Verbal Analogy Shortcuts

Verbal Analogy Shortcuts - Introduction
Friends, generally an analogy is a parallel that is drawn between two different,

but adequately similar events, situations of circumstances. In Verbal Analogy
questions they will ask you to determine the relationship between a pair of words and then
recognize a similar or parallel relationship in a different pair of words. You are given a pair
of words and must choose from the four pairs given as answer choices another pair
exhibiting the same relationship. Therefore a test on analogy is a test of one's language /
vocabulary and also a test of one's ability to reason out relationships.
There are basically a few common types of analogy questions. An effort has been made to
gather as many types as possible. However, there is always a possibility of having more
types.
That is why "Analogy" is a test to assess the psycholinguistic abilities of the candidates
appearing for a particular competitive examination.
Generally, in examinations, the directions for the questions on analogy may appear as
follows :
Directions :
In Each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by lettered
pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar
to that expressed in the original pair.
Example :
1. BEE : HIVE ::
Formatted: Font: (Default) Georgia, 11.5 pt, Font color:
1. horse : carriage
2. rider : bicycle
3. sheep : flock
4. cow : barn
2. BEE : APARY ::
1. horse : carriage
2. rider : bicycle
3. sheep : flock
4. cow : barn
see here, the answer in both cases is 'D'
in question 1, a HIVE is the home for BEES, just as a barn is a home for cows. Similarly, an
APIARY (also known as bee yard) is used to house bees, just as barn is used to house cows..
Have a look at following test exercise. just to know if you could identify an analogy item.
Check how many of the below are possible pairs for analogies (i.e., there exists some
relationship between the words)
1. OAR : BOAT
2. KNIFE : TRUCK
3. HORSE : TREE
4. SYRUP : APPLE
5. SCRIBBLE : WRITE
6. UNICORN : CATASTROPHE
7. PASTEL : COLOR
8. RESTIVE : AGREEMENT
9. MELT : LIQUID
10. SYMPHONY : MUSIC
Now, analyse your mistakes and know why you went wrong... You might have gone wrong
basically for two reasons :
1. Lexical Problem
2. Logical Relationship Problem
If you have a Lexical problem (a Lexicon is nothing but a Dictionary), you have to improve
your vocabulary. If your problem is a logical relationship problem, then you must follow a
good strategy to answer the 'analogy questions' (no need to be worried.. It will come with a
little practice).
How to Solve Verbal Anology Problems of Reasoning ?

Note : This post is the Lesson 2 of our Verbal Analogies Shortcuts series. It is advisable to
read the Introductory Lesson 1 of Verbal Analogies here before reading this post.
Friends, in our last post we have discussed the basics of Verbal Analogies and today we shall
discuss the strategy you should follow to solve verbal analogy questions. Verbal analogies
demand that you, first of all, identify the relationship between tow words (the head pair)
and find another pair of words that parallel as closely as possible that same relationship.
Which Strategy Should I follow to solve Verbal Analogy Problems ?

1. The first step in analysing original analogous pair of words (the head pair) is
to describe the connection between the words of the pair. The best way to do this is
to formulate a sentence that express the connection between the words. Since the
purpose of this sentence is to analyse or diagnose the nature of the connection
between the words. Since the purpose of this sentence is to analyze or diagnose the
nature of the connection between the words of the head pair, we may call
it Diagnostic Sentence or DXS for short.
2. After formulating the DXS, test each answer choice to find the pair of words
that best fit the sentence.
Blue
Confused? Have a look at an example.....
ECSTASY : PLEASURE ::
1. hatred : affection
2. condemnation : approval
3. rage : anger
4. difficult : understanding
5. privacy : invasion
Now, the first step is to formulate a DXS. ECSTASY means "great or overwhelming
PLEASURE," so the DXS might be "ECSTASY is extreme PLEASURE"
The second step is to test each of the answer choices with the DXS.
....................is extreme....................
1. Hatred is extreme affection

2. Condemnation is extreme approval
3. Rage is extreme anger
4. Difficulty is extreme understanding
5. Privacy is extreme invasion
Here, option 3 is the best answer. Because for only Option 3, the pair of words correctly fit
the DXS.
Now lets have a look at another example.
ACCIDENTAL : INTENTION ::
1. Voluntary : Requirement
2. Anticipated : Performance
3. Interesting : Feeling
4. Practical : Knowledge
5. Insane : Connection
DXS : Somethign that is ACCIDENTAL is done without INTENTION.
Now, test each of the answer choices with the diagnostic sentence.
Something that is ............ is done without .........................

1. Something that is voluntary is done without requirement
2. Something that is anticipated is done withoutperformance
3. Something that is interesting is done without feeling
4. Something that is practical is done without knowledge
5. Something that is insane is done without connection
here option 1 is the answer, and it is the only logical substitution that makes scene in this
DXS.
Analogy (Advanced) - Reasoning Shortcuts

Analogy means to compare the similarities / dissimilarities among the given things. In this
type of questions, they will give you a sentence and options. According to the sentence you
should find out the correct option. Have a look at some examples to understand Analogy
more clearly...
"Bank" is related to "Money" in the same way as "Transport" is related to

?
1. Movement
2. Road
3. Speed
4. Traffic
5. Goods?
The answer is 5) Goods.
A bank deals with transaction of 'money', where as the
'transport' deals with the movement of 'goods'
"Horse" is related to "Hoof" in the same way as "Eagle" is related to ?
1. Leg
2. Clutch
3. Claw
4. Foot
5. None of the above
1. The answer is 3) Claw.
1. The lower part of feet of "Horse" is know as "Hoof",
where as lower part of feet of "Eagle" is called as "Claw".
"Marriage" is to "Divorce" as "True" is to ?
1. Truth
2. Story
3. Fiction
4. False
The answer is 4) False
"Divorce" is the antonym of "Marriage". In the same
way "False" is the antonym of "True".
Leaf is related to Sap in the same way as Bone is related to ?
1. Marrow
2. Fluid
3. Blood
4. Calcium
The answer is 1) Marrow
Sap is the fluid contained in Leaf in the same way
marrow is the fluid contained in Bone.
Which of the following pairs of words bears the same relationship as that
of the pair of words given at the question place?
Cells : Cytology :: Insects :
2. Ornithology
3. Entomology
4. Anatomy
5. Onomatology
The answer is 2) Entomology
Cytology is the study of Cells and Entomology is the
study of Insects. (Extra info : Ornithology is the study
of Birds, Anatomy is the study of the structure of
human or animal bodies and Onomatology is the study
of Names)
What is found once in Tea, Twice in Coffee, but not in milk?
1. Water
2. Cream
3. Sugar
4. "E"
The answer is 3) "E"
The English alphabet "E" is found once in the word
"Tea", twice in the word "Coffee" and there is no such
alphabet in the word "Milk"
Always : Never ::
1. Frequently : Normally
2. Intermittently : Casually
3. Rarely : Casually
4. Constantly : Frequently
5. Often : Rarely
The answer is 5) Often : rarely
"Always" and "Never" are antonyms in the same way
"Often" and "Rarely" are also antonyms.
Bull is related to Draught in the same way Cow is related to ?
1. Milch
2. Livestock
3. Farm
4. Fodder
The answer is 1) Milch
Bull is a draught animal (beast of burden) and cow is a
milch animal (milk - yielding)
A "Square" is related to "Cube" in the same way as "Circle" is related to
0. Sphere
1. Circumference
2. Diameter
3. Area
4. None of The above
The answer is 1) Sphere
A square is a two dimensional figure consisting of
sides where as a cube is a three dimensional figure.
Similarly, circle is a two dimensional figure and a
sphere is a three dimensional figure.
"Iron" is related to "Solid" in the same way as "Mercury" is related to ?
0. Vapour
1. Solid
2. Gas
3. Liquid
The answer is 4) Liquid
Iron is found in solid state. Similarly, mercury is
found in liquid state.
"12" is related to "36" in the same way as "17" is related to ?
1. 34
2. 63
3. 68
4. 71
5. 51
The answer is 5) 51
Three times of 12 is equal to 36 (12 X =3 = 36).
Similarly, three times of 17 is equal to 51 (17 X 3 = 51).
"Horse" is related to Hay in the same way as Cow is related to ?
0. Milk
1. Leaves
2. Straw
3. Fodder
Hay is the food of horse. Similarly, Fodder is the food of
Cow.
Horse : Hoof :: Cat : ?
0. Horns
1. Wings
2. Legs
3. Mane
4. Paws
The answer is 5) Paws
Hoof is the name of the feet of horse. Similarly, Paws
is the name of the feet of the Cat
Swan is related to Cygnet in the same way as Fish is related to ?
0. Fry
1. Fawn
2. Fin
3. Foal
The answer is 1)Fry
Here Fry means not the Fish Fry :P Fry is the name of
the baby fish :)
Cygnet is the young one of Swan in the same way as fry
is the young one of Fish.
Young is related to Old in the same way as wide is related to ?
0. Big
1. Insufficient
2. Long
3. Narrow
4. None of these
The answer is d) Narrow
The words in ach pair are antonyms of each other.
Tempest is to storm as slim is to ?
0. Slender
1. Plump
2. Fat
3. Beautiful
4. Stout
The answer is 1) Slender
First is of higher intensity than the second
Note : Have a look at the following figure.
To be frank there is NO relation between the first and second pics. But they are similar in
shape. So, logically they are similar. The main purpose of posting this picture here is, you
should scan all options perfectly and think twice before answering the questions belong to
Analogy. As the answer first strikes in your mind may not be correct and there might be
another logic behind the question. Do well and don't lose marks in this area. All the best.
Blood Relations - Reasoning

blood relations shortcut methods for Bank Exams
Cousin : Mother's or Father's Brother's or Sister's Son or Daughter (or) Parent's siblings'
son or daughter (or) Uncle's or Aunt's son or daughter.
Nephew : Brother's or Sister's son
Niece : Brother's or Sister's daughter.
Uncle : Father's or Mother's brother.
Aunt : Father's or Mother's sister
Father-in-Law : Spouse's father (or) Wife's or Husband's Father
Mother-in-Law : Spouse's mother (or) Wife's or Husband's Mother

Son-in-Law : Daughter's Husband
Daughter-in-Law : Son's wife
Brother-in-Law : Spouse's brother (or) Sister's husband

Blue
Sister-in-Law : Spouse's sister (or) Brother's Wife
Maternal : of or related to Mother
Paternal : of or related to Father
Siblings : brothers or sisters
Spouse : Husband or Wife
Note : Cousin is a COMMON GENDER, There are NO such words Cousin Brother / Cousin
Sister
Generations :
-2 Generation : Grand father and Grand Mother (Maternal & Paternal)
-1 Generation : Mother, Father, Brother, Sister, Brother-in-Law, Sister-in-Law, Cousin
+1 Generation : Son, Daughter, Son-in-Law, Daughter-in-Law, Nephew, Niece
+2 Generation : Grand Sons and Grand Daughters
POINTS TO REMEMBER :
If the question is "How is A related to B". Then you must know the gender of A to
answer the question
o Without knowing A's gender, you cannot determine the relation from A to B
If a person is Uncle or Aunt to "A", A is that person's nephew (if A is Male) or niece
(if A is female)
Cousin is a common Gender (I mean, you can use this word for both Male and
Female)
o Ex : A says to B, "you are the son of my grand father's only son".
How is B related to A?
How is A related to B?
o Ans :
B is Brother of A.
My grand father's only son = A's father (grand father's only son
means only ONE son.. No other son and no daughter also)
A is either brother or sister to B
A and B are siblings. B is brother to A as we know the Gender of
B. But we dont know the Gender of A. So we cant say whether A is Brother or Sister to B.
Lets have a look at some practice problems :
The mother of Ranbir is the only daughter of Neetu's father.

How Neetu is related to Ranbir?
o Sister
o Mother
o Aunt
o Cant determine
o None of These
Answer : Mother
Explnation : Only daughter of Neetu's father = Neetu only.
The mother of Ranbir is Neetu, so Neetu is the mother of Ranbir :D
Amit is the son of Ajit's grand father's only daughter. How is Ajit's father
related to Amit?
o Grand Father
o Uncle
o Father
o Data Inadequate
o None of these
Answer : Father
Explanation : Ajit's grand father's only daughter means Ajit's mother. Amit is the
son of Ajit's mother.
So, Amit and Ajit are Siblings. Ajit's father is Amith's father too
Pointing to a boy Rekha said, "He is the son of my mother-in-law's only

Child". How is the boy related to Rekha?
o Son
o Grand Son
o Nephew
o Brother
o Cant determined
Ans : Son
Explnation : My mother-in-law's only child = Rekha's mother-in-law's only child
= Rekha's husband.
The boy is the son of the Rekha's Husband. So obviuosly Rekha is the
mother to that
boy and that boy is the Son of Rekha.
B is the husband of C. A is the sister of B. D is the sister of C. How is D
related to B?
Son
o Uncle
o Sister-in-Law
o Cant be determined
Ans : Sister-in-Law
Explnation :
B is Husband and C is his Wife.
A is the sister of B, so A is the Sister-in-Law of C ( Husband's sister)
D is the sister of C so, D is the Sister-in-Law of B (Wife's Sister)
Pointing towards a girl, a Person said, "She is the only daugher of the
only son of the wife of the father-in-law of my wife". How is the girl related to
the Person?
o Niece
o Daughter
o Sister
o Daughter-in-Law
o Cant be Determined
Ans : Daughter
Explnation :
Father-in-Law of my wife = Father in Law of the Person's Wife =
Person's Father
Wife of the Father-in-law of my wife = Wife of the Person's Father =
Person's Mother.
Only son of Person's Mother = That Person only (because Person's
parents dont have any other child)
So, she is the only daughter of Person as the Person does not have any
other Children.
Coded Relations
Coded Relations is another important topic for Bank Exams. You can easily get
5 marks with little logical thinking and concentration. It doesn't take much
effort to solve these type of questions... All that you need is Concentration and
lil practice to solve these type of questions
1. If 'A X B' means 'A is the Daughter of B'. 'A + B' means 'A is the husband of B'
and 'A - B' means ' A is the sister of B', then what does ' M + N - P X Q' Mean?
Sol :
M + N - P X Q => M is the Husband of N, N is the sister of P and P is the Daughter of Q.
N and P are sisters and the daughters of Q. Q is either mother or father of N and P. so M is
Son-In-Law to Q.
Have a look at the below image for more clarifications.
Directions (2-3): Study the following information carefully and answer the
questions given below.
' P X Q' means 'P is Sister of Q'

' P + Q' means 'P is mother of Q'
'P - Q' means 'P is father of Q'
'P % Q' means 'P is brother of Q'
2. Which of the following represents 'A is nephew of B'?

1. A%B-C
2. C%B-A
3. CXB+AXD
4. C%B-A%D
5. None of the Above
Sol :
A is nephew of B means, A must be MALE. The symbols '-' and '%' indicate the male Gender.
So, A must be followed by either '-' or '%'. So, checking of options 1 and 4 will be enough to
solve this question.
1. A % B - C => A is brother of B and B is father of C. Here, A is C's paternal Uncle.

4. C % B - A % D => C is brother of B, B is father of A and A is brother of D. So here, A is
son of B.
So the answer is, 5. None of the Above
3. Which of the following represents 'W is Grand Father of H'??

1. W + T - H
2. W % T - H
3. W X T + H
4. W % T + H
5. None of these
Sol:
W is Grand Father of H means W must be a Male. The symbols '-' and '%' indicate the Male
Gender. So, W must be followed by Either '-' or '%'. So, Obviously we have to check the
options 2 and 4.
2. W % T - H => W is brother of T and T is father of H. Here, W is paternal uncle to H.
3. W % T + H => W is brother of T and T is mother of H. W is maternal uncle of H.

So the answer is, 5. None of these
Directions (4-5) : Following questions are based on the information given

below.
'P X Q' means 'P is father of Q'

'P - Q' means 'P is sister of Q'
'P + Q' means 'P is mother of Q'
'P%Q' means 'P is brother of Q'
4. Which of the following represents 'J is son of F'?

1. J % R - T X F
2. J + R - T X F
3. J % M - N X F
4. Cant Say
Sol:
J is son of F means J must be a Male. So, J must be followed by the symbols 'X' or '%". We
have to check options 1 or 3.
1. J % R - T X F => J is brother of R, R is sister of T and T is father of F. So, J is paternal

uncle of F.
3. J % M - N X F => J brother of M, M is sister of N and N is father of F. Here, J is paternal

uncle of F.
5. In the expression B + D X M % N, how is M related to B?
1. SOn
2. Grand Daughter
3. Grand Son
4. Grand Daughter or Grand Son
Sol:
B + D X M % N =>B is mother of D, D is father of M and M is brother of N. M is Grand

Son of B.
Comparison Test of Reasoning

Friends, Comparison Test is one of the promising areas of Reasoning Section of Banking
and other Competitive Exams. We are all good at Comparisons but problem is we often
confuse while doing these type of problems. In this post we will try to help you solving
comparison problems easily with some shortcut techniques. As all of you know, comparison
is expressed in phrases like "is greater than", "is less than", "is equal to" etc. We have
mathematical symbols to express the above mentioned comparisons.
Greater Than --------- >
Less Than --------- <
Equal to --------- =
You can avoid the confusion by using these symbols while dealing with the test of
comparison. It not only reduces the confusion and saves the time, but also helps your mind
to pick the correct answer quickly.
In my childhood I had a big confusion between the symbols > and <. Which one is used for
which. Then my uncle told me a technique to avoid confusion. That is., the bigger side
represents the greater value.
See the symbols carefully. Its just appear like an Arrow head / tip >
The bigger side represents the greater number and the smaller side (tip) represents the
smaller number.
Now lets discuss some problems on Comparison Test.
1. Vikas is taller than Shyam but shorter than Umesh. Umesh is taller than
Rajitha but shorter than Ganesh. Shyam is taller than Rajitha. Now say who
is the shortest person in the group ?
Solution :
To save time just pic the first letters of the names to perform operations,
Vikas is taller than Shyam, that means V > S

Vikas is shorter than Umesh, that means V < U
So, you can write them as U > V > S -----------(1)
Umesh is taller than Rajitha, that means U > R

Umesh is shorter than Ganesh, that means U < G
So, you can write them as G > U > R ------- (2)
Shyam is taller than Rajitha, that means S > R ------ (3)
from 1, 2 and 3 you can say,
G>U>V>S>R
Here, R represents Rajitha. So, she is shorter.
Note : To make the concept clear and easy to understand, we made these many steps
with equations. But this is very simple process. You just should take the decisions with a
glance and should only write the final result on the paper.
2. Five of my friends wrote IBPS PO Exam.

Alok got good rank than Suresh.
Surech got good rank than Prakash.
Alok's rank was not as good as Nikhil's.
Kabir secured a rank between Alok and Suresh.
Now who has more chances for the selection ?
Solution :
1. A > S
2. S > P
3. A < N (or) N > A
4. K is in the middle of A and S. But from statement 1 we know that A is
greater than S. So,
o A>K>S
so finally, N > A > K > S > P
So, Nikhil has good chances of selection.
3. In a group of 5 girls, Kamini is the second tallest girl. Pooja is taller than
Mounika. Roopa is tallest among all. Neelam is taller than Pooja. If we make
them stand in ascending order (according to their heights), who stands at
the second position ?
Solution :
K is 2nd tallest
P>M
R > among all (so she is first, we already know that K is second)
N>P
So, R > K > N > P > M
here K is in second position. So the answer is K, right? wrong.
Read the question carefully. They've mentioned that the girls stand in ascending order
(that means short to tall). But above we have arranged them tall to short. So the answer
will be P
4. A is taller than B, C is taller than D. D is taller than B. So who is the tallest

person in the group ?
Solution :
According to the given data,
A>B
C>D
D>B
so, A > B and C > D > B

here, we know that A is taller than B and C, D are also taller than B.
But here A may be taller than C and D or shorter than Them. Or it may be between C
and D. We can't make exact relation between the heights of A, C and D. So here we cant
say the answer.
5. Amit and Sumit are twins. Richa is younger than Sumit. Richa is younger
than Jyothi but older than Sourabh. Sumit is younger than Jyothi. Who is
the oldest among all ?
Solution :
Here, there are two names starting with the same letter S (Sumit and Sourabh). So to
avoid confusion treat Sumit as Su and Sourabh as So.
A and S are twins, so A = Su
According to the given data, J > A = Su > R > So
So, Jyothi is oldest among all.
6. A group of friends have gold coins. Ramu has a gold coin which is heavier
than Mohan's and Valuable than Ramesh. The value of Naresh is more
valuable than Ramu's. Naresh has a coin which is lighter than Yogesh.
Mohan's coin is cheaper than Ramesh's. Who's coin is more valuable ?
Solution :
Note : Here you have two similar names Ramu and Ramesh. Both are starting with
letters Ram. So here you can take them as Rm and Rh
The main intention of the above problem is to make you confused. Some times they
mentioned about weight and some times the value. But here the point is the value of the
gold depends on its size. The more heavier the coin, the more value it gets.
So,
Rm > M
Rm > Rh
N>R
Y>N
Rh > M
according to above equations,
you can say Y > N > Rm > Rh > M
So, the coin of Yogesh is more valuable.

7. P is heavier than T but lighter than M. N is lighter than S and T. Q is
heavier than D but lighter than N. S is not heavier than M. Who is the
heaviest among all ?
Solution :
Here we can arrange them in 3 ways,
M > P > T > S > N > Q > D or
M > P > S > T > N > Q > D or
M>S>P>T>N>Q>D
In all combinations, M is the heaviest among all.
Note : If they ask you about the second / third / fourth heaviest person in the group,
you Can't say the answer.
8. Pooran has more bank balance than Sushma but lesser than Singh. If the
bank balances of Pooran, Sushma and Singh are X, Y and Z, then which of
the following equations is correct ?
1. X < Y < Z
2. Y < X < Z
3. Z < X < Y
4. X < Z < Y
Solution :
2) Y < X < Z
9. Sita, Malathi, Reshma, Mary and Kamala are going on a safari. For every
5 Kilometers they planned to change the leader according to the
Alphabetical Order. And planned to take a tea break for every 10
Kilometers. If they start with Kamala, then who will be the leader of the
group after second tea break ?
Solution :
If we arrange their names in alphabetical order,
K Mal Mar Re Si
1 2 3 4 5
They start with Kamala as their leader.
After 5 kilometers Malathi will be the leader.

After 5 kilometers First Tea break (still Malathi is the leader)
After 5 kilometers Mary will be the leader
After 5 kilometers Second Tea break, (still Mary is the leader)
so the answer is Mary.
10. Amar, Akbar, Antony and Peter are participating in a running race.
Amar can run faster than Akbar, but cant run faster than Peter who cant
run as fast as Antony. Now answer the following questions.
1. Who is the fastest runner among all ?
2. Who is slower among all ?
3. Who comes second in the race ?
Solutions :
According to the given data,
An > Pe > Am > Ak
1. Antony
2. Akbar
3. Peter

Verbal Reasoning Shortcuts - Direction Sence
Now a days in almost all competitive exams you get questions which test your sense of
direction in verbal reasoning section. These questions typically involve a person's moving
certain distances in specified directions. Then, the student is asked to find out the net
distance traveled between two points. The easiest way of solving these problems is to draw a
diagram as you read information about the problem and let the diagram reflect all the
information given in the problem.
The distance from a particular point after traveling a distance of X meters in the horizontal
direction and a distance of Y meters in the vertical direction is equal to X2+y2 (Please note
that in common usage, north-south direction is referred to as "vertical"
direction and east-west direction is referred to as "horizontal direction.
To solve these types of problems, the student should know the directions properly - without
any confusion. The following diagram shows all the directions and the student should
memorize the diagram.
If you have problems in remembering the above diagram then just remember the word
NEWS and a reverse S. Of course, this S is not like your Normal S. Its kinda kiddish. Have a
look at the below figure.
Blue
Start with N (for North) and move to E, W and finally S. Mark the corner of North and East
as North-East, South and East as South-East and so on... Well, you have your own diagram
now :P
Now lets have discuss this topic with some examples. So that you can easily understand
what exactly is Direction Sense and how to solve the problems.
1. A person travels towards east from his house and travels a distance of 3 meters; he then
travels a distance of 7 meters south wards and then travels towards east a distance of 3
meters and finally travels southwards a distance of 10 meters. What is his vertical distance
from his house?
Solution :
The distance traveled by him is equal, to 10 + 7 = 17m. Have a look at the below figure for
detailed understanding.

2. A person starts from his house and travels 5 meters towards east, then
travels 6 metres towards right, then travels 8 meters towards east and travels
2 meters towards south after that. Finally he turns right and travels 7 meters.
What is the total distance he has traveled from his house in the north-south
direction?
Sol : The distance he traveled from his house in north-south direction is equal to 6 + 2 = 8
Meters.
3. A person travels 7 meters towards east, then he turns right and travels 2
meters; then travels 5 meters towards left and then proceeds 2 meters
northwards and finally travels 2 meters westwards. How far is he from his
house in the vertical direction?
Sol : The distance covered by the person in the north-south direction from his house is
equal to 2-2 = 0 meters (Here please keep in mind that he has actually traveled 2+2 = 4
meters in the north-south direction but, of that distance, since 2m is towards north and 2m
towards south, effectively, he is 0m away from his house in the north-south direction).
4. Starting from one location, a person travels a distance of 5 meters

southwards, then travels a distance of 7 meters leftwards, then travels 5 meters
northwards and finally travels 6 meters eastward to reach a new location.
What is the distance he travelled from his previous location?
Sol : The distance traveled by vertically is 5-5 = 0 meters and the distance travelled
horizontally is equal to 7+6 = 13m. Therefore, the distance travelled from his original
location is also equal to 13m.
5. A person starts from his house and goes 2 meters towards east, then turns
towards right and goes 25 meters and again goes towards east traveling 15
meters and then turns left and travels for 18 meters. He then goes towards east
and travels 7 meters. How far is he from his house?
Sol : If we represent the path covered by him in a diagram, it will appear as follows.
The total distance travelled horizontally is equal to 2+15+7 = 24 metres and the total
distance travelled vertically is 25-18 = 7 metres.
So, the total distance travelled will be equal to root (242 + 72 ) = 25m
Data Sufficiency - Introduction and Shortcuts

Data Sufficiency is one of the hardest part of the Logical Reasoning section which involve
very simple calculations. Of course, many of you may not agree with me with this point. But
its fact, because in many of the cases negligence or over thinking makes you ending up
losing marks. With little concentration and practice you can easily score good marks in this
section. After all you don't even need to do complete calculations to get answer. Most of the
times, with a simple glance on given options you can choose the correct answer.
What is Data Sufficiency ?

Of course there is no technical definition for this, but simply you can say that "its a
process of checking whether the given data is sufficient to get the answer or
not".
What to Prepare for Data Sufficiency?

Blue
Unfortunately there is no specific area, they can ask questions from any area like Reasoning,
Arithmetic, Pure Maths, Time and Work, Time and Distance, Geometry, Menstruation,
Percentages, Simple and Compound Interests etc.... So its better to prepare all areas
(knowing basic formulas and procedures is enough. No need to be expertise. Now lets have a
look at some example problems so that you will get a brief idea on Data Sufficiency
problems and solutions.
Practice Problems on Data Sufficiency with Solutions :

Directions for questions 1 to 10 : Each problem contains a question and two statements
which give certain data. You have to select the correct answer from (1) to (4) depending on
the sufficiency of the data given in the statements to answer the question.
Mark 1 : If statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question and statement II alone is
not sufficient to answer the question.
Mark 2 : If statement II alone sufficient to answer the question and statement I alone is not
sufficient to answer the question.
Mark 3 : If statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question, but neither
statement alone is sufficient.
Mark 4 : If statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the question adn
additional data specific to the problem are needed.
1. Which day of the week is 13th March of the year X ?

1. 25th December of the previous year is a Tuesday.
2. The previous year is a non-leap year.
Solution :
From Statement I alone, 25th December of the year preceding X is a Tuesday. But we do not
know whether year X is a leap year or not. Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From Statement II alone, we don not know whether X is a leap year or a non-leap year. This
information is not sufficient to answer the question. Hence II alone is not sufficient. From I
and II together also we cannot know whether year X is a leap year or not.
so you should choose option 4.
2. Is 2nd October of year Y a holiday ?

1. The third Sunday of July of year Y falls on 15th Day.
2. Only Sunday's are holidays.
Solution :
From statement I alone, 15th July is a Sunday. Hence it can be found out which day of the
week is 2nd October. But that does not answer the question.
Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From statement II alone, only Sunday's are holidays. But it cannot be determined whether
2nd October is a Sunday or not.
From I and II together, it can be found out whether 2nd October is a Sunday or not and
hence the question can be answered. So Option 3
3. Among five persons A, B, C, D, and E, sitting in a row (not necessarily in the

same order) who is at the middle of the row ?
1. A and E are at the extreme ends and C is to the right of A.
2. B is between C and D, neither of whom are at extreme ends.
Solution :
From I alone, A is at the extreme left and E is at the extreme right. C is at the 2nd, 3rd or
4th place from left. But, who occupies the 3rd place is not known. Hence I alone is not
sufficient.
From II alone, B is between C and D. Neither C nor D are at extreme ends. Hence C and D
are in 2nd and 4th places in any order and B is in 3rd place.
Hence II alone is sufficient. So option 2
4. Six persons P, Q, R, S, T and U are sitting around a circular table (not

necessarily in the same order). Is P sitting opposite to T?
1. S is to the left of R and U is to the left of Q.
2. Q is sitting opposite to R.
Solution :
From I alone, if S, R, U and Q are sitting adjacent to each other, then P and T are not
opposite to each other. If Q and R are opposite to each other then P and T will be opposite to
each other. Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From II alone, Q and R are opposite to each other. This information is not sufficient to
answer the question . Hence II alone is not sufficient.
From I and II together, Only one arrangement is possible. From this we can conclude that P
is not sitting opposite to T. So option 3
5. What is the angle between the two hands of a clock ?

1. One hour ago, the angle between the two hands was 75 Degrees and
the minute hand was ahead of the hours hand.
2. The hour hand is between 9 and 10.
Solution :
From I alone, in 60 minutes the minute hand reaches the same place and the hour hand
moves forward by 30 Degrees. Hence, the angle reduces to 45 degrees. Hence I alone is
sufficient. Option I
6. What is the time indicated by the clock ?

1. The minute hand is at 4.
2. The hour hand is past 9.
Solution :
From I alone, the position of the hour hand is not known. Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From II alone, we don not know whether the hour hand is past 10 or not and the position of
minutes hand is not known.
From I and II together, the exact position of hour hand is not known. The time could be
9:20, 10:20 or 11:20. So option 4
7. Is A brother of C ?
1. A's father's only sibling, X, is C' paternal aunt.
2. A is the daughter of B.
Solution :
From I alone, A's father's sibling 'X' is female. She is the aunt of both A and C. It is not know
whether A is a male of Female. Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From II alone, A is female. Hence A is not the brother of C. Hence II alone is sufficient.
So option 2
8. How is P related to T ?
1. T is the father of P.
2. T's son-in-law is P's brother-in-law.
Solution :
From I alone, P is either the son or the daughter of T. Hence, I alone is not sufficient.
From II alone, it is not know whether P is a male or a female. II alone is not sufficient.
From I and II together, we cannot conclude whether P is a male or female.
So option 4
9. Is C the tallest among A, B, C and D ?

1. A is as tall as B and D, but shorter than C.
2. B and D are shorter than C.
Solution :
From I alone, C is the tallest among A, B, C and D. So option 1
10. Is P the richest among L, M, N, O and P ?

1. M is the poorest. N and O are poorer than L.
2. No one is richer than L
Solution :
From I alone, L is the richest among L, M, N and O. No information regarding P is available.

Hence I alone is not sufficient.
From II alone, no one is richer than L. Hence, L is the richest. So option 2
Syllogism Shortcuts - Lesson 1
In almost all competitive exams, there will be a few questions on "Syllogism". In these type
of questions they will give two or more statements followed by two or more conclusions. You
have to choose which conclusion logically fits the given statements. The answer has to be
chosen from the five given choices. Often these statements are funny and seem to be at
variance of commonly known facts, but you should take them as they are True.
It sounds very easier, but unfortunately most of the people tend to choose wrong answers by
assuming them correct. In this post we shall discuss some shortcut techniques to perform
well in syllogism section of competitive exams. Generally these questions can be answered
by representing the given statements by Venn Diagrams. However, here we shall discuss
another simple shortcut techniques to solve Syllogism problems in easy manner.
Before going into details, lets look at some basic terms used in the rules and understand
what they mean.
The two statements is given in the question are called "Premises" and the
answer, the "Conclusion".
Eg :
All Dogs are Cats ----------(1)
All Cats are Pigs ------------(2)
The above two statements are called "Premises".
From above two statements, we can draw the Conclusion : All Dogs are Pigs.
The premises normally start with the words All, No, Some, Many , Some -- not, Many -
- not. These words are referred to as qualifiers.
A premise consists of a subject and a predicate wherein the first term [eg. "Dogs" in
statement (1)] is the subject and the second term [eg. "Cats" in statement (1)] the predicate.
Similarly, in statement (2) "Cats" is called the subject and "Pigs" is called the predicate.
The word that occurs in both the premises is known as the "Middle Term". ("Cat" in the
example above). The answer or "Conclusion" should consist of the other two words (dogs
and pigs in the example above) and the middle term should not appear in the
answer.
The premises can be divided into

1. Universal Statements
2. Particular Statements
This classification of the premises into the above categories is dependent on the qualifier
used in the premise. For example, statements where "All" is used are called Universal
statements and statements where "some" is used are called Particular Statements.
Premises can also be divided into

1. Positive (affirmative) statements and
2. Negative statements
If there is a negative term like "not" or "no" in the statement, it is called a negative
premise. Otherwise it is called a positive premise or an affirmative statement.
The combination of the two different categories of classifications leads to four different
premises as given in the below table.
Table I :
Affirmative Negative
Universal All No
www.Gr8AmbitionZ.com
A E
Particular Some; Some not;
many many not
I O
The subject or the predicate can either distributed or not distributed in the given premise.
The Subject and predicate are either distributed () or not distributed ()depending on what kind
of a statement it is (particular affirmative, etc.). Below table shows the distribution pattern of the
subject and predicate.
Table II :
Subject Predicate
Universal Affirmative

Universal Negative
Particular Affirmative

Particular Negative

Note :
Indicates Distributed.
Indicates Undistributed.
Syllogism Shortcuts with Examples - Lesson 2

In our Syllogism Shortcut Lesson 1, we have discussed about the Introduction of Syllogism.
So before going to read this Lesson 2, it is advisable to read that Lesson 1 here. In this post
we shall discuss some important rules with Examples.
Important Rules for Syllogism :

1. Every deduction should contain three and only three terms.
2. The middle term must be distributed at least once in the premises.
3. If one premise is negative the conclusion must be negative.
4. If one premise is particular the conclusion must be particular.
5. If both premises are negative no conclusion can be drawn.
6. If both premises are particular no conclusion can be drawn.
7. No term can be distributed in the conclusion if it is not distributed
in the premises.
Now we shall discuss these rules with examples.
Syllogism Examples :
Example 1 :
All dogs are cats ---- (1)

All cats are pigs ----- (2)
As the first statement is a universal affirmative statement, the subject (dogs) has to be
distributed () and the predicate (cats) not distributed (). As the second statement is
also universal affirmative the subject cat is distributed () and the predicate pigs not
distributed ().
The above is arrived at on the basis of Table II.
The middle term ("cats" is the middle term as it occurs in both the premises) is distributed
once in the premises. Hence it satisfies Rule [2]. As "Dogs" is distributed in the premise
and "Pigs" undistributed, in the deduction also, they should appear accordingly. The type of
statement that satisfies both of them is universal affirmative statement, i.e., a statement
with "All". Hence the answer will be
Blue
All dogs are pigs
The answer cannot be "All pigs are dogs" because Rule [7] states that no term can be
distributed in the conclusion if it is not distributed in the premises. As "pigs" is not
distributed in premise it cannot be distributed in the conclusion (because if we take "All pigs
are dogs", then the subject "pigs" will be distributed). Hence the conclusion "All pigs are
dogs" is wrong.
Example II :
All cats are dogs ---- (1)

All cats are pigs ----- (2)
Statement I is Universal affirmative and hence the subject "cats" is distributed and the
predicate "dogs" is not distributed as per Table II.
Statement II is also Universal affirmative and hence the subject "cats" is distributed and the
predicate "pigs" is not distributed as per Table II.
here the middle term "cats" ("Cats" is the middle term as it is occuring in both the premises)
is distributed; hence we can draw a conclusion.
The answer should contain the terms "dogs" and "pigs" and both the terms are not
distributed. Referring to Table II, we find that this is possible only in Particular Affirmative
[the conclusion cannot start with the qualifier "All" as the subject in "All" should be
distributed]. According to Rule 7 a term cannot be distributed in the conclusion if it is not
distributed in the premises. So the answer will be
"Some dogs are Pigs" or "Some Pigs are Dogs"
Example III :
All Dogs are Cats ------ (1)

All Pigs are Cats ------- (2)
Statement (1) is universal affirmative and hence the subject "Dogs" is distributed and the
predicate "Cats" is not distributed. In statement (2) which is also a universal affirmative, the
subject "Pigs" is distributed and the predicate "Cats" is not distributed. This is arrived at on
the basis of Table II.
The middle term "Cats" ["cats" is the middle term as it occurs in both the statements] is not
distributed in either one of the two statements. From Rule [2], which states that the middle
term should be distributed at-least once in the premises for drawing a conclusion, we
cannot draw any conclusion in this case.
Example IV :
All Cats are Dogs ------ (1)

Some Cats are Pigs ------- (2)
The first statement is a universal affirmative premise and hence the subject "cats" is
distributed () and predicate "dogs" is undistributed (). The second statement is particular
affirmative and hence both the subject "cats" and the predicate "pigs" are undistributed ()
as per Table II. As we have a particular premise, the conclusion should also be a particular
one as per Rule [4]. The middle term is distributed hence we can draw a conclusion. So
the answer will be
Some Dogs are Pigs or Some Pigs are Dogs
Example V :
All Dogs are Cats ------ (1)

No Cats are Pigs ------- (2)
As the first premise is universal affirmative the subject (dogs) is distributed and the
predicated (cats) is undistributed. In the second premise which is universal negative the
first term (cats) and the second term (pigs) are both distributed (as per Table II). As the
middle term is distributed at-least once in the premises, Rule [2] is satisfied and hence we
can draw a conclusion.
From Rule [3] which states that if one of the premise is negative the conclusion should be
negative, the answer should be a negative one and as both the terms dogs and pigs are
distributed the conclusion should be a universal negative statement. Hence the answer will
be
No dogs are pigs or

No pigs are dogs
Example VI :
All dogs are Cats ---------- (1)

Some cats are not pigs --------- (2)
Since the first statement is universal affirmative, "dogs" is distributed and "cats" is not
distributed. Since the second statement is particular affirmative, "cats" is not distributed
and "pigs" is also not distributed (as per Table II).
In the above given example no conclusion can be drawn as Rule [2] which states that the
middle term ("Cats" in the example above as it occurs in both the premises) should be
distributed at least on in the premises not satisfied.
Syllogisms Examples - Lesson 3

This is the 3rd lesson of our syllogism shortcut series. If you are new to this post then first
read
Lesson 1 Here and
Lesson 2 Here
before reading this post.
In our last post we have covered 6 examples. Here we shall start from the 7th one.
Example VII :
All Dogs are Cats ---------- (1)

Some Cats are not Pigs ------------ (2)
The first statement is a universal affirmative and hence the subject (dogs) is distributed and
the predicated (cats) is not distributed.
The second statement is particular negative and hence the subject (cats) is not distributed
and the predicated pigs is distributed (Table II).
But as the middle term (Cats) is not distributed atleast once in the premises, Rule [2] is not
satisfied and hence we cannot draw any conclusion.
Example VIII :
All Cats are Dogs ------------- (1)
Some Cats are not Pigs --------------- (2)
The first statement is a universal affirmative and hence "cats" is distributed and "dogs" is
not distributed. The second statement is particular negative and hence "cats" is not
distributed and "pigs" is distributed (as per Table II).
Here the middle term (cats) is distributed and hence we can draw a conclusion.
The conclusion should be particular negative as Rule [3] states that if a premise is negative
the conclusion should also be negative. Also Rule [4] states that if a premise is particular
the conclusion should also be particular. Hence the conclusion should be particular
negative.
In particular negative, we know that the subject is not distributed and the predicated
distributed.
The terms "dogs" and "pigs" should come in the conclusion. Also, since "dogs" is not
distributed in the premise, it cannot be distributed in the conclusion also as per Rule [7].
As per the above reasoning, "Pigs" can be only the subject in the conclusion and hence
"Dogs" will be the predicate.
Thus the answer will be - Some dogs are not pigs
Example IX :
No Dogs are Cats -----------(1)

No Cats are Pigs ----------(2)
We cannot draw any conclusion as Rule [5] states that if both the premises are negative we
cannot draw any conclusion.
Example X :
No Dogs are Cats ----------- (1)

Some Cats are not Pigs ---------- (2)
As both the statements are negative as per Rule [5] we cannot draw any conclusion.
(The first statement is universal negative and hence the subject (dogs) is distributed and the
predicate (cats) is also distributed as per Table II.
The second statement is particular negative and hence the subject is not distributed and the
predicate (pigs) distributed as per Table II).
Example XI :
Some Cats are not Pigs ----------- (1)

Some Cats are Dogs -------------(2)
As the first statement is particular negative the subject (Cats) is undistributed and the
predicate (Pigs) distributed. In the second premise both the subject and predicate (Cats and
Dogs respectively) are not distributed since the premise is particular affirmative (as per
Table II).
No conclusion can be drawn as both the premises are particular as per Rule [6].
Example XII :
Some Cats are not Dogs ----------------- (1)

Some Cats are not Pigs ------------ (2)
We cannot get an answer from the statements as Rule [5] states that if there are two
negative statements no conclusion can be drawn. Also Rule [6] states that if there are two
particular statements no conclusion can be drawn.
Input - Output Arrangements Shortcuts

In today's post we shall discuss one of the most promising, easiest and time taking model of the
Reasoning paper Input - Output arrangements. People often leave this area as this is little time
taking. But with little practice and concentration you can easily get 5 out of 5 marks in this area
within less time. First of all lets see how the problem will look like. In these type of problems
they will give you an input line of words and numbers and rearranges them in a few steps
(normally 5 to 7 steps). and you should find out the logic behind the rearrangement and work
with the problems given by them. Lets see an example.
Directions : Study the following information carefully and answer the following questions :
A word and number arrangement machine when given an input line of words and numbers
rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of
input and rearrangement :
Input : Now 41 28 Credit Join 37 Go 61
Step 1 : 61 Now 41 28 Credit Join 37 Go
Step 2 : 61 Credit Now 41 28 Join 37 Go
Step 3 : 31 Credit 41 Now 28 Join 37 Go
Step 4 : 61 Credit 41 Go 37 Now 28 Join
Step 7 : 61 Credit 41 Go 37 Join 28 Now
Step 7 is the last step for this input.
As per the rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following Questions the
appropriate step for the given input. (followed by some questions).
Now first lets have a look at the given problem. The logic in the arrangement is : The input is the
combination of words and numbers. Firstly, the numbers got arranged in descending order.
Whereas the words get arranged in alphabetical order. Numbers occupy the odd places and
words occupy even places in the final step. When any element gets arranged, the previous
element occupying that place shifts one place towards right. And one more basic rule here we
have to remember is, we can make only one change in one step.
In step One, 61 occupies the first place from the left end and the other elements are pushed one
place rightward.
Similarly, in the step 2 now occupies the second place from the left end and the other elements
are pushed one place rightward.
So, alternate arranging of numbers and words finally gives the last step in which the odd places
from the left are occupied by numbers and the even places are occupied by the words.
Shortcuts :
1. When ever you see this type of problems just see the last step first. So that you can
understand the logic without wasting your valuable time (generally these arrangements will be
of assenting and descending orders). Then just check from bottom to top for the arrangement
of words. And then only check the questions.
2. If you cant get answers mentally, you should write them on paper, but its waste of
time. In those type of situations just write the first letters of the words. So, for the above
example you can write
o N 41 28 C J 37 G 61 and work with this example. Suppose you encounter two
words with the same starting letter then you should write two letters instead of one.
Ex : If you encounter Gun and Goat as two words you will be confused if
you write two Gs. so just write Go and Gu to avoid confusion.
3. Without giving you the raw data if they give you some third or fourth step and ask you
to find out the Sixth step there is no need to solve the problem completely. If the given step is
the third one atleast three words will be already arranged in order. So just check the given
arrangement and check how many words are arranged in order and just strike those words with
pencil. And just work with the remaining words (as there is no need to change the already
arranged words again). It will save your time and effort.
4. In some cases the required word or number which is to be arranged will be the first
letter in the first letter of the resulting arrangement, in this case we will cut tha word
ornumber but we will not increase the step counter as we do not have to shift it anywhere, it
was already at its place
5. Keep in mind that If they give you an arrangement and asks you to guess the prior
steps (I mean giving you the 5th or 6th step and asking you the prior steps 2nd or 4th), then the
answer would be Cant be Determined. Because there wont be any rule for guessing
backwards as the word may come from anywhere. Now lets have a look at some examples
based on the above problem Here >>
Input - Output Arrangements - Examples

In last post we've discussed some shortcuts of the Input - Output arrangements problems of
Reasoning section. In this post we shall work with some examples.
Note : To save the space, We are not posting the previous example problem here. So please
refer to the example problem here for reference.
As per the rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions the
appropriate step for the given input.
1 ) Input : Chair Wood 21 42 59 Height Bench 78.

How many steps will be required to complete the rearrangement?
1. Three
2. Four
3. Five
4. Six
5. None of the above.
Solution : write the first letters of the given problem.

Step 1 : 78 C W 21 42 59 H B
Step 2 : 78 B C W 21 42 59 H
Step 3 : 78 B 59 C W 21 42 H
Step 4 : 78 B 59 C 42 W 21 H
Step 5 : 78 B 59 C 42 H 21 W
Step 6 : 78 B 59 C 42 H 21 W
So, according to the logic, step 6 is the last step for this input (Numbers are in descending
order and words are in alphabetical order in this step 6). So 6 Steps will be required to
complete the rearrangement. So the answer is option 4.
2) Input : When You 22 Special 31 16 47 Town

Which of the following steps will be the last but one?
o 1. 4th
o 2. 6th
o 3. 5th
o 4. 7th
o 5. Non of the above
Solution :
Step 1 : 47 W Y 22 S 31 16 T
Step 2 : 47 S W Y 22 31 16 T
Step 3 : 47 S 31 W Y 22 16 T
Step 4 : 47 S 31 T W Y 22 16
Step 5 : 47 S 31 T 22 W Y 16
Step 6 : 47 S 31 T 22 W 16 Y
So, the answer is Step 5. So option 3 is correct.
3) Step 4 of an input is : 74 Again 69 Call 17 32 Horse Desk

Which of the following is definitely the input?
o 1. Again Call 74 69 17 32 Horse Desk

o 2. 74 Call Again 17 69 Horse 32 Desk
o 3. Call 74 Again 69 17 32 Desk Horse
o 4. Cannot be Determined
o 5. None of these
Sol : As we have already discussed, this is the case of arrangement. So, the previous steps
cannot be determined with certainty. We cannot estimate the exact input.
4) Step 3 of an input is :
82 Brown 74 Sugar Hobby Lady 32 49
Which of the following will be step 6?
o 1. 82 Brown 74 Hobby 49 Sugar Lady 32

o 2. 82 Brown 74 Hobby 49 Lady Sugar 32
o 3. 82 Brown Hobby 74 Hobby 49 Lady 32 Sugar
o 4. Cannot be determined
o 5. None of these.
Sol : Step 3 is 82 Brown 74 Sugar Hobby Lady 32 49, And we can find that first 3 words are
in a proper order. So just strike them off with pencil and work with remaining words.
Step 4 : H S L 32 49
Step 5 : H 49 S L 32
Step 6 : H 49 L S 32
So, option 2 is correct.
Note: If you don't have enough time and you want to take risk then just see the answers.
They've given the step 3, so there are chances that the first 3 letters wont change (in this
case). So obviously the answer will be either option 1 or option 2. But this method is
not suggestible.
5) Input : Goal Team Ask 12 92 85 42 Sound.

Which of the following will be the step 4 ?
1. 92 Ask 85 Goal 42 Sound 12 Team
2. 92 Ask 85 Goal 42 Sound Team 12
3. 92 Ask 85 Goal 42 Team 12 Sound
4. 92 Ask 85 Goal 12 42 Sound
5. None of These
Sol : Input : G T A 12 92 85 42 S
Step 1 : 92 G T A 12 85 42 S
Step 2 : 92 A G T 12 85 42 S
Step 3 : 92 A 85 G T 12 42 S
Step 4 : 92 A 85 G 42 T 12 S
So the answer is option 3.
How to solve Seating Arrangement Problems ?

Seating Arrangement or Seating Plan is just a diagram or a set of writteninstructions
that determines where people should take their seats. This is one of the crucial and
promising sections of banks and other competitive exams. But as we have already discussed
in our earlier post, even a single mistake can ruin your entire answer in result ending up
with losing 5 marks allotted to this area. So we have to be little cautious while doing seating
arrangement problems.
Seating Arrangement Introduction :

Blue
Seating Arrangement is not any new word which directly invented / introduced for
competitive exams. Its just picked up from our daily life. We follow this strategy
in formal dinners, weddings, theaters, trains etc to avoid chaos and confusion upon
entrance. But in competitive exams we should arrange given people in a specific shape.
Most widely asked shapes are Circular, Octagonal, Square, Rectangle and Two or Three
parallel lines.
Generally as soon as seeing the question, people tend to draw the shape mentioned in
the question. And latter put dots or lines according to the given details. Its not good
practice I must say. Because it ruins your valuable time and often leads to extra
confusion. So better use straight lines instead ofcircles and shapes. Drawing
straight lines instead of circles also make it easier to find who is sitting opposite to
whom. Lets have a look at below diagram for detailed understanding.
Ex : Assume that you have been asked to draw a circular seating arrangement of six
people.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Georgia, 12 pt, Font color: Blue
you can follow the above mentioned lines strategy for all shapes either it may be
square, pentagon, hexagon etc.
Now try to remember some important points :

If A is sitting immediate left of B, that means B is on immediate right of A.
To avoid confusion of left and rights in circular and other shapes' seating
arrangement problems, you should assume that all people are facing to center (unless
and until they specify the direction).
Its always better idea to assume you are one among them so that it will be easier
for you to get an idea of the arrangement.
If you are unable to get the idea from a line then better skip that line and go to
next line. You can revisit to the skipped line after getting another clue.
now lets have a look at some problems on seating arrangement so that you will get the
concept clear.
Note : In seating arrangement problems
1. Six persons A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting around a circular table. B is

sitting to the immediate right of E. C is not sitting next to F. F is sitting
opposite to B and D is sitting opposite to E. Who is sitting to the immediate
left of D ?
Solution :
Its given that there are 6 persons sitting around the table. Six persons that means you
should represent 6 points. That means 3 lines. Draw 3 lines as shown in the below
figure. Later it is given that B is sitting to the immediate right of E. So we shall start
with E. Just choose any of the end of the line and mark it as E. And B is sitting
immediate right to E. So put B at the right side of E. Now the arrangement will be look
like this,
Later its given that C is not sitting next to F. We don't have any idea about this
statement at present. So skip to next statement, i.e., F is sitting opposite to B. We
know where B is. So mark F to the opposite to B.
Its also given that D is sitting opposite to E. So mark D as opposite to E. Now the
arrangement will look like,
So only A and C are available.... Now go to the previous statement which we have
skipped. C is not sitting next to F. With this statement its clearly known that we cant
place C besides F. So we can place A there. And now there is only one gap
between D and B. We can place C there. So the final arrangement of seating will be
appear like this.
Now lets have a look at another problem.
2. Eight persons P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting around a circular

table. 'S' is to the immediate right of W. 'V' is not next to either R or T. 'W' is
to the immediate right of T, who is sitting opposite to R. U and W are sitting
opposite to each other. Followed by some questions...
Solution : Here there are 8 persons. That means 4 lines.
Given that S sat immediate right of W. So start with W. And place S immediate right
to W.
'V' is not next to either R or T.. No clue about this statement. So skip it.
'W' is to the immediate right of T, who is sitting opposite to R.. We know
where W is... Given that it is immediate right of T. That means T should be immediate
left of W. Now from the above statement we came to know that T is sitting opposite to R.
So place R opposite to T. Now the arrangement will appear like this...
No check the skipped statement. 'V' is not next to either R or T. That means, we
cant place V neither on both vacant sides of R nor at the single side of T. So the only
vacant place remaining was opposite to S.
U and W are sitting opposite to each other. So just place U opposite to W. Now
there are 2 vacancies and two people (P and Q) are pending. There is no specific clue to
find out their exact places. So there are equal chances for them to place any of the side.
Usually they leave blanks like this to make you confused. In these cases its better to
write P/Q (P or Q) at both the sides. In-fact they wont ask questions about P/Q because
they left them clueless. So finally the arrangement will appear like this.
Blue
Now lets have a look at some questions based on above arrangement.
1. Who is sitting opposite to 'S' ?

1. V
2. R
3. T
4. U
5. None of these
2. Who is sitting two places to the right of 'W' ?
1. P
2. S
3. V
4. Can't Say
5. None of these
3. If R and V interchange their places, then who is opposite to 'T' ?
1. P
2. S
3. R
4. V
5. None of these
4. If V is to the immediate left of 'P', then who is to the immediate
left of 'R' ?
1. U
2. P
3. Q
4. Can't Say
5. None of these
Seating Arrangement Practice Problems with Explanations for Bank

Exams - Reasoning
Seating Arrangement (or Sitting Arrangement as some of us pronounce it) is one of the important
topics of the Reasoning section of Bank Exams. The best thing here is, with little concentration and
efforts you can get 5 out of 5 (and ofcourse 15 out of 15 in the case of IBPS CWE sometimes) marks
easily. And the main disadvantage of these sort of problems is..... even a single mistake can ruin the
entire solutions and it may results losing all the marks!!! So its always advisable to check your
answers twice before coming to a conclusion and marking the answers. Here we are giving some
practice problems of Seating Arrangement problems of the Reasoning Section. Just see the problems
and try to solve them on your own. Later you can check with the answers given below with complete
solutions. You can check more reasoning related problems with explanations here. Good Day and
Happy Reading :)
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V and J are sitting around a circle facing the centre. S is not an immediate
neighbour of V. S is second to the right of T, who is second to the right of Q. R is third to the
right of J and second to the left of P.
1. Who is on the immediate right of Q?

(a) S (b) R (c) V (d) data inadequate (e) none of these
2. What is Js position with respect to P?

(a) Third to the right (b) Second to the left
Blue
(c) Second to the right (d) Data inadequate

(e) None of these
3. How many of them are there between Q and S?

(a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 4 only (d) 2 or 3 only (e) None of these
4. Who among the following is sitting between V and R?

(a) Q (b) J (c) T (d) S (e) None of these
Answers:
Here, you should draw a rough sketch with the given details... Your sketch will be similar to the
below diagram.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 11.5 pt,
Font color: Black
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (a)
Eight members A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H belonging to three families X, Y, Z go for weekend

outing in three different cars I, II, III. Four out of the eight members are females. Members of
any one family travel in different cars. Each car has at least one male and one female member.
Each family has at least two members.
A belongs to family Y and he travels in car III. D is wife of E and they travel in cars I and II
respectively. H is son of B, who is wife of G, and they belong to family Z. C is daughter of F,
who is wife of A. C travels in car II. G does not travel with F.
1. Which of the following groups of persons travels in car I?
(a) D, F, G (b) D, E, G (c) D, G, H (d) D, F, H (e) None of these
2. Which car has only two members traveling in it?
(a) I (b) II (c) III (d) II or III (e) Cannot be determined
3. Which of the following members of families Y and Z travel in different cars?
(a) F,G (b) C,G (c) F,H (d) C,F (e) None of these
4. Which of the following groups of persons is a group of all females?
(a) B,D,G (b) A,B,C (c) B,E,F (d) D,E,F (e) None of these
5. Which of the following members of families X and Y travel in the same car?
(a) C,F (b) D,F (c) C,D (d) F,E (e) None of these
Answers:
Cars family X family Y family Z
I D (female) F (female) H (male)
II E (male) C (female) G (male)
III A (male) B (female)
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (b)
All the six members of a family A, B, C, D, E and F are traveling together. B is the son of C.
But C is not the mother of B. A and C are a married couple. E is the brother of C. D is the
daughter of A. F is the brother of B.
1. How many male members are there in a family?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) 5
2. Who is the mother of B?
(a) D (b) F (c) E (d) A (e) None of these
3. How many children does A have?
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four (e) None of these
4. Who is the wife of E?
(a) A (b) F (c) B (d) Cant be determined (e) None of these
5. Which of the following is a pair of females?
(a) AE (b) BD (c) DF (d) AD (e) None of these

Answers:
1. (d)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (d)
(i) Five boys Abdul, Durgesh, Eshwar, Chand and Bhaskar and five girls Pallavi, Kavitha,
Radhika, Savithri and Vasantha sit in two rows facing towards each other. All the boys are in one
row and all the girls in the other row.
(ii) Eshwar who is to the immediate right of Bhaskar and opposite to Pallavi is not at any end.
Radhika, who is immediate to the right of Kavitha and opposite to Chand, is at one of the ends.
(iii) Abdul is opposite to Kavitha who is the third to the right of Savithri. Durgesh and Vasantha are
not opposite each other.
1. Who is in the middle of the row of boys?
(a) Abdul (b) Bhaskar (c) Durgesh (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these
2. Who is immediately to the right of Pallavi?
(a) Vasantha (b) Kavitha (c) Savithri (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these
3. Who is opposite to Durgesh?
(a) Vasantha (b) Radhika (c) Pallavi (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these
4. How many boys are there between Abdul and Bhaskar?
(a) Nil (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these
Answers:
Durgesh, Eshwar, Bhaskar, Abdul, Chand

Savithri, Pallavi, Vasantha, Kavitha, Radhika
1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (e)
4. (a)
ALPHA-NUMERIC-SYMBOL TEST (Part-I)

In this topic, a JUMBLED SEQUENCE of some Alphabets / Letters / Numbers / Symbols
are given, followed by Certain Questions based on It.
Now Lets See the BASICs of It.
BASICS :
Before starting with this topics lemme clear some Meanings of the words
"Following, Followed by, Preceding and Preceded by" Let me start with an
example.
o Take Two consecutive alphabets (say A B), Here
A is Preceding B <=> B is Preceded by A
B is Following A <=> A is Followed by B
o Take One more Example. Now take 3 consecutive alphabets (say ABC), Here
A is followed by B and C, But
A is immediately followed by B,
A is not immediately followed by C (Or We can say)
A is not immediately followed by C
A is followed by C, but NOT immediately.
C is preceded by A and B, But
C is immediately preceded by B,
C is not immediately preceded by A (Or We can say)
C is preceded by A but not Immediately
Now Lets see some EXAMPLES
Blue
How many such Numbers are there in the arrangement each of which is
immediately followed by a Symbol and also immediately preceded by
a Consonant?
o Sol : Check for the sequence of Consonant-Number-Symbol (Shortcut : just
write the first letters CNS above the question and check for that arrangement)
How many such Consonants are there in the arrangement each of which
is immediately preceded by a Number and also immediately followed by
another Consonant?
o Sol : Check for the sequence of Number - Consonant - Consonant (Shortcut
: Same as above. write NCC n check)
How many such Symbols are there in the arrangement each of which is
immediately preceded by a Number but NOT immediately followed by
a Vowel?
o Sol: Check for the sequence of Number - Symbol - Not Vowel
(Shortcut: Write NSV (Just strike the letter V (or u can put the TICK marks above the
letters N and S)
How many such Numbers are there in the arrangement each of which is
not immediately followed by a Letter and not Immediately preceded by
a Symbol?
o Sol: Check for the sequence of no Symbol - Number - no Letter (SNL)
How many such Symbols are there in the arrangement each of which is
Either Immediately preceded by a Number or immediately followed by
a Consonant but not both?
o Sol: Check for the sequence of Number - Symbol / Symbol - Consonant
(NS or SC)
How many such Consonants are there in the arrangement each of which
is either immediately preceded by a Number or immediately followed by
a Symbol or Both?
o Sol: Check for the sequence of Number - Consonant / Consonant - Symbol /
Number - Consonant - Symbol (NC or CS or NCS)
ALPHA-NUMERIC-SYMBOL TEST (Part - II)
Now Let Us discuss about the Sides:
o Left of Left( - ) Left

o Left of Right (+) Right
o Right of Right ( - ) Right
o Right of Left (+) Left

NOTE : If opposite sides (Left - Right) are given add up the numbers. If same
sides (Left -Left or Right - Right) are given deduct Small number from the Big one.
Ex : Check the following Alphabetical Series
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
o What is the 7th alphabet to the left of the 10th alphabet from the
right end in the above series?
Ans : 7th left - 10th right (7+10) right 17th right. i.e., "J"
(10th alphabet from the right end is Q and 7th alphabet to the left of 'Q' is 'J')
o What is the 5th alphabet to the left of the 6th alphabet from the left
end in the above series?
5th left - 6th left (6-5) left 1st left 'A'

o What is the 2nd alphabet to the right of the 5th alphabet from the
left end in the above series?
2nd right - 5th left (2+5) left 7th left 'G'

o What is the 13th alphabet to the left of the 13th alphabet from the
13th left - 13th right (13+13) right 26th right 'A'

o What is the 3rd alphabet to the right of the 16th alphabet from the
3rd right - 16th right (16-3) right 13th right 'N'

Problems on Alpha - Numeric Symbol Test
-> Study the following information carefully to answer these questions
A8B6#7HU%3$FVR2I@141WE9^L5
1. If all the symbols are dropped from the above arrangement which of the
following will be eigth from the left end ?
1. 3 2. $ 3. F 4. U 5. None of These
Ans. 1) 3
Explanation : The element Highlighted in the Red Color in the following sequence is the
8th element from the left end after dropping all the symbols (#, %, $, @, 1 and ^)
A 8 B 6 7 H U 3 F V R 2 I 4 1 W E 9 L 5
2. Which of the following is Seventh to the right of fifteenth from the right
end?
1.4 2. T 3. 1 4. w 5. None of These
Ans. 1) 4
Explanation : 7th right of the 15th from the right end ---> (15-7) right --> 8th right
element. (Please read our Tutorial here)
The element Highlighted in the red color in the following sequence is the 8th element from
the right end.
A 8 B 6 # 7 H U % 3 $ F V R 2 I @ 1 ! 4 1 W E 9 ^ L 5
3. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way on the basis of their
positions in the above arrangement and so form a group. Which is one that
does not belong to the group?
1. 95L 2. I41 3. F2R 4. B73 5. None of These
Ans. 5. None of These
Explanation : Four Groups belong to the same group. So, there is no group which is the
odd man out.
4. How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement each of
which is immediately followed by a vowel but not immediately preceded by a
number ?
1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than Three
Ans. 2) One
Explanation : Not a Number - Number - Vowel --- > NNV The elements
in Highlighted in the Red color are such numbers
A 8 B 6 3 7 H U % 3 $ F V R 2 I @ 1 4 1 W E 9 ^ L 5
5. How many such symbols are there in the above arrangement, each of
which is immediately followed by a consonant and also immediately
preceded by a number?
1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than Three
Ans. 3 ) Two
Explanation : Smbol - Consonant ----- > SC
The elements Highlighted in Red color in the following sequence are such symbols
A 8 B 6 # 7 H U % 3 $ F V R 2 I @ 1 4 1 W E 9 ^ L 5
Ranking Test
In this type of problems, generally the ranks of a person both from the top and from the
bottom are mentioned and the total number of persons is asked. Now a days they are
questions in the form of a puzzles of interchanging seats by two persons. Lets have a look at
some models for a clear understanding of the topic.
Amala is older than Mona and Rama. Anju is older than Mona but younger than
Sunny. Rama is older than Sunny. Who among them is oldest?
o A) Sunny B) Mona C) Amala D) Anju E) None of these
o Ans: C.
o Explanation : Amala > Mona, Raman ... (Treat this as (I)) ;
Sunny > Mona ... (Treat this as (II));
Rama > Sunny... (Treat this as (III));
So, combining all, we get
Amala > Rama > Sunny > Anju > Mona.
If Anju is taller than Shilpa but shorter than Manju and Shilpa is as tall as Sarayu but
taller than Shubhashini, then Sarayu is
o A) taller than Manju B) shorter than Anju C) as tall as Anju D) shorter than
Shubhashini E) shorter than Shilpa
o Ans : B.
o Explanation : Manju > Anju > Shilpa = Sarayu > Shubhashini.
In a unit test Pavan's marks in Mathematics is more than her marks in History but
not more than Geography. Her marks in Science is more than that in History but not as
much as in Mathematics and her marks in English is not as much as in Geography. In
which of the given subjects did she score the lowest?
o A) History B) English C) Science D) Data inadequate E) None
of these
o Ans: D.
o Explanation : Geography > Maths > History ... (i);
o Maths > Science > History ... (ii);
o Geography > English ... (iii)
o Thus the lowest score was either in History or in English
Ten boys are standing in a row facing the same direction. Dayaram, who is seventh
from the left end of the row, is to the immediate right of Chaitu, who is fifth from the right
end of the row. Chaitu is third to the right of Vipul. How many children are there between
Dayaram and Vipul?
o A) One B) Two C) Three D) Data inadequate E) None of these
o Ans: C.
Fifteen children are standing in a row facing north. Ravi is to the immediate left of
Hritik and is eighth from the left end. Arjun is second from the right end. Which of the
following statement is not true?
o A) Hritik is 7th from right end.
o B) There are four children between Hritik and Arjun.
o C) There are five children between Ravi and Arjun.
o D) Arjun is 13th from the left end.
o E) Ravi is exactly in the middle.
Ans: D.
P, Q, R, S, and T are sitting around a circular table. R is to the right of P and is
second to the left of S. T is not between P and S. Who is second to the left of R?
o A) S B) T C) Q D) Data inadequate E) None of these
o Ans: C.
In a row of boys Akash is fifth form the left and Nikhil is eleventh from the right. If
Akash is twenty-fifth from the right then how many boys are there between Akash and
Nikhil?
o A) 14 B) 13 C) 15 D) 12 E) None of these
o Ans: B.
Explanation : There are (25-11-1) =13 boys between Akash and
Nikhil.
Haresh is 27th from the left end of a row of 49 boys and Mahesh is 27th from the
right end in the same row. How many boys are between them in the row?
o A) 6 B) 3 C) 5 D) Data inadequate E) None of these
o Ans: B.
o Explanation : Since Harish is 27th from the left, then he is 49-27+1 from the
right, i.e. 23rd from the right. Again, since Mahesh is 27th from the right, therefore there
are three boys between them in the row.
Arun is fifth from the left end and Navin is twelfth from right end in a row of
children. If Navin shifts by three places towards Arun he becomes tenth from the left end.
How many children are there in the row?
o Ans: D.
o Explanation : 9 - D, Total number of children = 12+3+10-1= 24.
If Nishanth is eleventh from the left in a row of boys, Rehman is fourteenth from the
right, how many boys are there in the row?
o A) 25 B) 23 C) 36 D) Data inadequate E) None of
these
o Ans: D.
o Explanation : We do not have information regarding the number of persons
between Nishanth and Rehman.
In a row of girls, Ravina is 15th from the left and Mohini is 18th from the right. If
they interchange their places, Mohini becomes 15th from the left. How many girls are
there in the row?
these
o Ans: D.
o Explanation : We still need some more information.
In a row of boys facing north, Sudhanshu is twelfth from the left. When shifted to his
right by four places, he becomes eighteenth from the right end of the row. How many boys
are there in the row?
these
o Ans: B.
o Explanation : 12+3+18 = 33.
In a queue, Amrita is 10th from the front while Mukul is 25th from behind and
Mamta is just in the middle of the two. If there be 50 persons in the queue, what position
does Mamta occupy from the front?
o A) 20th B) 19th C) 18th D) 17th E) None of these
o Ans: C.
o Explanation : Number of persons between Amrita and Mukul = 50-(10+25)
= 15. Since, Mamta lies in middle of these 15 persons, so Mamta's position is 8th from
Amrita i.e., 18th from the front.
Raman ranks sixteenth from the top and forty ninth from the bottom in a class. How
many students are there in the class?
o A) 64 B) 65 C) 66 D) Cannot be determined E) None of
these
o Ans: A.
o Explanation : Clearly, number of students in the class = (15+1+48) = 64
Sanjeev ranks seventh from the top and twenty eighth from the bottom in a class.
How many students are there in the class?
o Ans: D.
o Explanation : Clearly, number of students in the class = (6+1+27) = 34.
If Atul finds that he is twelfth from the right in a line of boys and fourth from the left,
how many boys should be added to the line such that there are 28 boys in the line?
o Ans: B.
o Explanation : Clearly, number of students in the line = (11+1+3) = 15.
Number of boys tobe added = 28 - 15 = 13.
Manisha ranked sixteenth from the top and twenty ninth from the bottom among
those who passed an examination. Six students did not participate in the competition and
five failed in it. How many students were there in the class?
o Ans: D.
o Explanation :
Number of boys who passed = (15+1+28) = 44.
Total number of boys in the class = 44+6+5 = 55.
Aruna ranks twelfth in a class of forty-six. What will be her rank from the last?
o Ans: C.
o Explanation : Number of students behind Aruna in a rank = (46-12) = 34.
So Aruna is 35th from the last.
In a class of 60, where girls are twice of boys, Kamal ranked seventeenth from the
top. If there are 9 girls ahead of Kamal, how many boys are after him in rank?
o Ans: C.
In a row of ten boys, when Rohit was shifted by two places towards the left, he
became seventh from the left end. What was his earlier position from the right end of the
row?
o A) First B) Second C) Fourth D) Sixth E) None of these
o Ans: B.
Statement - Assumptions
Today we shall discuss about one more important topic of Reasoning part of Bank Exams,
Statement - Assumptions. In these type of questions, they will give you a statement followed
by two assumptions. You have to read the statement and assumptions clearly and find out
an Implicit one. Lets see some examples.
Read the following Statement and Assumptions.

Give answer (a) if only assumption 1 is implicit.
Give answer (b) if only assumption 2 is implicit.
Give answer (c)if either assumptions 1 or 2 is implicit.
Give answer (d) if neither assumption 1 not 2 are implicit.
Give answer (e) if both assumptions 1 and 2 are implicit.
1) Statement : Vitamin E tablets improve circulation, keep your complexion in a glowing

condition.
Assumptions :
1) People like a glowing complexion.
2) Complexion becomes dull in the absence of circulation.
Answer : e
Explanation : Both assumptions are implicit. Generally, only those good features of a
product are highlighted which people crave for. So, 1 is implicit. If circulation is improved,
complexion grows. Hence, 2 is also implicit.
2) Statement : "The function will start at 6 pm. "You are requested to take your seats
before 6 pm.
Assumptions :
1) Function will start as scheduled.
2) If an invitee is not in his seat before 6 pm, the function will not start.
Answer : a
Explanation : It is mentioned in the invitation that you are requested to take your seats
before 6 pm. It means that function will start as scheduled. Hence, assumption 1 is implicit.
It is not given that the function will not start if invitees do not come in-time.
3) Statement : The X passenger car manufacturing company announced a sharp reduction

in the prices of their luxury cars.
Assumptions :
1) There may be an increase in the sale of their luxury cars.
2) The other such car manufacturers may also reduce their prices.
Answer : a
Explanation : The price of any product is lowered assuming that its demand will increase.
Therefore, assumption 1 is implicit. There is no information about the other manufacturers,
so assumption 2 is not implicit.
4) Statement : "if you want to give any advertisement, give it in the newspaper A" - X tells
Y.
Assumptions :
1) Y wants to publicize his products.
2) Newspaper A has a wide circulation.
Answer : b
Explanation : The word 'If' in the statement shows that Y may or may not want
to publicize his products. So, 1 is not implicit. X advised that advertisements be given in
news paper A. This means that A will help advertise better i.e. it has wider circulation. So, 2
is implicit.
5) Statement : Patient's condition would improve after this operation.

Assumptions :
1) The patient can be operated upon in this condition.
2) The patient can't be operated upon in this condition.
Answer : a
Explanation : It is very much implied in the statement that the patient is in a position to
be operated upon. Therefore, assumption 1 is implicit. But, assumption 2 is not implicit as it
is just opposite to assumption.
6) Statement : The government has decided to allow the shopping complexes to remain
open till midnight to reduce crowding of shoppers in these complexes during the weekends.
Assumptions :
1) The sales of these shopping complexes may increase generating revenue for the govt.
2) People may still prefer to shop during the weekends.
Answer : d
Explanation : The objective of Govt. behind taking this decision is to facilitate people to
shop at their leisure fimes during the late evening hours and not to increase its revenue.
Hence, 1 is not implicit. No such information like people are interested to shop during only
weekends. So, 2 is also not implicit.
7) Statement : The state government has decided to appoint thousand primary school
teachers during next financial year.
Assumptions :
1) There are enough schools in the state to accommodate four thousand primary school
teachers during the next financial year.
2) The eligible candidates may not be interested to apply as the Govt. may not finally
appoint such a large number of primary school teachers.
Answer : a
Explanation : As per the requirement of teachers in primary school only, the Govt. may
have taken such decision. So, 1 is implicit. Assumption 2 is absurd as it is against the Govt's
decission.
Coding - Decoding of Reasoning - Introduction

Friends, today we shall discuss about the Coding and Decoding type questions of Reasoning
section. There are different types of Coding and Decoding questions are there, before going
into details lets first understand what is meant by coding and decoding.
Coding : A particular code or pattern is used to express a word in English language to
express it as a different word. The coded word itself does not make any sense unless we
know the code, i.e., unless we know the pattern or code that has been followed.
Decoding : Decoding refers to the process of arriving at the equivalent English word from
the code word given. Hence, we can look at two broad categories of questions in coding-
decoding.
1st Category :
In the 1st category of questions, a particular code is given and on the basis of this given
code, we have to find out how another word (in English Language) can be coded. The correct
code for the given word has to be selected from the answer choices on the basis of the code
given in the question.
Ex : In certain code if the word "VIRTUAL" is coded as "UHQSTZK", then in
this code, how is the word "PAINFUL" coded?
Solution :
By observation, we can find that in coding "VIRTUAL" as "UHQSTZK", each letter in the
given word has been replaced by the letter that comes immediately before it in the English
alphabet. Using this code, if we now have to code "PAINFUL", we need to replace each letter
of the word with the letter that comes before it in the English alphabet. Thus the code will be
"OZHMETK".
Note : Here, it can be seen form the example, we treat the English alphabet in a
circular fashion. i.e., the letter that comes after Z is A. Similarly, the letter that
comes before A is Z.
2nd Category :
In the second category of questions, a particular code is given and on the basis of this given
code, we have to find out the equivalent word in English language for a word given coded
form. The correct word (in English Language) for the given coded word has to be selected
from the answer choices on the basis of the code given in the question.
Ex : In a particular Code, if the word :SYSTEM" is coded as "UAUVGO", then in

teh same code, what does "HCUJKQP" stand for?
Sol : Here, we can observe that each letter in the given word is replaced by the second letter
that comes after it in the English alphabet to give us the word in coded form. Hence, to
know what "HCUJKOP", we should replace each letter by a letter which second
letter before it in the English alphabet. This gives us the word "FASHION".
The first step to be taken in solving questions in coding - decoding is to crack the code. To
do this, it will be helpful to understand the broad types of codes that are used. Ofcourse, the
number of codes that can be created and used are infinite but one can always keep the
commonly used codes in mind. Secondly, practice will make a student much more
comfirtable and conversant with these types of questions.
Some of the more commonly used codes to represent letters of the

alphabets in coding decoding problems are
Use the letter that comes one or any fixed number of places before it in the alphabet.
Use a letter as many places from the end of the alphabet as the original letter is from
the begining of the alphabet.
Each vowel may be replaced by the next vowel that comes in the alphabet and each
consonant by another consonant following certain pattern with reference to the
consonant under consideration.
Use one code for all the letters in even places in the given word and a different code
for letters n the odd places in the given word to give a new word.
The same letters in the given word may be used in a cyclic or in some other order to
give the coded word.
Some numerical values can be attributed to the letters of the word based on the letter
positions in the alphabet.
Combination of two or more of the above ways of coding.
Coding and Decoding Questions and Answers

Friends, in our last post we have discussed basic shortcut techniques of Coding -
Decoding section of Reasoning (read that post here). Today we shall discuss some
example problems of Coding and Decoding with detailed explanations.
Practice problems of Coding and Decoding

1. If the word "DIAGRAM" is coded as "AGDMIRA", then the word "PICTURE"
can be coded as ?
1. rpteiuc
2. ctpeiur
3. rtpeuic
4. ctpriuc
5. rpteicu
Approach : The letters of the given word are written in a jumbled order to give us the word
in the coded form. We need to find out the manner in which they have been jumbled. If you
keenly observe the given words, the first letter of the word D has been used as the 3rd letter
in the code. So, for the word PICTURE, the first letter P will have to be the third letter in the
code. This eliminates choices (1) and (5), Then, the second letter I is used as the third from
the last and that is not happening in choice (3). So, we now have choice (2) and (4).
Since there are two As in the given word, let us leave aside A for the time being and look at
some of the other letters. If we take the last letter M, it comes as the fourth letter in the
code. SO, E in the word PICTURE should come as the fourth letter in the code. This leaves
us only choice (2). So the correct answer is option (2).
Note : Here, suppose even this has not given us a unique choice, we would then look at the
remaining letters too.
2. If the word "CODING" is represented as DPEJOH, then the word "CURFEW"

can be represented as
1. dvsgfx
2. dvshfx
3. dgshfx
4. dtsgfy
5. dysgff
Approach : Each letter in the given word "CODING" is replaced by the letter that
immediately follows it in the English alphabet. Hence, the correct choice is option (1)
3. if "ASHTRAY" is coded as "DVKWUDB", then what does the word "UDQFLG"

in that code mean?
1. RADISH
2. MANAGER
3. RUNNER
4. RANDOM
5. RANCID
Approach : If we replace each letter of the word "ASHTRAY" by a letter which is three
letters to the right of it in the alphabet, then we get "DVKWUDB". So, to find out the word
whose code is "UDQFLG", we replace each letter in the code by a letter which comes three
places behind in the alphabet. We then get "RANCID" as the word. Option (5).
4. If "RAJESH" is coded as "SZKDTG", then "PRANESH" should be coded as

1. QQBMDTG
2. QSBMDTG
3. QQBMFRI
4. QSZMDTG
5. QQZMFRI
Approach :The first letter is shifted by one alphabet forward, the second by one alphabet
backward, the third by one forward and so on... So, the word "PRANESH" will be coded as
"QQBMFRI" which is option (3).
5. If "PROMPT" is coded as QSPLOS, then "PLAYER" should be coded as

1. qmbzfs
2. qmbxfq
3. okzxfq
4. qmbfqx
5. omzxfq
Approach : The first half of the word has the letters being moved back by one letter in the
alphabet and the second half of the word has the letters being moved forward by one letter
in the alphabet. So, option (2).
6. If in a certain code, the number 1 is assigned to all letters in the even places
in the alphabet and the number 2 is assigned to all letters in the odd places in
the alphabet, then the code for the word ALPHABET will be
1. 21112121
2. 21121221
3. 21111221
4. 21112211
5. 21212121
Approach : An easy way to do these sort of problems is to Just remember the place values
of the alphabets so that it will be easier for you to solve these type of problems. Read
shortcut techniques to remember place values of alphabets from here.
According to above link, ALPHABET can be written as
A -- > 1 (Odd Number) so we have to assign value 2

L --> 12 (Even Number) so we have to assign value 1
P --> 16 (Even Number) so we have to assign value 1
H ---> 8 (Even Number) so we have to assign value 1
A -- > 1 (Odd Number) so we have to assign value 2
B--> 2 (Even Number) so we have to assign value 1
E--> 5 (Odd Number) so we have to assign value 2
T--> 20 (Even Number) so we have to assign value 1
So the answer is 21112121. Which is option (1).
7. In a certain code, a is represented by 1, b is by 2, c by 3 and so on; then all

multiples of 2 are assigned a code of 2 and non-multiples of 2 are assigned a
code of 1. In this scheme of coding, what would the word PAPERS be coded as ?
1. 121212
2. 212121
3. 212122
4. 121211
5. 212112
Approach : According to place values, the given word PAPERS can be written as
P --> 16 (multiple of 2) so we can write 2

A---> 1 (non multiple of 2) so we can write 1
P ---> 16 (multiple of 2) so we can write 2
E ---> 5 (non multiple of 2) so we can write 1
R---> 18 (multiple of 2) so we can write 2.
So the code will be 21212. Which is option (5).
8. If in a certain code "RANGE" is coded as 12345 and "RANDOM" is coded as

123678, then the code for the word "MANGO" would be
1. 82357
2. 84563
3. 82346
4. 82347
5. 82543
Approach : In these type of questions, we cannot get the code for all the letters of the
alphabet but we can get the code for the letters of the word "MANGO" which is of interest to
us. Take one by one of these letters of the word "MANGO" and look for the code of that
specific letter from the words for which the code is already given to us.
Here, in this case, when we observe that R, A and N are the first three letters of both the
given words in the same order and the code for both words have 1, 2 and 3 in that order at
the begining. Because of lack of any additional information, we then conclude that the code
for R is 1, A is 2 and N is 3 and that the letters givne in the code are in the same order as the
letters given in the word. Thus, we can make out that the code for MANGO is 82347 on the
basis of the code different letters of the word can be given. Choice (3).
Water Image / Horizontal Plane in Reasoning

As we've already discussed, Water Image and Mirror Image are two important concepts of
Reasoning. These concepts help you solving Non Verbal Reasoning concepts easily
(ofcourse, some times verbal reasoning concepts too). In our last post, we've discussed
about Mirror Image / Vertical Plane. You can read that post Here. In this post we shall
discuss about the Water Image / Horizontal Plane. Simply we can say that the Water
Image is nothing but the Reflection in Water. Technically the definition is "In water
image / horizontal plane, the LOWER and UPPER parts interchange positions
and the LEFT and RIGHT parts remain constant". Have a look at this Cat to make
concept clear... Lol ;)
Blue
Now lets have a look at the water images of Numbers

Blue
Now have a look at the water images of Alphabets

Blue
Here the points you should keep in mind are,

1. Seven alphabets C, D, E, H, I, O and X are same as their water images.
2. The water images of Five Alphabets H, I, N, O and X are same with
their Mirror images
3. Two numbers 0 and 8 have their water image exactly like them.
4. The mirror image of number 6 is same as the water image of number nine 9
Mirror Image / Vertical Plane in Reasoning

Mirror Image and Water Image are two different concepts which helps you to solve
Reasoning Problems (especially in Non Verbal Reasoning). In this post we shall discuss
about Mirror Image. This Mirror Image is also called as Vertical Plane. Have you ever
observed your mirror image? Your right becomes Left and left becomes right.. Right? :P Ok,
now there is a technical definition for Mirror Images in Reasoning. Of course, it too almost
similar to what we known, but with lil extension. Please keep this definition in your
mind. In the mirror image, the RIGHT part of the object appears at the LEFT
side and vice - versa. But the UPPER and LOWER parts remain constant. Have a
look at this Cat to make the concept clear... Lol ;)
Blue
Have a look at the Mirror Images of Numbers

Note : The mirror image of number Six "6" is same as the water image of Number "9"
Have a look at the Mirror Images of Alphabets
Blue
Have you noticed any special thing above? The actual alphabets and the mirror images of H,
I, O and X are same (their water images too are same). Ofcourse, you may consider A and
W too.. But TECHNICALLY these are not same. Have a closed look.. You can observe a
slight difference between their real and mirror images.
The mirror and water images of the alphabets H, I, O, N and X are same.
What is the advantage of Mirror Images ?

You can use this concept to solve Non Verbal Reasoning problems to track the movement of
things and you also can use this concept to track the Odd Man Out in Analytical Reasoning.
Mathematical Operations
Friends, today we shall discuss another important model of Reasoning Section
Mathematical Operations. Of course, even these questions are asked under reasoning
section these are mainly dependent on mathematical operations. All calculations will be
performed usingBODMAS Rule. We can divide these problems in three types.Those are,
1. Symbol Substitution
2. Mathematical Logic
3. Interchange of Signs & Numbers
Now lets discuss these types with detailed examples.
1st Type : Symbol Substitution
In this type, to find the value of the given expression you should replace the symbols by
mathematical operations. Then apply the BODMAS Rule (i.e., Brackets, of, Division,
Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).
For the detailed understanding, lets have a look at an example
Example : 42% (9-2) + 6 x 3 - 4
Solution :
42 % (9-2) + 6 x 3 - 4
= 42 % 7 + 6 x 3 - 4
= 6 + 6 x 3 - 4
= 6 + 18 - 4
= 24 - 4 = 20
2nd Type : Mathematical Logic
In this type, they just give you some logical statements followed by some mathematical
operations. You should solve the given mathematical operations with the help of given
logical statements.
Example : If % stands for greater than, x stands for addition, + stands for division, - stands
for equal to, > stands for multiplication, = stands for less than, < stands for minus, then
which of the following alternatives is correct ?
1. 3 + 2 < 4 % 6 > 3 x 2
2. 3 x 2 < 4 % 6 + 3 < 2
3. 3 > 2 < 4 - 6 x 3 x 2
4. 3 x 2 x 4 = 6 + 3 < 2
Usually for these type of questions people tend to make direct decisions with the help of
given statements. But confusion arises when you tried to coordinate given mathematical
symbols with the logical statements mentioned above. It is because lack of coordination
between eyes and brain. So, to avoid confusion you just should make a note of given logical
statements in simple mathematical equations format. So that it will be easier for your eye to
pick the correct operation.
by using above logical statements, you can use a rough sketch like this,
Blue
now you can calculate the values of given operations mentally by picking the right hand side
symbols instead of left hand side. Or you just can replace the symbols by taking the
reference of above rough sketch.
Solution : Using the symbols correctly as given in the above operations, for the option (2)
you will get, 3+2-4>6%3-2. Using BODMAS rule in this inequality, we will get 5-4>2-2 or,
1>0, which is correct.
3rd Type : Interchange of Signs & Numbers
In this type they just give you some random set of numbers and mathematical symbols. And
then ask you to choose the correct of symbols to fit the given equation.
Example : Select the correct set of symbols which will fit in the given equation 5 0 3 5 =
20
1. x, x, x
2. =, +, x
3. x, +, x
4. +, -, x
Solution : Using the set of symbols given in options, you will get the Option 2 as the
correct answer.
Using the set of symbols given in option 2, you will get the equation,
5-0+3x5 = 20
Using BODMAS rule you will get,
5-0+15=20 or 20-0 = 20 which is correct
Now lets have a look at some examples,
1. '<' means subtraction, '>' means Addition, '+' means Multiplication and '$' means
Division. Then what will be the value of 27 > 81 $ 9 < 6 ?
Solution :
27+81%9-6 = 27+9-6 = 36-6 = 30
2. If % means +, - means x, x means -, + means %, then what will be the value of 15 - 2 %

900 + 90 x 100 ?
Solution :
15x2+900%90-100 = 30 + 10 - 100 = -60
3. Q means Addition, J means Multiplication, T means Subtraction, K means Division then

what is the value of 30K2Q3J6T5 ?
Solution :
3%2+3x6-5 = 15 + 18 - 5 = 28
4. P means x, R means +, T means %, S means -, then what will be the value

of 18T3P9S8R6 ?
Solution :
By substituting the given symbols, you will get the answer 52
5. P means Multiplication, T means Subtraction, M means Addition, B means Division then

what will be the value of 28B7P8T6M4 ?
Solution :
28 % 7 x8 - 6 + 4
=4x8-6+4
= 32 - 6 + 4
= 36 - 6 = 30
Classification / Odd Man Out Series Problems with Explnations -

Alphabets
Friends, Classification / Odd Man out Series is one of the important topic
in Reasoning Section. In these type of questions they just give you 5 options and you
should find the odd man out from the given set. I mean, if you are given 5 options like
Parrot, Crow, vulture, Sparrow and Penguin and ask you to find the Odd man out, then your
answer should be Penguin (because all the remaining birds can fly)... Ofcourse, some of you
may say "Why not Vulture is the answer? Because its the only bird which eats dead bodies
(actually one of my friends asked this question while writing this article). Point.... "May be
other birds too will eat dead insects if they starved" I answered. "Then penguins too can fly
for short distances" she replied. Point Again!!! So what will be the correct answer? After all
you are not going to argue with the examiner who evaluates your answer sheet (or Optical
Marks Reader ofcourse). So, here you should keep in mind that OVER THINKING should
be avoided while answering these type of questions. Think twice before marking your
answer. Now lets go to the details. To made the concepts clear, we've divided this topic into
3 sections.
Those are
1. Alphabets
2. Numbers
3. Words.
Today, we shall discuss about Alphabets... Before reading this post, it is advisable to read
about the place values of Alphabets here.
Single Alphabets :
If single alphabets are given, then you should follow the order of checking
1. Vowels first. If you are unable to figure odd ones, then check for
2. mirror images, later
3. water images and finally check for the
4. place values so that you may get any clues with the number assiciated with
that specific alphabet.
Example Problems :
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. G
Solution : Obviously here the answer is A. Because its the only Vowel in the list.
1. A
2. C
3. E
4. H
5. J
Solution : Here the answer is H. Because, the Difference between alphabets is 2.
1. D
2. E
3. F
4. G
5. H
Solution : Here the Odd one is H, because it is the only Mirror Image in the List. (There
are 2 water images D and H)
Alphabet Groups
If multiple Alphabets are given, you should follow the order of checking,
1. Alphabetical order of given alphabets

2. Distance / Gap between the given alphabets
3. Vowel / Consonant differences
Example Problems :
1. ABC
2. BCD
3. CDE
4. DEF
5. EFG
Solution : :
Check the Order : ABC... BCD... CDE... DEF... EFG... Well, here all alphabets are in an
order.. So we cant find out the Odd one with this logic.
Check the Gap : All alphabets carrying equal number differences / Gaps.. So this technique
too of no use.
Check for the Vowels.
In the group 1, One vowel is there (A)
In the group 2, No vowel
In the group 3, One vowel is there (E)
So, answer should be the Group with NO VOWELS.. Group 2
1. AE
2. GM
3. MQ
4. VZ
5. LP
Here you should note that AE are the only vowels in the given group. So maximum number
of people choose Option 1 as their answers. BUT, according to our order given above, we
should first check for the alphabetical order... no clue..... later GAP. Check the difference fro
Ato E and G to M ....
AbcdE
GhijklM
MnopQ
VwxyZ
LmnoP
Here, except the second pair all the remaining pairs are having 3 letters in between the
given alphabets. But the second pair consists of 5 alphabets between G and M. So this is the
Odd one. So the answer is Option 2 (not Option 1).
1. DF
2. TV
3. VX
4. NP
5. HJ
Solution :
1. DeF
2. TuV
3. VwX
4. NoP
5. HiJ
Here all the given pairs are having ONE LETTER between them. So now we shall check
those alphabets for clue. e, u, w, o, i.. .Here except w all the remaining alphabets are vowels.
So, obviously the odd one is the 3rd pair.
1. AFH
2. AHL
3. AJM
4. ARW
5. ANR
Well this is little complected one... have a close look... We can't find anything with
Alphabetical order.. So try GAPs...
A____F_H
A______H___L
A________J__M
A________________R____W
A____________N___R
So,
A4F1H
A6H3L
A8J2M
A 16 R 4 W
A 12 N 3 R No Clue :(
Try adding the numbers we got in gaps.....
4+1 = 5
6+3 = 9
8+2 = 10
16+4 = 20
12+3 = 15 No Clue :(
Subtract the numbers,
4-1 = 3
6-3 = 3
8-2 = 6
16-4 = 12
12-3 = 9 No Clue :(
Multiply the numbers
4*1 = 4
6*3 = 18
8*2 = 16
16*4 = 64
12*3 = 36 ................
hey see, are you able to figure out anything?
All numbers except 18 are square numbers. So option 2 is the Odd one.
And remember, for the purpose of explanation, we gave detailed step by step procedure
here. For in your exam hall, you should figure out the option / procedure in a single glance.
With good practice only you can achieve that state.
1. ACF
2. ADI
3. AGG
4. AFW
5. AEO
Solution :
A1C2F
A2D4I
A 5 G 25 G (Note : After Z you should again start with A and continue your counting)
A 4 F 16 W
A3E9O
With a glance, we can find out that

2's square is 4
5's square is 25
4's square is 16
and 3 's square is 9
So, here the odd one is the Option 1.
1. VT
2. MQ
3. PR
4. DF
5. FG
Solution : Here except Option 1 (VT) all remaining alphabets are in alphabetical order. VT
is in reverse order. So this is the ODD one.
1. LO
2. RU
3. BE
4. FI
5. AD
Solution : Here, except the 5th option, all the remaining groups having VOWELs (O, U, E,
I) in the second position. But the 5th group contains VOWEL (A) in the first position. So, it
is the Odd one.
1. LP
2. SW
3. QU
4. MR
5. AE
Solution : Here, except the 4th group, all the remaining groups contains only 3 alphabets
between them. But the 4th group has 4 alphabets between M and R.
1. BF
2. NR
3. WS
4. TX
5. LP
Solution : 3rd groups is reverse in Alphabetical order. So, it is the odd one.
1. NQV
2. HKP
3. RWZ
4. JMR
5. KNS
Solution :
N2Q4V
H2K4P
R4W2Z
J2M4R
K2N4S
Here obviously the Odd one is option 3.
Place Values of Alphabets - Reasoning Shortcuts

Friends, today we are going to learn about the basic rule for Analytical Reasoning. The Place
Values of English Alphabets. These will help you in answering the questions related to
Coding and Decoding and Analogy... Yea, I know all of you know alphabets and me too don't
want to teach them to you now. But what about the place values? Of course, even a 5th
grader will tell the answer by counting if you ask him "What is the place value of S ?". But
the problem is, you should react in fractions of a second. Because you cant spend more than
30 seconds for these type of questions. That means, you should learn by heart. Below we've
given you the alphabets with place values, just read them for 10 to 15 times so that the
values of these alphabets will register permanently in your mind.
English Alphabets and their Place Values
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A B C D E F G
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
H I J K L M N
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
O P Q R S T U
22 23 24 25 26
V W X Y Z
How to remember them in a Simple Way?
All of you easily can say the place values of first 4 (a, b, c, d) and last 3 (x, y, z) alphabets.
Remember F6 key in your Keyboard. Thats it, the place value of F is 6.
Have you ever Noticed the 7 in G? Check the below figure once, thats it.. G's value is
7.
so as the numbers eigHt and nIne

In this way, you can make your won shortcut rules to remember the place values.
Note : My Stupid Brother (one of the moderators of this blog) made a unique technique to
recall the place values. His code word is E mail Jothy. In short E JOTY......... These
represents the place values which are multiples of 5.
E-5
J - 10
O - 15
T - 20
Y - 25
With the help of this list, he can recall place values of all the 26 alphabets in Seconds

Verbal Analogy Shortcuts

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Verbal Analogy Shortcuts - Introduction

Friends, generally an analogy is a parallel that is drawn between two different,

How to Solve Verbal Anology Problems of Reasoning ?

Which Strategy Should I follow to solve Verbal Analogy Problems ?

Confused? Have a look at an example.....

1. Hatred is extreme affection

Now lets have a look at another example.

Something that is ............ is done without .........................

Analogy (Advanced) - Reasoning Shortcuts

"Bank" is related to "Money" in the same way as "Transport" is related to

Blood Relations - Reasoning

Nephew : Brother's or Sister's son

Niece : Brother's or Sister's daughter.

Uncle : Father's or Mother's brother.

Aunt : Father's or Mother's sister

Father-in-Law : Spouse's father (or) Wife's or Husband's Father

Mother-in-Law : Spouse's mother (or) Wife's or Husband's Mother

Daughter-in-Law : Son's wife

Brother-in-Law : Spouse's brother (or) Sister's husband

Formatted: Font: (Default) Georgia, 11.5 pt, Font color:

Sister-in-Law : Spouse's sister (or) Brother's Wife

Maternal : of or related to Mother

Paternal : of or related to Father

Siblings : brothers or sisters

Spouse : Husband or Wife

The mother of Ranbir is the only daughter of Neetu's father.

Pointing to a boy Rekha said, "He is the son of my mother-in-law's only

Have a look at the below image for more clarifications.

' P X Q' means 'P is Sister of Q'

2. Which of the following represents 'A is nephew of B'?

1. A % B - C => A is brother of B and B is father of C. Here, A is C's paternal Uncle.

So the answer is, 5. None of the Above

3. Which of the following represents 'W is Grand Father of H'??

2. W % T - H => W is brother of T and T is father of H. Here, W is paternal uncle to H.

3. W % T + H => W is brother of T and T is mother of H. W is maternal uncle of H.

Directions (4-5) : Following questions are based on the information given

'P X Q' means 'P is father of Q'

4. Which of the following represents 'J is son of F'?

1. J % R - T X F => J is brother of R, R is sister of T and T is father of F. So, J is paternal

3. J % M - N X F => J brother of M, M is sister of N and N is father of F. Here, J is paternal

B + D X M % N =>B is mother of D, D is father of M and M is brother of N. M is Grand

Comparison Test of Reasoning

Greater Than --------- >

Less Than --------- <

Now lets discuss some problems on Comparison Test.

Vikas is taller than Shyam, that means V > S

So, you can write them as U > V > S -----------(1)

Umesh is taller than Rajitha, that means U > R

So, you can write them as G > U > R ------- (2)

Shyam is taller than Rajitha, that means S > R ------ (3)

from 1, 2 and 3 you can say,

Here, R represents Rajitha. So, she is shorter.

2. Five of my friends wrote IBPS PO Exam.

So, Nikhil has good chances of selection.

here K is in second position. So the answer is K, right? wrong.

4. A is taller than B, C is taller than D. D is taller than B. So who is the tallest

so, A > B and C > D > B

According to the given data, J > A = Su > R > So

So, Jyothi is oldest among all.

according to above equations,

you can say Y > N > Rm > Rh > M

So, the coin of Yogesh is more valuable.

Here we can arrange them in 3 ways,

M > P > T > S > N > Q > D or