Dr.

Nelson Muthu, Asstistant Professor

FR-5, ME Extn, Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Guwahati
GENERALIZED HOOKES LAW
The relation between stress and strain is governed by Hookes law

x
Longitudinal strain (extension) along the x-axis of: x
E

Transverse strains (contraction) along the y and z -axes, which are

related to the Poissons ratio:
x
y z x
E
o The value of is about:
0.25 for a perfectly isotropic elastic materials.
0.33 for most metals.

o The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material will be

greater than 1.0 or less than 0.5 because of the requirement
for Young's modulus, the shear modulus and bulk modulus to have
positive values.
o Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5.

= = =

 In order to determine the total strain produced along a particular
direction, the principle of superposition is applied.
The resultant strain along the x-axis, comes from the strain
contribution due to the application of x, y and z.
x causes:
x in the x-direction
E
y
y causes: in the x-direction
E
z
z causes: in the x-direction
E

Applying the principle of superposition (x-axis):

x x ( y z )
1
E
 x x v y z xy G xy
1
E

y y v z x yz G yz
1
E

z z v x y
1
xz G xz
E
The proportionality constant G is the modulus of elasticity in shear, or the modulus of rigidity.
Values of G are usually determined from a torsion test.
Typical Room-Temperature values of elastic constants for isotropic materials.
_______________________________________________________
Modulus of Shear
Elasticity, Modulus Poissons
Material 10^-6 psi (GPa) 10^-6 psi (GPa) ratio,
_______________________________________________________
Aluminum alloys 10.5 (72.4) 4.0(27.5) 0.31
Copper 16.0 (110) 6.0(41.4) 0.33
Steel(plain carbon
and low-alloy) 29.0(200) 11.0(75.8) 0.33
Stainless Steel 28.0(193) 9.5(65.6) 0.28
Titanium 17.0(117) 6.5(44.8) 0.31
Tungsten 58.0(400) 22.8(157) 0.27
PLANE STRESS AND PLANE
STRAIN
 Plane Stress (3 = 0): This exists typically in:
a thin sheet loaded in the plane of the sheet, or
a thin wall tube loaded by internal pressure where there is no
stress normal to a free surface.
Set z = 3 = 0.
1 E
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
2
E 1 1 2 E 1 1
E
1
2 2 1
1
1 1 2 2 E
1
E E
2 2
E E 2 1
1 1
3 1 2
E
 Plane Strain (3 = 0): This occurs typically when
One dimension is much greater than the other two
Examples are a long rod or a cylinder with restrained ends.

1
3 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2
1
3 1
E E

1 2 2 1 1
therefore 1
2
3 1 2 E
3 0

This shows that a stress exists along direction-3 (z-axis) even though
the strain is zero.


xy G xy
 max G max G (2 P )
E
xx yy
2 xx
1
E
2 P
P P max
1
E
G
2(1 )
 x x v y z
1
E

y y v z x
1
E

z z v x y
1
E
Homogeneous Material - has identical properties at all points.

Isotropic Material - material properties do not vary with direction or orientation.

 Original volume = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1

Under the multiaxial stress: x, y, z

The new volume = (1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) (1 + + + )

Change in volume = ( + + )

= = = /( )

+ + 2 + + 1 2
= + + = = ( + + )

1 2
Special case: Hydrostatic pressure (x, y, z = p) = =
1 2

= bulk modulus = modulus of compression

 Saint-Venants Principle - Stress distribution may be assumed independent of the method
of load application except in the immediate vicinity of load application points.
From the material data

60 8
= = 1.5 = = 0.2
40 40
= 1.8

Find the allowable average normal stress using the

material allowable normal stress and stress
concentration factor

165 MPa
= = = 90.7 MPa
1.8

Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P A ave 40mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa 36.3103 N
Consider a cylindrical vessel section of:
L = Length
D = Internal diameter
t = Wall thickness
p = fluid pressure inside the vessel.
By examining the free-body diagram of the lower
half of the cylinder (Fig. 6-1b), one sees that the
summation of forces acting normal to the mid-plane
is given by :

[SF = 0 ] F = pDL = 2P (A7.1)

20
or pDL
P (A7.2)
2
The tangential or hoop stress, t, acting on the wall
thickness is then found to be:

P pDL pD
t (A7.3)
A 2 Lt 2t
or pr
t (A7.4)
t
Where r is the radius of the vessel.
For the case of the thin-walled cylinders, where r/t 10,
Eq. 7-4 describes the hoop stress at all locations
through the wall thickness. 21
 Fig. (c) shows a free-body diagram to account for
cylindrical stresses in the longitudinal direction.
The sum of forces acting along the axis of the
cylinder is:
D p2
(A7.5)
P
4 22
 The cross-sectional area of the cylinder wall is
characterized by the product of its wall thickness
and the mean circumference.
i.e., D t t

For the thin-wall pressure vessels where D >> t,

the cylindrical cross-section area may be
approximated by Dt.
Therefore, the longitudinal stress in the cylinder is
given by:

P D 2 p pD
l (A7.6)
A 4Dt 4t
23