AVO analysis and Impedance

Inversion
Okey Ileka

1
 AVO Analysis
Introduction
AVO Pre-processing
AVO modeling
AVO parameters
AVO crossplot analysis
AVO attributes
Some application of AVO
Probabilistic AVO analysis
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 Impedance Inversion
Post stack 1D Impedance Inversion
Far-offset elastic Impedance
Lambda-mu-rho estimation
P to S elastic Inversion
Anisotropic elastic Impedance
Interpretation of Rock physics template

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 Introduction
AVO is the amplitude variation with offset

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Introduction

Castagna lecture notes

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Introduction

Castagna lecture notes

6
 Simplified Shuey (1985) Form of
the Richards and Frazier (1976)
Approximation

R( ) A + B sin 2

A = Rp B R p 2 Rs
Vs 1 V p Vs Vs
2 2
1 V p B 2 2 + 4 2
A +

2 Vp Vp 2 Vp V p 7 Vs
 Third Order Approximation

R( ) A + B sin + C sin tan

2 2 2

1 V p 1 V p
A= + C
2 V p 2 Vp

1
AC
2
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Castagna lecture note
 Hiltermann Approximation

6474 8 G

R( ) A cos + 2.25 sin

2 2

G = A+ B
Castagna lecture note
9
 AVO preprocessing

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Castagna lecture notes
 11
Castagna lecture note
 Factors that amplitudes
Earth effects
Acquisition related effects
Noise

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 Earth effects
Spherical divergence
Absorption
Transmission losses
Interbed multiples
Converted phases
Tunning effect
Anisotropy
structure
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 Acquisition-related effects and
noise
Acquisition-related effects
Source reciever arrays
Reciever sensitivity

Noise
Source generated noise
Coherent or random noise

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 AVO Pre-processing
Spiking deconvolution and wavelet
processing
Spherical divergence correction
Surface consistent amplitude balancing
Multiple removal
NMO correction
DMO correction
Pre-stack migration
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AVO preprocesing

Castagna lecture notes

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Castagna lecture notes 17
AVO modeling

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 Physical Interpretation

R ( ) A + B sin 2

Castagna lecture notes 19

(Russel, 1999)
AVO parameters

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 21

Castagna lecture notes

AVO crossplot

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 From Simm et al., 2000

Castagna lecture notes 23

AVO attributes

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 AVO Indicators/Attributes
Intercept Intercept minus Gradient
Gradient Intercept plus Gradient
Near and far stacks Intercept times Gradient
Curvature Rp-Rs
CDP stack P and S wave velocity
Change in Poissons ratio contrast
Fluid Factor Density Contrast
Amoco Indicator F(F-N)
Lamba-mu-rho

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Castagna lecture notes
 Calculated AVO Attributes

A = intercept
B = gradient Shuey 2 Term
r = correlation RC () = A + B (sin)
AB
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A B)/2 ~ Rs
A = intercept
B = gradient Shuey 3 Term
C = curvature RC () = A + B (sin) + C (sin)(tan)
r = correlation
AB
(A + B)/2 ~ Rp - Rs
(A B)/2 ~ Rs
AC
Verm-Hilterman
NI = normal intercept
RC () = NI(cos) + PR(sin)
PR = Poisson reflectivity
r = correlation
NI PR
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Castagna lecture notes Roden, 2005
 Some application of AVO
Residual gas saturation (converted waves)

Flat spot analysis

Overpressure detection

Density estimation

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 Probabilistic AVO analysis
In probabilistic AVO analysis the AVO
parameters and attributes are assigned
probability density function (PDF) or
cumulative density function (CDF)

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 Impedance Inversion
The goal of geophysical inversion is to
estimate model parameter from observed
data

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 Impedance Inversion
Post stack 1D Impedance Inversion
Far-offset elastic Impedance
Lambda-mu-rho estimation
P to S elastic Inversion
Anisotropic elastic Impedance
Interpretation of Rock physics template

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Poststack 1D impedance Inversion
Inversion of near stack traces

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 Acoustic Impedance
Inversion
Near Sonic,Density
Horizons
Angle Stack Logs

tie tie AI Earth

Wavelet
Model

Bandlimited Trend
Inversion Model

Merged
AI

32
Castagna lecture note
Sena, 1997
 Far offset elastic Impedance
Inversion of far offset traces

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 The Elastic Impedance

E = Vp Vs

= 1/cos2 = -8(Vs/Vp)2sin2

= 1 + /2

Sena, 1997 34
Castagna lecture notes
 Elastic Impedance Inversion
Far Sonic,Shear Sonic
Horizons
Angle Stack and Density Logs

tie tie EI Earth

Wavelet
Model

Bandlimited Trend
Inversion Model

Merged
EI

35
Castagna lecture note
Sena, 1997
 Lambda Rho estimation

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Hiltermans lecture note
P to- S elastic Inversion

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Reflection Coefficients: Angle vs.
Offset

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Stewart and Gasier lecture note
 P-S Reflection Coefficient
(Aki & Richards, 1980)

Rps

First Order
Relative S-velocity change
Stewart and Gasier lecture note
Relative density change
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Anisotropic elastic Inversion

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 Anisotropy

Hilterman course notes 41

 Anisotropic Inversion

Hilterman course notes 42

 Interpretation of Rock Physics
Template
The rock physics template is based on a
compiled catalog or atlas of RPTs
calculated by a rock physics expert.

The seismic interpreter can interpret

elastic inversion results without in-depth
knowledge about rock physics theory

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 Thank you

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