Caraga State University

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Engineering Science Department
Ampayon, Butuan City 8600

GE 100 General Surveying I

INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
Lecture 1

ENGR. BRODDETT B. ABATAYO, GE, REA

Lecturer GE Division, ES Department, CEIT, CSU
Proprietor BPA ABATAYO Land Surveying Services

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 GRADING SYSTEM

Prelim Exam 25%

Midterm Exam 25%
Final Exam 30%
Quizzes + Assignment + Others 20 %

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 GRADING SYSTEM
GENERAL AVERAGE FINAL GRADE
97 100 1.00
93 97 1.25
90 93 1.50
85 90 1.75
80 85 2.00
75 80 2.25
70 75 2.50
65 70 2.75
60 65 3.00
50 60 INC
50 below 5.00

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 What is SURVEYING?
It is the art and science of determining angular and
linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and
relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near
the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial
bodies through applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS
1. Plane Surveying
It is a type of surveying in which the earth is
considered to be a flat surface, and where distances
and areas involved are of limited extent that the
exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
2. Geodetic Surveying
They are surveys of wide extent which take into
account the spheroidal shape of the earth.

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 TYPES OF SURVEYS
1. Cadastral Survey
2. City Surveys
3. Construction Surveys
4. Forestry Surveys
5. Hydrographic Surveys
6. Industrial Surveys
7. Mines Surveys
8. Photogrammetric Surveys
9. Route Surveys
10. Topographic Surveys

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 1. Cadastral Survey
They are usually closed
surveys which are
undertaken in urban and
rural locations for the
purpose of determining
and defining property
lines and boundaries,
corners, and areas.

Cadastral Map

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 2. City Surveys
They are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose
of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines,
fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features
and configuration of land and preparing maps.

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 3. Construction Surveys
They are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide
data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of
concern to engineers, architects, and builders.

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 4. Forestry Surveys
This type of survey executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the production and
conservation of forest land.

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 5. Hydrographic Surveys
It refers to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans,
and other bodies of water.

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 6. Industrial Surveys
It is sometimes known as optical tooling.
It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly or aircrafts, lay out and installation of
heavy and complex machinery, and other industries where very
accurate dimensional layouts are required.

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 7. Mines Surveys
They are surveys which are performed to determine the position
of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to
fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological
formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines
and grades for other related mining work.

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8. Photogrammetric Surveys
It is a type of surveys which makes
use of photographs taken with
specially designed cameras either
from airplanes or ground stations.

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 9. Route Surveys
It involves the determination of alignment, grade, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of
highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and
other linear projects.

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 10. Topographic Surveys
They are surveys made for determining the shape of the ground,
and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features.

16 Topographic Map
 Development of Surveying Instruments
1. Astrolabe 8. Libella
2. Telescope 9. Vernier
3. Transit 10. Diopter
4. Semicircumferentor 11. Compass
5. Plane Table 12. Gunters Chain
6. Dioptra 13. Chorobates
7. Roman Groma 14. Merchet

Homework: Familiarize how these surveying instruments were developed (i.e who is
17 the inventor, where and when invented, etc.)
 Surveying Measurements
Measurement
It is the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a
particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.
It was concentrated on angles, elevations, times, lines, areas, and
volumes.

Note:
Measurements are never exact and they will always imperfect no matter how
carefully made.
The physical measurements acquired are correct only within certain limits
because errors cannot be totally eliminated.

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 Types of Measurements
1. Direct Measurement
2. Indirect Measurement

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 1. Direct Measurement
It is a comparison of measured quantity with a standard
measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of
that kind.

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 2. Indirect Measurement
The observed value is determined by the relationship to some
other known values.

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 The Meter
The international unit of linear measure
Originally, it was defined as 1/10,000,000 of the earths
meridional quadrant.

Homework: History of meter (i.e. who was the meter invented, where and when
22 invented, etc.)
 The International System of Units ( SI )
It was promulgated by the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures in 1960.
The ultimate goal is to modernize the metric
system by introducing a coherent and rational
worldwide system of units.
Metric conversion was signed into law on
December 1978 by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos.
Effective January 1, 1983, the English System was
officially phased out in the Philippines.

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 The International System of Units ( SI )
Units in SI of major concern to Surveying
1. Meter (m) linear measure
2. Square Meter (m2) areas
3. Cubic Meter (m3) volume
4. Radian (rad) plane angles

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 Significant Figures
Some general rules regarding Significant Figures

Rule 1: Interior zeroes are significant.

(e.g. 12.03, 35.06, 4009, etc.)
Rule 2: Leading zeroes are not significant.
(e.g. 0.0000006, 0.023, etc.)

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 Significant Figures
Rule 3: All non zero digits are significant.
(e.g. 251, 1329, etc.)
Rule 4:Trailing zeroes after non zero digits:
if with decimal point are significant.
(e.g. 169.30, 366.00, 11.000, etc.)
if without decimal point are not significant
(e.g. 1000000, 20000, 300, etc.)

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 Significant Figures
Practice:
How many significant figures are in each of the following
numbers?

a. 0.0045
b. 2.05
c. 6438
d. 15.30
e. 1 000 000

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 Rounding off Numbers
It is the process of dropping one or more of the final
digit so that the values contains only the significant
figure required.
Procedure of Rounding Off Numbers
1. Digit is less than 5. When the digit to be dropped
is less than 5, the number is written without the digit.
(e.g. round off to the 6 significant figure)

12.01374 = 12.0137

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 2. Digit is equal to 5. When the digit to be dropped
is exactly 5, the nearest even number is used for
preceding digit.
(e.g. round off to the 6 significant figure)
12.01385 = 12.0138,
12.01335 = 12.0134
3. Digit is greater than 5. When the digit to be
dropped is greater than 5, the number is written with
the preceding digit increased by one.
(e.g. round off to the 6 significant figure s)
12.0135721 = 12.0136)

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 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy
It indicates how close a given measurement is
to the absolute or true value of the quantity
measured.
It implies the closeness between related
measurements and their expectations.

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 Good Accuracy Poor Accuracy

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 Accuracy and Precision
Precision
It refers to the degree of refinement and
consistency with which any physical
measurement is made.
It is portrayed by the closeness to one another of
a set of repeated measurements of a quantity.

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 Good Precision Poor Precision

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 Good Precision but Good Accuracy but
Poor Accuracy Poor Precision

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 Good Precision and Poor Accuracy and Poor
Good Accuracy Precision

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 Errors
Errors - It is defined as the difference between the
true value and the measured value of a quantity.

Types of Error
Gross/Blunder Errors or Mistakes
Systematic or Cumulative Errors
Random or Accidental Errors

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 Gross/Blunder Error (Mistakes)
are errors which arise from inattention, inexperience,
carelessness and poor judgment or confusion in the mind of
the observer.
They do not follow any mathematical rule (law of probability)
and may be large or small, positive or negative. They cannot be
measured.
Example:
Erroneous recording, e.g. writing 69 in place of 96
Counting 8 for 3
Forgetting once chain length
Making mistakes in using a calculator

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 Systematic or Cumulative Error
are those which we can model mathematically and therefore
correct. They are caused by the mathematical model of the
procedure that we are using being different to what is going
on in the real world.
Example:
Faulty alignment of a line
An instrument is not leveled properly
An instrument is not adjusted properly
Equipment out of calibration
Personal biases of the observer.
Use of incorrect units (feet instead of meters.)

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 Random or Accidental Error
are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in the measured
data due to the precision limitations of the measurement
device.
usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the
same measurement in exactly the same way to get exact the
same number.
They cannot be accounted for.

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 Sources of Errors
1. Instrumental Errors
These errors are due to imperfections in the instruments
used either from faults in their construction or from improper
adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.

2. Natural Errors
These errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of
nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature,
humidity, wind, refraction, gravity, and curvature of the earth.
They are beyond the control of man.

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 3. Personal Errors
These errors arise principally from limitations of the
senses of sight, touch, and hearing of the human
observer which are likely to be erroneous or
inaccurate.

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 THANK YOU !!!

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