Mehta et al.

, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Review Article
HEAT EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUID
Prof. Alpesh Mehta1*, 2Dinesh k Tantia , 3Nilesh M Jha , 4Nimit M Patel

Address for Correspondence

*1
Assistant Professor, Government Engineering College, Godhra
2,3,4
Students of 7th Semester Mechanical Government Engineering College, Godhra
ABSTRACT
This paper shows the research work on heat exchanger using nano fluid. In this paper we are using compact heat exchanger
as heat transferring device while Al2O3 as a nano fluid. The effect of the nano fluids on compact heat exchanger is analyzed
by using NTU rating numerical method on turbo-charged diesel engine of type TBD 232V-12 cross flow compact heat
exchanger radiator with unmixed fluids consisting of 644 tubes made of brass and 346 continuous fins made of copper.
Comparative study of Al2O3+ water nano fluids as coolant is carried out.
KEY WORDS: heat exchanger, nano materials
1. INTRODUCTION began to raise and grow resulting from advantages of
Heat exchanger using nano fluid is a device in which the controlled atmosphere brazing process (Nocolok
the heat transfer takes place by using nano fluid. In brazing process introduced by ALCAN). With
this the working fluid is nano fluid. Nano fluid is increasing years introduction of long life (highly
made by the suspending nano particles in the fluid corrosion resistant) alloys further improved
like water, ethylene glycol and oil, hydrocarbons, performance characteristics of aluminium heat
fluorocarbons etc. exchangers. Extra demands for aluminium heat
1.1 Introduction to nano fluid exchangers increased mainly due to the growth of
Nano fluids are dilute liquid suspended nano particles automobile air-conditioning systems.
which have only one critical dimension smaller than 1.2.2 About heat exchanger
~100nm. Much research work has been made in the The heat transfer in a heat exchanger involves
past decade to this new type of material because of its convection on each side of fluid and conduction
high rated properties and behaviour associated with taking place through the wall which is separating the
heat transfer (Masuda et al. 1993; Choi 1995), mass two fluids. In a heat exchanger, the temperature of
transfer (Krishnamurthy et al. 2006, Olle et al. 2006). fluid keeps on changing as it passes through the tubes
The thermal behaviour of nano fluids could provide a and also the temperature of the dividing wall located
basis for an huge innovation for heat transfer, which between the fluids varies along the length of heat
is a major importance to number of industrial sectors exchanger.
including transportation, power generation, micro- Examples:
manufacturing, thermal therapy for cancer treatment, Boilers, super heaters, reheaters, airpreheaters.
chemical and metallurgical sectors, as well as Radiators of an automobile.
heating, cooling, ventilation and air-conditioning. Oil coolers of heat engine.
Nano fluids are also important for the production of Refrigeration of gas turbine power plant.
nano structured materials (Kinloch et al. 2002), for In waste heat recovery system.
the engineering of complex fluids (Tohver et al. Types:
2001), as well as for cleaning oil from surfaces due to 1. Direct contact type of heat exchanger,
their excellent wetting and spreading behaviour 2. Non contact type of heat exchanger.
(Wasan & Nikolov 2003). Direction of motion of fluid:
1.1.2 History of nano fluid 1. Parallel flow,
The twenty-first century is an era of technological 2. Counter flow
development and has already seen many changes in 3. Mixed flow.
almost every industry. The introduction of nano 1.3 Analysis of heat exchanger
science and technology is based on the famous phrase The thermal analysis of heat exchanger is made by
"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" by the Nobel taking outlet temperature of fluid and it is then
Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. related to independent parameters as follows,
Feynman proposed this concept using a set of Th,o , Tc,o or q = f
conventional-sized robot arms to construct a replica
of themselves but one-tenth the original size then Six independent and one variable which may be Th,o ,
using that new set of arms to manufacture a even Tc,o,or q dependent variable as given in the above
smaller set until the molecular scale is reached. equation for a given flow arrangement transferred
1.2 Introduction to heat exchanger into two independent and one dependent groups
Heat exchanger is nothing but a device which which are dimensionless.
transfers the energy from a hot fluid medium to a Nomenclature regarding Heat Exchanger
cold fluid medium with maximum rate, minimum By combining Differential energy conservation
investment and low running costs. equations for the control volume we get
1.2.1 History of heat exchanger
dq = q"dA = -Ch dTh = Cc dTc
In the 1950s, aluminium heat exchangers made
Where, sign depends upon whether dTc is increasing
moderate inroad in the automobile industry with the
or decreasing with increasing dA or dx (i.e cross
invention of the vacuum brazing technique, large
sectional surface area and length).
scale production of aluminium-based heat exchangers

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 Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
The overall rate of heat transfer equation on a
differential base for the surface area dA is
dq = q"dA = U(Th - Tc )local dA = UTdA
Integrating the two above equations across the heat
exchanger surface area, we get
q = Ch (Th,i Th,o) = Cc(Tc,o - Tc,i)
q = UA Tm =
Where, 3rd parameter is the actual mean temperature
difference that depends upon the exchanger flow
arrangement and degree of fluid mixing within each
fluid stream.
Figure show a rectangular strip through which heat
transfer takes place of surface area A in positive x
direction, following figure 1 shows the
Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger analysis of heat
exchanger.
Figure 1[27] Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger
1.4 Regarding nano fluid
1.4.1 Heat conduction mechanisms in nano fluid
Nano fluid is nothing but fluid particles which are
less than even a micron(nearly 10-9 times smaller) in
diameter and highly reactive and efficient material
which can be used to increase factor like rate of
reaction, thermal conductivity of any metal or
material, they are that much reactive and strong.
Keblinski [1] presented four possible methods in
nano fluids which may contribute to thermal
conduction.
(a) Brownian motion of nano particles.
(b) Liquid layering at the liquid/particle interface.
(c) Ballistic nature of heat transport in nano
particles.
(d) Nano particle clustering in nano fluids.
The Brownian motion of nano particles is too slow to
transfer heat through a nano fluid. This mechanism
works well only when the particle clustering has both
the positive and negative effects of thermal
conductivity which is obtained indirectly through
convection.
1.4.2 Preparation of nano fluid
The preparation of nano fluid is the first important
step in using nano phase particles to change the heat
transfer rate of conventional fluids. Nano fluids are
mainly made up of metals, oxides, carbides and
carbon nano tubes that can easily be dispensed in heat
transferring fluids, such as water, ethylene glycol,
hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons by addition of
stabilizing agents. Nano particles can also be
produced from several processes namely gas
condensation, mechanical attribution or chemical
precipitation. These nanoparticles can also be
produced under cleaner conditions and their surface
can be protected from unexpected coatings which
may occur during the gas condensation process. The
main limitation of such method is that the all particles
made by this method occur with some incapability to
produce pure metallic nano powders. The formation
of such a problem can be reduced by using a direct
evaporation condensation method [2, 3, and 4].
This method helps in controlling particle size and
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E-ISSN 0976-3945
produces particles for stable nano fluids without
surfactants or any electrostatic stabilizers, but has the
disadvantage of oxidation of pure metals and low
vapor pressure fluids.
There are mainly four steps in the process of the
direct evaporation - condensation method also known
as one step method.
1. A cylinder containing a heat transferring
fluid such as water or ethylene glycol is
rotated inside so that a thin film of the fluid
is constantly ejected out through the top of
the chamber.
2. A piece of metallic material is evaporated by
heating on a crucible as the source of the
nano particles.
3. The fluid is allowed to cool at the bottom of
the chamber to prevent any sort of unwanted
evaporation.
Another method for synthesis of nano fluid is the
laser ablation method, which is used to produce
alumina nano fluids [5]. Pure chemical synthesis is
also an alternative method which has been used by
Patel [6] to prepare gold and silver nanofluids. Zhu et
al [7] also used one-step pure chemical synthesis
method for preparing nanofluids using copper nano
particles dispensed in ethylene glycol.
There are basically four ways for the synthesis of
nano fluids or important factors. They are basically,
1. Dispensing ability of nano particles
2. Stability factor of nano particles
3. Chemical compatibility associated to nano
particles
4. Thermal stability of nano fluids
1.4.3 Type of nano fluid
There are different types of nano fluid; basically
Al2O3 + water
CuO + water
TiO + water
CH3CH2OH + water
Out of these we are going to use Al2O3 & water as
our nano fluid in heat exchanger.
1.5.1 Thermal Conductivity of (Al2O3 + water)
nano fluid
The effect of base fluid on thermal conductivity is
shown in Figure 2. The result in Figure 4
demonstrates that the thermal conductivity increment
is least for the water-based nano fluids compared
with that to of other nano fluids. This result is quite
encouraging as heat transfer enhancement is often
most required when poorer heat transfer fluids are
involved.
Figure 2 thus indicates that the thermal conductivity
increment for the poorer heat transfer fluids
compared to the fluids with better thermal
conductivity such as water.
Figure 2[28] Effect of temperature on thermal
conductivity of Al2O3-based nanofluids
 Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
1.5.2 Experimental results on thermal
conductivity of Al2O3- based nano fluids
Alumina (Al2O3) is the most commonly and widely
used nano particle by many researchers during their
experimental works. Efforts have been made to study
the thermal conductivity of nano fluids. The effect of
these experimental studies on the thermal
conductivity of Al2O3-based nano fluids is given
above in Table 1. Usually, thermal conductivity of
Table 1[27]
2. LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO
HEAT EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUID
2.1 Heat exchanger using nano fluid in counter
flow direction
Here we are using heat exchanger of counter flow
direction type .Tuckerman and Pease [9] are the first
to introduce this idea by using micro channel heat
sink (MCHS) as a source for cooling of electronic
devices in the year 1981. They experimentally
narrated the MCHS capability and claimed that they
were able to dissipate heat flux at a rate of 790
W/cm2. They showed that the convective heat
transfer of single phase flows could be improved by
decreasing the width of the heat sink channels and
increasing wetted area by the heat transfer fluid. The
experimental and analytical studies by Wang et al.
[10], Lee et al. [11], Wang et al. [12] and Koo and
Kleinstreuer [13] showed that nanofluid have a
higher thermal conductivity than that of pure fluids
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the nano fluids increases with increasing fraction in
volume of nano particles; with decreasing particle
size, the shape of such particles can also influence the
thermal conductivity temperature of nano fluids,
Brownian motion of the particle, and with the
additives. Table 1 shows the selective summary of
the thermal conductivity enhancement in Al2O3-based
nanofluids.
and therefore has great affinity for heat transfer
enhancement. Li and Xuan [14], Xuan and Li [15]
and Pak and Cho [16] experimentally showed the
convection heat transfer and pressure dropping for
nano fluid tube flows. Their results show that heat
transfer coefficient was greatly incremented and it
depends upon factors like Reynolds number, particle
size and shape, and particle volume fraction. They
also found that nano particles did not cause an extra
pressure drop. Another scientist named Donsheng
and Yulog [17] studied practically the convective
heat transfer of nanofluid made up of -Al2O3-
water, flowing through a tube made up of copper in
the laminar flow region and showed a considerable
enhancement of convective heat transfer using the
nanofluids. The enhancement was particularly
significant in the entrance region as it was higher
than that obtained solely due to the enhancement on
thermal conduction. Seok and Choi [18] investigated
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numerically the cooling performance of micro

channel heat sink with nanofluids. They showed that
the cooling performance of a MCHS with water
based nanofluids containing diamond (1% volume
fraction and 2 nm) at the fixed pumping power of
2.25 W is enhanced by about 10% compared with
that of a MCHS with water. Joescon and Issam [19]
performed experiments to explore the micro channel
cooling benefits of Al2O3-water nanofluid. They
Figure 4[29] Schematic of Heat Exchange Unit
found that the high thermal conductivity of nano
2.2 Compact heat exchanger using nano fluid
particles enhance the single phase heat transfer
The necessity of compact heat exchangers (CHEs)
coefficient especially for laminar flow. Higher heat
has been seen in fields like aerospace, automobile,
transfer coefficient was achieved mostly in the
gas turbine power plant and other industries for the
entrance region of the micro channels and the
last 50 years and more. This is mainly due to several
enhancement was weaker in the fully developed
factors such as packaging constraints, sometimes
region, providing that nano particles have an
high performance requirements, low cost and using
appreciable effect on thermal boundary layer
air or gas as one of the fluids in the exchanger. For
development. It was also observed that higher
nearly twenty years additional driving factors for heat
concentrations also produced greater sensitivity to
exchangers design have been reducing energy
heat flux. Mushtaq et al. [20] investigated the effect
consumption for operation of heat exchangers and
of channels geometry (the size and shape of
process plants, and minimizing their overall capital
channels) on performance of counter flow micro
investment. Figure 5 shows Heat Exchanger area
channel heat exchanger and used liquid water as a
densities and hydraulic diameters; S+THX - Shell
cooling fluid. They found that the effectiveness of
and tube heat exchanger; PHE Plate heat
heat exchanger and pressure drop were increased by
exchanger; PFHE Plate fin heat exchanger; PCHE
decreasing the size of channels and claimed
Printed circuit heat exchanger.
depending on the application of which type of heat
exchanger is used. Mushtaq I. Hasan [21]
numerically investigated the performance of counter
flow micro channel heat exchanger with MEPCM
suspension as a cooling fluid. He fund that using
MEPCM suspension lead to improve thermal
performance of CFMCHE but also lead to extra
increase in pressure drop and resulting in decreasing
the overall performance with using suspension as a
cooling medium.
For modelling, nano fluid is treated as a single-phase
type fluid. This assumption can be used since the
Figure 5 [22] Heat Exchanger area densities and
particles are ultra fine and they are easily fluidized
hydraulic diameters
[14,15]. Also, the particle volume fraction in nano
D.A. Reay [22] gives a general picture of the area
fluid is usually low. Under such conditions the
density and typical hydraulic diameters of a range of
governing equations for the nano fluid flow and heat
conventional and CHE as shown in Fig. 4 and
transfer are simplified and local fluid and particles
principal features in Table 2. Kays et al.[23] and
are in thermal equilibrium. Schematic structure of the
Shah RK [24] defined CHE as having an area density
studied counter flow micro channel heat exchanger
which is greater than 700 m2/m3 when operating in
with square channels can be seen in Figure 3. Due to
gas streams, and in excess of 300 m2/m3 while
the geometrical and thermal symmetry between hot
operating in liquid or two phase streams. They gave
and cold channels rows, an individual heat exchanger
different geometries surfaces of CHE: Plain fin,
unit consisting of two channels containing hot and
Louvered fin, Strip fin, Wavy fin, Pin fin and there
cold fluids and a separating wall is considered as
designation.
shown in Figure 4 will be used as a model figure to
Compact Heat exchangers are becoming increasingly
represent the complete counter flow micro channel
more and more important elements in many industrial
heat exchanger since it gives an adequate indication
processes worldwide, both in their original roles as
about the performance and the heat is transferred
contributors to increase energy efficiency and more
from hot to cold fluid through a thick wall medium
recently as the basis for novel intensified unit
separating both fluids.
operations, such as compact reactors based on PCHE
fabrication techniques. CHEs, while accounting for 5
to 10% of the $15 billion plus worldwide market for
heat exchangers, are seeing their sales increase up
about by 10% per annum compared to 1 % for all
other types of heat exchangers. Compact heat
exchanger offer number of benefits which include:
2 Improved effectiveness
Figure 3[29] A schematic model of the counter 3 Smaller volumes
flow MCHE 4 Multi-stream and multi-pass configurations
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 Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
5 Tighter temperature controls
6 Power savings
7 Improved safety means protection
Compact heat exchanger also deals with application
of Al2O3 + water nano fluid on compact heat
exchanger in comparison with conventional coolants.
2.2.1 Why we use nano fluid
The main goal or idea of using nano fluids is to attain
highest possible thermal properties at the smallest
possible concentrations (preferably<1% by volume)
by uniform dispersion and stable suspension of nano
particles (preferably<10 nm) in hot fluids.
A nano fluid is a mixture of water and suspended
metallic nano particles. Since the thermal
conductivity of metallic solids are typically orders of
magnitude higher than that of fluids it is expected
that a solid/fluid mixture will have higher effective
thermal conductivity compared to the base fluid.
Nano fluids are extremely stable and exhibit no
significant settling under static conditions, even after
weeks or months.
2.2.2 Result and Analysis of Heat Exchanger.
For the result analysis of heat exchanger there are
several formulas related to the heat exchanger and the
nano fluid.
2.2.3 Formula related to heat exchanger:
There are basically 3 types for finding the result of
heat exchanger that are:
-NTU method, LMTD and MTD methods. In the
-NTU method, the heat transfer rate from the hot
fluid to the cold fluid in the heat exchanger is
expressed in form as
q= Cmin (Th,i Th,o)
The -NTU method is different depending upon
whether the shell fluid is the Cmin or Cmax fluid in the
(stream asymmetric) flow arrangements used for
shell-and-tube exchangers mostly.
Formula related to LMTD method.
LMTD = T1 = Th,i Tc,o, T2 = Th,o Tc,i
Following Table 2 shows General Functional
Relationships and Dimensionless Groups for -NTU,
P-NTU, and MTD Methods
Table 2[27]
a Although P,R and NTU1 are defined on fluid side
1, it must be emphasized that all the result of the P-
NTU and MID methods are valid if the definition of
P,NTU and R are consistently based on Cc,C2,Ck or C.
b P and R are defined in P-NTU method.
2.2.4 Formula related to nano fluid
The formula to determine the heat transfer coefficient
of the Al2O3 + H2O nano fluid in turbulent flow has
been developed in previous study by Vasu et al.
(25,26) it is found in good agreement with
experimental data of standard Deviation 6.4% and
Average deviation 5%.
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E-ISSN 0976-3945
hnf =
Where,
= 0.0256(Renf )0.8 (Prnf)0.4 for Al2O3 + H2O
Renf =
Prnf =
=kem0.175 0.05( )0.2324 for Al2O3 + H2O.
This formula is used to calculate thermal conductivity
for nano fluids (Vasu et al.,[26]) which is found to be
in good agreement with the experimental data of
standard deviation 4% and Average deviation of 2%.
The other properties like viscosity, density and
specific heat associated with nano fluids are
calculated by using the following equations:
= f(1+39.11 + 533.9 2)
=(1- ) f + p
Cpnf =
3. ABOUT PROJECT WORK
Up to now we have gone through Various Types Of
heat exchanger from which we have selected Counter
flow type with ( Al2O3 + water ) as nano fluids.
Although we have othe choice to use ethylene
glycol + water, CuO + water , from which we have
selected Al2O3 + water . There are basically two
types of methods of making nano fluid which is
mention above.
Our project is based on the nano fluids so our main
aim is to find best, sutable and effective nano fluids
which have work in any type of heat exchanger.
4. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
We are using aluminum oxide with base fluid water,
We are going to analysis efficiency and effectiveness
by using LMTD method and NTU method. After the
analysis we are deciding the cost of the nano fluid
and whole manufacturing cost of the heat exchanger
using nanofluid.
5. FUTURE SCOPE
In Future, the next steps in the nanofluids research
are to concentrate on the heat transfer enhancement
and its physical mechanisms, taking into
consideration such items as the optimum particle size
and shape, particle volume concentration, fluid
additives, particle coating and base fluid. Better
characterization of nanofluids is also important for
developing engineering designs based on the work of
multiple research groups, and fundamental theory to
guide this effort should be improved. Important
features for commercialization must be addressed,
including particle settling, particle agglomeration,
surface erosion, and large scale nanofluid production
at acceptable cost.
Nanofluids offer challenges related to production,
properties, heat transfer, and applications. In this
section we highlight some future directions in each of
these challenging areas.
1. Development of theoretical equations for
thermo physical properties of CuO
nanofluids is the grey area to be explored.
2. The effect of nanoparticles size on heat
transfer and friction characteristics of
nanofluids can be taken up for investigation.
3. Study on heat transfer investigation by
changing the relative proportion in the base
 Mehta et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

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