3.

1 DESIGN EXAMPLE

Design a R.C.C. Tee beam girder bridge to suit the following data
Clear width of roadway = 7.5m
Span (center to center of bearings) = 16m
Live load I.R.C. class AA tracked vehicle
Average thickness of wearing coat = 80mm
Concentrate mix:M-25 grade
Steel:Fe-415 grade HYSD bars

Using Courbon's method, compute the design moments and shears and design the deck slab,
main girder and cross girders and sketch the typical details of reinforcements.

Data
Effective span of Tee Beam = 16m
Width of carriage way = 7.5m
Thickness of wearing coat = 80mm
M-25 Grade concrete and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.

Permissible Stresses

cb = 8.3 N/ mm2 m=10

st = 200 N/ mm2 j=0.90 Q=1.1

Cross-section of Deck
Three main girders provided at 2.5 m centres,
Thickness of deck slab = 200 m
Wearing coat = 80 mm
Width of main girder = 300 mm
Kerbs 600 mm wide by 300 deep, are provided. Cross girders are provided every 4 m intervals.
Breadth of cross girder = 300 mm.
Depth of main girder = 160 cm at the rate of 10 cm per metre of

The depth of cross girder is taken as equal to the depth of main girder simplify the computations.
The cross-section of the deck and the plan shows the spacing of cross girders as shown in Fig.

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 Tee Beam and Slab Bridge Deck
4. Design of Interior Slab Panel
(a) Bending moments
Dead weight of slab = (1 1 0.2 24) = 4.80 kN/m2
Dead weight of W.C = (0.08 22) = 1.76 kN/m2
Total dead load = 6.56 kN/m2
Live load is class AA tracked vehicle. One wheel is placed at the centre of the panel as shown

Position of wheel load for Maximum Bending Moment

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u = (0.85 + 2 0.08) = 1.01 m
v = (3.6 + 2 0.08) = 3.76 m
(u/B) = 1.01 / 2.5 = 0.404
(v/L) = 3.76 / 4.0 = 0.94
K = (B/L) = 2.5 / 4 = 0.625
Referring to Pigeauds curves (refer fig 3.4)
m1 = 0.085 and m2 = 0.024
MB = W ( m1 + 0.15 m2 )
= 350 ( 0.085 + 0.15 0.024)
= 31.01 kN- m
As the slab is continuous design B.M = 0.8 MB
Design B.M including impact and continuity factor given by
MB (short span) = (1.25 0.8 31.01) = 31.01 kN- m
Similarly ML = 350 (0.024 + 0.15 0.085) = 12.845 kN- m
M (long span) = (1.25 0.8 12.845) = 12.845 kN- m
(b) Shear forces
Dispersion in the direction of span = 0.85 + 2 (0.08 + 0.2) = 1.41 m
For maximum shear, load is kept such that the whole dispersion is in span. The load is kept at
1.41 / 2 = 0.705 m from the edge of beam as shown in figure 7.10
Effective width of slab = Kx ( 1 x / L) + bw
Breadth of cross girder = 30 cm

Position of Wheel Load for maximum Shear

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Clear length of panel = L = 3.7 m
(B/L) = (3.7 / 2.2) =1.68
From table 3.1, K for continuous slab is obtained as K = 2.52. Effective width of a slab
= [2.52 0.705 (1 0.705 / 2.2) + 3.6 + ( 2 0.08 )] = 5 m
Load per meter width = (350/5) = 70 kN
Shear force = 70 (2.2 0.705) / 2.2 = 47.6 kN
Shear force with impact = (1.25 47.6) = 59.50 kN
(c) Dead load bending moments and shear forces
Dead load = 6.56 kN/m2
Total load on panel = (4 2.5 6.56) = 65.6 kN
(u/B) = 1 and (v/L) = 1 as panel i8s loaded with uniformly distributed load
K = (B/L) = (2.5/4) = 0.625 and (1/K) = 1.6
From pigeauds curve (refer figure 3.9)
m1 = 0.049 and m2 = 0.015
MB = 65.6 (0.049 + 0.15 0.015) = 3.36 kN- m
Taking continuity into effect
Mb = (0.8 3.36) = 2.688 kN- m
ML = 65.6 (0.015 + 0.15 0.049) = 1.468 kN- m
Taking continuity into effect
ML = (0.8 1.468) = 1.174 kN- m
Dead load shear force = (6.5 2.2) / 2 = 7.216 kN
(d) Design moments and shears
Total MB = (31.01 + 2.688) = 33.698 kN- m
Total ML = (12.845 + 1.174) = 14.019 kN- m
(e) Design of section
Effective depth = d = [(33.698 106) / (1.1 1000)]
= 175 mm
Adopt overall depth = 200 mm
Effective depth = 175 mm

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Ast = (33.698 106) / (200 0.9 175) = 1170 mm2
(Short span)
Use 16 mm diameter HYSD bars at 150 mm centers (Ast = 1341 mm2)
Spacing of reinforcement in slabs not to exceed 150 mm according to IRC:21 1987 to control
cracking.
Effective depth for long span using 10 mm diameter bars
= (175 8 5) = 162 mm
Ast = (14.019 106) / (200 0.9 162) = 344 mm2
(Long span)
Use 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers ( Ast = 524 mm2)
(f) Check for shear stress
Nominal shear stress = ( = V/bd) = (66.716 103) / (103 175) = 0.381 N/mm2
k1 = (1.14 0.7 0.175) = 1.0175 0.5
k2 = (0.5 + 0.25) where = (100 A / bd) and As = 1341 mm2
= (100 1341) / (103 175) = 0.766
k2 = (0.5 + 0.25 0.766) = 0.69 1
For M 25 Grade concrete, cc = 0.40 N/mm2
Therefore c = k1 k2 cc = (1.0175 1 0.40) = 0.407 N/mm2
Since < c , shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.

5. Design of Longitudinal Girders

(a) Reaction factors
Using Courbons theory, the IRC Class AA loads are arranged for maximum eccentricity as
shown in figure

Transverse Position of I.R.C Class AA

Tracked Vehicle

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Reaction factor for outer girder is given by
RA =(2W1/3) [1 + (3I 2.5 1.1)/(2I 2.52)] = 1.107 W1
Reaction factor for inner girder is
RB =(2W1/3) (1+0) = (2W1/3)
If W= axle load = 700Kn
W1=0.5 W
RA=(1.107 0.5W) = 0.5536 W
RB=(0.667 0.5)=0.3333 W
(b) Dead load from slab for girder
Dead load of deck slab is calculated with reference to Fig

Details of Deck Slab Kerb and Parapet

Weight of
1. Parapet railing = 0.700 kN-m
2. Wearing coat = (0.08 1.1 22) = 1.936 kN-m
3. Deck slab = (0.2 1.10 24) = 5.280 kN-m
4. Kerb = (0.5 0.6 1 24) =7.200 kN-m
Total = 15.116 kN-m

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Total dead load of deck = (2 15.116) + (6.56 5.3) = 65 kN-m
It is assumed that the dead load is shared equally by all girders
Dead load/girder = (65/3) = 21.66 kN-m
(c) Live load Bending Moment in Girder
Span of Girder = 16m
Impact factor (For class AA Loads) = 10 %
The load is placed centrally on the span as shown in Fig. 7.13
Bending moment = 0.5 (4 + 3.1) 700 = 2485 kN-m

Influence Line for Bending Moment in Girder

Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for outer girder is = (2485 1.1
0.5536) = 1513 kN-m. Bending moment including impact and reaction factor for inner girder is
(2485 1.1 0.3333) = 912 kN-m
(d) Live Load Shear
For estimating the maximum live load in shear in the girders, IRC class AA roads are placed as
shown in the Fig
Reaction of 2 on girder B = (350 0.45)72.5 = 63 kN
Reaction of 2 on girder A = (350 2.05)/2.5 = 287 kN
Total load on girder B = (350+63) = 413 kN
Maximum reaction in girder B = (413 14.2)716 = 366 kN
Maximum reaction in girder A = (287 14.2)716 = 255 kN
Maximum live load shears with impact factor in

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 Position of I.R.C class AA loads for maximum shear
Inner guide = (366 1.1) = 402.6 kN
Outer girder = (255 1.1) = 280.5kN
(e) dead load bending moment and shear force in main girder
The depth of the girder is assumed as 1600 mm (100mm for every metre of span)
Depth of rib = 1.4 m
Width = 0.3
Weight of rib/m = (10.31.424)
The cross girder is assumed to have the same cross sectional dimensions of main girder
Weight of cross girder = 10.08 KN-m
Reaction on main girder = (10.082.5) = 25.2
Reaction from deck slab on each girder = 21.66kN-m
Total dead load/m on girder = (21.66 + 10.08)
=31.74 kN-m
Referring to figure the maximum bending moments are completed

Dead Load On Main Girders

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Maximum bending moment at centre of span is obtained as
Mmax = (31.74162)/8 + (25.216)/4 + (25.216)/4 = 1218 kN-m
Dead load shear at support
(31.7416)/2 + 25.2 + (25.2/2) = 292 kN
(f) Design Bending Moments and Shear Forces
The design moments and shears are compiled in Table

Design Moments and Shear Forces

B.M D.L.B.M L.L.B.M Total B.M Units

Outer Girder 1218 1513 2731 kN-m
Inner Girder 1218 912 2130 kN-m
S.F. D.L.S.F L.L.S.F Total S.F Units
Outer Girder 292 280.1 572.1 kN
Inner Girder 292 402 694.6 kN

g) Design of sections for sections Maximum B.M and S.F

Mmax=2731 kN.m
Vmax=694.6kN
The beam is designed as a Tee- section assuming an effective depth d=1450mm
Approximate Lever arm=(1450-200/2)1350mm
Ast=[(2731106)/(2001350)]=10114 mm2
Provide 16 bars of 32mm diameter HYSD bars in four rows (Ast=12864 mm2)
(Maximum size of bars not to exceed 32mm diameter as per IRC:21-1987)
Shear reinforcement are designed to resist the maximum shear at supports.
Normal shear stress, v = (V/bd)
=[(694.6103)/(3001450)]=1.596 N/mm2
0.07 fck (0.0725) 1.75 N/mm2 . Hence Safe.
Assuming 2 bars of 32mm diameter to be bent up at support section, shear resisted by the bend
up bars is given by
Vs=(svAsv Sin )=[(2002804X1)/(10002)]=227kN

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Therefore Shear resisted by vertical stirrups is computed as balanced shear
= (694.6-227) = 467.6 kN
Using 10mm diameter 4 legged stirrups
Spacing Sv=[(svAsvd)/V]
=[(2004791450)/(467.6103)] =195mm
Provide 10mm diameter 4 legged stirrups at 150mm centers
6. Design Of Cross Girders
Self-weight of cross girder = 10.08 KN-m
Referring to Fig.7.16
Dead load from slab = (2 x 1/2 x 2.5 x 1.25 x 6.56)
=20.5KN
Uniformly distributed load = (20.5/2.5) = 8.2 KN-m
Total load on cross girder = (10.08+8.2)
= 18.28 KN-m
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid, reaction on each cross girder
= ( 18.28 x 5 )73
= 30.47 KN
For maximum bending moment in the cross girder , the loads of IRC class-AA
Should be placed as shown in Fig 7.17
loading coming on cross girder = [350(4-0.9)/4] = 271.25 KN
Assuming the cross girder as rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder
=[(2 x 271.25)/3] = 180.83 KN
Maximum B.M in cross girder under the load
= (180.83 x 1.475) = 266.7 KN-m
L.L.B.M including impact = (1.1 x 266.7) = 293.37 KN-m

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 Loads on Cross Girders
Dead load B.M. at 1.475 m from support
= (30.47 x 1.475 18.28 x 1.4752/2) = 25.10 kN.m
Total design B.M. = (29337 + 25.10) = 318.47 kN.m
Dead Load shear = 30.47 kN
Total design shear = (198.917 +30.47) = 229.39 kN
Assuming and effective depth for cross girder as 1520 mm
Ast = [(318.47 x 106)/ (200 x 0.9 x 1520)] = 1163 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter (Ast = 1256 mm2)
229.39 103
Shear stress = [ 300 1520 ]

= 0.53 /2
Using 10 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups,
Spacing = [(200 x 2 x79 x1520)/ (229.39 x 103)] = 205 mm

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 Position of Live Loads for maximum B.M in Cross Girder

Adopt 10 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 150 mm centers throughout the length of the cross
girder.
The details of reinforcement are shown in the cross section of the deck slab and longitudinal
section of main and cross girders

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Cross Section of Tee Beam and Deck Slab

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Reinforcement Details in Longitudinal and Cross Girders

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