ECSS-E-HB-31-01 Part 1A

5 December 2011

Space engineering
Thermal design handbook - Part 1: View
factors

ECSS Secretariat
ESA-ESTEC
Requirements & Standards Division
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Foreword
ThisHandbookisonedocumentoftheseriesofECSSDocumentsintendedtobeusedassupporting
material for ECSS Standards in space projects and applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the
EuropeanSpaceAgency,nationalspaceagenciesandEuropeanindustryassociationsforthepurpose
ofdevelopingandmaintainingcommonstandards.
The material in this Handbook is a collection of data gathered from many projects and technical
journals which provides the reader with description and recommendation on subjects to be
consideredwhenperformingtheworkofThermaldesign.
Thematerialforthesubjectshasbeencollatedfromresearchspanningmanyyears,thereforeasubject
mayhavebeenrevisitedorupdatedbyscienceandindustry.
The material is provided as good background on the subjects of thermal design, the reader is
recommended to research whether a subject has been updated further, since the publication of the
materialcontainedherein.

This handbook has been prepared by ESA TECMT/QR division, reviewed by the ECSS Executive
SecretariatandapprovedbytheECSSTechnicalAuthority.

Disclaimer
ECSSdoesnotprovideanywarrantywhatsoever,whetherexpressed,implied,orstatutory,including,
butnotlimitedto,anywarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurposeoranywarranty
that the contents of the item are errorfree. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any
damages,including,butnotlimitedto,direct,indirect,special,orconsequentialdamagesarisingout
of,resultingfrom,orinanywayconnectedtotheuseofthisdocument,whetherornotbasedupon
warranty,businessagreement,tort,orotherwise;whetherornotinjurywassustainedbypersonsor
propertyorotherwise;andwhetherornotlosswassustainedfrom,oraroseoutof,theresultsof,the
item,oranyservicesthatmaybeprovidedbyECSS.

Publishedby: ESARequirementsandStandardsDivision
ESTEC,P.O.Box299,
2200AGNoordwijk
TheNetherlands
Copyright: 2011bytheEuropeanSpaceAgencyforthemembersofECSS

2
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Table of contents

1 Scope.......................................................................................................................8

2 References ..............................................................................................................9

3 Terms, definitions and symbols..........................................................................10

3.1 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................... 10
3.2 Symbols....................................................................................................................10

4 Diffuse surfaces....................................................................................................12
4.1 General.....................................................................................................................12
4.2 Infinitesimal to finite surfaces ...................................................................................13
4.2.1 Planar to planar ..........................................................................................13
4.2.2 Planar to spherical......................................................................................19
4.2.3 Cylindrical to spherical................................................................................20
4.2.4 Conical to spherical .................................................................................... 21
4.2.5 Spherical to spherical .................................................................................23
4.2.6 Ellipsoidal to spherical ................................................................................ 25
4.2.7 Planar to conical .........................................................................................28
4.3 Finite to finite surface ...............................................................................................31
4.3.1 Planar to planar. Two-dimensional configurations...................................... 31
4.3.2 Planar to planar. Three-dimensional configurations ................................... 35
4.3.3 Planar to cylindrical. Two-dimensional configurations................................ 46
4.3.4 Planar to cylindrical. three-dimensional configurations .............................. 48
4.3.5 Planar to conical .........................................................................................54
4.3.6 Spherical to planar......................................................................................56
4.3.7 Cylindrical to cylindrical. two-dimensional configurations........................... 62
4.3.8 Cylindrical to cylindrical. axisymmetrical configurations ............................. 64
4.3.9 Spherical to cylindrical................................................................................69
4.3.10 Conical to conical ....................................................................................... 72
4.3.11 Conical to spherical .................................................................................... 72
4.3.12 Spherical to spherical .................................................................................77
4.4 Additional sources of data ........................................................................................80

3
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
5 Specular surfaces...............................................................................................103
5.1 General...................................................................................................................103
5.2 Two planar specular surfaces ................................................................................ 105
5.2.1 Two-dimensional configurations ............................................................... 105
5.2.2 Parallel, directly opposed rectangles of same width and length............... 109
5.2.3 Rectangles of same width and length with one common edge ................ 115
5.3 Planar specular and planar diffuse surface ............................................................ 118
5.3.1 Two dimensional cavities. Cylinders of quadrangular cross section ........ 118
5.4 Non-planar specular surfaces ................................................................................ 123
5.4.1 Concentric cylinder or concentric spheres................................................ 123

Bibliography...........................................................................................................125

Figures
Figure 4-1: Geometric notation for view factors between diffuse surface. ............................. 13
Figure 4-2: Values of F12 as a function of x and y. From Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]...... 15
Figure 4-3: Values of F12 as a function of x and y. From Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]...... 17
Figure 4-4: F12 vs. H for different values of dH. Infinitesimal surface to very thin coaxial
annulus with finite radius. Calculated by the compiler. ........................................ 18
Figure 4-5: Values of F12 vs. for different values of H. The analytical expression (case
I) is only valid in the shadowed region. Calculated by the compiler. ................... 19
Figure 4-6: Values of F12 as a function of H and . Calculated by the compiler. .................... 20
Figure 4-7: Values of F12 as a function of H and , for = 10. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................21
Figure 4-8: Values of F12 as a function of H and , for = 30. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................22
Figure 4-9: Values of F12 as a function of H and , for = 50. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................22
Figure 4-10: Values of F12 as a function of H and , for = 80. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................23
Figure 4-11: F12 as a function of H in the case of an infinitesimal sphere viewing a finite
sphere. Calculated by the compiler. .................................................................... 24
Figure 4-12: F12 as a function of angle for different values of the dimensionless
distance H. Calculated by the compiler. .............................................................. 25
Figure 4-13: F12 as a function of and H, for A = 0,5. Calculated by the compiler. ............... 26
Figure 4-14: F12 as a function of and H, for A = 1,5. Calculated by the compiler. ............... 27
Figure 4-15: F12 as a function of and H, for A = 2. Calculated by the compiler. .................. 27
Figure 4-16: Values of F12 vs. M for different values of L. Configuration 1, = 10.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 29

4
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Figure 4-17: Values of F12 vs. M for different values of L. Configuration 1, = 20.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 29
Figure 4-18: Values of F12 vs. M for different values of L. Configuration 2, = 10.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 30
Figure 4-19: Values of F12 vs. M for different values of L. Configuration 2, = 20.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 30
Figure 4-20: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y, for Z = 0. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................33
Figure 4-21: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y, for Z = 0,5. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................33
Figure 4-22: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y, for Z = 1. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................34
Figure 4-23: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y, for Z = 2. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................34
Figure 4-24: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y, for Z = 5. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................35
Figure 4-25: Values of F12 as a function of X and Y. Calculated by the compiler................... 36
Figure 4-26: F12 as a function of L and N for = 30. Table from Feingold (1966) [11],
figure from Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]. ........................................................ 39
Figure 4-27: F12 as a function of L and N for = 60. Table from Feingold (1966) [11],
figure from Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]. ........................................................ 39
Figure 4-28: F12 as a function of L and N for = 90. Table from Feingold (1966) [11],
figure from Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]. ........................................................ 40
Figure 4-29: F12 as a function of L and N for = 120. Table from Feingold (1966) [11],
figure from Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]. ........................................................ 40
Figure 4-30: F12 as a function of L and N for = 150. Table from Feingold (1966) [11],
figure from Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15]. ........................................................ 41
Figure 4-31: Values of F12 as a function of L for different regular polygons. n is the
number of sides of the polygon. From Feingold (1966) [11]. ............................... 43
Figure 4-32: View factors between different faces of a honeycomb cell as a function of
the cell length, L. From Feingold (1966) [11]. ...................................................... 44
Figure 4-33: Values of F12 as a function of R1 and R2 in the case of two parallel coaxial
discs. Calculated by the compiler. ....................................................................... 46
Figure 4-34: Values of F12 and F13 as a function of the parameter K. From Jakob (1957)
[19].......................................................................................................................48
Figure 4-35: F12 as a function of T and R. Calculated by the compiler................................... 49
Figure 4-36: F12 as a function of T and R. Calculated by the compiler................................... 50
Figure 4-37: F12 as a function of T and R. Calculated by the compiler................................... 50
Figure 4-38: F12 as a function of Z, for different values of the dimensionless radius R.
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 52
Figure 4-39: F12 as a function of R2 for different values of the sector central angel .
Calculated by the compiler. ................................................................................. 57
Figure 4-40: F12 as a function of Z for different values of R2. Calculated by the compiler...... 58

5
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Figure 4-41: F12 from a sphere to both sides of a coaxial intersecting disc, vs. H, for
different values of R. Calculated by the compiler. ............................................... 59
Figure 4-42: F12 from a sphere to the upper side of a coaxial intersecting disc, vs. H (-
1 H 1), for different values of R. Calculated by the compiler............................ 59
Figure 4-43: Values of F12 as a function of Z and R. Calculated by the compiler................... 60
Figure 4-44: F12 as a function of x in the case of two infinitely long parallel cylinders of
the same diameter. Calculated by the compiler................................................... 64
Figure 4-45: Plot of F12 vs. L for different values of R. From Hamilton & Morgan (1952)
[15].......................................................................................................................66
Figure 4-46: Plot of F22, vs. R for different values of L. From Hamilton & Morgan (1952)
[15].......................................................................................................................67
Figure 4-47: F12 as a function of R for different values of Z. Calculated by the compiler. ...... 70
Figure 4-48: Values of F12 as a function of H and L2 for L1 = 1. Calculated by the
compiler. ..............................................................................................................71
Figure 4-49: Values of F12 as a function of S and D, for = 15. From Campbell &
McConnell (1968) [4]. ..........................................................................................73
Figure 4-50: Values of F12 as a function of S and D, for = 30. From Campbell &
McConnell (1968) [4]. ..........................................................................................74
Figure 4-51: Values of F12 as a function of S and D, for = 45. From Campbell &
McConnell (1968) [4]. ..........................................................................................75
Figure 4-52: Values of F12 as a function of S and D, for = 60. From Campbell &
McConnell (1968) [4]. ..........................................................................................76
Figure 4-53: Values of F12 as a function of S and R. From Jones (1965) [21]........................ 79
Figure 4-54: Values of F12 as a function of S and . From Campbell & McConnell
(1968) [4]. ............................................................................................................80
Figure 5-1: Values of F12 as a function of R and H. Calculated by the compiler. ................. 106
Figure 5-2: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and H. Calculated by the compiler............ 106
Figure 5-3: Values of Fs12 as a function of R for different values of . Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................108
Figure 5-4: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R for different values of . Calculated by
the compiler. ......................................................................................................109
Figure 5-5: Values of Fs12 as a function of R and X for Z = 1. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................110
Figure 5-6: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and X for Z = 1. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................111
Figure 5-7: Values of Fs12 as a function of R and X for Z = 5. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................111
Figure 5-8: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and X for Z = 5. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................112
Figure 5-9: Values of Fs12 as a function of R and X for Z = 10. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................112
Figure 5-10: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and X for Z = 10. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................113

6
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Figure 5-11: Values of Fs12 as a function of R and X for Z = 15. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................113
Figure 5-12: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and X for Z = 15. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................114
Figure 5-13: Values of Fs12 as a function of R and X for Z = 20. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................114
Figure 5-14: Values of Fs11/2s as a function of R and X for Z = 20. Calculated by the
compiler. ............................................................................................................115
Figure 5-15: Values of Fs12 vs. aspect ratio, L, for different values of R. = 30.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 116
Figure 5-16: Values of Fs11/2s vs. aspect ratio, L, for different values of R. = 30.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 117
Figure 5-17: Values of Fs12 vs. aspect ratio, L, for different values of R. = 45.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 117
Figure 5-18: Values of Fs12 and Fs11/2s vs. aspect ratio, L, for the limiting values of .
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 118
Figure 5-19: Values of Fs11 vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 120
Figure 5-20: Values of Fs12 vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 121
Figure 5-21: Values of Fs31 vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 121
Figure 5-22: Values of F32 s vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 122
Figure 5-23: Values of Fs33 vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 122
Figure 5-24: Values of Fs34 vs. for different values of the specular reflectance, s.
Calculated by the compiler. ............................................................................... 123

7
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

1
Scope

InthisPart1ofthespacecraftthermalcontrolanddesigndatahandbooks,viewfactorsofdiffuseand
specularthermalsurfacesarediscussed.
For diffuse surfaces, calculations are given for radiation emission and absorption between different
configurations of planar, cylindrical, conical, spherical and ellipsoidal surfacesfor finite and infinite
surfaces.
For specular surfaces the affect of reflectance on calculations for view factors is included in the
calculations.Viewfactorsforspecularanddiffusesurfacesarealsoincluded.

TheThermaldesignhandbookispublishedin16Parts
ECSSEHB3101Part1 ThermaldesignhandbookPart1:Viewfactors
ECSSEHB3101Part2 ThermaldesignhandbookPart2:Holes,GroovesandCavities
ECSSEHB3101Part3 ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature
ECSSEHB3101Part4 ThermaldesignhandbookPart4:ConductiveHeatTransfer
ECSSEHB3101Part5 ThermaldesignhandbookPart5:StructuralMaterials:Metallicand
Composite
ECSSEHB3101Part6 ThermaldesignhandbookPart6:ThermalControlSurfaces
ECSSEHB3101Part7 ThermaldesignhandbookPart7:Insulations
ECSSEHB3101Part8 ThermaldesignhandbookPart8:HeatPipes
ECSSEHB3101Part9 ThermaldesignhandbookPart9:Radiators
ECSSEHB3101Part10 ThermaldesignhandbookPart10:PhaseChangeCapacitors
ECSSEHB3101Part11 ThermaldesignhandbookPart11:ElectricalHeating
ECSSEHB3101Part12 ThermaldesignhandbookPart12:Louvers
ECSSEHB3101Part13 ThermaldesignhandbookPart13:FluidLoops
ECSSEHB3101Part14 ThermaldesignhandbookPart14:CryogenicCooling
ECSSEHB3101Part15 ThermaldesignhandbookPart15:ExistingSatellites
ECSSEHB3101Part16 ThermaldesignhandbookPart16:ThermalProtectionSystem

8
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

2
References

ECSSSST0001 ECSSSystemGlossaryofterms
ECSSEHB3101Part3 ThermaldesignhandbookPart3:SpacecraftSurfaceTemperature

AllotherreferencesmadetopublicationsinthisPartarelisted,alphabetically,intheBibliography.

9
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

3
Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

ForthepurposeofthisStandard,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninECSSSST0001apply.

3.2 Symbols
Ai surfaceareaoftheithsurface,[m2]

Bi energyfluxleavingsurface,i.oftencalledradiosity,
[W.m2]

Fij viewfactorfromdiffusesurface,Aitodiffusesurface,
A j

F(i1,i2,...in)(j1,j2,...jn) viewfactorfromtheensembleofdiffusesurfaces,Ai1,
Ai2,...Aintotheensembleofdiffusesurfaces,Aj1,
Aj2,...Ajn

Fijs viewfactorfromspecularsurfaceAitospecular
surfaceAj

Hi energyfluxincidentonsurfacei,[W.m2]

Ki2 termwhichappearsintheexpressionfortheview
factorbetweenelementsofparallelplates,Ki2=AiFii

Kmn(i,j,k,p,q,...) fractionoftheradiativeenergyleavingAmwhich
reachesAnafteriperfectlyspecularreflectionsfrom
surfaceAi,jfromsurfaceAj,kfromsurfaceAk,...

S distancebetweentwodifferentialelements,[m]

T temperature,[K]

i anglefromnormaltosurfacei,[angulardegrees]

hemisphericalemittanceofa(diffusegray)surface

d hemisphericaldiffusereflectanceofa(diffusegray)
surface

10
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

s specularreflectanceofa(gray)surface,itisassumed
tobeindependentofincidentangle

StefanBoltzmannconstant,S=5,6697x108W.m2.K4

Other symbols, mainly used to define the geometry of the configurations, are introduced when
required.

11
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4
Diffuse surfaces

4.1 General
The view factor, F12, between the diffuse surface A1 and A2, is the fraction of the energy leaving the
isothermalsurfaceA1thatarrivesatA2.
Ifthereceiversurfaceisinfinitesimal,theviewfactorisinfinitesimalforbothinfinitesimalandfinite
emittingsurfaces,andisgivenbytheexpression

cos 1 cos 2
dF12 dA2 [41]
S 2

whenbothsurfacesareinfinitesimal,andby

dA2 cos 1 cos 2

dF12
A1
A1
S 2
dA1 [42]

whenA1isfinite.
If the receiver surface is finite, the view factor is finite for both infinitesimal and finite emitting
surfaces,andisgivenbytheexpression

cos 1 cos 2
F12
A2
S 2
dA2 [43]

whenA1isinfinitesimal,andby

1 cos 1 cos 2
F12
A1
A1 A2
S 2
dA2 dA1 [44]

whenA1isfinite.

12
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure41:Geometricnotationforviewfactorsbetweendiffusesurface.

Regardless of which surfaces are considered, their view factors satisfy the following reciprocity
relation:
A1F12=A2F21
IfweconsiderthediffusesurfacesA1,A2andA3,theviewfactorbetweenthesurfacesA1andA2+A3is
F1(2,3)=F12+F13,
whenthereceiversurfaceisformedbytwosurfaces,and

A2 F21 A3 F31
F2,3 1 [45]
A2 A3

when the emitting surface is formed by two surfaces. notice that the notation F1(2,3) and F(2,3)1 will be
usedinthefollowingdatasheets.
WhenanenclosureofNsurfacesA1,A2,....,Anisconsidered,theirviewfactorssatisfytherelation

F
j 1
ij 1 [46]

foranysurfaceAi.Thisrelationshipresultsfromthefactthattheoverallheattransferintheenclosure
shouldbezero.

4.2 Infinitesimal to finite surfaces

4.2.1 Planar to planar

4.2.1.1 Two-dimensional configurations

AplanepointsourcedA1andanysurfaceA2generatedbyaninfinitelylonglinemovingparallelto
itselfandtotheplanedA1.

13
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Formula:

F12
1
cos cos [47]
2

References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Moon(1961)[26],Kreith(1962)[22]
Comments:
NoticethatF12isindependentoftheshapeofA2forgivenvaluesofand.
Viewfactorsforseveralconfigurationsmaybeobtainedasaparticularcaseofthisone.Anexampleis
showninthenextpage.
A plane point source dA1 and any infinite plane A2 with the planes of dA1 and A2 intersecting at an
angle.
Formula:

F12
1
1 cos [48]
2

References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Moon(1961)[26],Kreith(1962)[22]

4.2.1.2 Point source to rectangle

AplanesourcedA1andaplanerectangleA2paralleltotheplaneofdA1(seesketch).ThenormaltodA1
passesthroughonecornerofA2.

x=a/c
y=b/c
Formula:

14
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

x y
tan 1
1 1 x 1 x
2 2
F12 x
[49]
2 y 1

tan

1 y2 1 y 2

x
lim F12 [410]
y
4 1 x2

y
lim F12 [411]
x
4 1 y2

References: Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15], Hottel (1954) [17], Jakob (1957) [19], Moon (1961) [26],
Kreith(1962)[22]

Figure42:ValuesofF12asafunctionofxandy.FromHamilton&Morgan(1952)
[15].

15
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
4.2.1.3 Line source to rectangle
AlinesourcedA1andaplanerectangleA2paralleltotheplaneofdA1withdA1oppositeoneedgeof
A2.

x=b/c
y=a/c
Formula:

1 y
1 x tan
2
tan 1 y
1 1 x2
F12 [412]
x xy tan 1 x
2
2
1 y 1 y

y
lim F12 [413]
x
2 1 y2

1 1 1
lim F12 1 2 [414]
y 2 x x

References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Kreith(1962)[22]

16
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure43:ValuesofF12asafunctionofxandy.FromHamilton&Morgan(1952)
[15]

4.2.1.4 Point source to coaxial disc or annulus

Infinitesimalsurfacetofinitecoaxialdisc.

H=a/k
Formula

H2
F12 [415]
1 H 2

Thefollowingcasecanbeobtainedbydifferentiatingtheaboveexpression.
Infinitesimalsurfacetoverythincoaxialannuluswithfiniteradius.

17
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

H=a/k
H=a/k
Formula
2 H H
F12
1 H
[416]
2 2

ThisexpressionhasbeenrepresentedintheFigure44.
Reference:Chung&Sumitra(1972)[6].

Figure44:F12vs.HfordifferentvaluesofdH.Infinitesimalsurfacetoverythin
coaxialannuluswithfiniteradius.Calculatedbythecompiler.

18
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.2.2 Planar to spherical

Onefaceofanelementalplatetosphere.

H=h/R
cosecL=1+H
Twocasescanbedistinguished:
I.Theuppercapisfullyvisiblefromtheplate(+L/2).
Theanalyticalexpressionfortheviewfactoris:
cos
F12
1 H 2
[417]

II.Theuppercapispartiallyvisiblefromtheplate(+L>/2).
TheselfshieldingoftheplatedestroystheeaseofintegrationofcaseI.thecalculationsarecarriedout
numerically,bymeansofthefollowingfinitepolynomial:
F12=B0+B1cos+B2cos2+B3cos3+B4cos6.
TheparametersBi(i=0,...,4)aregiveninECSSEHB3101Part3Clause5.1
This expression can be used in both cases although the values in the shadowed area in Figure 45
belowhavebeencalculatedbytheuseoftheanalyticalexpression.
References:Cunningham(1961)[8],Kreith(1962)[22],Bannister(1965)[1],Clark&Anderson(1965)[7].

Figure45:ValuesofF12vs.fordifferentvaluesofH.Theanalyticalexpression
(caseI)isonlyvalidintheshadowedregion.Calculatedbythecompiler.

19
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.2.3 Cylindrical to spherical

Outerareaofaninfinitesimalcylindricalsurfacetosphere.
H=h/R

Formula:
2 o
1 cos cos sin sin cos sin d
1
F12 d
2
[418]
2
0 0

where
1
sin o [419]
1 H

References:Watts(1965)[50],Clark&Anderson(1965)[7].

Figure46:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHand.Calculatedbythecompiler.

20
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.2.4 Conical to spherical

Outerareaofaninfinitesimalconicalsurfacetosphere.
H=h/R

Allresultspresentedintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
References:Clark&Anderson(1965)[7].

Figure47:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHand,for=10.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

21
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure48:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHand,for=30.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure49:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHand,for=50.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

22
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure410:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHand,for=80.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

4.2.5 Spherical to spherical

4.2.5.1 Sphere to outer sphere

Infinitesimalspheretofinitesphere.
H=h/R

Formula:

1 H 2 2H

F12 1 [420]
2 1 H

Reference:Watts(1965)[50].

23
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure411:F12asafunctionofHinthecaseofaninfinitesimalsphereviewinga
finitesphere.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.2.5.2 Convex hemispherical surface to outer sphere

Convexsurfaceofaninfinitesimalhemispheretosphere.
H=h/R

Formula:

1 H 2 2 H cos 1
2

F12 1 [421]
2 1 H 2 1 H

Reference:Watts(1965)[50].

24
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure412:F12asafunctionofanglefordifferentvaluesofthedimensionless
distanceH.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.2.6 Ellipsoidal to spherical

Infinitesimalellipsoidofrevolutiontosphere.

H=h/R
A=a/b

Formula:
2 o
F12
1
S d
A4 tan 2
A2 tan 2

sin tan 1 A2 cot sin d [422]
0 0

where
1
sin o [423]
1 H

25
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

cos cos cos sin sin cos [424]

sin 1 1 A2
S 2 A if A 1 ( prolate ellipsoid ) [425]
1 A2

S 2 A

ln A A2 1 if A 1(oblate ellipsoid ) [426]
A2 1

Reference:Watts(1965)[50].

Figure413:F12asafunctionofandH,forA=0,5.Calculatedbythecompiler.

26
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure414:F12asafunctionofandH,forA=1,5.Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure415:F12asafunctionofandH,forA=2.Calculatedbythecompiler.

27
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.2.7 Planar to conical

Infinitesimalsurfaceofaringtoaninvertedcoaxialcone.
Twodifferentconfigurationscouldarisedependingonwhethertheconeintersectsornottheplanar
surface.

L=s/(hs)
M=/R

M L
2 tan 1 [427]
M L

Configuration1.ConeandplanedA1intersect.(s<0,stan).
Configuration2.ConeandplanedA1donotintersect.(s>0).
Formula:
Configuration1:

sin L 1
F12 tan 1
sin M 2 L2
[428]
1 M L
tan 1 f ( M , L, )
M L

(1 M 2 ) tan 2 ( L 1) 2
f ( M , L, )
(1 M 2 ) tan 2 ( L 1) 2 4M 2 tan 4
2

[429]
M L (1 M ) tan ( L 1)
2 2 2
tan 1
M L (1 M 2 ) tan 2 ( L 1) 2

Configuration2:
Case2a:M>L

sin 1 L 1 L
F12 tan tan 1 f ( M , L, ) [430]
2 sin M 2 L2
sin M L
2 2

28
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Case2b:ML(ConeisseenasadiscofradiusR.Seethesketch).

1 (1 M 2 ) tan 2 ( L 1) 2
F12 1 [431]
2
2 2

(1 M ) tan ( L 1) 4 M tan
2 2 2 4

Reference:Minning(1977)[25].

Figure416:ValuesofF12vs.MfordifferentvaluesofL.Configuration1,=10.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure417:ValuesofF12vs.MfordifferentvaluesofL.Configuration1,=20.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

29
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure418:ValuesofF12vs.MfordifferentvaluesofL.Configuration2,=10.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure419:ValuesofF12vs.MfordifferentvaluesofL.Configuration2,=20.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

30
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.3 Finite to finite surface

4.3.1 Planar to planar. Two-dimensional configurations

4.3.1.1 Two strips of equal width at any angle

Twoinfinitelylongplatesofequalfinitewidthw,havingonecommonedge,andatanincludedangle
toeachother.

Formula:

F12 F21 1 sin [432]
2

Reference:Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

4.3.1.2 Two strips of unequal width normal to each other

Twoinfinitelylongplatesofunequalfinitewith,havingonecommonedge,andatanincludedangle
=90toeachother.
H=h/w

Formula:

F12 HF21
1
2

1 H 1 H 2 [433]

References:Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

31
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
4.3.1.3 Two parallel strips
Twoinfinitelylongparallelstripsofunequalwidth

X=x/h
Y=y/h
Z=z/h
Formula:
Y X 2Z
2
Y X 2Z
2
1 1
Y 1 2 2
F12 F21 [434]
X 2X
X Y 2Z X Y 2Z
2 2

1 1
2 2

Reference:Kutateladze&Borishanskii(1966)[23].
WhenX=YandZ=0,oneobtains:

F12 F21
1
X
1 X 1
2
[435]

References:Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

32
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure420:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY,forZ=0.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure421:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY,forZ=0,5.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

33
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure422:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY,forZ=1.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure423:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY,forZ=2.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

34
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure424:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY,forZ=5.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

4.3.2 Planar to planar. Three-dimensional configurations

4.3.2.1 Parallel rectangles of the same dimensions

Parallel,directlyopposedrectanglesofsamewidthandlength
X=a/c
Y=b/c

Formulae:
(1 X 2 )(1 Y 2 ) 1 / 2 X
1
ln X 1 Y 2
tan
2 1 X 2 Y 2 1 Y 2
F12 [436]
XY 1 Y 1 1
Y 1 X 2
tan X tan X Y tan Y
1 X 2

WhenXY<<1,F12=XY/.
References: Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15], Jakob (1957) [19], Kreith (1962) [22], Hsu (1967) [18],
Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

35
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure425:ValuesofF12asafunctionofXandY.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.2.2 Parallel rectangle of unequal dimensions

The following view factors can be deduced by using the results for two parallel directly opposed
rectangles.
Tworectanglesinparallelplaneswithonerectangledirectlyoppositetoportionoftheother.

Viewfactoris:

F1( 2, 4 )
1
2 A1

A(1,3) F(1,3)( 2, 4) A1 F12 A3 F34 [437]

References:Moon(1961)[26],Kreith(1962)[22],Hsu(1967)[18].
Tworectanglesofarbitrarysizeinparallelplaneswithoneedgeofarectangleparalleltooneofthe
other.

Viewfactoris:

36
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

K K (1, 2,5, 6,7 ,8) 2 K ( 2,3, 4,5,8,9 ) 2 K (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7 ,8,9 ) 2
1 (1, 2 , 3, 4 , 5, 6 , 7 ,8, 9 ) 2

A1 F19 K (1, 2,3, 4,5,6 ) 2 K (1, 2,5, 6) 2 K ( 2,3, 4,5) 2 K ( 4,5,8,9 ) 2 K ( 4,5) 2 K ( 5,8) 2 [438]
4
K ( 5,6 ) 2 K ( 4,5,6, 7 ,8,9) 2 K ( 5,6,7 ,8) 2 K ( 4,5,6 ) 2 K ( 2,5,8) 2 K ( 2,5) 2 K 52

whereKm2=AmFmm.
Reference:Hsu(1967)[18].
Finiteareaoninteriorofarectangularchannel.

Viewfactoris:

F12
A4
F45 F36 F46 F35 [439]
A1

Reference:Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

4.3.2.3 Rectangles with one common edge

TworectanglesA1andA2withonecommonedgeandincludedanglebetweenthetwoplanes.

Formulae:

37
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

sin 2 N L cos L N cos

NL sin N 2 L2 L2 tan 1

N 2 tan 1
4 2 L sin N sin

sin 2



1 N 2 1 L2
cos ec 2 cot 2
L2 1 N 2 L2 2 NL cos
L2

log e
1 L N L 2 NL cos

1 N L 2 NL cos
2 2 2 2 2
4

N 2 sin 2 N 2
1 N 2

cos 2

log e 2


1 N L 2 NL cos 1 N L 2 NL cos
2 2 2
F12 4 [440]
L
L tan 1 1 N tan 1 1 N 2 L2 2 NL cos cot 1 N 2 L2 2 NL cos
L N

N sin sin 2 1 N 2 sin 2 tan 1 N cos
tan 1 L N cos


2 1 N sin 2 2
1 N sin
2 2

L
N z cos z cos
cos 1 z 2 sin 2 tan 1 tan 1 dz
1 z 2 sin 2 1 z 2 sin 2
0

For=90,
1 1 1 1
L tan N tan 1 N 2 L2 tan 1
1
L N N L2 2

F12

1 N 2 1 L2
L2 1 N 2 L2 N 2 1 N 2 L2 [441]
2 2

L 1
L N

e
4


log
1 N L
2 2

2

1 L N L 1 N N L
2 2 2 2

2

1 1 1 1 1 L2
lim F12 0 , lim F12 tan
L N

L 4L
L
log e 1 L log e 2
2

4 L
[442]

References: Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15], Hottel (1954) [17], Jakob (1957) [19], Kreith (1962) [22],
Feingold(1966)[11],Redor(1973)[34].

38
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure426:F12asafunctionofLandNfor=30.TablefromFeingold(1966)[11],
figurefromHamilton&Morgan(1952)[15].

Figure427:F12asafunctionofLandNfor=60.TablefromFeingold(1966)[11],
figurefromHamilton&Morgan(1952)[15].

39
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure428:F12asafunctionofLandNfor=90.TablefromFeingold(1966)[11],
figurefromHamilton&Morgan(1952)[15].

Figure429:F12asafunctionofLandNfor=120.TablefromFeingold(1966)
[11],figurefromHamilton&Morgan(1952)[15].

40
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure430:F12asafunctionofLandNfor=150.TablefromFeingold(1966)
[11],figurefromHamilton&Morgan(1952)[15].

4.3.2.4 Rectangles placed in intersecting planes

Thefollowingviewfactorscanbededucedbyusingtheresultsfortworectangleswithonecommon
edge.
TworectanglesA1andA2,withonesideofA1paralleltoonesideofA2inplanesintersectingatangle
.

ViewFactoris:
A(1,3) F(1,3)( 2, 4 ) A3 F34 A3 F3( 2, 4 ) A(1,3) F(1,3) 4
F12 [443]
A1

References:Kreith(1962)[22].
TworectanglesA1andA2,withonesideofA1paralleltoonesideofA2,andonecornerofA1touchesa
cornerofA2.Bothplanesintersectatanangle.

ViewFactoris:

41
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

A(1,3) F(1,3)( 2, 4) A1 F14 A3 F32

F12 [444]
2A1

References:Kreith(1962)[22].
TworectanglesA1andA(2,4,6),withonecommonedgeandincludedanglebetweenthetwoplanes.

ViewFactoris:
A(1,3) F(1,3)( 2, 4) A(3,5) F( 3,5)( 4,6 ) A1 F12 A5 F56
F3( 2, 4, 6) [445]
2A3

References:Kreith(1962)[22].
TworectanglesA1andA3.OnesideofA1paralleltoonesideofA3.Bothplanesintersectatangle.

ViewFactoris:

K (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6) 2 K ( 2,3, 4,5) 2 K (1, 2,5,6 ) 2 K ( 4,5,6 ) 2 K (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6)( 4,5,6)
1
A1 F13 K ( 4,5,6 )(1, 2,3, 4,5,6) K (1, 2,5, 6)(5,6) K (1, 2,3, 4,5)( 4,5) K ( 5,6 )(1, 2,5, 6) [446]
2
K ( 4,5)( 2,3, 4,5) K ( 2,5) 2 K ( 2,5) 5 K ( 5,6 ) 2 K ( 4,5) 2 K 5( 2,5) K 5 2

whereK(m)(n)=AmFmnandKm2=AmFmm.
References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Kreith(1962)[22].

4.3.2.5 Regular polygons forming the bases of a prism

Twoparallelregularpolygonsformingthebasesofarightprism.
L=l/h

42
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Formula:
n2
F12 1 F1m [447]
m 3

wherenisthenumberofsidesofthepolygon.
The values of F1m can be deduced by using the results corresponding to two rectangles with one
commonedge,byapplyingsimplefactoralgebra.
Reference:Feingold(1966)[11].

Figure431:ValuesofF12asafunctionofLfordifferentregularpolygons.nisthe
numberofsidesofthepolygon.FromFeingold(1966)[11].

4.3.2.6 Several areas of a prismatic configuration

Viewfactorsbetweenvariousareasinahoneycombstructure.
L=l/h

43
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

The results being presented have been obtained by combination of the data on two parallel regular
polygonswiththoseconcerningtworectangleswithonecommonedge.
Reference:Feingold(1966)[11].

Figure432:Viewfactorsbetweendifferentfacesofahoneycombcellasafunction
ofthecelllength,L.FromFeingold(1966)[11].

4.3.2.7 Parallel coaxial discs

Parallelcirculardiscswithcentersalongthesamenormal.

Formula:

44
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

R2
2
1
F12 x x 4
2
[448]
2
R1

with

1 R22
x 1 [449]
R12

References: Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15], Leuenberger & Person (1956) [24], Jakob (1957) [19],
Eckert&Drake(1959)[9],Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
Comments:Thefollowingviewfactorsmaybededucedfromthepreviousone.
Directlyopposedringtodiscofarbitraryradii.

F12=F1(2,3)F13
Reference:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24].
Parallel,directlyopposedplaneringareas

A
A

F12 1 3 F(1,3)( 2, 4 ) F(1,3) 4 3 F3( 2, 4 ) F34 [450]
A1 A1

References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24],Siegel&Howell(1972)
[37].

45
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure433:ValuesofF12asafunctionofR1andR2inthecaseoftwoparallel
coaxialdiscs.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.2.8 Rings at opposite ends of a circular cylinder

Thefollowingviewfactormaybeobtainedfromthosecorrespondingtotwocoaxialcylindersofequal
length.
annularringtoanequalannularringplacedattheoppositeendofthecylinder.Theviewfactoris:

Formula:

A3 A4
F12 1 1 F44 2 F43 1 [451]
2 A1 A3

ForF43andF44seeclause4.3.8.1.
References:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24];Sparrow,Miller&Jonsson(1962)[43].

4.3.3 Planar to cylindrical. Two-dimensional configurations

4.3.3.1 Plane to circular cylinder

Infinitelylongplaneoffinitewidth,toparallelinfinitelylongcylinder.

46
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
cr

Formula:
r 1 b a
F12 tan tan 1 [452]
ba c c

wheretherangeoftan1xisp/2top/2.
References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Kreith(1962)[22],Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12],Siegel&
Howell(1972)[37].
Comments: The expressions given by Hamilton & Morgan (1952) [15] and Kreith (1962) [22] are in
errorashasbeenpointedoutbothbyFeingold&Gupta(1970)[12],andSiegel&Howell(1972)[37].

4.3.3.2 Plane to rows of circular cylinders

Infinite plane to first row and second row of an infinite number of parallel staggered tubes having
equaldiameters.
K=B/D

Formula:

K tan 1 K 2 1 K 2 1
F12 [453]
K

F13hasbeenobtainedgraphically.Noanalyticalexpressionisavailable.
References:Hottel(1954)[17],Jacob(1957)[19].

47
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure434:ValuesofF12andF13asafunctionoftheparameterK.FromJakob
(1957)[19].

4.3.4 Planar to cylindrical. three-dimensional configurations

4.3.4.1 Finite length cylinder to outer rectangle

Finitelengthcylindertorectanglewithtwoedgesparalleltocylinderaxisandlengthequalcylinder.
R=r/l
Z=s/r
T=t/r

48
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Formula:

1 y 2 4 R 2 cos 1 v 1 y
1 1 y 1 1 y
1
T
F12
2 0
Zv 2 1 cos 1

[454]
1 y 2R
1 y sin v 1 y
1


2

where:

T 2 x2
y R 2 1 Z 2
4
[455]

1
v
T 2 x2 [456]
Z 2

Reference:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24].

Figure435:F12asafunctionofTandR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

49
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure436:F12asafunctionofTandR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure437:F12asafunctionofTandR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

50
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
4.3.4.2 Inner rectangle to finite-length cylinder
Cylinderandplaneofequallengthparalleltocylinderaxis,planeinsidecylinder.
R=r/l
Z=s/r

Formula:

F12 1
1


2 tan 1 2 A
1

ln 1 4 A 2
2A

x 1 A x 2 ln A x 1 A 2 x 2 ln A x 1
2

2

A x A x 2 1




[457]


1
A

2 1 A 2 x 2 cos 1 Z 2 2
R Z x
2

1
dx
4A 0



RZ 1 R 2 1 Z 2 x 2 4 R 2 R 2 Z 2 x 2

2




2 2

1 Z R Z xA A x R Z xA
2 2 2

cos Z

R R 2Z 2 x2 A x 1
2





cos

1 Z 2

R 2 Z 2 xA A x R 2 Z 2 xA





Z
R R 2Z 2 x 2 A x 1
2

where:

A R 1 Z 2 [458]

and,foranyargumentx:

tan 1 [459]
2 2

0 cos 1 [460]

51
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

lim F12 1
Z 1
1
2R
1 4R 1
2
[461]

lim F12 1 [462]

Z 1

Reference:TheseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompilerafterLeuenberger&Person(1956)
[24].

Figure438:F12asafunctionofZ,fordifferentvaluesofthedimensionlessradius
R.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.4.3 Disc to inner surface of a coaxial cylinder

Thefollowingviewfactorsmaybeobtainedbyuseofthosefortwoparallelcirculardiscswithcenters
alongthesamenormal.

Disktotheinteriorsurfaceofacoaxialcylinderoflargerorequalradius.Theviewfactorisgivenby
F12=F13F14

52
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
ForF13andF14seeclause4.3.2.7.
Reference:Siegel&Howell(1972)[37]
Particularcasesofthepreviousconfigurationare:
Entireinnerwalloffinitecylindertoends.

Reference:Bien(1966)[2].
Innersurfaceofcylindertodiscatoneend.

Reference:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24].

4.3.4.4 Ring to inner surface of a coaxial cylinder

The following view factors may be obtained byuseof thatfoeadisc viewingthe innersurface of a
coaxialcylinderoflargerorequalradius.

Ringtotheinnersurfaceofacoaxialcylinderoflargerorequalradius.Theviewfactorisgivenby

A A
F12 1 3 F(1,3) 2 3 F32 [463]
A1 A1

Aparticularcaseofthepreviousconfigurationis

53
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Innersurfaceofcylindertoannulusononeend.
Reference:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24].

4.3.4.5 Finite-length coaxial cylinder to enclosed base

Thefollowingviewfactorsmaybeobtainedfromthosefortwocoaxialcylinderofequallength.

Inneroroutercoaxialcylindersofthesamelengthtoannularringplacedatoneendofthecylinders.
Theviewfactorsare:
F21=(1F23)/2
F31=(1F32F33)/2
ForF32andF33seeclause4.3.8.1.
References:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24];Sparrow,Miller&Jonsson(1962)[43].

4.3.5 Planar to conical

Thefollowingviewfactorsmaybeobtainedbyuseofthosefortwoparallelcirculardiscs.
Disconthebaseofarightcircularconetoanaxisymmetricalportionoftheconicalsurface.

F12=F13F14
ForF13andF14seeclause4.3.2.7.

54
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].
Ringonthebaseofarightcircularconetoanaxisymmetricalportionoftheconicalsurface.

A A
F12 1 3 F(1,3) 2 3 F32 [464]
A1 A1

Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].
Thefollowingparticularviewfactorcanbeobtainedfromthefirstone.

Innersurfaceoffrustumofconetoends.
References:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3],Bien(1966)[2].

55
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.3.6 Spherical to planar

4.3.6.1 Sphere to sector of a coaxial disc

Spheretosectorofdisc;normaltocenterofdiscpassesthroughcenterofsphere.
R2=r2/h
hr1

Formula:

1
F12 1 [465]
4 1 R2
2

For=2

1 1
F12 1 [466]
2
1 R22

Comments: In the first of these two expressions is measured in radians, although it is given in
degreesintableandfigureonthenextpage.
References:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

56
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure439:F12asafunctionofR2fordifferentvaluesofthesectorcentralangel.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.6.2 Sphere to segment of a coaxial disc

Spheretosegmentofdisc;normaltocenterofdiscpassesthroughcenterofsphere.
R2=r2/h
Z=s/r2
hr1

Formula:

1 cos 1 Z 1 1 1 R2 Z 2 Z
2 2 2
F12 sin [467]
8 2 1 R22 4 1 R22 Z 2

References:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

57
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure440:F12asafunctionofZfordifferentvaluesofR2.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

4.3.6.2.1 Sphere to intersecting coaxial disc

Sphere to both sides of an intersecting coaxial disc. The inner circle of the annular disc seats on the
sphere.

H=h/r
R=rd/r
Formula:

1 H 2 R2 H 2 1 R2


tan 1
1 H 2



2 2 R2 H 2 1

F12



1 1 2H H 2

H
cos 1
H R H 1
2 2
[468]
2 4 R2 H 2 R

1 R2 H 2 1
tan 1 H 2

Reference:Chung&Naraghi(1981)[5].

58
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure441:F12fromaspheretobothsidesofacoaxialintersectingdisc,vs.H,for
differentvaluesofR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure442:F12fromaspheretotheuppersideofacoaxialintersectingdisc,vs.H
(1H1),fordifferentvaluesofR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.6.3 Sphere to non-coaxial disc

Spheretoanoncoaxialdisc.
R=r2/h
Z=b/r2
hr1

59
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Formula:
a. WhenZ1
1 Z
1 x Z 1

2 2
1 3 / 2
F12 Z 1 2 xZ xR 1 R x
2 2 2
cos dx [469]
2

b. WhenZ<1
1 Z
x2 Z 2 1 2 1
F12
1
2

Z 1 cos 2 xZ xR 1 R x
1 2 2
3 / 2
dx 1

1

[470]
2 1 R 2 1 Z
2

Reference:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12].

Figure443:ValuesofF12asafunctionofZandR.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.6.4 Sphere to arbitrary polygon

The following view factors may be obtained from those for a sphere viewing either a segment or a
sectorofacoaxialdisc.

60
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Sphere to general triangle with one vertex at the projection of the center of sphere on the plane of
triangle.Viewfactoris:
F12=[F1(2,3,4,5,6)+F15F1(5,6)F1(3,5)]/2
Reference:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12].
Theviewfactorbetweenasphereandanarbitrarypolygonmaybeobtainedfromthepreviousresult.

F1(2,3)=F1(2,4,5)+F1(3,6,7)F14F15F16F17
Reference:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12].

4.3.6.5 Axisymmetrical configurations

Thefollowingviewfactorsmaybeobtainedbyuseofthosefortwoparallelcirculardiscs.

Disconthebaseofahemispheretoanaxisymmetricalportionofthesphericalsurface.
F12=F13F14
Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].
Ringonbaseofahemispheretoanaxisymmetricalportionofthesphericalsurface.

61
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

A A
F12 1 3 F(1,3) 2 3 F32 [471]
A1 A1

Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].
Thefollowingparticularviewfactorcanbeobtainedfromthefirstone.

Axisymmetricalsectionofhemispheretothebase.
F12=1/2.
Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].

4.3.7 Cylindrical to cylindrical. two-dimensional configurations

4.3.7.1 Concentric circular cylinders

Twodimensionalconcentriccylinders.

Formula:
F12=1
F21=r1/r2
F22=1(r1/r2)
References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

62
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
4.3.7.2 Parallel cylinders of the same diameter
Infinitelylongparallelcylindershavingthesamediameter.
x=1+S/2r

Formula:
1 2 1
F12 F21 x 1 sin 1 x [472]
x

Reference:Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

63
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure444:F12asafunctionofxinthecaseoftwoinfinitelylongparallel
cylindersofthesamediameter.Calculatedbythecompiler.

4.3.8 Cylindrical to cylindrical. axisymmetrical configurations

4.3.8.1 Concentric circular cylinders of the same length

Twoconcentriccylindersofsamefinitelength.
R=r2/r1
L=l/r1

64
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Formula:

A 22 2 R 2
1 1 1 B 1
F21 cos [473]
R R A 2 L cos 1 B
B sin 1 1

A

R 2
RA

1 2 2 R2 1
F22 1 tan 1
R R L
1 4R 1 L / R R 2
4 R 2 L2 2 2 2 2

L2 4R 2 1
sin [474]
L L

2R 1 R 2
2
4 R L
2 2

sin 1
R 2
2 L

whereforanyargument:
(/2)sin1/2
0cos1
with
A=L2+R21
B=L2R2+1.

1
lim F21 [475]
L R

1
lim F22 1 [476]
L R

References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24],Siegel&Howell(1972)
[37].

65
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure445:PlotofF12vs.LfordifferentvaluesofR.FromHamilton&Morgan
(1952)[15]

66
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure446:PlotofF22,vs.RfordifferentvaluesofL.FromHamilton&Morgan
(1952)[15]

4.3.8.2 Concentric circular cylinders of unequal length

The following view factors can be deduced by use of the results for two concentric cylinders of the
samefinitelength.

67
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Concentriccylindersofdifferentfinitelength.Theviewfactorsaregivenbythefollowingexpressions:

A2 F2 (1, 2,3) A2 F2(1, 2,3)

1
K 2 K ( 2,3) 2 K12 K 32
2 (1, 2 )
[477]

A1 F13 A3 F31
1
K
2 (1, 2,3)
2 K
(1, 2 ) 2

K ( 2 , 3) 2 K 2 2 [478]

where
km2=AmFmm.
Reference:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24].

4.3.8.3 Finite areas in the same circular cylinder

Thefollowingviewfactormaybeobtainedfromthosefortwoparallelcirculardiscs.

Finiteringareaoninteriorofrightcircularcylindertoseparatesimilararea

F12
A4
F45 F46 F35 F36 [479]
A1

Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].
Thefollowingviewfactorcanbededucesasaparticularcaseofthepreviousone.

68
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Portionofinnersurfaceofcylindertoremainderofinnersurface.
References:Leuenberger&Person(1956)[24],Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].

4.3.9 Spherical to cylindrical

Spheretotheinnersurfaceofacoaxialcylinderhavingequalorlargerradius.
R=r/a
Z=l/r

Formula:

1 1 RZ 1
F12 [480]
2
RZ 12 R 2 1 R 2

Reference:Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12].

69
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure447:F12asafunctionofRfordifferentvaluesofZ.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

4.3.9.1 Sphere to external surface of cylinder

Spheretoexternallateralsurfaceofacoaxialcylinder:

H=h/r
L1=l1/r
L2=l2/r
H1
L2>L10
Formula:

F12
H
f L2 f L1 [481]
2

where

70
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

1 H 2
f L L tan 1

L2 H 2 1
[482]
L H L2 H 2 1
1
cos
H L2 H 2 L

Reference:Chung&Naraghi(1981)[5].

Figure448:ValuesofF12asafunctionofHandL2forL1=1.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

71
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.3.10 Conical to conical

Thefollowingviewfactormaybeobtainedfromthosecorrespondingtotwoparallelcirculardiscs.

Viewfactorbetweenaxisymmetricalsectionsofrightcircularcone

F12
A4
F45 F46 A3 F35 F36 [483]
A1 A1

ForF35,F36,F45andF46seeclause4.3.2.7.
Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].

4.3.11 Conical to spherical

Conetosphere;axisofconepassesthroughcenterofsphere.

S=s/r
D=d/r

Allresultspresentedintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
Reference:Campbell&McConnell(1968)[4].

72
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure449:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSandD,for=15.FromCampbell&
McConnell(1968)[4].

73
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure450:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSandD,for=30.FromCampbell&
McConnell(1968)[4].

74
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure451:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSandD,for=45.FromCampbell&
McConnell(1968)[4].

75
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure452:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSandD,for=60.FromCampbell&
McConnell(1968)[4].

76
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

4.3.12 Spherical to spherical

4.3.12.1 Concentric spheres

Concentricspheres;innertooutersphere;outertoinnersphere;outerspheretoitself.

Formula:
F12=1
F21=(r1/r2)2
F22=1(r1/r2)2
wherer1andr2aretheradiiofthespheresA1andA2,respectively.
References:Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15];Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

4.3.12.2 Finite areas in the same spherical surface

Finiteareasoninteriorofsphericalcavity.

Formula:
F12=A2/4r2
References:Jakob(1957)[19],Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
Viewfactorbetweenaxisymmetricalsectionsofhemispherecanbededucedasaparticularcaseofthe
previousone.

Reference:Buschman&Pittman(1961)[3].

77
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
4.3.12.3 Sphere to outer sphere
Spheretosphere.
S=s/r1
R=r2/r1

Allresultspresentedintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
References:Jones(1965)[21],Campbell&McConnell(1968)[4].

78
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure453:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSandR.FromJones(1965)[21].

4.3.12.4 Sphere to cap on another sphere of equal radius

Spheretocaponanotherspherehavingequalradiusandplacedinanaxisymmetricalfashion.
S=s/r

79
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Allresultspresentedintheliteratureareobtainednumerically.
References:Campbell&McConnell(1968)[4].

Figure454:ValuesofF12asafunctionofSand.FromCampbell&McConnell
(1968)[4].

4.4 Additional sources of data

This clause contains information on view factors of several diffuse surface configurations not
explicitlyincludedinthepreviousdatasheets.
Thereaderisreferredtothepreviouslylistedreferenceswheneverpossible,onlywhenanewsource
isrequiredthereferenceisgivenwithsomedetailthefirsttimeitappearsoneachpage.

80
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
The tables presented below have been borrowed from Siegel & Howell (1972) [37]. No attempt has
beenmadetoincludeinformationwhichhasbeenpublishedsubsequently.

Definition Sketch Sources

Elementalareatoinfinitelylong Jakob(1957)[19],Siegel&
stripofdifferentialwidthlying Howell(1972)[37].
onparallelgeneratingline.

Infinitelylongstripof Jakob(1957)[19],Siegel&
differentialwidthtosimilar Howell(1972)[37].
striponparallelgeneratingline.

Stripoffiniteanddifferential Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
widthtostripofsamelengthon
parallelgeneratingline.

Cornerelementofendofsquare Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
channeltosectionalwall
elementonchannel.

Ringelementonfintoring Sparrow,Miller&Jonsson
elementonadjacentfin. (1962)[43].

81
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Bandofdifferentiallengthon Sparrow,Albers&Eckert(1962)
insideofcylindertodifferential [40].
ringoncylinderbase. JournalofHeatTransfervol.
84c,No.1,1962,pp.7381.

Tworingelementsoninterior Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
ofrightcircularcylinder.

Exteriorelementontube Sparrow&Jonsson(1963a)[44].
surfacetoexteriorelementon JournalofHeatTransfervol.85,
adjacentparalleltubeofsame No.4,1963,pp.382384.
diameter.

Exteriorelementonpartitioned Sparrow&Jonsson(1963a)[44].
tubetosimilarelementon
adjacentparalleltubeofsame
diameter.

82
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Twoelementsoninteriorof Sparrow&Jonsson(1963b)[45].
rightcircularcone. JournaloftheOpticalSocietyof
America,vol.53,No.7,1963,
pp.816821.

Bandonoutsideofsphereto (R1=R2),Campbell&
bandonanothersphere. McConnell(1968)[4];(R11R2),
Grier(1969)[13].
NASASP3050,1969[28].

Twodifferentialelementson Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
exterioroftoroid. NASATND5006,1969[32].

Elementonexterioroftoroidto Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
ringelementonexteriorof
toroid.

83
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Elementonexterioroftoroidto Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
hoopelementonexteriorof
toroid.

Planestripelementofany Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
lengthtoplaneoffinitewidth
andinfinitelength.

Stripelementoffinitelengthto Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
planerectanglethatintercepts Kreith(1962)[22].
planeofstripatangleFand
widthoneedgeparalleltostrip.

Areaelementtoanyparallel Jakob(1957)[19].
rectangle.

84
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Planeelementtoplane Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
rectangle;planescontaining Kreith(1962)[22].
twosurfacesintersectatangle
F.

Planeelementtorighttriangle Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
inplaneparalleltoplaneof
element;normaltoelement
passesthroughvertexof
triangle.

Planeelementtoplanearea Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[16],
withaddedtriangulararea; Kreith(1962)[22].
elementisoncornerof
rectanglewithonesidein
commonwithplaneatangleF.

Samegeometryaspreceding Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
withtrianglereversedrelative Kreith(1962)[22].
toplaneelement.

85

Definition
Planeelementtosegmentof
discinplaneparallelto
element.
Planeelementtocirculardisc
onplaneparalleltothatof
element.
Planeelementtocirculardisc;
planescontainingelementand
discintersectat90,andcenters
ofelementanddisclieinplane
perpendiculartothose
containingareas.
Planeelementtoringareain
planeperpendiculartoelement.
ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Sketch Sources
Sparrow&Cess(1966)[41].
RadiationHeatTransfer,
Brooks/ColePublishing
Company,Belmont,California,
1966.
Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
Jakob(1957)[19],Kreith(1962)
[22],Siegel&Howell(1972)
[37].
Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
Leuenberger&Person(1956)
[24],Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&
Howell(1972)[37].
Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
86
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Stripelementoffinitelengthto Leuenberger&Person(1956)
perpendicularcirculardisc [24].
locatedatoneendofstrip.

Areaelementtoparallel Moon(1961)[26],Siegel&
ellipticalplate. Howell(1972)[37].

Radialandwedgeelementson Leuenberger&Person(1956)
circulardisctodiscinparallel [24].
plane.

Infinitecylindertoparallel Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12],
infinitelylongstripelement. Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

87
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Planeofinfinitewidthand Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
infinitelengthtoinfinitelylong Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&
striponthesurfaceofaparallel Howell(1972)[37].
cylinder.

Striporelementonplane Leuenberger&Person(1956)
paralleltocylinderaxisto [24].
cylinderoffinitelength.

Planeelementtorightcircular Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
cylinderoffinitelength;normal Kreith(1962)[22],Siegel&
toelementpassesthrough Howell(1972)[37].
centerofoneendofcylinder
andisperpendiculartocylinder
axis.

Elementalstripoffinitelength Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
toparallelcylinderofsame Leuenberger&Person(1956)
length;normalsatendsofstrip [24],Kreith(1962)[22].
passthroughcylinderaxis.

88
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Infinitelylongstripof Sparrow&Eckert(1962)[42].
differentialwidthtoparallel JournalofHeatTransfer,vol.
semicylinder. 84,No.1,1968,pp.1218.

Infinitestriponanysideofany Holcomb&Lynch(1967)[16].
ofthreefinstotubeor ReportORNLTM1613,Oak
environment,andinfinitestrip RidgeNationalLaboratory,
ontubetofinorenvironment. 1967.

Ringelementoninteriorof Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].
rightcircularcylindertoendof
cylinder.

Elementandstripelementon Leuenberger&Person(1956)
interioroffinitecylinderto [24].
interiorofcylindricalsurface.

89
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Areaelementoninteriorof Leuenberger&Person(1956)
cylindertobaseofsecond [24].
concentriccylinder;cylinders
areoneatopother.

Ringelementonfintotube. Sparrow,Miller&Jonsson
(1962)[43].

Elementisatendofwallon Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
insideoffinitelengthcylinder Leuenberger&Person(1956)
enclosingconcentriccylinderof [24],Kreith(1962)[22].
samelength;factorisfrom
elementtoinsidesurfaceof
outercylinder.

90
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Elementalstriponinnersurface Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
ofouterconcentriccylinderto Leuenberger&Person(1956)
interiorsurfaceofouter [24],Kreith(1962)[22].
concentriccylinder.

Elementalstriponinnersurface Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
ofouterconcentriccylinderto Leuenberger&Person(1956)
eitherannularend. [24],Kreith(1962)[22].

Elementoninsideofouterfinite Leuenberger&Person(1956)
concentriccylindertoinside [24].
cylinderorannularend.

91
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Stripelementonexteriorof Leuenberger&Person(1956)
innerfinitelengthconcentric [24].
cylindertoinsideofouter
cylinderortoannularend.

Striponplaneinsidecylinderof Leuenberger&Person(1956)
finitelengthtoinsideof [24].
cylinder.

Exteriorelementontube Sparrow&Jonsson(1963a)[44].
surfacetofiniteareaon JournalofHeatTransfer,vol.
adjacentparalleltubeofsame 85,No.4,1963,pp.382384.
diameter.

Exteriorelementontube Sparrow&Jonsson(1963a)[44].
surfaceofpartitionedtubeto
finiteareaonadjacentparallel
tubeofsamediameter.

92
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Elementonwallofright Joerg&McFarland(1962)[20].
circularconetobaseofcone. ReportS62245,AerojetGeneral
Corporation,1962.

Sphericalpointsourceto
rectangle.Pointsourceisonone
cornerofrectanglethat
intersectswithreceiving
rectangleatangleF.
Hamilton&Morgan(1952)[15],
Jakob(1957)[19],Kreith(1962)
[22].

Spheretoringelementoriented Feingold&Gupta(1970)[12].
normaltosphereaxis.

Elementalareaonsphereto Grier(1969)[13].
finiteareaonsecondsphere. NASASP3050,1969[28].

93
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Areaelementtoaxisymmetric Morizumi(1964)[27].
surfaceparaboloid,cone, AIAAJournal,vol.2,No.11,
cylinder(formulationgiven 1964,pp.20282030.
factorsarenotevaluated).

Elementoninterior(orexterior) Robbins(1961)[35].
ofanyaxisymmetricbodyof NASATND586,1961[29].
revolutiontobandoffinite
Robbins&Todd(1962)[36].
lengthoninterior(orexterior).
NASATND878,1962[30].

Slendertorustoelementon Moon(1961)[26].
perpendicularaxis.

Elementonexterioroftoroidto Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
toroidalsegmentoffinite NASATND5006,1969[32].
width.

Elementonexterioroftoroidto Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
toroidalbandoffinitewidth.

94

Definition
Elementandringelementon
exterioroftoroidtoentire
exterioroftoroid.
Circulardisctoarbitrarily
placedrectangleinparallel
plane.
Circletoarbitrarilyplaced
rectangleinplaneparallelto
normaltocircle.
Circulardisctoparallelright
triangle;normalfromcenterof
circlepassesthroughoneacute
vertex.
ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
Sketch Sources
Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
Sommers&Grier(1969)[38].
JournalofHeatTransfer,vol.
91,No.3,1969,pp.459461.
Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
[48].
SpecialReport16,KansasState
UniversityBulletin,vol.46,No.
4,1962.
Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
[48].
Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
[48].
95
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Cylindertoanyrectanglein Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
planeperpendiculartocylinder [48].
axis.

Finiteareaonexteriorof Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
cylindertofiniteareaonplane [47].
paralleltocylinderaxis. ReportSID6191,North
AmericanAviation(AFASDTR
61119,pt.1),1961.

Cylindertoanyrectanglein
planeparalleltocylinderaxis.
Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
[48].
SpecialReport16,KansasState
UniversityBulletin,vol.46,No.
4,1962.

96
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Finiteareaonexteriorof Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
cylindertofiniteareaon [47].
skewedplane. ReportSID6191,North
AmericanAviation(AFASDTR
61119,pt.1),1961.

Outsidesurfaceofcylinderto Tripp,Hwang&Crank(1962)
perpendicularrighttriangle; [48].
triangleisinplaneofcylinder
basewithonevertexoftriangle
atcenterofbase.

Cylinderandplaneofequal Leuenberger&Person(1956)
lengthparalleltocylinderaxis; [24].
planeinsidecylinder;allfactors
betweenplaneandinner
surfaceofcylinder.

97
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Finiteareasoninteriorofright Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
circularcylinder. [47].

Finiteareaonexteriorof Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
cylindertofiniteareaon [47].
exteriorofparallelcylinder. ReportSID6191,North
AmericanAviation(AFASDTR
61119,pt.1),1961.

Concentriccylindersof Leuenberger&Person(1956)
differentradii,oneatopother; [24].
factorsbetweeninsideofupper
cylinderandinsideorbaseof
lowercylinder.

98
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Finiteareaonexteriorofinner Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
cylindertofiniteareaon [47].
interiorofconcentricouter
cylinder.

Twotubesconnectedwithfinto Sotos&Stockman(1964)[39].
finitethickness;lengthcanbe NASATND2556,1964.
finiteorinfinite;allfactors
betweenfinitesurfaces
formulatedintermsof
integrationsbetween
differentialstrips.

Twotubesconnectedwith Sotos&Stockman(1964)[39].
taperedfinsoffinitethickness;
tubelengthcanbefiniteor
infinite;allfactorsbetween
finitesurfacesformulatedin
termsofintegrationsbetween
differentialstrips.

Sandwichtubeandfinstructure Sotos&Stockman(1964)[39].
ofinfiniteorfinitelength;all NASATND2556,1964.
factorsbetweenfinitesurfaces
formulatedintermsof
integrationsbetween
differentialstrips.

99
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Concentriccylindersconnected Sotos&Stockman(1964)[39].
byfinoffinitethickness;length
finiteorinfinite;allfactors
betweenfinitesurfaces
formulatedintermsof
integrationsbetween
differentialstrips.

FromMoebiusstriptoitself. Stasenko(1967)[46].
Akad.NaukSSSR,Izv.
EnergetikaTransport,pp.104
107,1967.

Areaonspheretoareaon Grier(1969)[13].
anothersphere. NASASP3050,1969[28].

Bandononespheretobandon Grier(1969)[13].
anothersphere.

Areaonspheretocapon Grier(1969)[13].
anothersphere. NASASP3050,1969[28].

100
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Caponspheretobandon Grier(1969)[13].
anothersphere.

Caponspheretocapon Grier(1969)[13].
anothersphere.

Hemispheretocoaxial Wakao,Kato&Furuya(1969)
hemisphereincontact. [49].
Int.J.HeatMassTransfer,vol.
12,No.1,1969,pp.118120.

Exterioroftoroidtoitself. Sommers&Grier(1969)[38].
JournalofHeatTransfer,vol.
91,No.3,1969,pp.459461.

Segmentoffinitewidthon Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
toroidtoexterioroftoroid. NASATND5006,1969[32].

Toroidalbandoffinitewidthto Grier&Sommers(1969)[14].
exterioroftoroid.

101
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Definition Sketch Sources

Areaonsurfaceofsphereto Stevenson&Grafton(1961)
rectangleinplane [47].
perpendiculartoaxisofsphere. ReportSID6191,North
AmericanAviation(AFASDTR
61119,pt.1),1961.

Reference:Siegel&Howell(1972)[37].

102
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

5
Specular surfaces

5.1 General
The specular view factor, Fs12, between two specularly reflecting gray surfaces A1 and A2 is defined,
(Perlmutter&Siegel(1963)[33])asthefractionoftheenergyleavingdiffuselytheisothermalsurface
A1theimpingesA2,eitherdirectlyorthroughanynumberofspecularreflectionsfromtheseorother
gray surfaces of the whole system. Notice that a given amount of energy leaving A1, if specularly
reflected,maybecountedseveraltimesonitsarrivaltoA2,sothatFs12maybelargerthanone.Onthe
otherhand,theratiooftheenergyabsorbedbyA2tothatemittedbyA1issmallerthanone,depending
its value, for a given geometrical system, on the specular reflectance of the surfaces forming the
system.
The above definition of specular view factor shows some peculiarities that were not present in the
definitionofdiffuseviewfactors.Suchpeculiaritiesare:
1. Whencalculatingtheradiantinterchangebetweengraydiffusesurfaces,theeffectofthe
diffusereflectanceofthesurfacesisnotincludedintheviewfactor,sinceitisaccounted
for by means of the radiosity, B, which takes into account both the emitted and the
diffuselyreflectedradiations.
B=T4+dH,
H represents the radiant flux incident on the emitting surfaces per unit time and unit
area,and disthediffusereflectance.ThusB1A1F12istheheatarrivingdirectlytoA2from
A1withoutbeingreflectedinanysurfaceafterthelasttimeitleavesA1.
Ontheotherhand,whenspecularsurfacesareinvolved,itisusualtoleaveunchanged
the factor corresponding to diffuse radiosity, and to include specular reflections in the
viewfactorFs12.InanycaseB1A1Fs12measurestheheatarrivingtoA2fromA1bothdirectly
and through all possible specular interreflections, but it should be emphasized that B1
indicatesthediffuselytributedradiantfluxleavingA1perunittimeandunitarea.
A ray, that leaving A1 reaches A2 after a reflection from Aj, is accounted for as coming
from Aj if this surface is diffuse reflecting and as coming from A1 if Aj is specularly
reflecting.
2. The concept of diffuse view factor involves only the emitting surface, A1, and the
receiving surface, A2, while the parallel concept of specular view factor involves, in
additiontoA1andA2,allpartiallyortotallyspecularsurfacesofthesystemwhererays
comingfromA1canbereflectedbeforereachingA2.
3. Itisobviousthat,foragivengeometricalsystem,theradiativetransferequationmaybe
written in a unified fashion in terms of the temperature, optical characteristics of the
surfaces,andviewfactors,nomatterwhethersomeofthesesurfacesarespecularornot,

103
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
provided that the diffuse radiosity and the appropriate view factors are used for the
computation.
For a system of N specular surfaces, having specular reflectances, js, the specular view factor, Fs12,
betweentwoofthemis:

K i, j, k ,..., p, q

F 1s
s i s j s k s p s q
12 2 3 N 1 N 12 [51]
i 0 j 0 k 0 p 0 q 0

with

lim sj
j 0
s
o
1 [52]

foreveryjs.
ThefactorK12maybeinterpretedasthefractionoftheradiativeenergyleavingA1whichreachesA2
after i specular reflections from A1, j from A2, k from A3,..., p from AN1, and q from AN, under the
assumptionthatthereisnoabsorption,sothatthemirrorsdonothingexcepttochangethedirection
oftheimpingingrays.Duetosomegeometricalconstraints,severalKfactorsmayvanish.
AreasoningbasedonthefactthatthereversaloftheraysarrivingtoA2fromA1,afterreflectionfrom
severalsurfacesofthesystem,isexactlyequivalenttothesystemoftheraysarrivingtoA1fromA2,
afterreflectionfromthesamesurfaces,indicatesthat,independentlyofwhatsurfacesA1andA2are
considered,theirspecularviewfactorssatisfythereciprocityrelation:
A1Fs12=A2Fs21
When an enclosure of N surfaces, A1, A2, ..., AN is considered, the specular view factors satisfy the
relation:

1 F
N
s
j ij 1 [53]
j 1

foranysurfaceAi.Thisrelationshipresultsfromthefactthattheoverallheattransferintheenclosure
shouldbezero.

104
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

5.2 Two planar specular surfaces

5.2.1 Two-dimensional configurations

5.2.1.1 Parallel strips of equal width

Twoinfinitelylongdirectlyopposedparallelstripsofsamefinitewidth.

H=w/h
R=1s2s
Formula:

F12s F21s K (1) R n K (2n 1) [54]
n 1

F11s F22s
K (2) R n K (2n 2) [55]
2s 1s n 1

where:

K m
1
H
H 2

m2 m [56]

nisthenumberofspecularreflectionswhicharaysuffersbeforethereceivingsurface.
Reference:Theseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompiler.

105
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure51:ValuesofF12asafunctionofRandH.Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure52:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandH.Calculatedbythecompiler.

106
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
5.2.1.2 Strips of equal width at any angle
Twoinfinitelylongplatesofequalfinitewidth,w,havingonecommonedge,andatanincludedangle
toeachother.

R=1s2s
Formula:
90 1
n
2
1
F12s F21s 1 sin R n 1 sin n
2
[57]
2 n 1

90
n 1
s s

R 1 sin n 1
F F
11
22
1 sin n [58]
s
2
1
s
n 1

wherenisthenumberofspecularreflectionswhicharaysuffersbeforereachingthereceivingsurface.
When 60, the rays reach the second surface without suffering any specular reflection from the
first.Thus

F12s F21s 1 sin [59]
2

When 45,theraysreachthefirstsurfaceaftersufferingatmostonespecularreflectionfromthe
second.Thus

F11s F22s
1 sin [510]
2s 1s

References: These expressions have been obtained by the compiler. The cases = 45,90 have been
dealtwithbyEcker&Sparrow(1961).
Noticethat,when60,Fs12isindependentofR.

107
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure53:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRfordifferentvaluesof.Calculatedby
thecompiler.

Noticethatwhen45,Fs11/2sisindependentofR.

108
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure54:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRfordifferentvaluesof.Calculated
bythecompiler.

5.2.2 Parallel, directly opposed rectangles of same width and

length

X=a/c
Z=b/a
R=1s2s
Formula:

F12s F21s K 1 R n K 2n 1 [511]
n 1

109
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

F11s F22s
K 2 R n K 2n 2 [512]
2s 1s n 1

where

ln 1 X / m 1 XZ / m
2 2 1/ 2


1 X / m 2 XZ / m 2

2
2m XZ
K m XZ / m 1 XZ
1 X / m
2
tan 1
tan
X Z m m
2

2
[513]
1 X / m

X
X
1 XZ / m tan
X /m
1
tan 1
2

m 1 XZ / m m
2

nisthenumberofspecularreflectionswhicharaysuffersbeforereachingthereceivingsurface.
References:Theseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompiler.

Figure55:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRandXforZ=1.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

110
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure56:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandXforZ=1.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure57:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRandXforZ=5.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

111
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure58:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandXforZ=5.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure59:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRandXforZ=10.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

112
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure510:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandXforZ=10.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure511:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRandXforZ=15.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

113
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure512:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandXforZ=15.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

Figure513:ValuesofFs12asafunctionofRandXforZ=20.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

114
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure514:ValuesofFs11/2sasafunctionofRandXforZ=20.Calculatedbythe
compiler.

5.2.3 Rectangles of same width and length with one common

edge
Two specular finite rectangles of the same dimensions having a common edge and at an included
angle.

L=a/b
R=1s2s
Formula:
1 180
n 1
2
F12s F21s K 1 R K 2n 1
n
[514]
n 1

115
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

1 180
n 1
s s 2
F F
11
22
K 2 R K 2n 2
n

s
2
1
s
n 1
[515]

In these expressions K(m) is the diffuse view factor between two rectangles having the same width
andlengthofthatconsideredandatanincludedanglem.Thevalueofthisdiffuseviewfactorhas
beenobtainedbyusingtheresultsbyFeingold(1966)[11].
nisthenumberofspecularreflectionswhicharaysuffersbeforereachingthereceivingsurface.
Comments:
When60,theraysreachingthesecondsurfacedidnotsufferanyspecularreflectionbythefirst.
Fs12=Fs21=K(1).
When 45,theraysreachingthefirstsurfacedidnotsuffermorethanonespecularreflectionby
thesecond.

F11s F22s
K 2
2s 1s [516]

Reference:Theseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompiler.

Figure515:ValuesofFs12vs.aspectratio,L,fordifferentvaluesofR.=30.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

116
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure516:ValuesofFs11/2svs.aspectratio,L,fordifferentvaluesofR.=30.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure517:ValuesofFs12vs.aspectratio,L,fordifferentvaluesofR.=45.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

117
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure518:ValuesofFs12andFs11/2svs.aspectratio,L,forthelimitingvaluesof.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

5.3 Planar specular and planar diffuse surface

5.3.1 Two dimensional cavities. Cylinders of quadrangular cross

section

Specularviewfactorsbetweenthedifferentinnersurfacesofacylinderofquadrangularcrosssection
formedbytwospecularandtwodiffuseparallelstrips.
ThesurfacesA1andA2arespecularreflectingwhileA3andA4arediffusereflecting.
s=1s2s
Formula:

118
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

n K 1
F11s F22s s 2 n 1 2n 22 sin 2 1 2n 1sin 1
n 0




s 2 n 1 1 cos 2n 1 sin 2n 1sin
2 2 2 [517]
n K

1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2

nK
s 2n
F12s F21s 1 2n sin
n 0 2
1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2

[518]
s 2n

n K 1 2

1 cos 2 sin 2
F F F F 1
s
31
s
13
s
42
s
24
2
1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 2n 2 sin 2 1

s
2 n 1




2

n K 2n 2 sin 2 1 1 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 [519]
s
2 n

n 1 2

1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2


s 2n
sin
n K 1 2

1 2n 2 sin 2 1 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2

n K
F32s F23s F41s F14s s 2n

n 0 2
1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 2n 22 sin 2 1

K 1
s
2 n 1
sin
n 0 2
2n 12 sin 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 [520]

s
2 n 1
sin
2


n K 1 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2 1 cos 2 2n 12 sin 2

s
2 n 1
sin 1
2



InalltheseexpressionsKisthelargestintegerwhichissmallerthan1/(2cos).

119
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

F33s F44s s 1 sin

[521]

F34s F43s 1 1 s F31s F32s F33s
[522]

Reference:Theseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompiler.

Figure519:ValuesofFs11vs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

120
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure520:ValuesofFs12vs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure521:ValuesofFs31vs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

121
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure522:ValuesofF32svs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

Figure523:ValuesofFs33vs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

122
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Figure524:ValuesofFs34vs.fordifferentvaluesofthespecularreflectance,s.
Calculatedbythecompiler.

5.4 Non-planar specular surfaces

5.4.1 Concentric cylinder or concentric spheres

Concentriccylindersofinfinitelength,orconcentricspheres.

Formula:
2s
F11s [523]
1 1s 2s
1
F12s
1 1s 2s [524]

123
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

A1 / A2
F21s
1 1s 2s [525]

A 1
F22s 1 1 1s F21s [526]
A2 1 2
s

whereA1/A2=r1/r2forconcentriccylinders,andA1/A2=(r1/r2)2forconcentricspheres.
Reference:Theseexpressionshavebeenobtainedbythecompiler.

124
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011

Bibliography

[1] Bannister(1965)
[2] Bien(1966)
[3] Buschman&Pittman(1961)
[4] Campbell&McConnell(1968)
[5] Chung&Naraghi(1981)
[6] Chung&Sumitra(1972)
[7] Clark&Anderson(1965)
[8] Cunningham(1961)
[9] Eckert&Drake(1959)
[10] Eckert&Sparrow(1961)
[11] Feingold(1966)
[12] Feingold&Gupta(1970)
[13] Grier(1969)
[14] Grier&Sommers(1969)
[15] Hamilton&Morgan(1952)
[16] Holcomb&Lynch1967.ReportORNLFM1613,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory1967
[17] Hottel(1954)
[18] HSU(1967)
[19] Jakob(1957)
[20] Joerg&McFarland1962.ReportS62245,AerojetGeneralCorporation,1962
[21] Jones(1965)
[22] Kreith(1962)
[23] Kutateladze&Borishanskii(1966)
[24] Leuenberger&Person(1956)
[25] Minning(1977)
[26] Moon(1961)
[27] Morizumi1964.AIAAJournal,Vol.2,No.11,1964,pp.20282030
[28] NASASP3050(1969)
[29] NASATND586(1961)

125
 ECSSEHB3101Part1A
5December2011
[30] NASATND878(1962)
[31] NASATND2556(1964)
[32] NASATND5006(1969)
[33] Perlmutter&Siegel(1963)
[34] Redor(1973)
[35] Robbins(1961)
[36] Robbins&Todd(1962)
[37] Siegel&Howell(1972)
[38] Sommers&Grier1969.JournalofHeatTransferVol.91,No.3,1969,pp.459461
[39] Sotos&Stockman(1964)
[40] Sparrow,Albers&Eckert1962.JournalofHeatTransferVol.84c,No.1,1962,pp.7381
[41] Sparrow&Cess1966.RadiatonHeatTransfer,Brooks/ColePublishingCompany,
Belmont,California1966.
[42] Sparrow&Eckert1962.JournalofHeatTransfer,Vol.84,No.1,1968,pp.1218
[43] Sparrow,Miller&Jonsson(1962)
[44] Sparrow&Jonsson1963a.JournalofHeatTransferVol.85,No.4,1963,pp.382284
[45] Sparrow&Jonsson1963b.JournaloftheOpticalSocietyofAmerica,Vol.53,No.7,1963,
pp.816821
[46] Stasenko1967.Akad.NaukSSSR,Izv.EnergetikaTransport,pp.104107,1967
[47] Stevenson&Grafton1961.ReportSID6191,NorthAmericanAviation(AFASDTR61
119,pt.1),1961
[48] Tripp,Hwang&Crank1962.SpecialReport16,KansasStateUniversityBulletin,Vol.46,
No.4,1962
[49] Wakao,Kato&Furuya1969.Int.J.HeatMassTransfer,Vol.12,No.1,1969,pp.118120
[50] Watts(1965)

126