, counter-check the rise in concrete level against the expected increase. A graph showing the theoretical and placed concrete volumes is to be plotted against depth during concreting and submitted to SO for ‘confirmation. If the rise in concrete level is found to be higher than it is physically possible with the amount of concrete discharged, demonstrate the integrity of the pile to the satisfaction of the SO. 16 Bored Paing Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Ltd = SpecfcalonsBored Pilng Works 47.7 Pile Head Casting Level Tolerances 4.7.7.1 Piles cast in dry bores with temporary casing Cast pile heads to a level above the specified cut-off so that a sound concrete connection can be made after trimming. The casting level is to be 0.75m to 1.0m above the cut-off level. In the event of the ground water level being higher than the required pile head casting level shown on the Drawings, submit proposals for acceptance prior to placing concrete. Do not leave the pile head below the ground water level unless acceptable precautions are taken. 4.7.7.2 Piles Cast in Dry Bores with Permanent Lining Tubes or Casings Where permanent lining tubes or casings are used to where the cut-off is in stable ground below the base of any casing used, cast pile heads to a level above the Specified cut-off so that a sound concrete connection can be made after trimming. The casting level is to be 0.75 to 1.0m above the cut-off level. Where Cut-off levels are specified below the standing groundwater level, do not Teduce the borehole fluid level below the standing groundwater level until the concrete has set. 47.8 Extraction of Casing 4.7.8.1 General Remove the casing in such @ manner that no defect or damage will be sustained by the newly cast piles. 4.7.8.2 Workability of Concrete Extract temporary casings before the initial setting time of the concrete expires and ‘when the concrete remains sufficiently workable to ensure that it is not lifted. Should a semi-dry mix have been accepted for formed piles, submit the means of ensuring that the semi-dry concrete does not lift during extraction of the casing. During extraction maintain the motion of the casing in the axial direction of the pile. 4.7.83 — Concrete Level When the casing is being extracted, maintain a sufficient quantity of concrete within it to ensure that pressure from external water, drilling fluid or soil is exceeded and that the pile is neither reduced in section nor contaminated, Do not place concrete in the boring once the bottom of the casing has been lifted above the top of the concrete; place it continuously as the casing is extracted until the desired head of concrete is obtained. ‘Take adequate precautions in all cases where excess heads of water or drilling fluid could be caused as the casing is withdrawn because of the displacement of water or fluid by the concrete as it flows into its final position against the walls of the shaft. Where two or more discontinuous lengths of casing (double casing) are used in the construction, the proposed method of working is to be acceptable to the SO. 7 Bored ling Works SW Consuting Engineers Pie Lid ~ SpecifaionsBored Piling Works 47.9 Overbreak Ensure that the method of construction does not cause an overbreak of larger than 100% of the nominal pile concrete volume. Where the overbreak is larger than 100%, the pile is deemed to be defective. Propose suitable remedial measures including load tests justifying the capacity of the piles for SO’s acceptance. 48 Backfilling Empty Boring ‘After each pile has been cast, backfill any empty bore remaining carefully as soon as possible with acceptable materials. Ensure the method of discharging is accepted by the SO and in a manner that will not affect the integrity of the completed pile. 49 Grouting of Piles 49.1 Specific Requirement for Pile Grouting ‘Where the base or sides of the pile are to be pressure grouted, construct the piles with grout tubes and all other necessary equipment for grouting. 49.2 Grout 4.9.21 Batching Maintain weighing and water dispensing mechanisms to the levels of accuracy stipulated in BS 1305. Measure the moisture contents of aggregates immediately before mixing, 49.22 — Mixing Mix all ingredients thoroughly to produce a homogeneous mix. After mixing, pass mix through a 5mm aperture sieve and use within 30 minutes. 49.2.3 Transporting Transport so as to avoid segregation of the mix. 4.9.3. Method of Grouting ‘The method adopted is to be such that all requirements of the specification in regard to load-settiement behaviour and pile uplift during grouting are met. 49.4 Grout Tubes Test the tubes to ensure that leakage at the joints does not occur under pressure. Protect the tops of the tubes during and after grouting. Clean the tubes by flushing with water after grouting is complete. Re-grout if the specified uplift or target pressures are not achieved. Monitor the grout pressure during all operations. 49.5 Pile Uplift Monitor the uplift of piles during grouting using an appropriate monitoring device and reference frame. During base grouting the pile uplift is to be within the range 0.2 to 2.0mm. 8 Bored Ping Works LSW Censuting Enginoors Pte Ltd SpocfcationsBored Ping Works 4.40 Tolerances 4.101 Setting Out The Contractor shall be responsible for establishing and locating all lines, levels and Positions of all piles. He shall engage a Licensed Surveyor whose work shall include setting up all standard permanent bench marks which shall be tied back to existing permanent bench marks and shall set out the position of the building and all pile positions. The Contractor shall submit for approval two copies of setting out plan signed by the Licensed Surveyor before the commencement of piling work. The Contractor shall provide all necessary equipment, tools, labour and any assistance Tequired by the Engineer for the checking of the setting out of each pile. The acceptance of the final position of each pile shall not relieve the contractor of his responsibility of all remedial works required as a result of inaccuracies in the positions of piles installed. Establish all lines, levels and be responsible for the correct positions of all piles. Carry out setting out from the main grid lines of the proposed structure. Immediately before installation of the pile, mark the pile position with suitable identifiable pins or markers. 4.10.1.1 Datum & Reference Pegs Levels shall be taken with reference to the Singapore Survey Datum which is reckoned at 100.00m at Mean Sea Level. The Contractor shall be responsible for safeguarding the position and level of all survey pegs and bench marks used for the setting out of the works. 4.10.1.2 Casing position Check the casing position during and after placing the casing. 4.10.2 Position The maximum permitted deviation at cut off level of the pile centre from the centre point shown on the setting out drawing is to be 75 mm in any direction, For pile group of three or more piles not installed in a single line, the positional tolerance of the individual pile in the group may exceed the above limits. However, the positional tolerance of the centre of gravity of the pile group shall be 75mm. A survey of the eccentricity of each pile and the pile group is to be carried out by a Licensed Surveyor, with the results submitted to the SO within 14 days or as directed after the pile has been trimmed to its cut-off level. 4.10.3 Verticality For vertical piles, the maximum per vertical is 1 in 75. ited deviation of the finished pile from the 4.10.4 Rake For raked piles, the piling rig is to be set and maintained to attain the required rake. The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the specified rake is 1 in 25. 4.10.5 Pile Diameter The cross-sectional dimension of the pile is not to be less than specified, Check the auger width as required and record for each pile to ensure the specified diameter is achieved. 19 Bored Ping Works LSW Consuting Enginoors PtoLtd~ Specifestonsan 412 4.13 414 ‘eroding Works Allow a tolerance of 5% on the auger width. 4.10.5.1 Enlarged Pile Bases Enlarged bases formed mechanically is to be not less than the specified dimensions and concentric with the pile shaft within a tolerance of 10% of the shaft diameter. The angle between the sloping (upper) surface of the base and the axis of the pile is not to exceed 35° and at the specified diameter of the base at the perimeter the thickness of the base is not to be less than 150mm. Protection to Piles Ensure that, during the course of the work, no damage or displacement, which could impair performance or durability, occurs to the completed piles. Do not bore nor drive pile casing nearer than five times its diameter (measured centre to centre) from an unfiled pile excavation or from an uncased concrete pile where the concrete has been in place less than 24 hours. 4.11.1 Undesirable Imposed Forces Do not subject installed piles to any forces (direct or indirect) prior to their incorporation into the superstructure unless accepted by the SO. Cracks, tilting or bending of piles are sufficient evidence that undesirable forces had been imposed on the piles. Replacement of Piles 442.1 Rejection of Piles ‘Any piles cracked, deformed, twisted or suspected to be damaged in anyway or not installed within the specified tolerance is to be rejected at the discretion of the SO and replaced with substitute piles or supplemented by additional piles by the Contractor at his expenses. 4.12.2 Remedial Proposals In the event of pile rejected, propose remedial measures including replacing the rejected piles or supplement by substitute piles for SO's acceptance. Propose the details of modification of design to the pile caps, any required compensating piles, and other measures as necessary. All proposals are to be endorsed by a PE. In addition, the Contractor shall bear the extra costs occasioned by such rejection due to increased size of pile caps, strengthening of tie beams, etc. Costs shall be assessed at contract rates if the remedial work is to be carried out by others. Alternatively, the Contractor may propose modifications to the pile cap or any remedial work all at his own cost, subject to the Engineer's approval Cleaning Up Remove from the site periodically during the works and on completion all unnecessary plant, rubbish and debris resulting from the activities. Non-Performance of Working Piles Notify the SO if the performance of any pile is expected to be less than that of a similar pile whose test behaviour has been accepted. 20 ‘Bored Ping Works LSW Consuttng Engineers Pte Lid - Specifications415 4.16 4aT 4.18 4.19 Bored Ping Works Cutting Off Pile Heads (On completion of installation of piles, cut off the piles to the required level as shown on the Drawings and to a tolerance of +20 mm unless otherwise agreed. ‘Where a pile has been formed below the required cut-off level, build up the deficient portion and ensure the reinforcement is to project for a minimum length as stipulated in the drawing. Submit the method of cutting the pile heads for SO's acceptance. Take care to avoid shattering or otherwise damaging the rest of the pile. Cut away any cracked or defective concrete and make good with new conerete properly bonded to the old Noise and Disturbance Carry out the work in such a manner as to minimise noise, vibration and other disturbance. Comply with all current regulations and environmental controls. Underground Services The Contractor will be responsible at his own cost for any damage caused to all underground services, arising from his work under this contract. He shall allow for this requirement in his tender submission Proximity of Adjacent Property to the Site Contractors shall be deemed to have visited the site prior to tendering to acquaint themselves with the existing site conditions, means af access, nature and proximity of adjacent property and other matters liable to affect their tenders. No extra payment will be entertained on the tenderers failure to allow for contingencies arising out of the work and the nature of existing site conditions. The successful tenderer shall be solely responsible and bear all costs and expenses for protecting, maintaining and upholding the adjacent buildings where deemed necessary by the Engineer with adequate shoring or underpinning and for any repairs and reinstatement of damaged properties to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The successful tenderer shall insure and indemnify the Employer and the Engineer in respect of all claims by third parties, injury to workmen or public and damage to vehicles or any property of persons arising out of this contract. Final Survey and As-Built Drawing (On completion of the trimming to cut-otf-levels of the piles, engage a registered land surveyor to survey and prepare a survey plan and as-built drawing showing the position, cut off level, founding levels and eccentricity of the piles. Allow for the survey plans to be taken in batches and to carry out the survey work on several visits. Submit within timing and format as directed by the SO. At the completion of the works the Contractor shall submit two copies of "as-built" drawings showing the actual positions, inclinations and eccentricities of the piles at their cut-off levels, with location of buildings and land boundaries included in these plans and duly endorsed by the Contractor's Professional Engineer. 21 ‘Bored Png Works LSW Consulting Enginoers Pe Lid - Specifications54 Bored Piling Works VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS ‘Submissions 5.1.1 Submission at Tender ‘Submit the following details with the tender: = Proposals to deal with noise and vibration, and an assessment of vibration characteristics for the different piling operations and how they will attenuate with distance. — Details of method of achieving penetration of the piles, as well as through obstructions. — Details of method of avoidance of critical services. — Work programme indicating the anticipated time required for installation of the piles from (commencement of site works/start of excavation) to completion. — Track records showing evidence of experience of this type of work. General methods for control of the piling works. - Confirm that the ground investigation information provided is adequate for the piling works and design verification. List any concems in the tender. — Details of the action that would be taken to stabilise an excavation if for any reason the completion to the excavation of the concreting is delayed or prevented. If the Contractor chooses to execute the piling work according to his own design, he shall state so in his tender submission. He shall submit with his tender a comprehensive description of the proposed piling system with full details of design assumptions including negative skin friction (NSF) where necessary, calculations, drawings, pile cap sizes and pile cutoff levels, specification for materials, workmanship, pile installation criteria and procedures. In the event that the piling system proposed by the Contractor is acceptable, the Contractor shall obtain a Professional Engineer's endorsement on his proposal before final acceptance. ‘The Contractor's design and specification shall comply with the Code of Practice and this Specification, unless he has reasons acceptable to the Engineer for departing therefrom. The minimum factor of safety against failure shall not be less than 2.5. In addition, the settlement of pile under full test load for working load test shall not exceed the maximum value allowed in 1.16.6. It shall be his responsibility to itemize and refer each and every departure from the Code or this Specification to the Engineer for consideration and written approval before implementing the work. In matters not specifically covered by the Code and this Specification, the Contractor's proposals shall be in accordance with accepted principles of good foundation ‘engineering practice and shall also be subject to the Engineer's approval. If at any stage during the progress of the work, it is discovered that the Contractor has failed to comply with the provisions in the preceding paragraphs, such works as completed shall be liable for rejection without any payment to the Contractor. 22 Bored Ping Works SW Coneuitng Enginoore Pro Lid SpecicatonsBora Ping Werks 23 5.1.2 Method Statement Prior to commencement of piling works, submit a method statement for the proposed method of installation to achieve the required performance including — All relevant details of the method proposed during tender, including details of the method of transporting and placing concrete in piles and how the specified casting level tolerance will be achieved. ~ Method of overcoming any obstructions encountered and drilling through hard rock and ensuring no soil collapse within the borehole. Include details of the reversed circulation driling, chiselling or other method as proposed. — Methods to achieve the specified maximum permitted verticality of pile. Method of checking the verticality and corrective actions to be taken if the deviation exceeds the maximum permitted limits ~ Methods for installing piles in ground which exhibits Artesian conditions at depth — Details of proposed plant and boring equipment = Details of proposed monitoring equipment — Details of specialists used for grouting — Details of concrete and grout mixes = Methods of concreting and grouting — Methods of handling reinforcement = Details of spacers to be used on reinforcement cage = Details of permanent casing and the method of installation. = Details and properties of support fluid Do not commence work for working piles before proposed methods are accepted. 54.3 Piling Programme Submit to SO's acceptance the sequence and programme of working pile installation. Inform the SO of the piling programme scheduled for the following day and give adequate notice of any intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends. 5.1.4 Monitoring of Adjacent Structures Provide proposals for surveys and monitoring of movenent and vibration in adjacent structures and services before work commences. 5.41.5 As-Built Details Submit as-built details of the piling works on A1 size drawings including at least the following details: - Final setting out plan, pile depths, pile sizes, pile capai pile lengths and cut-off levels. = Location of piles which have been discarded and not in use, e.g. abandoned piles, unused existing foundation, rejected piles and preliminary test piles. ~ Location and type of pile load tests. ‘Submit these drawings to the SO endorsed by a PE within 2 weeks upon completing the works. ies, pile eccentricities, Bore Pling Works SW Consuting Engineers Pe Lid - Speeieations52 53 5.4 24 Bored Ping Works 5.1.6 Quality Control Plan Prepare and submit the quality control plan for SO’s acceptance prior to starting work. Inspection and Test Certificates 5.2.1 General Provide the SO with test certificates, analyses and mill sheets. Ensure that adequate notice is given to the SO when the processes can be inspected or tests can be witnessed. Inspect each pile bore prior to the placing of concrete in it. Provide suitable equipment to the SO’s acceptance for carrying out the inspection. 5.2.2 Inspection of Bores Inspect each pile bore prior to the placing of concrete in it. Provide suitable equipment to the SO’s acceptance for carrying out the inspection. Where the borehole is dry inspect from ground level to ensure that: — The base is adequately clean — The shaftis stable — The bore has been constructed within specified tolerances Provide adequate lighting, measuring tapes and the means of measuring vertically. Keep records of the inspection of bores. Tests 5.3.1 Compliance Testing of Concrete and Reinforcement Refer to requirements as set out in sections "Concrete Construction Generally’, clause §.1 and section *Reinforcement’, clause 5.0. 5.3.2 Grout Testing Carry out cube testing in accordance with BS EN 12504-1 Each sample is to comprise six cubes, three for testing at seven days and three for testing at 28 days after casting ‘Compliance Testing of Drilling Fluid 5.4.1 Verification of Drilling Fluid Material Provide a certificate from the manufacturer of the driling powder, showing the properties of each consignment delivered to the site. The properties to be given by the manufacturer are the apparent viscosity range (in centipoises) and the gel strength range (in Newton's per square metre) for solids in water. 5.4.2 Frequency of Testing Propose the frequency of testing drilling fluid and the method and procedure of ‘sampling prior to the commencement of the work. The frequency may subsequently be varied as required, depending on the consistency of the results obtained. Measure the density of freshly mixed drilling fluid suspension daily as a check on the quality of the suspension being formed. The measuring device is to be calibrated to read to within 0.005 g/ml. Bored Ping Works LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Ltd = SpecfcatonsBored Piing Works 25 5.4.3 Testing Laboratory Establish a suitably equipped and maintained site laboratory for testing the support fluid. Provide skilled staff and all necessary apparatus to carry out the sampling and testing. 5.4.4 Testing 5.4.4.1 Batch Testing Tests to determine density, viscosity, shear strength and pH value is to be applied to each batch of freshly mixed or reconditioned drilling fluid supplied to the pile boring and the results submitted before the batch is used in excavations. For average soil conditions, the results are to generally be within the ranges stated in Table 5.4.4.2 below. Carry out the tests until a consistent working pattern has been established, take account of the mixing process, any blending of freshly mixed driling fluid suspension and previously used driling fluid suspension and any process which may be used to remove impurities from previously used drilling fluid suspension, When the results show consistent behaviour, the tests for shear strength and pH value may be discontinued, and tests to determine density and viscosity is to be carried out as agreed. In the event of a change in the established working patter, tests for shear strength and pH value is to be re-introduced for a period, if required. 5.4.4.2 Testing from Bore At least one sample of fluid is to be taken from the base of the excavation and one from the top immediately prior to placing reinforcement and concrete. Compliance values are as stipulated below. Table 5.4.4.2 Drilling Fluid Properties Property to be Range of esuts— | Range of resuts— | Test Method measured ‘sample from bore Freshly mixed fluid | Frior to placing steel and concrete een! Density Less than 1.10 giml_| Less than 1.10 gimi | Mud density balance Viscosity 30-90s or less than | 33-428 Marsh cone or 20P Fann viscometer Shear strength (10 [1.4-10.0Nim@or | 1.4-10.0Nim? or | Shearometer or minute gel strength) | 4 9 _ 40.0 Nim? 4.0 - 40.0 Nim? Fann Viscometer PH 95-120 95-120 PH indicator paper strips or electrical PH meter ‘Sand content Less than 4% Less than 2% Wet sieving through 210 8S Mesh’ Bored Ping Werke LSW Consulting Engineers Pie Lid~ Specifations55 56 Bored Ping Works Pile Testing For general requirement and procedures of the pile load tests refer to "Pile Testing’, clause 4.0. 5.5.1 Preliminary Piles Refer to "Pile Testing’, clause 4.1 for requirements of the preliminary pile(s). Agree locations with the SO. 5.5.2 Working Pile Testing Refer to "Pile Testing", clause 4.1 for the requirement of working pile tests. 5.5.3 Remedial measures 5.5.3.1. Piles Carrying Gravity Loads For each pile test that has failed, propose and provide one or more substitute compensating piles for acceptance by the SO. If, in the opinion of the SO, it is impractical or inadvisable to install substitute piles in place of a failed pile, submit proposals to rectify the defect. The proposal is subject to the acceptance of the SO. 5.5.3.2 Piles Carrying Lateral Loads In the event that a pile fails a lateral working load test, carry out remedial measures as follows: — Cary out a structural assessment to ensure the pile is structurally sound, = Excavation of all materials for a distance of not less than 5 metres from pile face around the entire pile to minimum 1m below the level of the pile cap soffit. The width of excavation is to be the same on all sides of the pile. — Backfiling and compaction of the excavation hard against the pile and testing and re-testing as appropriate. Finally, completion of backfilling and compaction to the level of the top of the pile cap. ‘Aiternative remedial measures such as compensating piles may be proposed subject, to the acceptance of the SO. Carry out additional load tests as directed by the SO. Records Keep records of the installation of each pile with information as below. Submit two copies of these records to the SO the next working day after the pile was installed or as directed. Note any unexpected boring conditions in the record. = Contract Pile reference number (location) ~ Pile type — Nominal cross-sectional dimensions or diameter — Nominal diameter of underream — Length of preformed pile = Standing groundwater level Date and time of boring = Date of concreting 26 Bored Ping Works SW Consuting Enginoers Pie Lid = SpecificationsBored Ping Works 57 ~ Ground level at commencement of installation of pile - Working level = Depth from working level to pile toe - Toe level — Depth from working level to pile head level — Length of temporary casing — Length of permanent casing - A log of soil type encountered from start to finish of excavation and observed water levels.” — Length and details of reinforcement. = Concrete mix = Volume of concrete supplied to pile where this can be measured in practice = Agraph of theoretical and placed concrete volumes with depth. = All information regarding obstructions/delays and other Interruptions to the sequence of work 5.6.1 Grouting Records Provide duplicate records within 24 hours of completion of grouting, showing: — Pile identification = Date — Leakage test = Records of pressure and uplift = Total uplift = Grout test results Payment ~The quantities for pling work given in the Bills of Approximate Quantities shall form a common basis for pricing by Tenderers and for the evaluation of tenders received, as such, the Contractor shall not order materials in accordance with the quantities provided in the Bills of Approximate Quantities. = The paylength of pile shall be measured from the approved cut-off levels to the toe level ~The cost of bulbing or billing shall be deemed to have been included in the rate quoted by the Tenderer for per metre length of the pile. ~ Any extra penetration gained by bulbing, spreading or similar means shall not be paid for. The cost of such means of increasing the bearing capacities of the piles shall be deemed to have been included in the rate quoted. — Should any pile be installed slightly out of the required position due to incorrect setting out or due to whatsoever reasons and subsequent compensating pilels is/are necessary, such additional pile’s shall be considered as remedial work and shall be installed at the Contractor's own costs. The Contractor shall be paid the length of the ar Bored Piling Works LSW Consuting Engineers Pie Lid~ SpecifeationsBored Pang Works pile installed. All additional costs resulting from such remedial work shall be bore by the Contractor. In cases where piles are installed out of the required position as a result of incorrect setting out or due to whatsoever causes and the piles are rejected totally as decided by the Engineer, i.e. not to be incorporated into the permanent work, the rejected piles shall not be paid and the costs shall be borne by the Contractor. Under such circumstances, replacement pile/s installed wil be paid and the total paylength shall however, be not greater than that of the rejected pile. All additional costs due to modification work shall be borne by the Contractor. ‘The rate quoted by the Tenderer shall apply to boring in all soil conditions including obstructions. 28 Bored Ping Works LSW Consutng Enginoors Pe Lid ~ SpecificationsDriven Ping LSW CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTE LTD Driven Piling Driven Ping SW Consuting Engineers Pte Lis - SpeciationDriven Ping CONTENTS Page 1. GENERAL 3 14 ‘Scope 3 12 Related Specifications 3 13 Standard and Regulations 3 14 Trade Preambles 4 18 Definitions. 7 iz PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 8 24 Requirements for Design Verification 8 22 Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test 8 23 Driving Requirement 9 24 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services 9 25 Noise Nuisance 9 3. MATERIALS 10 34 Pile Sections and Pile Dimensions 10 32 Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles Including Spun Piles 10 33 Steel Piles " 34 Proprietary Micropiles. 12 35 Pile Shoes and Toes 2 4. WORKMANSHIP 13 a4 Fabrication of Piles: Concrete Piles 13 42 Fabrication of Piles: Steel Piles 8 43 Handling and Pitching of Driven Piles “4 44 Installation and Driving 18 45 Welding 17 48 Damaged Piles 7 47 Tolerances 7 48 Pile Heads 18 49 Replacement of Piles 18 4.10 Cleaning Up. 19 4a Non-Performance of Working Piles 19 42 Noise and Disturbance 19 445 Final Survey and As-Built Drawing 20 5. VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 2 54 Submissions 2 52 Inspection and Test Certificates 2 53 Tests 23 5A Pile Testing 23 55 Records 24 a Driven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciationDriven Piling 1. GENERAL Read with the General Requirements specification, and all other contract documents. 14 Scope This specification covers the requirements for the construction of driven piles, including the use of the following pile types: — Precast Concrete piles including Spun Piles — Steel Piles — Treated Timber Piles — Composite Micro-piles 12 Related Specifications Read this work specification in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work specications as follows: Condition Survey and Monitoring ile Testing Concrete Construction Generally Reinforcement Structural Steelwork Protective Works for Structural Steelwork 43° Standard and Regulations 4.31 Standards Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant Fequirements of the Standards and Codes listed in Building and Construction Authority's Approved Document — Acceptable Solutions or below or referenced in the body of the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the allemative Standards and Codes comply with the requirements of the standards specified. Singapore Standards SSEN 12620 Specification for aggregates for concrete SSEN 1997-1 Geotechnical Design. General rules SSEN 1997-2 Geotechnical Design. Ground Investigation and Testing SSEN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structure. General rules and rules. for buildings sscp4 Foundations ss cP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites Other Standards APL SL. Line pipe BS 1560-3.2 Circular flanges for pipes, valves and fittings (class designated). Steel, cast iron and copper alloy flanges. Specification for cast 3 ; Diven Ping LSW Consulting Engingers Pte Lis Specification14 Driven Ping iron flanges BSEN 10293 _ Steel casting for general engineering uses BSEN 1011 Welding- Recommendation for welding of metallic materials, BSEN 10253 _Butt-welding pipe fittings, Part3 Wrought austenitic and austenitic-ferrtic (duplex) stainless steels without specific inspection Part 4 Wrought austenitic and austenitic-ferrtic (duplex) stainless stee's with specific inspection BS 7079 Preparation of steel substrate before application of paints and related products — tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness BS 8008 Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and descent of machine-bored shafts for piling and other purposes BSEN 10025 —_Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels -Technical delivery condition BSEN 10113 Hot rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steel PD 5500 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels BS EN 12699 Execution of special geotechnical works. Displacement piles BSEN 14199 Execution of special geotechnical works. Micropiles BEEN 12794 _Precast Concrete Products. Foundation Piles In the event that the standards or Codes are revised or superseded, refer to the latest edition or the appropriate substitution for the relevant subjects. 1.32 Technical References Refer to the following technical reference for guidance in carrying out the works: — BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low-rise building. Trade Preambles 4.4.1 Design Verification The piling design and details of the project are shown in the drawings. Based on the information, engage suitably qualified personnel to carry out = Design verification checks based on actual ground conditions to determine the required length of each pile and ensure that the specified working load and settlement criteria of the piles are achieved. Proposals to amend the design including compensating piles as necessary in the event that for any reasons the installed piles do not perform as intended. — Proposals to amend the pilecap design of the building in the event that the piles are installed out of the permitted tolerance. ~ Proposals as a response plan in the event that measures taken to control ground movement and vibration do not perform satisfactorily. Take into account of the design requirements as set out in Clause 2 below. ‘Submit the design to the SO for acceptance. Design proposals in (b) and (c) are to be endorsed by a Singapore Professional Engineer. Driven Pig LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid~ SpeciationDriven Pang 1.4.2 Contractor's Proposals 4.4.2.1 Proposals on Driving Equipment Propose for SO’s acceptance, suitable driving equipment for the works. Take account of the suitability, efficiency and energy of the driving equipment. ‘Submit calculations on proposed piles set and rebound control for SO’s acceptance. 1.4.3 Building Damage Assessment Carry out a Building Damage Assessment on the effects of ground movement to the neighbouring properties due to the works, for the purpose of establishing suitable values for ‘Alert’ and "Work Suspension’ levels for monitoring. Submit to SO with ‘endorsement from a PE. 1.4.4 Coordination with Other Works Co-ordinate with other contractors who may carry out other works at the same time at the site. Take into account of site access, space occupation, safety and safeguarding of adjoining properties and each other's works. 1.45 Condition Survey Where applicable, prior to and upon completion of the site works, carry out a condition survey to adjacent buildings in accordance with the requirements of “Condition Survey and Monitoring’. Submit all records to the SO and adjacent property owners where directed. Keep a copy of the survey report on site ready for inspection. 1.4.6 Instrumentation and Monitoring Provide instrumentation to monitor the ground movement, vibration and condition of adjacent properties. Refer to "Instrumentation and Monitoring”, Clause 3.1, and the drawings for the schedule of instrumentation required. If necessary or as required by the authorities, propose and provide additional instrumentation and monitoring for records. Take cognisance of and co-ordinate with other contractors on site who may be carrying out instrumentation and monitoring works to avoid duplication of installation and readings. For general requirements of the instrumentation and monitoring works refer to. instrumentation and Monitorina’ 1.4.7 Upholding of Adjoining Properties ‘Accept responsibility for the upholding of the adjoining buildings and roads, footpaths etc., where applicable, together with the mains and services from the time of taking possession of the site through the duration of the works. ‘Adequately maintain roads and footpaths within and adjacent to the site and keep clear of mud and debris. 1.4.8 Verification of Site Information 1.4.8.1 — Site Surveys Verify and be satisfied that the information given in the existing site survey plans provided are accurate. if necessary, engage a registered Surveyor to carry out additional site survey before commencing any work, Driven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - SpeciationDriven Ping 1.4.8.2 Additional site investigation Carry out additional ground investigation where additional information is needed for the works or when directed by the SO. Carry out the works in compliance with “Site Investigation’. Carry out the boreholes progressively prior to commencement of the works in areas according to the contractor's construction programme. On completion of drilling, backfill the boreholes with a suitable bentonite/cement mix. ‘Submit the location and schedule for the boreholes to SO’s acceptance prior to carrying out the works. On completion, prepare the site investigation report and submit to the SO for acceptance. 1.4.8.3 Groundwater level Verify the data on groundwater level from available ground investigation reports. 1.4.8.4 Contamination Verify information on contamination identified or beli /ed to be present on site. In the event that contamination is either positively identified or suspected, draw to the attention of all personnel working on site together with the need to take any precautionary measures in handling contaminated materials, groundwater and obnoxious vapours from the ground. 1.4.8.5 Ground Levels Existing ground levels at pile positions shall be determined and agreed between the Contractor and the Engineer before piling work starts. The ground levels so determined and agreed upon shall be used as a basis for the determination of the pay length of the piles. 14.9 Existing Services Affected by the Works Refer to Preliminaries and conditions of contract for the requirements to deal with existing services affected by the works. 1.410 Site Protection Protect all equipment and working area using fencing or other methods as accepted. 1.4.11 Obstructions If any obstructions such as existing fences, structures, footings, boulders, concrete blocks, pipes, drains, driveways or ramp are encountered during excavation, submit proposals for their removal for the SO's acceptance. ‘The Contractor shall allow in his tender for the removal of all obstructions, which may be encountered during the course of this Contract. All obstructions shall be removed and disposed by the Contractor at his own cost. No claim for standing time shall be allowed in connection therewith. 1.4.12 Supervision of the Works Engage a competent and suitably experienced site engineer to the SO's acceptance, to supervise the field works. Driven Png LSW Gonsutng Engineers Pte Lid - Speciation15 Deven Ping 1.4.13 Welders’ Qualifi Engage only welders who are qualified in the accepted welding procedure and have a proven record over the previous six months, or who have attained an equivalent standard, on the Works. Provide copies of certificates relating to welders’ tests to the SO on request. 1.4.14 Quality Control Plan ‘Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer to "General Requirements", clause 1.4.10 for guidance. 1.4.15 Safety Provide safety precautions to comply with all current legisiation and regulations, notably: ~ Building Control Regulations — Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone ~— Workplace Safety and Health Act (WSHA) — SSCP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites — For works within LTA Railway Protection Zone, ensure the works comply fully with Code of Practice for Railway Protection, ‘Additionally, comply also with the following: BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low rise building ~ BS 8008: Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and descent of machine-bored shatt for piling and other purposes. 4.4.16 As-Build Pile Surveys Employ a Licensed Surveyor who is to be responsible for surveying pile locations and eccentricities and submit the as-build survey to the SO in format as directed within 14 days after the piles have been trimmed to the cut-off level. Definitions ‘@._| Pile Coating | The term ‘coating’ includes the primer and the number of other coats specified. Driven Fling LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - Speciation2 24 22 Driven Ping PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Requirements for Design Verification The required working load and sizes of the piles are indicated in the drawings, together with an indication of the required pile penetration depth. Based on actual ground conditions encountered as revealed by boring logs or ground investigations, carry out design check to confirm the required pile length as to achieve the specified working loads within the specified limits for load settlement behaviour as indicated in Clause 2.2, Account for effects of negative skin friction where applicable, as well as the permissible stresses in the piles and joints below. Verify the design based on SS EN 1997-1 or SS CP 4 unless otherwise agreed. 24.4 Permissible Stresses in Piles Unless otherwise agreed, the stress in precast concrete piles due to the design load is not to exceed 0.3 times the characteristic oylinder strength; For prestressed concrete piles, the maximum compressive stress in the concrete due to the design loads and effective prestress is not to exceed 0.3 times the characteristic cylinder strength. 2.4.2 Joints in Precast Reinforced Piles ‘Where two or more precast sections have to be joined to achieve the length of pile required, provide full details of the method of jointing to the SO for acceptance. Ensure that the joint is capable of generating the full axial capacity of the pile and, where specified, the bending capacity of the section. The SO may require joint testing to be carried out before acceptance. 2.1.3 Strength Classes ‘The minimum conerete class shall be C35/45. Performance Criteria for Piles Under Test Any of the piles, when under static or dynamic load test, is to satisfy the performance criteria as set out below, unless otherwise specified in the drawing: — The maximum permitted settiement at one time the specified working load (SWL) is to be 7mm, increased by 2.2% for every meter depth of pile length beyond. 30m. — The maximum permitted settlement at two times SWL is to be 13mm for SWL < 65 tonnes, increasing by 0.2mm for every tonne above 65 tonnes, until maximum 25mm. For steel piles only, the maximum allowable settlement under two times ‘SWL may be increased further by not more than 0.15mm per metre length to allow for the elastic shortening of the piles. — For piles subject to negative skin friction (NSF), the working load test can be performed in the normal manner, but with its acceptance subject to satisfaction of an additional criterion that pile settlement at the test load of 1.0 times column load plus 2.0 times negative skin friction should not exceed 10mm. Pile head settlement at test load of 1xWL + 2xNSFs 10mm. — The maximum permitted permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test load is 13mm. Driven Pilipg LLSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpeciationDriven Piling 23 Driving Requirement Provide set calculations for acceptance prior to commencing work and revise, if necessary, in accordance with the trial drives and preliminary load test results. Take into account the following requirements in the calculations. 2.3.4 Drop Hammer Where a drop hammer is used, check that the mass of the hammer is not less than half that of the pile. For other types of hammer, ensure the energy delivered to the pile is at least equivalent to a drop hammer of the stated mass. Ensure that hammer drop height and hammer weight are visible at all times to facilitate the supervision of the driven pile construction. 2.3.2 Permissible Driving Stresses in Piles Comply with relevant legislation and regulations for pile driving. Unless otherwise agreed or specified, limit the driving stresses for pile installation and testing to the values below: Table 2.3.2 Recommended permissible driving stresses in piles Pile Type ‘Compression Tension Stress Stress Steel 0.9, OS fe Prestressed Concrete 0.80. 0.9 f= foe Precast Concrete 0.80f, 0.9 fy 4, = Characteristic Steel yield strength (kNim?) fa= Characteristic Concrete compressive strength (kN/m?) foe = Initial prestress (kN/m?) Note: For prestressed Concrete, the permissible driving stress calculated include the prestress. 24 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services Based on the results of the damage assessment as set out in Clause 1.4.3, propose the allowable ground settlement and vibration limits due to the works taking into account the vulnerability and sensitivity of the adjacent properties. State the values for alert and work suspension levels in the submission in accordance with the requirements of Building Control Act. Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent: - Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1 ~The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak particle velocity of 15mmis, - Unless otherwise directed, refer to “instrumentation and Monitoring’, Clause 4.2.2 for general restrictions on ground movements and vibrati adjacent structures where relevant. 25 Noise Nuisance Ensure compliance with restrictions from NEA and other authorities with jurisdiction over the works. 9 Driven Piling {LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid Specificationa 34 3.2 Driven Piling MATERIALS Pile Sections and Pile Dimensions Note that the piles sections and dimension indicated in the drawings and schedule are the minimum acceptable dimensions, Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles Including Spun 3.24 Concrete Refer to "Concrete Construction Generally", clause 3.0 for general requirement of conerele. 3.2.2 Reinforcement 3.2.2.1 General Refer to "Reinforcement", clause 3.0 for general requirement of reinforcement. Ensure all precast concrete piles supplied are reinforced in accordance to the design. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided is to be four in rectangular and six in circular or hexagonal piles. Minimum bar size is to be 12 mm. Total cross sectional area of reinforcement is not to be less than 1% of the cross section of the pile. Incorporate adequate reinforcement for lifting and handling purposes, 3.2.2.2 Joints in Reinforcement Ensure the main longitudinal reinforcing bars in piles not exceeding 12 m in length is in one continuous length unless otherwise agreed. In piles exceeding 12 m long, provide laps in main longitudinal bars at 12 m nominal intervals. Check that joints in reinforcement are such that the full strength of the bar is effective across the joint. Provide sufficient link bars to resist eccentric forces at lap or splice joints. 3.2.3 Spacers Check that spacers are designed and manufactured using materials, which will not ead to reinforcement corrosion or spalling of the concrete cover. 3.2.4 Formwork 3.241 General Ensure formwork is clean, robust and constructed such as to prevent grout loss or loss of aggregate during casting and to ensure the production of uniform sections. When the sides of adjacent piles are used as formwork, use an accepted method to prevent adhesion between concrete surfaces. 10 ‘riven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid SpecctionDriven Ping 33 3.2.4.2 Alignment of Formwork The head of each pile is to be square to the longitudinal axis. The corners of the head and the corners of the pile shaft for a distance of 300 mm from the head is to be chamfered 25 mm x 25 mm. The point of the pile or shoe is to lie on the longitudinal axis of the pile. Holes for toggle bolts are to be at right angles to the faces of the plle, and are lined with steel tubes or other accepted material. Provide holes for handling and pitching and line with steel tubes. Alternatively, provide and cast in inserts to SO's acceptance. 3.2.5 Inserts for Segmental Precast Piles Fabricated steel components is to comply with BS EN10025 Grades Fe 430A or 510A. Propose for acceptance, details of all such components, the method of incorporating within the concrete section and the method of connecting the precast sections. 3.2.6 Square Sections When the precast concrete section is a square, chamfer the corners. 3.2.7 Dimensional Tolerances and Weight The head of a pile element is to lie within a tolerance of 1 in 150 to the pile axis. The cross-sectional dimensions of the pile are not to be less than specified and not exceed by more than 6 mm. Any face of a pile is not to deviate by more than 6 mm. from a straight edge 3 m long laid on the face, and the centroid of any cross-section of the pile is not to deviate by more than 12 mm from the straight line connecting the centroids of the end faces of the piles. For piles less than 3m long the permitted deviation from straightness is reduced to below 6mm on a pro rata basis. Steel Piles Refer to "Structural Steelwork", clause 3.1 for general requirement of materials for the steel piles. 3.3.1 Pile Coating To supplier's recommendations and SO’s acceptance, take into account the available ground and water conditions. 3.3.1.1 Quality of Finished Coating The finished coating is to be generally smooth, of a dense and uniform texture and free from sharp protuberances or pinholes. Sags, dimpling or curtaining on up to 3% of the surface area of each member are acceptable although sharp protuberances are to be removed by using a carpenter's chisel laid flat on the surface; 3.3.1.2 Treatment of Damaged Coatings For area where the coating is damaged or removed, lightly wire brush and recoat with the original coating in accordance with agreed methods. 1 ‘riven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lis ~ Speciation34 35 Driven Piling 3.3.2 Welding welding for fabrication of ste! structural Steelwork’, clause 4.4. les and accessories are to be in accordance with 3.3.3. Dimensional Tolerances and Weight 3.3.3.1 Standard Rolled Sections The deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1.04 (L- 4.5) where L is in metres and the deviation in millimetres. For proprietary sections made up from rolled sections, the deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/1000 of the length of the pile. 3.3.3.2 Tubular Piles ‘The deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/600 of a length up to 10 m. When two or more lengths are joined, the deviation from straightness is not to exceed 1/960 of the completed length unless otherwise agreed. The dimension of the pile is to ‘comply with the following further restrictions: For a tubular pile carrying static load by the wall of the pile or by a concrete core, the dimensions are to comply with API SL unless otherwise agreed. For a tubular pile where the loads are carried by the wall of the pile and subject to reversal of stress during or after construction, the external dimensions at any section as measured by using a tape on the circumference are not to differ from the theoretical dimensions by more than -1% to +1%. Proprietary Micropiles Provide details of material and splice connections to SO for acceptance. Pile Shoes and Toes Provide the first section of each pile with a pointed co-axial shoe made of either stee! or chill hardened cast iron as follows: 3.5.1 Cast Steel Shoes To BS 3100, grade A1. Straps or other fastenings to cast pile shoes Is to be of steel to BS EN 10025, Grade $275JO, and cast into the point to form an integral part of the shoe. 3.5.2 Cast Iron Pile Shoes To be made from chill hardened iron as used for making grey iron castings to BS 1560-3.2, Grade 150. The chilled iron point is to be free from major blowholes and other surface defects. 3.5.3 Steel Pile Shoes Flat plate and welded fabricated shoes provided to steel piles is to be to BS EN 10113 Grade 43A or 0A, or to BS EN10 025 Grade Fe430A or Fe 510A. 3.5.4 Strengthening of Pile Toe ‘The material used for the strengthening to the toe of a pile in lieu of a shoe or the strengthening of the head of a pile is to be made from the material of the same grade as the pile unless otherwise agreed. 12 Driven Pig SW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecificationDriven Ping 4. WORKMANSHIP 44 Fabrication of Piles: Concrete Piles 4441 Casting of Concrete Piles Ensure provision of reinforcement cover to SS EN 1997-1 or SS CP 4 and SS EN 1992-1 unless otherwise indicated in the drawings. Cast all precast concrete piles on site, or at an approved yard. 44.14 Curing Unless otherwise agreed, the piles are to be cured for the period as below. Type of Cement [Minimum Period from Time of Casting Strike Side] End of Wet | Lif from] Dive Shutters | Curing Casting Bed Sulphate TZhours | 4 days 10 days | 28 days Resisting Portland Cement Rapid-Hardening | 12 hours | 3 days 7 days 10 days Portland Cement Do not itt piles from the casting bed until sufficient concrete strength has developed to allow handling to take place without causing damage. Assess this on the basis of the results of the concrete cube tests and the type of cement and admixtures used, and provide a proposed level for acceptance. When accelerated curing is used, the curing procedure is to SO’s acceptance and must not cause deleterious effects to the pil. Allow not less than four hours from the completion of casting before raising the temperature. Control rates of heating and cooling in accordance with relevant code of practice. 42 Fabrication of Piles: Steo! Piles For general workmanship requirements refer to "Structural Steelwork’, clause 4.0, 42.1 Longitudinal Welded Piles 4.2.1.1 Welded Tube Piles Engage automatic welding machines and method of rolling with approval. Ensure that all welds are full penetration butt welds and, with the exception of continuous tube-making processes, make longitudinal welds with the extension plates at the starting and finishing points of each seam. 4.21.2 — Welded Box Piles and Proprietary Sections Weld box piles or proprietary sections made up from two or more hot rolled sections in accordance with accepted methods. 4.2.2 Butt Welding of Piles Ensure that the root edges or root faces of lengths of piles that are to be butt welded do not differ by more than 25% of the thickness of piles not exceeding 12 mm thick, ‘or by more than 3 mm for piles thicker than 12 mm. When piles of unequal thickness are to be butt welded, the thickness of the thinner material is to be the criterion. 3 Driven Piling | LSW Consuting Engineers Pe Lid - SpeciationDiiven Ping 4.2.3 Coating Piles for Protection Against Corrosion Provide coating for corrosion protection to the piles. Propose suitable coating products to SO's acceptance, 42.3.1 Specialist Labour Ensure the preparation of surfaces and the application of the coats to the piles are carried out by specialists or skilled labour to SO’s acceptance. 4.2.3.2 Protection During Coating Undertake the preparation and coating in a weather-protected environment. 4.2.3.3. Control to Humiity During Coating Do not apply the coatings when the humidity in the vicinity may cause condensation on the surface. 4234 Welded Parts After welding, re-apply a layer of coating within 200 mm of the welded part. 43 Handling and Pitching of Driven Piles 43.41 Handling Do not lift piles by slinging from other than accepted lifting holes or points. For each section, clearly mark the lifting points. Ensure that all piles within a stack are in groups of the same length and placed on accepted supports. Carry out handling, transporting and pitching of piles in a manner that avoid damage to piles and their coatings. 43.14 — Precast Concrete Piles Do not subject the piles to loading, including its own weight, which will induce a ‘compressive stress in the conorete exceeding 0.30 of its strength. 43.2 Pitching Before the commencement of driving, check each pile and the leaders or guides of the pile frame for correct rake or plumb and maintain the rake or plumb during driving. During the driving operation ensure the centre of the monkey or hydraulic ram does not deviate more than 40 mm off the centre of the pile being driven. 43.3. Marking and Storing Mark all piles at intervals of 1 metre along their length prior to pitching. 4.3.3.1 Steel Piles Mark to show grade of steel, length and identification number. Store the piles above the ground surface and above standing water. Ensure that the piles are nested with fianges vertical and stored on adequate numbers of timber blocks to avoid bending. 43.3.2 — Precast Conerete Piles Mark to show their identification number, length and date of casting. Provide adequate facilities for supporting and aligning the lengths of pile. 4 ‘ven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid Speciation44 Driven Ping Installation and Driving 441° General Install each pile to a penetration as indicated in the drawings or as adjusted as a result of the design verification check supported by accepted set records. Ensure the equipment set up and installation procedures are in conformance with SS EN 1997-1 or SS CP 4, 44.2 Length of Piles Unless otherwise agreed, provide lengths of pile so as to minimise the number of joints within the expected penetration. Set up pile lengths so that the differences in the lengths of the sections are as even as possible. 4.4.2.1 Matching of Pile Lengths for Tubular Piles Arrange the piles such that the longitudinal seam welds and spiral seam welds of the different lengths are evenly staggered. If, in order to obtain an acceptable match of the ends of the piles or the specified straightness, these seam welds are brought to close alignment at the joint, then ensure they are staggered by at least 100 mm. 4.4.3 Driving and Re-drive Checks 44.3.1 — Strength of Piles Do not drive piles until there are evidence indicating that the pile has achieved the specified strength 44.3.2 Depth Drive each pile continuously until the specified depth or accepted set has been reached. Acceptable set is to be submitted and accepted by SO. Do not suspend driving without approval. Demonstrate that the rate of penetration prior to the cessation of driving will be substantially re-established on its resumption. 44.3.3 Pile head protection — Helmet cushion: Ensure the helmet cushion used during driving is in accordance to the manufacturer specification. The Hammer system and cushions used for installation of working piles are to be the same as those used successfully for the preliminary piles. ~ Anti-Spiitting Plates: Fit the piles with an approved anti-splitting plate at the butt and toe to protect against brooming or splitting during driving. 44.3.4 — Follower / Dolly Do not use a follower/dolly unless agreed, in which case revise the set to take into account the reduction in the effectiveness of the hammer blow. 44.3.5 Splicing of piles When not shown in the design drawings, propose and provide suitable splicing connections to SO’ acceptance to enable the continued driving of the piles. Before splicing proceeds, accurately position the extension pile true to line and vertical with the driven pile. Ensure full contact over the full cross section of the butting pile surfaces. 15 Driven Ping LLSW Consuting Engineers Pte Lid - SpecificationDriven Ping 4.4.3.6 Driving Resistance Inform the SO immediately and take detailed record of the driving resistance if an change in driving characteristics is noted. Take a similar detailed record ving resistance over the full length of the next nearest pile for comparison if available. 44.3.7 — Ground Conditions Report to the SO immediately any apparent variance in the ground conditions from those reported or might have been inferred from reports. 44.3.8 — Obstruction In the event of encountering obstructions below ground level during piling operations, inform the SO immediately for further directions. 4.4.39 Repair and Lengthening of Piles Carry out any repairs necessary to the pile head to enable driving to the final level to be completed. If lengthening is required, provide details of proposed methods to be Used to ensure that the extended pile is capable of withstanding safely stresses imposed during driving and under load. Do not complete driving after repair or lengthening until there are sufficient evidence indicating that the required pile strength has been achieved. 4.4.3.10 Final Set When a final set is being measured, check that the following requirements are rm = The exposed part of the pile is to be in good condition without damage or distortion. = The dolly and packing, if any, is to be in sound condition. Set taken by dolly is to be correlated with load test results. = The hammer blow is to be in line with the pile axis and the impact surfaces are to be flat and at right angles to the pile and hammer axis. — The hammer is to be in good condition and operating correctly — The temporary compression of the pile is to be recorded as directed. 4.4.3.1 Revdrive Checks Carry out if required to an accepted procedure. 4.4.3.12 Installation of Mioro-piles Install strictly to manufacturer's recommendation and methods and procedures as accepted. 4.4.4 Driving Sequence and Risen Piles Drive piles in an accepted sequence to minimise the detrimental effects of heave and lateral displacement of the ground so that the final position of each pile is within the specified tolerances. When required, take levels and measurements to determine the movement of the ground or any pile resulting from the driving process. 16 Driven Ping LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ SpecificationDriven Ping 45 48 47 When a pile has risen as a result of adjacent piles being driven, submit proposals to the SO for correcting this by re-driving to the required set, and for avoiding such situations in subsequent driving 445 Leaders and Trestles During driving and until incorporation in the structure, provide adequate support and. restrain to the piles by means of leaders, trestles, temporary supports or other arrangements, such as to maintain position and alignment and to prevent buckling and damage to the piles. 4.4.6 Preboring ‘Adopt pre-boring to assist pile installation only with permission. Pitch the pile into a hole pre-bored to the depth and diameter as agreed with the SO. Record the details of the pre-boring depth and diameter. 447 Jetting Adopt jetting to assist pile installation only with permission. Propose details for the jetting operations to SO's acceptance before commencing. Do not carry out jetting ‘over the last 3m of penetration. Welding All welding are to conform to the requirement in “Structural Steehwork", clause 4.4, Ensure that all welding are carried out by a certified welder. When welding the splice joints during driving, allow a minimum cooling time of 30 minutes for welds before continuing any driving work. Damaged Piles Unless otherwise agreed, provide compensating piles for any piles damaged due to internal defects or due to improper handling or driving. Tolerances 474 Setting Out The Contractor shall be responsible for establishing and locating all lines, levels and Positions of all piles, He shall engage a Licensed Surveyor whose work shall include setting up all standard permanent bench marks which shall be tied back to existing permanent bench marks and shall set out the position of the building and all pile Positions. The Contractor shall submit for approval two copies of setting out plan signed by the Licensed Surveyor before the commencement of piling work. The Contractor shall provide all necessary equipment, tools, labour and any assistance required by the Engineer for the checking of the setting out of each pile. The acceptance of the final position of each pile shall not relieve the contractor of his esponsibility of all remedial works required as a result of inaccuracies in the positions of piles installed. Establish all lines, levels and be responsible for the correct positions of all piles. Set out from the main grid lines of the proposed structure. Immediately before installation of the pile, mark the pile position with suitable identifiable pins or markers. 4.7.1.1 Datum & Reference Pegs Levels shall be taken with reference to the Singapore Survey Datum which is reckoned at 100.00m at Mean Sea Level. 7 Driven ling LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Speciation48 49 Driven Ping ‘The Contractor shall be responsible for safeguarding the position and level of all survey pegs and bench marks used for the setting out of the works. 41.2 Position ‘The maximum permitted deviation at the cut off level of the pile at centre is to be 75 mm in any direction. 47.3 Verticality For vertical piles, the maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the vertical is 1 in 75. 474 Rake For raked piles, set and maintain the piling rig to attain the required rake. The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from the specified rake is 1 in 25. Pile Heads. 4.8.1 Steel Pile Heads If a steel superstructure is to be welded to steel piles, cut the piles square and to within 5mm of the levels shown on the Drawings. If piles are to be encased in concrete, cut them square and to within 20 mm of the levels shown on the Drawings, and remove protective coatings from the surface of the pile heads down to a level 100 mm above the soffit of the concrete. 48.2 Precast Concrete Pile Heads (On completion of installation of piles, cut off the piles to the required level as shown on the drawings to a tolerance of +20 mm unless otherwise agreed. Expose the main reinforcement and leave reasonably straight for bonding into the pile cap. In stripping pile heads, strip the concrete to a level such that the remaining concrete will project 75 mm into the pile cap, Where a pile has been formed below the required cut-off level, build it up with concrete of at least the same grade and ensure that the reinforcement projects for such length as above. Provide details of the proposed method of cutting the pile heads. ‘Take care to avoid shattering or damaging the rest of the pile. Cut away any cracked or defective concrete and made good with new concrete properly bonded to the old to provide a full and sound section to the cut-off level. Replacement of Piles 49.1 Rejection of Piles Any piles cracked, deformed, twisted or suspected to be damaged in anyway or not installed within the specified tolerance is to be rejected at the discretion of the SO and replaced with substitute piles or supplemented by additional piles by the Contractor at his expenses. 18 Driven Piling LSW Consulting Engineers Pte Lid ~ Specificationren Ping Proposals In the event of pile rejected, propose remedial measures including replacing the rejected piles or supplement by substitute piles for SO's acceptance. Propose the details of modification of design to the pile caps, any required ‘compensating piles, and other measures as necessary. All proposals are to be endorsed by a PE. |In addition, the Contractor shall bear the extra costs occasioned by such rejection due to increased size of pile caps, strengthening of tie beams, etc. Costs shall be assessed at contract rates if the remedial work is to be carried out by others. Alternatively, the Contractor may propose modifications to the pile cap or any remedial work all at his own cost, subject to the Engineer's approval 410 Cleaning Up Remove from the site periodically during the works and on completion all unnecessary plant, rubbish and debris resulting from the activities. an Non-Performance of Working Piles Notify the SO if the performance of any pile is expected to be less than that of a similar pile whose test behaviour has been accepted. 412 Noise and Disturbance Carry out the work in such a manner as fo minimise noise, vibration and other disturbance. ‘Comply with all current regulations and environmental controls. 443 Underground Services The Contractor will be responsible at his own cost for any damage caused to all underground services, arising from his work under this contract. He shall allow for this requirement in his tender submission. 4.14 Proximity of Adjacent Property to the Site Contractors shall be deemed to have visited the site prior to tendering to acquaint themselves with the existing site conditions, means of access, nature and proximity of adjacent property and other matters liable to affect their tenders. No extra payment will be entertained on the tenderer’s failure to allow for contingencies arising out of the work and the nature of existing site conditions. ‘The successful tenderer shall be solely responsible and bear all costs and expenses for protecting, maintaining and upholding the adjacent buildings where deemed necessary by the Engineer with adequate shoring or underpinning and for any repairs and reinstatement of damaged properties to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The successful tenderer shall insure and indemnify the Employer and the Engineer in respect of all claims by third parties, injury to workmen or public and damage to vehicles or any property of persons arising out of this contract. 19 Driven Ping LSW Gonsuting Engineers Pte Ltd ~ Specifistion445 riven Ping Final Survey and As-Built Drawing ‘On completion of the trimming to cut-oft-levels of the piles, engage a registered land ‘surveyor to survey and prepare a survey plan and as-built drawing showing the position, cut off level, founding levels and eccentricity of the piles. Allow for the survey plans to be taken in batches and to carry out the survey work on several visits. Submit within timing and format as directed by the SO. ‘At the completion of the works the Contractor shall submit two copies of "as-bul drawings showing the actual positions, inclinations and eccentricities of the piles at their cut-off levels, with location of buildings and land boundaries included in these plans and duly endorsed by the Contractor's Professional Engineer. 20 Driven Ping LSW Consuting Engineers Pte Ltd - SpecificationDriven Pang 5. 54 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS ‘Submissions. 5.1.1 Submission at Tender ‘Submit the following details with the tender: — Proposals to deal with noise and vibration, and an assessment of vibration characteristics for the different piling operations, ~ Details of method of achieving penetration of the piles, as well as through obstructions. Details of method of avoidance of critical services. ~ Work programme indicating the anticipated time required for installation of the piles from commencement to completion. — Track records showing evidence of experience of this type of work. = General methods for control of the piling works. ~ Confirm that the ground investigation information provided is adequate for the piling works and design verification. Raise any concerns in the tender. If the Contractor chooses to execute the piling work according to his own design, he shall state so in his tender submission. He shall submit with his tender a comprehensive description of the proposed piling system with full details of design assumptions including negative skin friction (NSF) where necessary, calculations, drawings, pile cap sizes and pile cut-off levels, specification for materials, workmanship, pile installation criteria and procedures. in the event that the piling system proposed by the Contractor is acceptable, the Contractor shall obtain a Professional Engineer's endorsement on his proposal before final acceptance. The Contractor's design and specification shall comply with the Code of Practice and this Specification, unless he has reasons acceptable to the Engineer for departing thereftom. The minimum factor of safety against failure shall not be less than 2.8. In addition, the settiement of pile under full test load for working load test shall not exceed the maximum value allowed in 1.16.6. It shall be his responsibility to itemize and refer each and every departure from the Code or this Specification to the Engineer for consideration and written approval before implementing the work. In matters not specifically covered by the Code and this Specification, the Contractor's proposals shall be in accordance with accepted principles of good foundation engineering practice and shall also be subject to the Engineer's approval. If at any stage during the progress of the work, it is discovered that the Contractor has failed to comply with the provisions in the preceding paragraphs, such works as ‘completed shall be liable for rejection without any payment to the Contractor. 5.1.2 Method Statement Prior to commencement of piling works, submit a method statement for the proposed ‘method of installation to achieve the required performance including: — All relevant details of the methods proposed during tender. ~ Methods to achieve the permitted verticality of pile. Method of checking the verticality and corrective actions to be taken if the deviation exceeds the limits, All details of proposed pile driving equipment and machineries. 21 ven Pring SW Consuting Engineers Pte Ltd SpecificationDriven Piling — All details of proposed monitoring equipment. Details of inserts for segmental precast pile. = Method of cutting off pile head — Details of the Quality Management System. = Details of the equipment to determine the depth and verticality of the installation. — Typical pile record sheets, including also details such as unusual driving conditions, interruption or delays and other information deemed essential. = Methods to control alignment including pile batter and vertical plumbness, and the rotation about longitudinal centreline of the web for steel piles. — Full details of the welding procedures and electrodes with drawings and schedules as may be necessary. 5.1.3 Schedule of Pile Lengths Before the commencement of installation of the working piles, provide the SO with a schedule showing the sizes and segment lengths of the working piles, taking into consideration the intended penetration depth and ground conditions. 5.1.4 Piling Programme ‘Submit to SO’s acceptance the sequence and programme of working pile installation. Inform the SO of the piling programme scheduled for the following day and give ‘adequate notice of any intention to work outside normal hours and at weekends. 5.1.5 Monitoring of Adjacent Structures Provide proposals for surveys and monitoring of movement and vibration in adjacent structures and services before work commences. 5.1.6 As-Built Details Engage a licensed Surveyor to carry out a survey of the eccentricity of each pile and the pile group. Submit the results to the SO within time as directed after the piles have been trimmed to the cut-off level. Include the following information: = Final setting out plan, pile depths, pile sizes, pile capacities, pile eccentricities, and cut-off levels. — Location of piles, which have been discarded or not in use, e.g. abandoned piles, unused existing foundation, rejected piles and preliminary test piles. — Location and type of pile load tests. 5.1.7 Quality Control Plan Prepare and submit the quality control plan for SO’s acceptance prior to starting work. 52 Inspection and Test Certificates 5.241 General Provide the SO with test certificates, analysis and mill certificates. Ensure that adequate notice is given to the SO to inspect the process or test. 22 Driven Ping SW Consuting Engineers Pe Ltd ~ SpeciationDriven Ping 5.22 Inspection of Coatings Check the completed coating for thickness and continuity by an accepted magnetic thickness gauge and Holiday detector. Apply additional treatment to areas where the thickness is less than specified. Check the completed coating also for adhesion by driving a sharp carpenter's chisel laid almost flat through the coating and along the surface of the steel. A coating adhesion is acceptable if no separation is apparent between coats and if it can be ‘seen to be adhering in the depressions on the exposed metal surface. Test once for each 20 m2 of surface. Provide additional coats to areas where the adhesion is not accepted. Ensure the coating for the piles are accepted before pitching and driving. 5.2.3 Uplift of Piles Check the uplift of working piles at least weekly during the pil the results to the SO. 1g works and submit 5.24 Final Set Record the final set of each pile either as the penetration in millimetres per 10 blows or as the number of blows required to produce a penetration of 25 mm. 53 Tests 5.3.1 Compliance Testing of Concrete and Reinforcement Refer to requirements as set out in "Concrete Construction Generally’, clause 5.2 and "Reinforcement", clause 5.0. 5.3.2 Weld Testing Refer to "Structural Steelwork", clause 5.4 for general requirement and procedures on welding fest. 5.3.2.1 Weld Check on Longitudinal Welded Piles Unless otherwise directed, during production of longitudinally welded tube piles, take at least one radiograph approximately 300 mm jong on each completed length as a spot check on weld quality. Take on a circumferential or longitudinal weld at position agreed. 5.3.2.2 Radiographs of Welds ‘The acceptance standard for radiographs of steel pile welds is to be in accordance with PD 5500. For a pile where the loads will be static and where the pile will receive lateral support, or where the load will be carried by a concrete core, radiographs will not be required unless specified, but ensure that welds are capable of withstanding handling, driving and design load stresses. 54 Pile Testing For general requirement and procedures of the pile load tests refer to “Pile Testina’, clause 4.0, 5.4.1 Preliminary Piles Refer to "Pile Testing’, clause 4.1 for requirements of the preliminary pile(s). Agree locations with the SO. 23 Driven Ping LSW Consulting Enginoore Pte Lid ~ Specification