History of Nepal

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The history of Nepal has been influenced by its position in the Himalaya and its two neighbours, modern
day India and Tibet.
It is a multiethnic, multiracial, multicultural, multi religious, and multilingual country. The most spoken language of
Nepal is Nepali()followed by other various national languages.
Nepal had experienced a struggle for democracy at times in the 20th century and early 21st century. During the
1990s and until 2008, the country was in a civil strife. A peace treaty was signed in 2006 and elections were held in
the same year. In a historical vote for the election of the constituent assembly, Nepalese parliament voted to oust
the monarchy in June 2006. Nepal became a federal republicand was formally renamed the 'Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal' ending the 200 year old Shah dynasty.

1Toponymy
2Early ages
o 2.1Prehistory
o 2.2Legends and Ancient times
o 2.3Thakuri Dynasty
2.3.1Rule of the Thakuri kings
2.3.2Gunakama Deva
2.3.3Successors of Gunakama Dev
2.3.4Nuwakot Thakuri Kings
2.3.5Suryavansi (the Solar Dynasty)
2.3.6Shivadeva III
o 2.4Malla Dynasty
o 2.5Shah Dynasty, unification of Nepal
3Kingdom of Nepal
o 3.1Gorkha rule
o 3.2Rana rules
o 3.3Revolution of 1951
o 3.4Royal coup by King Mahendra
o 3.5Multiparty parliament
o 3.6Civil strikes
o 3.7Nepalese Civil War
4Federal Democratic Republic
o 4.1Protests over Constitution of 2015
5See also
6Footnotes
7References
8External links

Toponymy[edit]
The derivation of the word Nepal is the subject of a number of different theories:

The Sanskrit word nepalaya means "at the foot of the mountains" or "abode at the foot"; Nepal may be derived
from this.
The Tibetan word niyampal means "holy land". Nepal may be derived from it.
Nep are the people that used to be cow herders (gopal) who came to the Nepal valley from the Ganges Plain of
modern-day India. Combining the two words yields Nepal.
Some inhabitants of northern Nepal came from Tibet, where they herded sheep and produced wool. In
Tibetan, ne means "wool" and pal means "house". Thus, Nepal is "house of wool".[1]
The Newar people, who inhabit the Kathmandu Valley, have the word nepa in their Nepal Bhasa language,
meaning "country of the middle zone". Nepal may have been derived from this.[1]
 A popular theory is that Lepcha people used the words ne ("holy") and pal ("cave") and thus Nepal to describe a
"holy cave".[1]
According to Buddhist legend, the deity Manjusri drained the water from Nagadaha (a mythical lake that is
believed to have filled the Kathmandu Valley). The valley became inhabitable and was ruled by Bhumigupta, a
cow-herder, who took advice from a sage named "Ne". Pla means "protector" or "taking care",
so Nepal reflected the name of the sage who took care of the place, according to Nepali scholar Rishikesh
Shaha.[1][2][3]

Early ages[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people have been living in the Himalayan region for at
least 11,000 years.[citation needed] The earliest inhabitants of Nepal and adjoining areas were people from the Indus Valley
Civilization. Tharus, people of mixed Dravidian and Austro-Asiatic features are the forest-dwelling natives of the
Cental Terairegion of Nepal.
According to Hogduon in 1847 the earliest inhabitants of Nepal were properly the Kusunda people and were
properly of proto-Australoid origin.[4]
Legends and Ancient times[edit]
Though very little is known about the early history of Nepal, legends and documented references reach back to the
first millennium BCE:

The epic Mahabharata mentions the Kiratas among the inhabitants of Nepal. Kirati king Yalambar had the
dubious honor of being slain in the battle of the Mahabharata, in which gods and mortals fought alongside each
other. Legend credits him with meeting Indra, the lord of heaven, who ventured into the Valley in human
guise.[not in citation given]
Also, the presence of historical sites, e.g., Valmiki ashram, indicates the presence of Sanatana (ancient) Hindu
culture in parts of Nepal at that period.
According to some legendary accounts in the chronicles, the successors of Ne were the goplavai/gopal
bansa or "Cowherd family" are said to have ruled for some 491 years. They are said to have been followed by
the mahaiaplavaa or "Buffalo-herder Dynasty", established by a Rajput named Bhul Singh.[5]
In a Licchavi period inscription (found on archeological stoneworks, which list mostly the dates and
commissioners of these constructions, also communicate royal edicts, religious mantras or historical notes)
mention the Kirata, that through the corroboration of local myths and the Vamsavalis, identify a people prior to
the Licchavi dynasty.
Before Nepal's emergence as a unified nation in the later half of the 18th century, the designation 'Nepal' was
largely applied only to the Kathmandu Valley and its surroundings. Thus, up to the unification of the country, Nepal's
recorded history is largely that of the Kathmandu's Valley. References to Nepal in the Mahabharata epic, in Puranas
and in Buddhist and Jaina scriptures establish the country's antiquity as an independent political and territorial
entity. The oldest Vamshavali or chronicle, the Gopalarajavamsavali, was copied from older manuscripts during the
late 14th century, is a fairly reliable basis for Nepal's ancient history. The Vamshavalis mention the rule of several
dynasties the Gopalas, the Abhiras and the Kiratasover a stretch of millennia. The documented history of Nepal
begins with the Changu Narayan temple inscription of King Manadeva I (c. 464505 CE) of the Licchavi dynasty.
Thakuri Dynasty[edit]
Rule of the Thakuri kings[edit]
The Thakuri Dynasty was a Rajput Dynasty. After Aramudi, who is mentioned in the Kashmirian chronicle, the
Rajatarangini of Kalhana (1150 CE), many Thakuri kings ruled over parts of the country up to the middle of the 12th
century CE. Raghava Deva is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in 879 CE, when the Lichhavi rule came to an
end. To commemorate this important event, Raghu Deva started the 'Nepal Era' which began on 20 October, 879
CE. After Amshuvarma, who ruled from 605 CE onward; the Thakuris had lost power and they could regain it only in
869 CE.
Gunakama Deva[edit]
After the death of King Raghava Dev, many Thakuri kings ruled Southern Nepal up to the middle of the 12th century
CE. During that period, Gunakama Deva was one of the famous kings. He ruled from 949 to 994 CE. During his
rule, a big wooden house was built out of one single tree which was called 'Kasthamandapa', from which the name
of the capital, 'Kathmandu', is derived. Gunakama Deva founded a town called Kantipur, the modern Kathmandu. It
was also Gunakama Deva who started the 'Indra Jatra' festival. He repaired the temple that lies to the northern part
of the temple of Pashupatinath. He introduced Krishna Jatra and Lakhe Jatra as well. He also performed Kotihoma.
Successors of Gunakama Dev[edit]
Bhola Deva succeeded Gunakama Deva. The next ruler was Laxmikama Deva who ruled from 1024 to 1040 CE. He
built Laksmi Vihara and introduced the custom of worshipping a virgin girl as 'Kumari'. Then, Vijayakama Deva, the
son of Laksmikama, became the Nepalese king. Vijaykama Deva was the last ruler of this dynasty. He introduced
the worship of the "Naga" and "Vasuki". After his death, the Thakuri clan of Nuwakot occupied the throne of Nepal.
Nuwakot Thakuri Kings[edit]
Bhaskara Deva, a Thakuri from Nuwakot, succeeded Vijayakama Deva and established Nuwakot-Thakuri rule. He is
said to have built Navabahal and Hemavarna Vihara. After Bhaskara Deva, four kings of this line ruled over the
country. They were Bala Deva, Padma Deva, Nagarjuna Deva and Shankara Deva.
Shankara Deva (10671080 CE) was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty. He established the image of
'Shantesvara Mahadeva' and 'Manohara Bhagavati'. The custom of pasting the pictures of Nagas and Vasuki on the
doors of houses on the day of Nagapanchami was introduced by him. During his time, the Buddhists wreaked
vengeance on the Hindu Brahmins (especially the followers of Shaivism) for the harm they had received earlier from
Shankaracharya. Shankara Deva tried to pacify the Brahmins harassed by the Buddhists.
Suryavansi (the Solar Dynasty)[edit]
Bama Deva, a descendant of Amshuvarma, defeated Shankar Deva in 1080 CE. He suppressed the Nuwakot-
Thankuris with the help of nobles and restored the old Solar Dynasty rule in Nepal for the second time. Harsha
Deva, the successor of Bama Deva was a weak ruler. There was no unity among the nobles and they asserted
themselves in their respective spheres of influence. Taking that opportunity Nanya Deva, a Karnataka king, attacked
Nepal from Simraungar. In reply Army of Nepal defended, won the battle and successfully protected Nepal from a
foreign invasion.
Shivadeva III[edit]
After Harsha Deva, Shivadeva the third ruled from 1099 to 1126 CE. He was a brave and powerful king. He founded
the town of Kirtipur and roofed the temple of Pashupatinath with gold. He introduced twenty-five paisa coins. He also
constructed wells, canals, and tanks at different places.
After Sivadeva III, Mahendra Deva, Mana Deva, Narendra Deva II, Ananda Deva, Rudra Deva, Amrita Deva, Ratna
Deva II, Somesvara Deva, Gunakama Deva II, Lakmikama Deva III and Vijayakama Deva II ruled Nepal in quick
succession. Historians differ about the rule of several kings and their respective times. After the fall of the Thakuri
dynasty, a new dynasty was founded by Arideva or Ari Malla, popularly known as the 'Malla Dynasty'.
Malla Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Malla (Nepal)
Early Malla rule started with Ari Malla in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries, his kingdom expanded
widely, into much of South Asia and western Tibet, before disintegrating into small principalities, which later became
known as the Baise kingdoms.
Jayasthiti Malla, with whom commences the later Malla dynasty of the Kathmandu Valley, began to reign at the end
of the 18th century. King Prithvi Narayan Shah unified Kathmandu at the day of Indra Jatra (festival). Malla Dynasty
was the Longest ruling dynasty, ruling from the 12th century to the 18th century (about 600 years of ruling period).
This era in the Valley is eminent for the various social and economic reforms such as the 'Sanskritization' of the
Valley people, new methods of land measurement and allocation etc. In this Era, new Art and Architecture was
introduced. The monuments in Kathmandu Valley which are listed by UNESCO these days were built during Malla
rule. In the 14th century, before Kathmandu was divided into 3 princely states, Araniko went to China upon the
request of Abhaya Malla for representing the skill of art and architecture, and he introduced Pagoda Style of
architecture to China and subsequently, whole Asia. Yaksha Malla, the grandson of Jayasthiti Malla, ruled the
Kathmandu Valley until almost the end of the 15th century. After his demise, the Valley was divided into three
independent Valley kingdomsKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanin about 1484 CE. This division led the Malla
rulers into internecine clashes and wars for territorial and commercial gains. Mutually debilitating wars gradually
weakened them, that facilitated conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha. The last
Malla rulers were Jaya Prakasha Malla, Teja Narasingha Malla and Ranjit Malla of Kathmandu, Patan, and
Bhaktapur respectively.
Shah Dynasty, unification of Nepal[edit]
Main article: Unification of Nepal

Mohar of king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka Era 1685 (CE 1763)

Prithvi Narayan Shah (c. 17791875), with whom we move into the modern period of Nepal's history, was the ninth
generation descendant of Dravya Shah (15591570), the founder of the ruling house of Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan
Shah succeeded his father Nara Bhupal Shah to the throne of Gorkha in 1743 CE. King Prithvi Narayan Shah was
quite aware of the political situation of the Valley kingdoms as well as of the Baise and Chaubise principalities. He
foresaw the need for unifying the small principalities as an urgent condition for survival in the future and set himself
to the task accordingly.
His assessment of the situation among the hill principalities was correct, and the principalities were subjugated fairly
easily. King Prithvi Narayan Shah's victory march began with the conquest of Nuwakot, which lies between
Kathmandu and Gorkha, in 1744. After Nuwakot, he occupied strategic points in the hills surrounding the
Kathmandu Valley. The Valley's communications with the outside world were thus cut off. The occupation of the Kuti
Pass in about 1756 stopped the Valley's trade with Tibet. Finally, King Prithvi Narayan Shah entered the Valley.
After the victory of Kirtipur. King Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu sought help from the British and so the than
East India Company sent a contingent of soldiers under Captain Kinloch in 1767. The British force was defeated at
Sindhuli by King Prithvi Narayan Shah's army. This defeat of the British completely shattered the hopes of King Jaya
Prakash Malla. The capture of Kathmandu (September 25, 1768) was very dramatic. As the people of Kathmandu
were celebrating the festival of Indrajatra, Prithvi Narayan Shah and his men marched into the city. A throne was put
on the palace courtyard for the king of Kathmandu. Prithvi Narayan Shah sat on the throne and was hailed by the
people as the king of Kathmandu. Jaya Prakash Malla somehow managed to escape with his life and took asylum in
Patan. When Patan was too captured a few weeks later, both Jaya Prakash Malla and the king of Patan;Tej
Narsingh Malla took refuge in Bhaktapur, which was also captured after some time.Thus, the Kathmandu Valley was
conquered by King Prithvi Narayan Shah and Kathmandu became the capital of the modern Nepal by 1769.
In 1794, troops of Prithivi Narayan Shah has made a complete conquered on Nuwakot which they were commanded
by Biraj Thapa, but they were badly defeated, largely because of the following reasons:

1. Burial of Tulsi river

2. Lack of arms and ammunition
3. Lack of trained soldiers
4. Lack of detailed research and plans
King Prithvi started unifying parts of Baise-Rajya in the Rapti region in around 1760CE. By 1763, Tulsipur-Dang
Rajya fell and by 1775 CE, Chauhan Raja Nawal Singh of House of Tulsipur was completely defeated. After losing
his northern hill territories to King Prithvi, Chauhan Raja Nawal Singh was forced to move to his southern territories
(currently Tulsipur/Balarampur in modern-day India) and ruled as one of the largest Taluqdar of Oudh.
King Prithvi Narayan Shah was successful in bringing together diverse religio-ethnic groups under one nation. He
was a true nationalist in his outlook and was in favor of adopting a closed-door policy with regard to the British. Not
only his social and economic views guided the country's socio-economic course for a long time, his use of the
imagery, 'a yam between two boulders' in Nepal's geopolitical context, formed the principal guideline of the country's
foreign policy for future centuries.But in the modern days this saying is to be modify as a 'link between two giant
countries' and Nepal can be able to get benefit from both countries.
Kingdom of Nepal[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Nepal
Gorkha rule[edit]

The old king's palace on a hill in Gorkha

After decades of rivalry between the medieval kingdoms, modern Nepal was unified in the latter half of the 18th
century, when Prithvi Narayan Shah, the ruler of the small principality of Gorkha, formed a unified country from a
number of independent hill states. Prithvi Narayan Shah dedicated himself at an early age to the conquest of the
Kathmandu Valley and the creation of a single state, which he achieved in 1768.
The country was frequently called the Gorkha Kingdom. It is a misconception that the Gorkhali took their name from
the Gorkha region of Nepal; actually, the region was given its name after the Gorkhali had established their control
of these areas.
After Shah's death, the Shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into much of South Asia. Between 1788 and
1791, during the Sino-Nepalese War, Nepal invaded Tibet and robbed Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse. Alarmed,
the Qianlong Emperor of the Chinese Qing Dynasty appointed Fuk'anggan commander-in-chief of the Tibetan
campaign; Fuk'anggan signed treaty to protect his troops thus attaining a draw.[6] The draw was later converted to
victory by Nepali forces sent on commands of PM Jung Bahadur Rana.[6]

Battle of Guntagadhi where Nepali forces (in black) defeated Tibetan forces

After 1800, the heirs of Prithvi Narayan Shah proved unable to maintain firm political control over Nepal. A period of
internal turmoil followed. Rivalry between Nepal and the British East India Company over the princely states
bordering Nepal and British-India eventually led to the Anglo-Nepalese War (181416), in which Nepal suffered a
heavy defeat. The Treaty of Sugauli was signed in 1816, ceding large parts of the Nepalese controlled territories to
the British.

Bhakti Thapa leading Gorkha men at Anglo-Nepalese War

Rana rules[edit]
Jung Bahadur Rana was the first ruler from this dynasty. Rana rulers were titled "Shri Teen" and "Maharaja",
whereas Shah kings were "Shri Panch" and "Maharajdiraj". Both the Rana dynasty and Shah dynasty are Rajput
caste in the Hindu tradition. Jung Bahadur codified laws and modernized the state's bureaucracy. In the coup d'tat
of 1885, the nephews of Jung Bahadur and Ranodip Singh murdered Ranodip Singh and the sons of Jung Bahadur,
stole the name of Jung Bahadur and took control of Nepal. Nine Rana rulers took the hereditary office of Prime
Minister. All were styled (self proclaimed) Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski. Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924
under premiership of Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.[7]
Revolution of 1951[edit]
Main article: Democracy movement in Nepal
The revolution of 1951 started when dissatisfaction against the family rule of the Ranas had started emerging from
among the few educated people, who had studied in various South Asian schools and colleges, and also from within
the Ranas, many of whom were marginalized within the ruling Rana hierarchy. Many of these Nepalese in exile had
actively taken part in the Indian Independence struggle and wanted to liberate Nepal as well from the autocratic
Rana occupation. The political parties such as The Prajaparishad and Nepali Congress were already formed in exile
by leaders such as B. P. Koirala, Ganesh Man Singh, Subarna Sumsher Rana, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija
Prasad Koirala, and many other patriotic-minded Nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in
Nepal to overthrow the autocratic Rana Regime. Thus Nepali congress formed a military wing Nepali Congress's
Liberation Army Among the prominent martyrs to die for the cause, executed at the hands of the Ranas, were
Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Shukraraj Shastri, Gangalal Shrestha, and Dasharath Chand. This turmoil culminated
in King Tribhuvan, a direct descendant of Prithvi Narayan Shah, fleeing from his "palace prison" in 1950, to the
newly created country called India, touching off an armed revolt against the Rana administration. This eventually
ended in the return of the Shah family to power and the appointment of a non-Rana as prime minister. A period of
quasi-constitutional rule followed, during which the monarch, assisted by the leaders of fledgling political parties,
governed the country. During the 1950s, efforts were made to frame a constitution for Nepal that would establish a
representative form of government, based on a British model.
Royal coup by King Mahendra[edit]
Declaring parliamentary democracy a failure, King Mahendra carried out a royal coup 18 months later, in 1960. He
dismissed the elected Koirala government, declared that a "partyless"system would govern Nepal, and promulgated
another new constitution on December 16, 1960.
Subsequently, the elected Prime Minister, Members of Parliament and hundreds of democratic activists were
arrested. (In fact, this trend of arrest of political activists and democratic supporters continued for the entire 30-year
period of partyless Panchayati System under King Mahendra and then his son, King Birendra).
The new constitution established a "partyless" system of panchayats (councils) which King Mahendra considered to
be a democratic form of government, closer to Nepalese traditions. As a pyramidal structure, progressing from
village assemblies to the Panchayat system constitutionalized the absolute power of the monarchy and kept the
King as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions, including the Cabinet (Council of
Ministers) and the Parliament. One-state-one-language became the national policy in an effort to carry out state
unification, uniting various ethnic and regional groups into a singular Nepali nationalist bond. The 'Gaun Farka
Aviyan' launched in 1967, was one of the main rural development programs of the Panchayat system.
King Mahendra was succeeded by his 27-year-old son, King Birendra, in 1972. Amid student demonstrations and
anti-regime activities in 1979, King Birendra called for a national referendum to decide on the nature of Nepal's
government: either the continuation of the panchayat system along with democratic reforms or the establishment of
a multiparty system. The referendum was held in May 1980, and the panchayat system won a narrow victory. The
king carried out the promised reforms, including selection of the prime minister by the Rastriya Panchayat.
Multiparty parliament[edit]
People in rural areas had expected that their interests would be better represented after the adoption of
parliamentary democracy in 1990. The Nepali Congress with the support of "Alliance of leftist parties" decided to
launch a decisive agitational movement, Jana Andolan, which forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms
and to establish a multiparty parliament. In May 1991, Nepal held its first parliamentary elections in nearly 50 years.
The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats and formed the first elected government in 32 years.
Civil strikes[edit]
In 1992, in a situation of economic crisis and chaos, with spiraling prices as a result of the implementation of
changes in policy of the new Congress government, the radical left stepped up their political agitation. A Joint
People's Agitation Committee was set up by the various groups.[8] A general strike was called for April 6.
Violent incidents began to occur on the evening before the strike. The Joint People's Agitation Committee had called
for a 30-minute 'lights out' in the capital, and violence erupted outside Bir Hospital when activists tried to enforce the
'lights out'. At dawn on April 6, clashes between strike activists and police, outside a police station in Pulchok
(Patan), left two activists dead.
Later in the day, a mass rally of the Agitation Committee at Tundikhel in the capital Kathmandu was attacked by
police forces. As a result, riots broke out and the Nepal Telecommunications building was set on fire; police opened
fire at the crowd, killing several persons. The Human Rights Organisation of Nepal estimated that 14 persons,
including several onlookers, had been killed in police firing.[9]
When promised land reforms failed to appear, people in some districts started to organize to enact their own land
reform and to gain some power over their lives in the face of usurious landlords. However, this movement was
repressed by the Nepali government, in "Operation Romeo" and "Operation Kilo Sera II", which took the lives of
many of the leading activists of the struggle. As a result, many witnesses to this repression became radicalized.
Nepalese Civil War[edit]
Main article: Nepalese Civil War
In February 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with a
people's new democratic republic, through a Maoist revolutionary strategy known as the people's war, which led to
the Nepalese Civil War. Led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai and Pushpa Kamal Dahal (also known as "Prachanda"), the
insurgency began in five districts in Nepal: Rolpa, Rukum, Jajarkot, Gorkha, and Sindhuli. The Communist Party of
Nepal (Maoist) established a provisional "people's government" at the district level in several locations.
On June 1, 2001, Prince Dipendra went on a shooting-spree, assassinating 9 members of the royal family,
including King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya, before shooting himself. Due to his survival he temporarily became
king before dying of his wounds, after which Prince Gyanendra (Birendra's brother) inherited the throne, according
to tradition. Meanwhile, the rebellion escalated, and in October 2002 the king temporarily deposed the government
and took complete control of it. A week later he reappointed another government, but the country was still very
unstable.

A family in a Maoist-controlled valley, 2005

In the face of unstable governments and a siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the
monarchy began to wane. On February 1, 2005, Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full
executive powers, declaring a "state of emergency" to quash the revolution. Politicians were placed under house
arrest, phone and internet lines were cut, and freedom of the press was severely curtailed.
The king's new regime made little progress in his stated aim to suppress the insurgents. Municipal elections in
February 2006 were described by the European Union as "a backward step for democracy", as the major
parties boycotted the election and some candidates were forced to run for office by the army.[10] In April 2006 strikes
and street protests in Kathmandu forced the king to reinstate the parliament. A seven-party coalition resumed
control of the government and stripped the king of most of his powers. As of 15 January 2007, Nepal was governed
by a unicameral legislature under an interim constitution. On December 24, 2007, seven parties, including the
former Maoist rebels and the ruling party, agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare Nepal a Federal
Republic.[11] In the elections held on 10 April 2008, the Maoists secured a simple majority, with the prospect of
forming a government to rule the proposed 'Republic of Nepal'.

Federal Democratic Republic[edit]

On May 28, 2008, the newly elected Constituent Assembly declared Nepal as Federal Democratic Republic,
abolishing the 240-year-old monarchy. The motion for abolition of monarchy was carried by a huge majority; out of
564 members present in the assembly, 560 voted for the motion while 4 members voted against it.[12] Finally, on
June 11, 2008, King Gyanendra left the palace.[13] Ram Baran Yadav of the Nepali Congress became the first
president of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal on July 23, 2008. Similarly, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, popularly
known as Prachanda, of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was elected as the first Prime Minister on
August 15, 2008, defeating Sher Bahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congress Party.
After failure to draft a constitution before the deadline, the existing constitution constituent assembly was dissolved
and new interim government was formed under prime-minister-ship of Supreme Court judge. The election was held
and Nepali Congress won the election largest votes but still failed to get a majority. A conclusion was reached to
form a coalition government between UML and Nepali Congress and Sushil Koirala of Nepali Congress was elected
as Prime-minister with support from UML.
Protests over Constitution of 2015[edit]
The ethnic groups like Madhesi and Tharu have protested vigorously as they point out that their concerns have not
been addressed in the new constitution which came into effect on September 20, 2015.[14] At least 56 people have
been killed along with 11 police in clashes at protests over the draft constitution.[15] at the mean time of Madheshi
protest, India started to stop supplies to Nepal showing insecurity and violence in border areas. By unavailability of
Petroleum and Medicine violation of human rights is occurred in Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prithivi Narayan Shah

King of Nepal

King of Gorkha Kingdom

Reign 25 September 1743 11 January 1775

Coronation 25 September 1743[1]

Predecessor Nara Bhupal Shah

Successor Pratap Singh Shah

Born 11 January 1723[2]

Gorkha, Gorkha Kingdom, Nepal

Died 11 January 1775 (aged 52)

Devighat, Nuwakot, Nepal

Spouse Indra Kumari Devi

Narendra Rajya Laxmi Devi

Icchavati Devi
Dayavati Devi

Issue Pratap Singh Shah

Vedum Shah

Bahadur Shah

Narayan Shah

Vishnu Shah

Dynasty Shah dynasty

Father Nara Bhupal Shah

 Mother Kaushalyavati Devi

Religion Hinduism

Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723[3]1775; Nepali: ) was the first King of unified
Nepal and Gorkha Kingdom. He is credited for starting the campaign for a re-unification of Nepal.[4] He was the ninth
generation descendant of Dravya Shah (15591570), the founder of the ruling house of Prithbinarayan. Prithvi
Narayan Shah succeeded his father, King Nara Bhupal Shah, to the throne of the Gorkha Kingdom in 1743, at the
age of 20.

Contents
[hide]

1Personal life
2Expansion of empire
3Death and legacy
4Gallery images
5References
6External links

Personal life[edit]
Prithivi narayan Shah was born as a prince in the Gorkha Kingdom. Chandra Pravawati (the first wife of King Nara
Bhupal Shah) raised him, although his biological mother was Kaushalyavati Devi. From a young age, he took
interest in the affairs of his father's state and soon began to take on these responsibilities. Prithivi Narayan Shah
had an early dream of conquering Nuwakot, partially as his father had lost it to the Mallas of Kathmandu in an earlier
war. After the death of his father in 1743, Prithivi Narayan Shah ascended to the throne of Gorkha at the age of 20.
As king, he valued his people and enjoyed talking to his subjects about their general concerns. This practice helped
him to build a rapport with his people, and helped him to understand the requirements of the citizens of Gorkha.
King Shah sealed his borders and maintained a peaceful environment except for distant relations with the British,
who were refusing to trade with Nepal at the time.[5]

Expansion of empire[edit]
Main article: Unification of Nepal

This is not the nation gained by my trifle efforts, this is the garden of all kinds of flowers, and may all be aware of this (
)

King Prithvi Narayan Shah's reign began with an immediate military defeat; his invasion of Nuwakot in 1743 CE
failed. Conquering Nuwakot was essential for the unification, as it lay between Kathmandu and the Gorkha District,
making it a vital trading route to Tibet. However, he successfully conquered Nuwakot in a subsequent attack in 1744
CE. After capturing Nuwakot, he took possession of the strategic locations in the hills surrounding the Kathmandu
Valley. The valley was completely cut off from the outside world and was controlled solely by Shah. He also
occupied the Kuti Pass in c.1756 CE, halting all trade through the pass and preventing communication with Tibet.
After two humiliating defeats in Kirtipur, King Prithvi Narayan conquered the ancient city on his third attempt.
Consequently, Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu fled with his wife and took asylum in Patan, Lalitpur. He eventually
began to unify his conquered lands. Weeks later, when his conquest was extended to Patan, both Jaya Prakash
Malla and the King of Patan, Tej Narsingh Malla, fled again, taking refuge in Bhaktapur, which itself was conquered
by Prithvi Narayan later.
After losing the war of Nuwakot
my father mostly prayed at home
while I walked the streets of Gorkha
rubbing shoulders with the brave
one day I conquered Nuwakot
reversing my fathers defeat
my victory turned into a vision
One king one kingdom
after long wait and many defeats
I finally conquered Kirtipur
Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur
fell as a pack of cards
kings fled from palace to palace
and an age ended forever
from Mechi to Mahakali
my sword wove a new garland
the air is still fresh
with its fragrance.
"Prithivi Narayan Shah: A Poem by Abhay K.[6]

King Prithvi Naraya Shah was ultimately able to capture small principalities and annex them into Gorkha. This
expansion was crucial as the British colonial forces had already begun colonizing the small kingdoms that form
present-day India. Shah was convinced that the British forces would eventually approach his kingdom. He believed
that 50 small principalities would easily be conquered by the British as part of their colonization strategy. Expanding
his kingdom made it more difficult for British forces to make their move. His expansion campaign was very
ambitious, especially as he was the king of a relatively small kingdom surrounded by strong and powerful
neighbours.
In January 1775, at the age of 52, Prithvi Narayan Shah died before he could effectively organise the administration
of his new country at Devighat, Nuwakot. Upon his death his son, Pratap Singh Shah, succeeded him and his
unification campaign was continued by his younger son, Bahadur Shah.
A poem by poet Abhay K recounts the legacy of Prithivi Narayan Shah.

Ashwin-(September-October)

Dashain

Dashain is Nepal's most important and lavishly celebrated festival. The first day of the festival is known
as Ghatasthapana-the placing of the sacred vessel. According to the tradition, all devout Hindus should
take an early morning bath in the holy river and return carrying some sand from the riverbed. At the same
time, a small clay pot is filled with water from the same river and placed by the sand. Barely seeds are
planted in this pot and nurtured for nine days. As with other Nepalese festivals, this ritual has also a
specific meaning. In this case, the river water represents the mother goddess Durga, who according to
legend, crushed many powerful demon hordes in an epic battle. For the next nine days, devouts, go to
different prescribed sites for early morning bathes.

The next major even occurs on the 7th day of the festival when the sacred flowers and leaves are brought
from the old palace of Kind Prithvi Narayan Shah at Gorkha. When the flowers reach Katmandu, there is a
large procession to Hanuman Dhoka gate where brass bands are waiting to celebrate the occasion. At the
same time, guns and cannons are fired at Tundikhel parade ground.

The eighth day of the festival is known as Mahashtami and is marked by a fast by all orthodox Hindus. In
the morning, animal sacrifices are carried out at temples dedicated to Goddess Durga.

On the 9th day, all temples dedicated to Durga are bathed in sacrificial blood. On this day, even vehicles
and other mechanical items are worshipped and sacrificed so as to prevent accidents during the coming
year. Similarly, all instruments, weapons and implements of all professions are worshipped in the hope
that Durga will bless their usefulness and accuracy. In the evening, there is an elaborate sacrifice at the
Taleju temple near Hanuman Dhoka.

The peak of Dashain celebration is reached on the tenth day known as Vijaya Dashami, or the Day of
Victory. On this day, all the Hindus are supposed to visit their elders or superior relatives, starting with
their parents. The main purpose of this visit is to receive tika and shoots of the barley known
as jamara. Tika is a red dot or smear placed on the visitor's forehead by the senior relative. Also
frequently used in other festivals and even in daily worship, the tika consists of vermilion powder, rice and
curd. As all visits cannot be completed in one day, they continue until the end of the festival.

Kartik-(October-November)

Tihar

After Dashain, Tihar is probably Nepal's second most important festival. The first day of the festival is
crow's day. In the early morning, worshippers bathe either in the Bagmati or some other river. After this
the devouts light a small lamp made of cotton wool and mustard oil, and placed in a leaf pot. Then the
first portion of every family meal is offered to the crows.

The second day is known as the dog's day. On this occasion dogs are given a red tika on their foreheads
and garlanded with flowers. They are then worshipped and offered large plates of food, including many
delicacies.

The next day is the cow's day and these animals are also worshipped in the similar fashion. This day is
even more important day, as Laxmi Puja, or the day for worshipping Laxmi the goddess of wealth also
falls on this day. Towards the evening, small candles or wick lamps are lighted and placed outside the
main door and along windowsills. This becomes a very beautiful spectacle as the whole city, town and
village become filled with little lights.

The fourth day of Tihar is "self day" or "self worship." As the name implies, this ritual aims to felicitate the
sprit dwelling in one's own body.

Brother's day or Bhai Tika is the fifth and last day of Tihar. On this day, every sister worships her brothers
by placing a multicolored tika on their foreheads and offering her blessings. The brothers then in turn
give tika to their sisters after which gifts are also exchanged. As with many other festivals, Tihar ends with
a grand feast with all family members present.

Marg-(November-December)

Bala Chaturdashi

The festival of Bala Chaturdashi at Pashupatinath temple celebrates an apocryphal legend of long ago. On
the eve of the festival, thousands of people from Katmandu and its surroundings, proceed to
Pashupatinath to keep an all night vigil. Small wick lamps are lit after which the worshippers spend the
night chanting hymns and dancing. At dawn, everyone makes their way to the holy Bagmati river to
bathe; acts of worship are then performed at the temple's many shrines. The festival concludes with all
the worshippers scattering "sat biu," seven types of grain along a prescribed route starting and ending at
Pashupati temple. It takes several hours to complete the task, after which worshippers begin their journey
home.

Sita Bibaha panchami

This festival, taking place in Janakpur in the eastern Terai, celebrates the marriage of Rama and Sita, the
hero and heroine of the Hindu epic, Ramayana. During the week before the festival starts, thousands of
pilgrims start to arrive in the city and a local fair is set up. On the first day of the festival a large
procession sets out from Rama temple, carrying an image of Rama and proceeding to the
famous Janakitemple. The next day, in an equally colorful ceremony, an idol of Sita is carried to Rama's
side thus re-enacting the ancient wedding of the divine couple.

Paush-(December-January)

The Nepali month of Paush, although having less festivals of a religious nature, features three important
birthday celebrations-those of the late King Mahendra, the present King, His Majesty King Birendra and
the founder of Nepal as a nation, King Prithvi Narayan Shah, The Great.
Constitution Day

The Birth anniversary of the Late King Mahendra On this historic day, actually the first day of Paush,
processions all over the Kingdom celebrate the late King Mahendra's birth anniversary. Various social and
cultural activities are also arranged to celebrate the day when the Late king Mahendra announced the
establishment of Party less Panchayat Democracy in Nepal, thus ushering in a new era of peace and
stability.

The Birthday of His Majesty King Birendra

On the fourteenth day of Paush, birthday of His Majesty King Birendra is celebrated not only throughout
Nepal but also by the Nepalese all over the world. Various cultural and social programs take place to
celebrate the occasion.

The birth Anniversary of the Late King Prithvi Narayan Shah, The Great

It was King Prithvi Narayan Shah who through careful planning, foresight and ingenuity, transformed
many small and scattered kingdoms into one unified country. His birth anniversary is celebrated as the
Day of National Unification throughout Nepal.

Fagun-(February-March)

National Democracy Day-The Birth of Anniversary of the Late King Tribhuvan

This is celebrated all over the Kingdom to observe the 7th of Fagun 2007 BS(1951 AD) when the Nepalese
people, led by the Late King Tribhuvan, overthrew the autocratic Rana regime. All government offices
remain closed on this day and parades, processions and other celebrations take place throughout the
country.

Shivaratri-The night of Shiva

This festival, taking place at Pashupati temple on the outskirts of Katmandu, is dedicated to the god
Shiva. On the morning of Shivaratriday and also on proceeding days, thousands of worshippers make their
way to the ancient and revered temple of Shiva, many of them undergoing one or more days of fasting. It
is customary to offer gifts both in the temple itself and to the temple priests. The priests in turn, give back
a small portion which is considered a gift from Lord Shiva and a sign of his blessing. While these religious
rites continue until the evening, there is along military gun salute at Tundikhel parade ground in central
Katmandu to acknowledge the important occasion. In the evening, His Majesty the King, accompanied by
the Royal family, also pays homage at Pashupati temple.

As darkness falls, hundreds of wick lamps are lit around the temple vicinity while on the surrounding hills,
bonfires are lit. Throughout the night, prayers, singing and chanting continue; many worshippers also take
holy baths at three-hourly intervals. Bonfires are also lit at important crossroads and in village and town
courtyards throughout the valley.

Fagu

Fagu, also known as Holi, is a weeklong festival celebrated all over Nepal. In Katmandu, it starts at
Hanuman Dhoka with the setting up of a "Chir" - a long pole whose upper portion consists of wooden
frames decorated with strips of colorful cloth. These strips of cloth are believed to carry special power to
ward off the evil. The following six days of festival are almost normal; however, the last day is wildly
celebrated with people throwing colored powder and water at each other. In every town of the country,
there are jubilations in the streets as the celebrants throw small balloons filled either with ordinary or
colored water. At the end of the festival, the chir is taken down and burnt.

Chaitra-(March-April)
 Ghode Jatra

The festival of horses is a yearly sports event-taking place at Tundikhel parade ground in central
Katmandu. Its roots go back several hundred years, though, it is also associated with other older religious
traditions. For example, at midnight at the parade grou

nds, the images of Bhadra Kali and her sister goddess are carried from their respective temples and
placed in the middle of the dark expanse. A third sister goddess is then brought from another locality and
made to bow before the first two images. The actual horseracing is conducted with great gusto and
spectators come from all over the valley, as well as from more distant parts, to witness the exciting event.

Seto Machchhendranath Jatra

Held annually, the main feature of this festival is a weeklong chariot procession of Seto Machhendranath
Katmandu. A long chariot-decorated with flowers and greenery, with the replica of the main deity, is taken
out in procession through the main throughfares of old Katmandu.

Janai Poornima, Teej, Chaite Dashain, Ram Nawami, Dumji and Losar are other important festivals
of Nepal.

Tourism in Nepal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Hotel Shanker, Kathmandu

Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue. Possessing eight
of the ten highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a hotspot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and people
seeking adventure. The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions. [1]

Contents
[hide]

1Overview
2Statistics
o 2.1Arrivals
o 2.2Arrivals by country
3Wilderness tourism
4Religious sites
5See also
6References
7External links
Overview[edit]
Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space. Nepal has 8 of the 10 highest mountains in the world.

Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types
of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini,
birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is
located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country.
The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism
brings $471m a year to Nepal.[2]

Namche Bazaar, gateway to Mount Everest, under snow

According to statistics of 2012, there was a slow growth rate of 9.8%.[out of date] According to statistics from Nepal
Tourism Board (NTB), a total of 598,204 foreign tourists entered the country via aerial route in 2012. The
government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year, and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to
the country during that year.[3] The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote
Lumbini.
Tourism in Nepal was badly affected, at least temporarily, by the series of earthquakes in 2015.

Lumbini

Statistics[edit]
In 2007-, the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705, which was an increase of 37.2% compared
to the previous year. In 2008, the number of tourists decreased by 5% to 500,277.
In 2008, 55.9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18.2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for
27.5%, 7.6% were from North America, 3.2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2.6% from Eastern Europe,
1.5% from Central and South America, 0.3% from Africa and 1.4% from other countries.
Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 days.[4][5]
Arrivals[edit]
[out of date]

Number of international tourists % change from

Year
arriving in Nepal [6] previous year

1995 363,395[7]

1996 393,533 8.3

1997 421,857 7.2

1998 463,684 9.9

1999 491,504 6.0

 2000 463,646 -5.7

2001 361,237 -22.1

2002 275,468 -23.7

2003 338,132 22.7

2004 385,297 13.9

2005 375,398 - 2.6

2006 383,926 2.3

2007 526,705 37.3

2009 509,956 1.89

2010 602,855 [8] 18.2

2011 736,215 [9] 21.4

2012 803,092[10] 9.1

2013 798,000[11] -0.7

Arrivals by country[edit]
Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short term basis in 2015 were from the following countries of nationality:[12]

Rank Country Number

1 India 66,984
 2 Sri Lanka 44,367

3 United States 42,687

4 Thailand 30,953

5 United Kingdom 29,730

6 China 67,000

7 Canada 18,112

8 Japan 17,613

9 France 16,405

10 Germany 16,405

Total 538,970

Wilderness tourism[edit]
According to Nepal's Ministry of Tourism, major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as
mountain biking, bungee jumping, rock climbing and mountain climbing, trekking, hiking,[13] bird watching, flights,
paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya, exploring the waterways by raft, kayak or canoe
and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region.[14]
Ilam, tea capital of Nepal and one of the tourism hotpots in eastern Nepal

The only international elephant polo in Chitwan National Park

Religious sites[edit]
Janaki Mandir, the temple where Nepalese goddess Sitamarried Lord Rama in Nepal.

World famous Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal.

The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the Pashupatinath Temple, the world's largest temple of Shiva, located
in Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and tourists. Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex
in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region;
Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche; the temples at Devghat; Manakamana temple in the Gorkha
District; Pathibhara near Phungling; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest
metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located.
Buddhism is the largest minority religion. The World Heritage site at Lumbini, which is traditionally considered to be
the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is an important pilgrimage site. Another prominent Buddhist site
is Swayambhunath, the Monkey Temple, in Kathmandu.
Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions. Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill,
Ambekeshawori temple, Krishna temple, Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district. Chillikot
hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king.
Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists. The site is located in Muktinath Valley, Mustang district.

Tourists and tourism in Nepal A tourist is person who is traveling for pleasure at the moment and visiting a
place for sightseeing or doing something.In sightseeing or doing something.In other words, a tourist is a visitor
who is having a pleasant trip.People love seeing new places and getting new experiences.
They like to know other places and interested in knowing their way of living,custom, culture and tradition.
On the other hand tourism is the business acting related or connected with providing lodging, fooding and
entertainment or refreshing services to a visitor or tourist.Nepal is rich in its bio-diversity and physical diversity
so it has bright future in tourism.Many activities can be done here like;mountaineering,Rafting and
sightseeing.Nepalese can be popular tourists guide because they are helpful ,friendly and main reason is that
Nepali believe in hospitality.
Nepal can be the first destination for the tourists what we only need is to conserve the nature,create peace
environment and making the country free from pollution which is possible with the effort of both people and
government.

Nepal is a beautiful country because of it's unique land features, climatic condition,

biodiversity, cultures and hospitable people. It is the most suitable tourism place for the

tourists who like trekking, mountaineering, safari and various adventurous activities.

According to world travel guide, Nepal was one of the favorite destination to travel in 2014

and Manang and Mustang are listed as a favorite destination to visit during 2015. Nepal

has possibilities of tourism development due to following reasons: to visit during 2015.

Nepal has possibilities of tourism development due to following reasons:

(i) Rich in biodiversity:

Nepal is a country full of natural variations. It is rich in its bio-diversity. It has secured up a

25th position of the world and 11th position in Asia because of its prosperity in

biodiversity. So, it might be the place for research, study and observation that can attract

the tourists to visit our country.

(ii) Birthplace of Buddha:

Buddha, the light of Asia, was born in our country. He was the founder of Buddhism. So, it

is another prospect of tourism development which can attract a large number of tourists in

our country.

(iii) Highest peak in the world:

The highest peak in the world, Mount Everest lies in our country which can attract a large

number of tourists to visit our country. They are snow capped and great place for trekking

and mountaineering.

(iv) Rich in ancient arts and architecture:

Our country is rich in its ancient art and architecture that is the part of our civilization,

origination and identification as well as it is the wealth of our country. So, by preserving

and promoting them we can develop tourism.

(v) Suitable place for adventures, sports, mountaineering etc.

As Nepal extends from 60m to 8848 m from the sea level, it is the right destination for

adventurous, sports and mountaineering tourism. It contains all types of land topography.
So, different sorts of tourism activities such as bungee jumping, rafting, mountaineering

etc. can be conducted which helps to promote the tourism in Nepal.

(vi) Religious and historical sites:

Nepal is the rich country from the point view of religious and cultural sites. It consists of

various religious, cultural, historical and natural heritages like Pashupatinath, Boudhanath,

Swayambhunath, Muktinath, and Halesi Mahadev which have some unique features and

represents ancient civilizations.

(vii) Diverse in landscapes and topography:

Nepal has various landscapes and it is favorable for tourists to attain relax with any sorts

of environment. The climatic condition varies from one place to another. Due to its uneven

topography and geographical condition, it has been charisma or boon to us gifted by

nature and help to promote tourism.

(viii) Climatic conditions:

Due to variation in the ecosystem, there is also variation in climate and biodiversity.

Though it occupies 0.03% of the total land area of Asia, it has variation in a climate which

can be the best place to enjoy for tourists.

TRAVEL ACTIVITY

Trekking in Nepal
Trekking has been a popular activity in the mountains of Nepal for a
long time. Nepal is a major destination for trekkers and peak
climbers alike, as it is generally considered a safe country for
trekking and peak climbing in the mountain areas, and Nepal offers
treks and climbs that range from easy and relaxing to extreme and
physically challenging. We particularly recommend a more relaxing
pace if it is your first time to Nepal to allow yourself time to explore
and take in the beauty of the surroundings. Trekking in Nepal is not
just about walking from one place to another on your way to a final
destination; instead it is more about the experience of observing
Nepal's diverse society, religions and geography. While you are
trekking at the higher elevations, you must make sure to acclimatize
appropriately, and you must keep in mind that you will be sharing the
trail with many kinds of wildlife.

Trekking in Nepal is primarily divided into two types: 1. Camping trekking and 2. Teahouse trekking. Camping trekking is suitable for
the places where teahouses are not available. Teahouse trekking is possible in Everest, Annapurna and Lang tang, which are connected
with a network of good teahouses.

Teahouse Trekking
We offer modest accommodations and a reasonable standard of food at country lodges along the trails. Our guides and porters lead the
trek carrying all the luggage and equipment.

Camping Trekking
Camping trekking we offer all the necessary food and camping equipment. Our guides, cooks, and porters will take care of all the technical
and logistical aspects of the trip. Everyday our staff will set up camp along the trail and our well-trained cooks will prepare the food
according to your tastes.

Trekking Grades

Easy Trekking: Involves up to 6 hours of walking in a day on good trails with plenty of time for relaxing. The altitude on these treks
generally does not exceed 3,500 meters above sea level. Anyone who enjoys regular exercise and is in relatively good physical condition
can easily make these treks.

Moderate trekking: Involves 6-8hrs of walking in a day in more remote areas, reaching altitudes of approximately 4,500 meters above
sea level. A reasonable level of fitness is required as you are required to follow routes that ascend and descend. Some experience hiking
or trekking is advisable.

Strenuous trekking: Strenuous trekking is harder and is only suitable for regular hikers as the treks are generally more demanding and
may involve 7-8 hours of walking in a day at altitudes up to 5,500 meters above sea level. You should be physically fit and appropriate
preparation is imperative. Some days may involve crossing a pass with up to 10 hours walking.

Altitude & Acclimatization

Proper acclimatization is very important and our routes are planned specifically to allow for gradual gains in altitude. Many of our treks
include extra days to allow time for acclimatization. By slowly gaining elevation we can gradually acclimatize, allowing us to be fit, healthy,
and prepared for the journey. We offer advice about acclimatization and take a sensible approach on all of our treks. Anyone who is
reasonably fit and healthy should have no trouble acclimatizing on our climbing and trekking trips.

Group Sizes
Small groups are better and help to reduce our impact on the environment while enabling us to provide more personalized services. The
maximum group size on most of our treks/tours is 20 people and we are more than happy to offer tours to individuals travelling alone.