IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO.

2, FEBRUARY 2010 453

A Single-Phase Z-Source BuckBoost

Matrix Converter
Minh-Khai Nguyen, Student Member, IEEE, Young-Gook Jung,
Young-Cheol Lim, Member, IEEE, and Young-Min Kim

AbstractThis paper proposes a new type of converter called a [13] on a frequency step-up and fundamental voltage step-down
single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter. The converter converter. The research in [14] and [15] focused on step-up/step-
can buck and boost with step-changed frequency, and both the down frequency operation with a safe-commutation strategy.
frequency and the voltage can be stepped up or stepped down.
In addition, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy to Applications of single-phase matrix converters have been de-
conduct along a continuous current path, which results in the elim- scribed for induction motor drives [16], radio-frequency induc-
ination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snub- tion heating [17], audio power amplification [18], and compen-
ber circuit. The operating principles of the proposed single-phase sation voltage sags and swells [19]. It has been reported that the
Z-source buckboost matrix converter are described, and a circuit use of safe-commutation switches with pulsewidth modulation
analysis is provided. To verify the performance of the proposed
converter, a laboratory prototype was constructed with a voltage (PWM) control can significantly improve the performance of
of 40 Vrm s /60 Hz and a passive RL load. The simulation and the ac/ac converters [9], [10], [18][22]. However, in the conven-
experimental results verified that the converter can produce an tional single-phase matrix converter topology [13][19], the ac
output voltage with three different frequencies 120, 60, and 30 Hz, output voltage cannot exceed the ac input voltage. Furthermore,
and that the amplitude of the output voltage can be bucked and it is not possible to turn both bidirectional switches of a single-
boosted.
phase leg on at the same time; otherwise, the current spikes gen-
Index TermsBuckboost voltage, single-phase matrix con- erated by this action will destroy the switches [20]. These limi-
verter, step-up and step-down frequency, Z-source converter. tations can be overcome by using Z-source topology [21][40].
Research on Z-source converters has focused mainly on dc/ac
I. INTRODUCTION inverters and ac/ac converters. Recently, the work on Z-source
dc/ac inverters has focused on modeling and control [25][27],
MATRIX converter is an ac/ac converter that can directly
A convert an ac power supply voltage into an ac voltage of
variable amplitude and frequency without a large energy stor-
the PWM strategy [28][31], applications [32][35], and other
Z-network topologies [36][40]. The Z-source ac/ac convert-
ers focus on single-phase topologies [21][23] and three-phase
age element [1][10]. The first description of a matrix converter
topologies [22], [24]. In applications where only voltage regu-
was published in 1976 by Gyugyi and Pelly [11]. In 1980,
lation is needed, the family of single-phase Z-source ac/ac con-
Venturini and Alesina presented the first algorithm capable of
verters proposed in [21][23] has a number of merits, such as
synthesizing output sinusoidal reference voltages from a bal-
providing a larger range of output voltages with the buckboost
anced three-phase voltage source connected to the converter
mode, reducing inrush, and harmonic current. However, no one
input terminals [12]. Recent research on matrix converters has
has designed a converter based on a Z-source structure and a
focused mainly on modulation schemes [1][6] and on ac drive
matrix converter topology that can provide ac/ac power con-
applications [7], [8]. Obviously, all published studies have dealt
version with both a variable output voltage and a step-changed
with three-phase circuit topologies. The first study of a single-
frequency. In this paper, we apply the Z-source concept to a
phase matrix converter was performed by Zuckerberger et al.
single-phase matrix converter to create a new type of converter
called a single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter. In
Manuscript received April 22, 2009; revised July 6, 2009. Current version
published February 12, 2010. Recommended for publication by Associate contrast to the existing single-phase PWM ac/ac converters, this
Editor F. Z. Peng. This work was supported by the Grant of the Korean proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (The Regional Core Re- can provide a wide range of output ac voltages in buckboost
search Program/Biohousing Research Institute) and in part by the Ministry
of Knowledge and Economy under the Manpower Development Program for mode with step-up/step-down frequencies. We show from oper-
Energy and Resource. This paper was presented in part at the 24th Annual ating principles, analyses, simulation, and experimental results
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Washington, DC, that the proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix con-
February 1519, 2009, Session 23, pp. 846850 (CD-ROM version).
M.-K. Nguyen and Y.-C. Lim are with the Department of Electrical En- verter can buck and boost voltages in step-up/step-down fre-
gineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Korea (e-mail: quency operation. We use a safe-commutation technique that is
khaibk@yahoo.com; yclim@chonnam.ac.kr). very simple to implement as a free-wheeling path to provide the
Y.-G. Jung is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Daebul Univer-
sity, Chonnam 526-890, Korea (e-mail: jyg@mail.daebul.ac.kr). required free-wheeling operation similar to what is available in
Y.-M. Kim is with Celrun Inc., Seoul 138-801, Korea, and also with Trigem other converter topologies. The safe-commutation scheme es-
Computer Inc., Ansan 425-120, Korea (e-mail: kimgun@celrun.com). tablishes a continuous current path in dead time to eliminate
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. voltage spikes on switches without a snubber circuit. To ver-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2028890 ify the operation of the proposed converter, we constructed a

0885-8993/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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454 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

buckboost matrix converter. Since the switching frequency is

much higher than the ac source (or line) frequency, the require-
ments for the inductors and capacitors should be low [23]. As
shown in Fig. 2, the proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost
matrix converter requires four bidirectional switches S1j , S2j ,
S3j , and S4j (j = a, b) to serve as a single-phase matrix con-
Fig. 1. General block diagram of the proposed topology. verter and one source bidirectional switch Ssj (j = a, b), where
a and b refer to drivers 1 and 2, respectively. All bidirectional
switches are common emitter back-to-back switch cells. The five
switches Ssj , S1j , S2j , S3j , S4j (j = a, b) used in the single-phase
Z-source buckboost matrix converter are bidirectional
switches, as shown in Fig. 2. The bidirectional switches are able
to block voltage and conduct current in both directions. Because
these bidirectional switches are not available at present, they can
be substituted for by combinations of two diodes and two insu-
lated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) connected in antiparallel
(common emitter back to back), as shown in Fig. 2 [10], [20].
The diodes are included to provide the reverse blocking ca-
pability. The IGBTs are used because of their high switching
capabilities and their high current-carrying capacities, which
are desirable for high-power applications. As indicated in the
figure, D refers to the equivalent duty ratio and T is the switch-
ing period. Implementing the single-phase Z-source buckboost
matrix converter requires different bidirectional switching ar-
rangements depending on the desired amplitude and frequency
of the output voltage. The amplitude of the output voltage is
Fig. 2. Proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter topology.
controlled by the duty ratio D, while the frequency of the output
voltage depends on the switching strategy.
laboratory prototype with the passive RL load based on In this paper, the frequency of input voltage fi is assumed to
TMS320F2812 DSP; we also performed a participative simula- be 60 Hz, and the desired output frequency fo is synthesized
tion integral manufacturing (PSIM) simulation. Both the sim- to be 120 Hz (step-up frequency), 60 Hz (same frequency), or
ulation and experimental results show that the output voltage 30 Hz (step-down frequency). For example, Fig. 3 illustrates the
can be obtained at three different frequencies120, 60, and converters switching strategy over one cycle of input voltage
30 Hzand in the buckboost amplitude mode. Thus, the pro- for a 120-Hz output frequency in boost mode. To double output
posed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter can frequency of the input voltage, the operation of the converter is
be used for voltage applications that require step-changed fre- divided into four stages, as shown in the figure.
quency or amplitude. In particular, it can be applied to the Fig. 4 illustrates stage 1 in the boost mode when both input
starting of an asynchronous motor as well as to the speed voltage and output voltage are positive. The switches Ssa , S1a ,
control of an induction motor, which needs a step-changed S2b , and S4a are fully turned on (S2b is turned on for commu-
speed. tation purposes, while Ssa and S4a are turned on for continuous
current flow); S1b , S3b , and S4b are modulated complementary
to the dead time. In state 1, as shown in Fig. 4(a), S4b turns on
II. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY and conducts current flow during the increasing positive cycle of
Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the proposed topology. The input voltage; Ssb and S1b turn on and conduct negative current
ac voltage across the single-phase matrix converter va is boosted flow from the load to the source, if possible; S2b turns on for
by the ac/ac Z-source converter with ac input voltage vi . Then, commutation purposes. Then, Ssb and S4b turn off, and S3b has
the single-phase matrix converter modulates the frequency of va . not yet turned on, and there are two commutation states that oc-
The output voltage vo is obtained with a step-changed frequency cur. If iL 1 + iL 2 + io > 0, the current flows along a path from
and a variable amplitude. Ssa , as shown in Fig. 4(b); if iL 1 iL 2 + io > 0, the current
Fig. 2 shows the proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost flows along a path from S4a and S2b , as shown in Fig. 4(c).
matrix converter. It employs an LC input filter, a Z-source net- As shown in Fig. 4(c), the path of the current flowing through
work, bidirectional switches, and an RL load. The LC input S2b is iL 1 iL 2 + io . Because switch S2b must be conduct-
filter is required to reduce switching ripple included in in- ing, the current condition for this state is iL 1 iL 2 + io > 0.
put current. All the inductors and capacitors are small and are In state 2, as shown in Fig. 4(d), S3b turns on and conducts
used to filter switching ripples. The symmetrical Z-source net- current flow in the Z-source network as a shoot-through path;
work, a combination of two inductors and two capacitors, is the the positive load current may be freewheeled through S2b and
energy storage/filtering element for the single-phase Z-source S1a ; the negative load current may be freewheeled through S3b

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NGUYEN et al.: SINGLE-PHASE Z-SOURCE BUCKBOOST MATRIX CONVERTER 455

Fig. 3. Switching pattern of the proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter for a 120-Hz output frequency in boost mode.

and S4a . In these switching patterns, the current path is always provides the switching sequences for the operations for output
continuous whatever the current direction. Thus, the voltage frequencies of 120, 60, and 30 Hz.
spikes are eliminated during switching and commutation pro-
cesses. The analysis for stages 2, 3, and 4 is similar to that for
stage 1. The dotted line in Fig. 4 indicates the safe-commutation III. CIRCUIT EQUATIONS
switch during each particular stage. The operations at the other Ignoring the effects of dead time, the single-phase Z-source
output frequencies of 60 and 30 Hz are performed by changing buckboost matrix converter has two operating states in one
the switching strategies. The operation for an output frequency switching period: state 1 and state 2, as shown in Fig. 4. As
of 60 Hz is implemented by omitting stage 2 and stage 3 and shown in Fig. 4(a), the time interval in state 1 is (1D)T, where
doubling the time intervals for stage 1 and stage 4. Similarly, D is the equivalent duty ratio and T is the switching period, as
the operation for an output frequency of 30 Hz is implemented shown in Fig. 2. Thus, we get (1), as shown at the bottom of the
by interchanging stage 2 and stage 3 and doubling the time in- next page.
tervals of all stages. In the operations for output frequencies of In state 2, as shown in Fig. 4(d), the time interval is DT. Thus,
60 and 30 Hz, the time interval of each stage is 8.33 ms. Table I we get (2), as shown at the bottom of the next page.

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456 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 4. Stage 1 for the boost mode for a frequency of 120 Hz. (a) State 1. (b) Commutation state when iL 1 + iL 2 + io > 0 (c) Commutation state when
iL 1 iL 2 + io > 0 (d) State 2.

Then, from (1) and (2), we get the averaged equation (3), as Thus, we have
shown at the bottom of the next page.
1D 1D

In steady state, we get
vC 1 (t) = vC 2 (t) = vC i (t) = vi (t)



1 2D 1 2D
1D

0 0 0 0 0 0 iL 1 (t) 0 (5)

L1 ii (t) = iL 1 (t) = iL 2 (t) = io (t)
0 1 2D
L2 0 0 0 0 0 iL (t) 0
2


io (t) = vC 1 (t) = vC 2 (t) .


0 0 0 0 0 0 ii (t) 0

Li

d R R
0 0 0 C1 0 0 0 vC 1 (t) = 0 . (4)

0
dt Ignoring the effects of dead time and assuming that the in-
0 0 0 C2 0 0 vC (t) 0
2 ductor in the Z-network is very small and that there is no line-
0 0 0 0 0 Ci 0 vC i (t) 0

frequency drop across the inductor, the ac voltage across the
0 0 0 0 0 0 Lf io (t) 0 single-phase matrix converter va , as shown in Fig. 2, should

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 iL 1 (t) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 iL 1 (t) 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 i (t) 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
L2 iL 2 (t) 0

L2
0 0 Li 0 0 0 0 ii (t) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ii (t) vi (t)

d
0 0 0 0 0 0 vC 1 (t) = 0 1 0 0 0 0
C1 vC 1 (t) + 0 .
1 (1)

dt
0 0 0 0 C2 0 0 v (t) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 vC 2 (t) 0

C2
0 0 0 0 0 Ci 0 vC i (t) 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 vC i (t) 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 Lf io (t) 0 0 0 1 1 1 R io (t) 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 iL 1 (t) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 iL 1 (t) 0

L1
0 0 0 0 0 0 iL (t) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
L2 iL 2 (t) 0

2
0 0 Li 0 0 0 0 ii (t) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ii (t) vi (t)

1
d
0 0 0 0 0 0 vC 1 (t) = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
C1 vC 1 (t) + 0 . (2)

dt
0 0 0 0 C2 0 0 vC (t) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 vC 2 (t) 0

2
0 0 0 0 0 Ci 0 vC i (t) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 vC i (t) 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 Lf io (t) 0 0 0 0 0 0 R io (t) 0

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NGUYEN et al.: SINGLE-PHASE Z-SOURCE BUCKBOOST MATRIX CONVERTER 457

TABLE I
SEQUENCE OF SWITCHING CONTROL FOR BOOST MODE

0 0 0 0 0 0 iL 1 (t)

L1
0 L2 0 0 0 0 0 iL (t)
2
0 0 Li 0 0 0 0 ii (t)

d
0 0 0 C1 0 0 0 vC 1 (t)
dt
0 0 0 0 C2 0 0 vC (t)
2
0 0 0 0 0 Ci 0 vC i (t)

0 0 0 0 0 0 Lf io (t)

0 0 0 1D 0 iL 1 (t) 0

D (1 D)

0 0 0 (1 D) D 1D 0 iL (t) 0
2
0 0 0 0 0 (1 2D) 0 ii (t) vi (t)



=
D 1D 0 0 0 0 vC 1 (t) + 0 .
(1 D) (3)
1D D 0 0 0 0 (1 D) vC 2 (t) 0


(1 D) (1 D) 1 0 0 0 1 D vC i (t) 0

0 0 0 1D 1D (1 D) R io (t) 0

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458 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 6. Simulated result at 120-Hz frequency with D = 0.3 in boost mode.

(Top) Input voltage v i (60 Hz). (Center) Input current ii . (Bottom) Output
voltage v o (120 Hz).

Fig. 5. Relationship between output voltage gain (K) and duty cycle (D).

equal the voltage across the capacitor of the Z-network, i.e.,

1D
va (t) vC 1 (t) = vC 2 (t) = vi (t). (6)
1 2D
The amplitude of the voltage across the single-phase matrix
converter can be calculated as
1D
Vam = 2Va = 2Vi (7)
1 2D
where Va and Vi are, respectively, the rms value of the voltage Fig. 7. Simulated result at 60-Hz frequency with D = 0.3 in boost mode. (Top)
across the single-phase matrix converter and the input voltage. Input voltage v i (60 Hz). (Center) Input current ii . (Bottom) Output voltage v o
The rms value of the fundamental voltage across the load is (60 Hz).
calculated according to the amplitude of the voltage across the
single-phase matrix converter, i.e.,
C1 = C2 = 1 F, R = 100 , and Lf = 3 mH. The switching
Vam frequency was set to 20 kHz, and the dead time for commutation
Vo = . (8)
2 at 0.5 s. The input voltage was 40 Vrm s /60 Hz, and the output
The voltage gain K can be defined as voltage was 65 Vrm s with D = 0.3 in boost mode. Figs. 68
show the simulation results for the proposed single-phase Z-
Vo 1D source buckboost matrix converter in boost mode with D =
K= = (9)
Vi 1 2D 0.3 at output frequencies of 120, 60, and 30 Hz, respectively. As
where Vi and Vo are, respectively, the rms value of input voltage shown in Figs. 68, when D = 0.3, the output voltage is boosted
and output voltage. Fig. 5 plots the voltage gain versus the duty to about Vo = 65 Vrm s from an input voltage of 40 Vrm s . In
cycle. As shown in Fig. 5, the proposed single-phase Z-source addition, the output frequency is modulated to either 120 Hz
buckboost matrix converter has two operation regions. When (step-up frequency), 60 Hz (the same frequency), or 30 Hz
D < 0.5, the single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter (step-down frequency) from the input frequency of 60 Hz.
operates in boost mode, and when D > 0.66, the single-phase
Z-source buckboost matrix converter operates in buck mode. V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS
We constructed a laboratory prototype with a passive RL load
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS based on TMS320F2812 DSP, as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 9 shows
We provide the PSIM simulation results in order to verify a photograph of the experimental system, and Fig. 10 shows a
the properties described before for the proposed single-phase block diagram of the experimental system, including a micro-
Z-source buckboost matrix converter. We selected the sim- controller TMS320F2812 DSP, an IGBT driver circuit, and a
ulation parameters of the LC input filter, Z-source network, single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter power cir-
and load to be Li = 0.1 mH, Ci = 6.8 F, L1 = L2 = 1 mH, cuit. The input voltage is produced by an ES2000 S single-phase

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NGUYEN et al.: SINGLE-PHASE Z-SOURCE BUCKBOOST MATRIX CONVERTER 459

TABLE II
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS

Fig. 8. Simulated result at 30-Hz frequency with D = 0.3 in boost mode.

(Top) Input voltage v i (60 Hz). (Center) Input current ii . (Bottom) Output
voltage v o (30 Hz).

Fig. 9. Photograph of the experimental system. Fig. 11. Experimental result at frequency of 120 Hz (top: v i (60 Hz) (100 V/
division); center: ii (5 A/division); bottom: v o (120 Hz) (100 V/division). Time:
4 ms/division.

master (NF Corporation). A voltage transducer, such as a LEM

LV25-P, is connected across the input. The input voltage sensor
signal is sent to DSP via a 12-bit A/D converter. An unsigned
long-type 12-bit (04095) signal from the A/D converter is com-
pared to 2048 in order to detect the zero crossing point of the
input voltage. Depending on the desired output frequency, the
DSP generates ten control signals (four PWM signals to control
four switches S1b , S2b , S3b , S4b , four I/O signals to control
four switches S1a , S2a , S3a , S4a in the single-phase matrix con-
verter, and two PWM signals to control source bidirectional
switch Ssj (j = a, b), where a and b refer to drivers 1 and 2,
respectively). All bidirectional switches are implemented with
two FAIRCHILD G60N90D IGBTs connected opposite to each
Fig. 10. Block diagram of the experimental system (V sen: voltage sensor other, as shown in Fig. 2. The parameters used in experiment
signal). are the same as in simulation. Table II provides a list of the

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460 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

TABLE III
RMS OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE WITH STEP-CHANGED FREQUENCY
AND VARIABLE DUTY CYCLE

Fig. 12. Experimental result at frequency of 60 Hz (top: v i (60 Hz) (100 V/

division); center: ii (5 A/division); bottom: v o (60 Hz) (100 V/division). Time:
4 ms/division.

Fig. 14. Measured output voltage gain (K) versus duty cycle (D) at three
different output frequencies in boost mode.

different frequencies and duty cycles. Fig. 14 shows the mea-

sured voltage curves at output frequencies of 120, 60, and 30 Hz
in the boost mode. There is a minor difference between the mea-
sured curves and the calculated curves obtained from (9). The
difference can be explained by the fact that in the circuit analy-
sis, we ignored the voltage drops across the Z-network inductor
and switches and the effects of dead time. To explore the merits
of the safe-commutation strategy, we examine Fig. 15, which
Fig. 13. Experimental result at frequency of 30 Hz (top: v i (60 Hz) (100 V/ shows the gateemitter voltage and collectoremitter voltage
division); center: ii (5 A/division); bottom: v o (30 Hz) (100 V/division). Time: of switch S3b at a frequency of 30 Hz when D = 0.3 in the
4 ms/division.
boost mode. As Fig. 15 shows, there is no voltage spike on
the switch. Thus, the use of the safe-commutation strategy pro-
parameters used in the simulation and the experiment. The in- vides a significant improvement in that it avoids voltage spikes
put voltage is 40 Vrm s (57 Vp eak )/60 Hz. on the switches. From our simulation and our experimental re-
Figs. 1113 show the input voltage (top), input current (cen- sults, we can see that the output voltage can be controlled to
ter), and output voltage (bottom) for the experiments done in buck or boost the amplitude. Furthermore, an input frequency
buckboost mode with output frequencies of 120, 60, and 30 Hz, of 60 Hz can produce an output frequency of 120 Hz (step-up
respectively. The waveforms of the output voltage are similar frequency), 60 Hz (same frequency), or 30 Hz (step-down fre-
for the buck and boost modes. This is because the amplitude of quency). In other words, by changing the switching strategy,
the output voltage is boosted to the same value. However, the in- we can step up or step down the output frequency. Thus, the
terval time of the boost mode is greater than that of buck mode, proposed single-phase Z-source buckboost matrix converter is
depending on duty cycle, so that the rms value of the output volt- a frequency step-up/step-down and voltage step-up/step-down
age is different. Table III shows the rms of the output voltage at converter.

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NGUYEN et al.: SINGLE-PHASE Z-SOURCE BUCKBOOST MATRIX CONVERTER 461

Fig. 15. Voltage waveforms of S3 b with D = 0.3 in boost mode. (a) Time scale: 4 ms/division. (b) Time scale: 10 s/division. (Top) V G E of S3 b (10 V/division).
(Bottom) V C E of S3 b (100 V/division).

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C. P. Ang, Z-source current-type inverters: Digital modulation and logic has authored or coauthored more than 200 published technical papers.
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177, Jan. 2007. tronics (KIPE) in 2009. He has been active in various academic societies such
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residential photovoltaic systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, Award, the 2000 KIPE Best Paper Award, and the 2001 KIPE Academic Award.
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of traditional inverters and Z-source inverter for fuel cell vehicles, IEEE Young-Min Kim was born in Gwang-ju, Korea, in
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of three-level Z-source inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, cer (CEO) at Celrun Inc., Seoul, Korea. Since 2007,
no. 5, pp. 22682277, Sep. 2008. he has been the Vice Chairman and the CEO at Trigem
[38] Y. Tang, S. Xie, C. Zhang, and Z. Xu, Improved Z-source inverter with Computer Inc., Ansan, Korea. His current research
reduced Z-source capacitor voltage stress and soft-start capability, IEEE interests include design of inverters for photovoltaic
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 409415, Feb. 2009. systems and the autonomous control systems for elec-
[39] K. You and M. F. Mahman, Analytical model of conduction and switching tric vehicles. His major interests in business are Internet protocol TV, the multi-
losses of matrix-Z-source converter, J. Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 2, media streaming service, and the electric home appliances. From 1993 to 1999,
pp. 275287, Mar. 2009. he was also an Engineer at Daewoo Electronics.
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Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 16711681, Jul. 2009. industry in 2002 and 2008, respectively.

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