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Concept of Stability
A small disturbance will
A curved surface
lead to excessive
movement
Equilibrium position
at local min.
Stable Neutral Equilibrium Unstable
The Effect of Axial Load on the
Bending Stiffness
Bending Stiffness K=M/
M M
P P
M x M
Roller
Hinge
Spring
L
Hinge
S Joint equilibrium
compression
L
N
F S
By the geometric argument
L
compression N/S = L/x
S = (x/L) N
If F0 2S kx
F= kx (2N/L) x (1)
Rearranging
(k-2N/L) x = F (2)
Additional stiffness
(geometric stiffness)
Notes:
The effect of the axial force N is equivalent to an
additional stiffness of value (-2N/L) acting
laterally at the pin location. We term it as
geometric stiffness.
When the axial force is tensile (-ve), the
geometric stiffness is positive. The effects on the
system tend to be beneficial, the lateral
deflection and the restraining force in the spring
are both reduced.
When the axial force is compressive (+ve), the
geometric stiffness is negative. The effects on the
system tend to be detrimental, the lateral
deflection and the restraining force in the spring
are both increased.
Critical load (Ncr)
When the compressive force is kept increasing, N > 0
and assuming that F=0 (no horizontal applied force)
k-2Ncr/L = 0
L d
Energy loss -ve L
Concept of Stability
A curve surface
Equilibrium position x
at local min. i.e. =0
Stable
By the theory of
minimum potential
energy (see page B7)
(with geometric effect) U W
U=0
=W
U=
F = 0 -F x =0
=W=0
=U+W
=W
=W =0 =W
a line
for all x
this implies U+W= =U
x=F/(k-2N/L) x can be any
N value. i.e. buckling! N=kL/2
0 No local minimum
0
=0
Notes on Tomorrows Test
The test venue is at Knowles Building 419
The design part is on slab design.
The theory part is on sketch of BMD and assembly
of system matrix and vectors
Please bring along the HK code and a calculator.
Table for reinforcement areas will be provided.
Buckling Problems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom
Energy Approach
(ai=Nodal displacements)
Have been
derived in
Matrix Method
for Static Load
Analysis
Assumed disp.
shape
Consider a beam segment of length dx
dx=ds
dv
v
Longitudinal deformations du
1. Hookes law (axial shortening) du
dx dx
2. Geometric
u = du/dx
v = dv/dx
Not a function of x
a function of x
is a function of ai
Hence: (see page B6)
a1 a 2 a3 a 4 0
a1 a 2 a3 a 4
=kij
=gij
P P
4x4
Stiffness matrix
12 6 L 12 6 L 36 3L 36 3L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 3L 4 L2 3L L2
k Pg EI3 P
L 12 6 L 12 6 L 30 L 36 3L 36 3L
2
6L 2L
2
6 L 4 L2 3L L 3L 4 L
2
v2
d 2
2
There is no end
shear force and
moment.
Detailed solution of the eigenvalues
EI 12 6l P 36 3l
det 3 6l 2
2
0 (12 36 )(4 4 ) (6 3 ) 2 0
l l l l
4 30l 3 4
12 156 1352 0
EI 12 6 P 36 3 ax 2 bx c 0
Set =l det 3 0 By formula
l 6l 4l 30l 3l 4l x
b b 2 4ac
2a
v 2 v 2 12 6 Pl 2 36 3 =0.0829 or 1.0727
2 l 2
det 0
6 4 30 EI 3 4 30EI EI EI
2 P 2 .4860 or 32. 1807
Pl l2 l2 l2
30 EI
12 6 36 3
det 3 4 0
6 4
12 36 6 3
det
6 3 4 4 0
by the first equation
9.01685/l1- 5.75142=0 or 2=9.01685/5.7514l=1.5677/l
or by the second equation
-5.75141 + 3.66854l2=0 or 2=5.7514/3.66854l=1.5677/l
Knowing the nodal displacements, the column deformation can be calculated by interpolation.
a3 a4
2DOF only
Subdivided into
more line segments
/elements
Sketch the mode shapes
2 x/l 2 x/l
v2 v2
1 1
1 =0 1 =0
v v
=0
P X
When buckling Y
just occurred,
u2=0
u2
=0 Axial force=0
=0
Stiffness matrix of a beam
element
AL2 AL2
v1 0
I I u1=0 u2=0
12 6L 12 6 L u1 0 v1=0 v2=0
removed EI 6L 4L 2 2
6 L 2 L 1
2
L3 AL AL2 v2 0
I I u2 0
12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2 L2 6 L 4 L2
EI
41 2 2 M 1 Stiffness equations
L
EI for element 1
2 2 41 M 2
L
For Element 1
1 2
0
For Element 2
v2
2
2
Node 1 is fixed
For element 2
X
Y
The coordinate system is the same as
that of element 1 in example 1.
Eqn(3)
System
System
By static condensation =0
reduced 3DOFs to 2DOFs
System &
By static condensation =0
reduced 3DOFs to 2DOFs
EI 4 2 1 M 1
L 2 4 M
2 2
EI
41 2 2 M 1
L
EI
21 4 2 M 2 Matrix condensation 2DOF 1DOF
L
1 No transform
1 u1
Fixed end
2
u1
System
a b
a c b2
b c
For a 33 determinant
a b d
c e b e b c
b c e a b d It will be provided in
e f d f d e the Examination
d e f paper.
= acf + 2bde - ae2 - b2f cd 2
>
2DOF
=0
+
Skipped
k Deq dD (internal W.D.)
+ -P dD (external W.D.)
0
0
Formulation for the stiffness
matrix of element 1
AL2 AL2
v1
I I u1=0 u2=0
12 6L 12 6 L u1 0
2
EI 6L 4 L2 6 L 2 L 1
removed
L3 AL
2
AL2
v
2
I I u2 0
12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2 L2 6 L 4 L2
v1 v1
AL2 AL2
v1 F1
I I v1= -v1 v2= -v1
EI 4L 2
2 L2 1 M 1
L3 AL v2 v1 F2
2 2
AL
I 2
I
2
2 M 2
2L 4L
EA EA EI
v1 v1 0 F1 41 2 2 M 1 Stiffness for
No use L L L
EA EA EI element 1
v1 v1 0 F2 2 2 41 M 2
L L L