Nakadai, Yuri A.

HUB41

REVIEW AND COMPREHENSION

1. Name the components of the integumentary system.

The integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structures such as the hair,
glands, and nails.

2. What kind of tissue is the epidermis? In which stratum of the epidermis are new cells
formed? From which stratum are they sloughed?
The epidermis contains stratified squamous epithelium. New cells are formed in the
stratum basale, while the stratum that is sloughed off is the stratum corneum.

3. Define keratinization. What structural changes does keratinization produce to make the
skin resistant to abrasion and water loss?
Keratinization is the process wherein the outermost cells of the epidermis is replaced by
keratin. Keratin is a protein that makes the cell more durable, and give the epidermis its
resistance to abrasion and reduces water loss.

4. What type of tissue is in the dermis? What is responsible for its structural strength? How
does the dermis supply the epidermis with blood?
The dermis consists of a papillary and reticular layer. The deeper reticular dermis
contains dense irregular connective tissue which is responsible for its structural strength.
The more superficial papillary dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue. This layer
contains terminal networks of blood capillaries that extend toward the epidermis.
5. Name the cells that produce melanin. What happens to the melanin after it is produced?
What is the function of the melanin?
The cells that produce melanin are called melanocytes. Once melanin is manufactured, it
is packaged into tiny granules, called melanosomes, prepared for shipment to nearby cells
in the epidermis. Melanin is responsible for determining skin and hair color and is present
in the skin to varying degrees. It also protects our skin from the damaging effects of UV
rays from the sun.

6. Describe the factors that determine the amount of melanin produced in the skin.
Low levels of melanin production can create a pale-yellow skin, whereas large amounts
of melanin create darker skin, thus more protection from the UV which leads to lower risk
of skin cancer.

7. How do melanin, blood, carotene, and collagen affect skin color?

The melanin is the primary factor influencing skin color, which gives the vast array of skin
colors made by pigments called melanocytes. Carotene is yellow-orange in color and a
powerful antioxidant that helps protect skin cells from oxidative damage. Collagen plays
a protective role in healthy skin, and the collagen fibers can scatter the pigment in light,
resulting to bluish color.

8. What type of tissue is the subcutaneous tissue, and what are its functions?
The subcutaneous tissue is a loose connective tissue including adipose tissue.
Subcutaneous tissue connects the dermis to the muscles and bones in the body with the
help of specialized connective tissue. It also assists the function of the dermis by providing
support to the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands that pass through it
to reach the dermis.
9. What is the hair follicle? Define the root, shaft, and hair bulb of a hair. What kinds of cell
are found in a hair?
The hair follicle is where the hair arises from, or the extension of the epidermis that
originates deep from the dermis. The hair root and hair bulb are the parts of the hair below
the surface of the skin, while the shaft protrude above the skin. Dead keratinized epithelial
cells are found in the hair.

10. Why is a hair follicle important in the repair of skin?

The hair follicle is important in the repair of skin as it contributes cells to the interfollicular
epidermis after wounding.

11. What part of hair is the site of hair growth? What are the stages of hair growth?
The site of hair growth is the hair follicle. The three stages of hair growth are
the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases. Each strand of hair on the human body is at its
own stage of development. Once the cycle is complete, it restarts and a new strand of hair
begins to form.

12. What happens when the arrector pili of the skin contract?
The arrector pili muscle is a tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin. When
it contracts it causes the hair to stand erect, and a "goosebump" forms on the skin.

13. What secretion do the sebaceous glands produce? What is the function of secretion?
Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or
waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals.

14. Which glands of the skin are responsible for cooling the body? Which glands are involved
in producing body odor?
Merocrine glands are the sweat glands responsible for cooling the body, while the
apocrine glands are the glands involved in producing body odor.
15. Name the parts of a nail. Where are the cells that make up the nail produced, and what
kind of cells make up a nail? What is the lunula? Describe nail growth.
The parts of a nail include nail body, nail root, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, and lunula. The
nail is made up of a substance called onchyn, which is produced by the death of germinal
cells. Nails are thin plates consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum. Lunula is the
crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. Nail growth is separated
into 3 areas: germinal matrix, sterile matrix, and dorsal roof of the nail fold. The growing
part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermis, which is
the only living part of a nail.

16. How do the components of the integumentary system provide protection?

The different components of the integumentary system protects the body's internal
living tissues and organs, protects against invasion by infectious organism, and protects
the body from dehydration.

17. List the types of sensations detected by receptors in the skin.

- Tactile
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
- Vibration