Vocational Training Report

Report on Summer
Training
ON
Rihand Super Thermal
Power Project
Submitted By :
Submitted To :
POOJA Mr. A.K. Gupta
B.Tech (3rd Year)
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that POOJA from the department of ELECTRICAL &

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of AJAY KUMAR GARG
ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,GHAZIBAD (UP) has successfully
completed her Vocational Training in EMD Department of NTPC Rihand
from 13th June 2016 to 12th July 2016.

Training Coordinator: Training guide:

Mr. A.K.GUPTA Mr. K.D.PANDEY
(HR-EDC) Mr. TABISH ADEEL
Mr. AMRESH GUPTA
Mr. SHARMEDRA KUMAR
Mr. R.J.PRASAD
 Mr. U.K.SHRIVASTAVA
(AGM-EMD)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With feelings of joy and thanks, I placed in your

hand my Project report. It is my pleasant
privileges to thank all those who have helped
me in molding and shaping my project. Without
their guidance, cooperation and best wishes it
would have been impossible for me to complete
my dissertation report. A big thanks to all those
who helped me by sparing their precious time
amidst their busy schedule and for being kind
enough by helping me whenever I needed
them.

As man is a social animal. He requires the

encouragement and affection of his parents
and friends to accomplish his goal and I have
been Lucky to get it and make this project
report a success.

Finally, I am thankful to all the respected

Executive employees of N.T.P.C Rihand
Nagar for providing me the necessary
information, cooperation in VOCATIONAL
TRAINING. I thank god almighty for his
 abundant blessing because without it this
project was only a dream.

POOJA
B.Tech (EN)
AKGEC
GHAZIABAD

S.NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 PLANT OVERVIEW 4
3 GENERATOR 8
General 8
Cooling System 9
Hydrogen Cooling Circuit 9
Cooling of Rotor 9
Cooling of Stator Core 10
Primary Cooling Water circuit in Generator 10
Exciter 10
Assembly of Turbo Generator 12
4 POWER TRANSFORMER 13
Generator Transformer 13
Unit Auxiliary Transformer 15
Station Transformer 15
Inter Bus Transformer 16
5 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER 17
Main Tank 17
Magnetic Core and Winding 17
Conservator 17
Breather 18
Bushing 19
Tap Changer 19
6 COOLING OF TRANSFORMER 20
Transformer oil for cooling 20
Types of Cooling 20
Fans and Pumps for Cooling 21
7 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 21
Temperature Indicator 22
Oil Temperature Indicator 22
Winding Temperature Indicator 23
Oil Level Indicator 23
Buchholz Relay 24
Lightning Arrester 24
Neutral Grounding 25
8 A.C MOTOR 26

9 SWITCHGEAR 27

10 SWITCHYARD & TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENTS 27

Isolator 28
Circuit Breaker 29
Current Transformer (CT) 29
Capacitance Voltage Transformer (CVT) 30
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) 30
RIHAND HVDC BIPOLE SYSTEM 31

11 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR 32
1.0 INTRODUCTION :

VISION

A world class integrated power major, powering Indias growth, with increasing global
presence.

MISSION

Develop and provide power, related products and services at competitive prices,
integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and
contribute to society.

CORE VALUES (BE-COMMITTED)

Business Ethics
Environmentally & Economically Sustainable
Customer Focus
Organizational & Professional Pride
Mutual Respect & Trust
Motivating Self & Others
Innovation & speed
Total Quality for Excellence
Transparent and Trusted Organization
Enterprising
 Devoted

1.1 Overview of NTPC :

NTPC was set up in the central sector in the 7th November 1975 in response to
widening demand & supply gap with the main objective of planning, promoting &
organizing an integrated development to thermal power in India. Ever since its
inception, NTPC has never looked back and the corporation is treading steps of success
one after the other. The only PSU to have achieved excellent rating in respect of MOU
targets signed with Govt. of India each year. NTPC was poised to become a 40,000
MW giant corporation by the end of XI plan i.e. 2012 AD. Lighting up one fourth of the
nation, NTPC has an installed capacity of 43,000 MW from its commitment to provide
quality power; all the operating stations of NTPC located in the National Capital
Region & western have acquired ISO 9002 certification. The service groups like
Engineering, Contracts, materials and operation Services have also bagged the ISO
9001 certification. NTPC Dadri, Ramagundam, Vindhyachal and Korba station have
also bagged ISO 14001 certification.

Today NTPC contributes more than 3 / 5 th of the total power generation in India.
Ranked 5th largest power generating utility in the world, NTPC is 2 nd most efficient
in capacity utilization among the top ten thermal generating companies according to
survey conducted by Data Monitor, United Kingdom.
1.2RIHAND STPP:

Whole NTPC has been divided into five regions, named as Eastern region, Southern
region, Northern region, Western region, and National Capital region. The foundation
stone of Rihand super thermal power project was laid down on 9 February 1982. It is
one of the NTPCs best power plants, in the northern region constructed by Northern
Engineering Industries (U.K.) and Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd (INDIA). Rihand
completes the power triangle with Singrauli STPS, Vidhychal STPS. It is situated in
Bijpur village and in the industrial belt of the district Sonebhadra of Uttar Pradesh,
which is situated at the border of MP&UP.

This plant is situated at the south bank of Rihand Reservoir (GovindBallabh Pant
Sagar), made artificially. Its area is about 50x10 sq. Km. It is a large reservoir, having
huge mass of water, from which five thermal power plants and one hydro power plant
takes water for operation.

The capacity of RhSTPP, I stage of 2X500 MW and II stage of 2X500 MW plant and
III stage of 2X500 MW. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system is
the unique feature of this plant. It is used to transmit DC current from this plant to
Delhi. It was made first in Asia.
Rihand Nagar project is known for its implacable standard of quality & productivity, a
hallmark of NTPC. Rihand has taken further strides to become a trendsetter in various
facets of power generation, environment management, rehabilitation and resettlement,
ash utilization, safety etc. Thus, Rihand is a self-contained power station with all
necessary system.

NTPC Rihand is ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 10000, ISO 14001 certified firm. It also
meets the standard of SA 8000:2001

1.3Station At A Glance :

SALIENT FEATURE

Location: Bijpur village, Distt. Sonebhadra(U.P.).

Total capacity: 3000 MW, in 3 stages each of 2 x 500

MW each.

Present capacity: 1000 MW (STAGE-1) by NEI

1000 MW (STAGE-2) by BHEL
1000 MW (STAGE-3) by BHEL

Total land (in acres): UP MP Total

4680 1752 6432

Power Evacuation: +/-500kV HVDC Bipolar line to Dadri

(Delhi),
400kV single circuit AC line to
Shaktinagar, Singrauli, Allahabad,
Vindhyachal, Sasan.

Beneficiary States: UP, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Jammu

Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Delhi.

Financing: Export Credit of Pound sterling 344million,

Aid from Govt. of U.K. Pound sterling 177
million.
Govt. of India afforded the rest cost of the
project.

Major Resources:

COAL -(a) Source : Amlori and Dudhichuamines.

 (b) Maximum Consumption: 43,300 T /Day for 3000 MW
(E-Grade Coal).

(c) Mode of Transportation: MGR Rail Transportation System.

WATER- (a) Source : Rihand Reservoir.

(b) Maximum Consumption: 300 cusecs.

(c) Cooling water required: 1500cusecs for 1000MW.

Chimney: 225mts (Stage 1)

275 mts (Stage 2)
275 mts (Stage 3)

Ash disposal: Ash slurry pumped to Ash Dyke.

Commencement of work: 09/02/1983

2.0 PLANT OVERVIEW:

The stage I of RHSTPP comprises 2 x 500 MW turbo generator units, associated boilers
and ancillary plant and 400 kV and 132 kV switchyards. The steam generators are of
the controlled circulation type with a maximum continuous rating of approximately 5%
higher than the turbine M.C.R. The boilers are pulverized coal fired each with 8
pressurized mills delivering fuel to 32 burners situated in the corners of the combustion
furnace. Each boiler is capable of maintaining its maximum continuous rating with six
mills in service. Fixed heavy fuel oil burners are provided for lighting up and mill
support at loads of up to 30% of M.C.R.

High pressure steam at 170 kg/cm and 540C is delivered to the turbo generator sets.
Each turbine comprises a single flow H.P. cylinder, a double flow I.P. cylinder and two
double flow L.P. cylinders exhausting to under slug condensers. The cooling water is
drawn from the Rihand reservoir through an inlet channel and tunnels to the cooling
water pump house adjacent to the power station. Six vertical pumps deliver cooling
water to the condensers is returned to the lake via an outlet channel downstream of the
intake.

Raw water for the water treatment plant is fed from the main cooling water system and
is taken to a pretreatment plant comprising two clarifiers. After clarification the
pretreated water is then taken to eight gravity filters and two streams of ion exchangers
together with associated chemical preparation and regeneration equipment.
Demineralised water is stored in two 1500m storage tanks and distributed to satisfy the
station make up requirements.
Coal for the power station is supplied from the nearby Amlori open cast coalfield being
delivered to the power station by a merry-go-round rail system. The coal arrives in
trains of thirty wagons each having capacity of 60 tones. Mechanism utilized is bottom
opening hopper rail wagons. Here F & G grades of coal are used due to which coal
consumption compared to NTPC KORBA is less & hence efficiency is enhanced. The
coal handling plant, at the power station site, transports the coal from the rail-unloading
hopper to the boiler raw coal bunkers with facilities for crushing, stockpiling, screening
and sampling of the coal.

Heavy fuel oil for boiler light up and mill support will also be delivered by rail and
unloaded into oil storage tanks. Heating of the tanker wagons, pipe-work and storage
tanks will be steam fed from the station auxiliary boilers. The heavy fuel oil system is
designed to handle the unloading of 76 of the 20 tones rail tankers by a manually
controlled operator. The off-loaded oil is held in storage tanks fitted with automatic
controls to enable draw off to be made at any time for the main and auxiliary boilers.
Diesel oil can also be delivered by rail or road tankers, off loaded into storage tanks and
distributed as and when required using separate portable tank trailers. All of the ash
from the boilers will be transported in slurry to a disposal area outside the power station
boundary. Rihand is a self-contained power station and includes all necessary auxiliary
services including the provision of compressed air, fire protection, auxiliary water
supplies, standby power and auxiliary steam.

All main power plants can be started up-loaded, unloaded, shut-down, operated and
monitored from the central control room.

Overall control rests with the control room supervisor/unit operators via operator
supervised automatic controls. Each unit control desk has controls and indications for
start-up, shutdown, and normal/emergency operation. In addition the unit control panel
has controls and indications which require less frequent operation and observation. The
station auxiliary systems such as water treatment, cooling water, fuel oil, coal, ash and
dust, and auxiliary boiler, have local control areas with control desks/panels as
required.
400kV and 132kV substations have been built within the site boundaries of theRihand
power station. The 400kV substation is of the one and a half bus bar arrangement and
the 132kV substation is of double bus bar arrangement. The 132kV substation is
interconnected to the 400kv substation via one 400/132kV Inter Bus transformer. Each
of the two 500MW units are connected to the 400kV grid system by three 200MVA
21/400kV generator transformers of the single phases, banked formation type together
with the associated 400kV overhead line connections and circuit breakers. The
electrical system for Rihand is based on the philosophy of a station and a unit
transformer scheme.

Each unit has a separate electrical auxiliary system, a fault in any section of which will
not cause more than one unit to trip under all normal operating conditions. Each unit
transformer is rated to carry continuously the total unit load which the turbo generator
is producing the full output. The station electrical auxiliary system is derived from two
station transformer each of which have the capacity to carry total station auxiliary load
plus the auxiliary load of the unit which starting and running up to 100 MW.
Alternatively each station transformer is rated to carry 50% of the total station services
load plus the auxiliary load of one unit which generating at 500 MW at 0.85 pf

Fig 2.0: Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam control valve 19. Superheater

2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced Draftfan
3. Three-phasetransmission line 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator 14. Coalconveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Boiler feedwater pump 16. Coal pulverizer 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced Draftfan
9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine 18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack

2.1 Production of steam :

Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal handling plant. This coal is
transported up to the raw coal bunkers with the help of belt conveyers. Coal is
transported to ball and race mills by coal feeders. The coal is pulverized in the mill,
where it is ground to a powder form. The mill consists of a round metallic table on
which coal particles fall. This table is rotated with the help of a motor. There are ten
large steel balls which are rotating and moving in race way formed in the bottom
grinding ring. The centrifugal force acting on the coal pushes it towards the rotating
metallic balls, which crushes these coals by the crushing action between the balls and
rotating table. This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through coal pipes with
the help of hot and cold air mixture from P.A. fan; P.A. fan takes suction from
atmosphere, a part of which is send to air preheaters for heating while a part goes
directly to the mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from FD fans is heated in
the air preheaters and sent to the furnace as combustion air.

Water from the boiler feed pump passes through high-pressure (H.P.) heaters and
economizer and reaches the boiler drum. Water from drum passes through down comers
and boiler circulation pumps and goes to bottom ring header. Water from the bottom
ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace. Due to the forced circulation
the water rise up in the water wall tubes water is partly converted to steam as it rises up
in the furnace. This steam and water mixture is again taken to the boiler drum where the
steam is separated from the water. Water follows the same path while the steam is sent
to superheaters for superheating. The superheaters are located inside the furnace and the
steam is superheated to 540C and finally it goes to turbine. Flue gases from the furnace
are extracted by the induced draft (I.D) fan which maintains balance draft in the furnace
with forced draft (FD) fans. These flue gases emits there heat energy to various
superheaters and finally passes through economizer, air preheaters and goes to
electrostatic precipitators where the ash particles are extracted. Electrostatic
precipitators consist of metal plate, which are electrically charged. Ash particles are
attracted on to these plates, which get electrically charged. Ash particles are attracted on
to these plates, so that they do not pass through chimney to pollute the atmosphere.
Regular mechanical hammer blows cause the accumulation of ash to fall to the bottom
of the precipitator where they are collected in the hoppers for disposal. This ash is
mixed with water toform slurry and is pumped to ash pond.

2.2 Steam to power conversion :

From the boiler two steam pipes convey steam to the turbine through stop valves
(which can be used to shut off steam in an emergency) and through control valves that
automatically regulates the supply of steam to the turbine. Stop valves and control
valves are located in the steam chest and governing system operates the control valves
to regulate the amount of steam used (This depends upon the speed of the turbine and
the amount of the electricity required from the generator).

Steam from the control valve enters the high-pressure (H.P.) cylinders of the turbine,
where it passes through a ring of stationary blades fixed to the cylinder valves. These
act as nozzles and direct the steam into a second ring of moving blades mounted on a
disk secured to the turbine shaft. This second ring turns the shaft as a result of the force
of steam. The stationary and moving blades together constitute a stage of the turbine
and in practice many stages are necessary, so that the cylinder contains a number of
rings of stationary blades with rings of moving blades arranged between them.
The steam passes through each stage in turn it reaches the end of the (H.P.) Cylinder
and in its passage some of its heat energy is changed into mechanical energy. The steam
leaving the high-pressure cylinder goes back to the boiler for reheating and returns by
two further pipes to the intermediate pressure (I.P.) cylinders. Here it passes through
another series of stationary and moving blades.
Finally the steam is taken to the two low-pressure (L.P.) cylinders, each of which enters
at the centre flowing outwards in opposite directions through the rows of turbine blades
an arrangement known as double flow to the extremities of the cylinder. As the steam
gives up its heat energy to drive the turbine, its temperature and pressure fall and it
expands. Because of this expansion the blades are much large and longer towards the
low-pressure ends of the turbines.

The turbine shaft usually rotates at 3000 r.p.m. This speed is determined by the
frequency of the electrical system used in this country and is the speed at which a two-
pole generator much be driven to generate alternating current at a frequency of 50
cycles/second. When as much energy as possible has been extracted from the steam it is
exhausted directly to the condenser. This runs the length of the low-pressure (L.P.) part
of the turbine and may be beneath and on either side of it. The condenser consists of a
large vessel containing some 20000 tubes, each about 25 mm in diameter. Cold raw
water is circulated through these tubes and as the steam from the turbine passes round
them it is rapidly condensed into water condensate. Because water has a much smaller
comparative volume than steam, a vacuum is created in the condenser. This allows the
steam to reduce down to pressure below that of the normal atmosphere and some
energy can be utilized.

From the condenser, the condensate is pumped through low-pressure (L.P.) heaters by
the condensate extraction pumps (C.E.P.) after which its pressure is raised to boiler
pressure by the boiler feed pump (B.F.P.). It is passed through further feed heaters to
economizers and the boiler drum for reconversion in to steam. Here the cooling water
for power station is drawn from Rihand reservoir and return directly to the source after
use. A unit generating 500 MW electricity requires about 66183 m of water per hour
for cooling purposes.
 Fig :Electric Power Supply System

3.0 GENERATOR (STEAM TURBINE) :

The generator is hydrogen cooled with direct hydrogen cooling for rotor winding and
indirect hydrogen cooling for stator winding. The heat losses in the generator interior
are dissipated to the secondary coolant through hydrogen. The hydrogen cooler is a
shell and tube type heat exchanger. The heat removed from hydrogen is dissipated
through the cooling water. The cooling water flows through the tubes, while the
hydrogen is passed around the finned. The stator winding is a fractional pitch two layer
types consisting of two individual bars. The stator winding is connected to the
generator interior. The stator winding connections are brought out to the bushings
located at the exciter end.
 Fig 3.0: Generator (Steam Turbine)

3.1 General :

The two-pole generator uses direct water cooling for the stator winding, phase
connectors and bushings and direct hydrogen cooling for the rotor winding. The losses
in the remaining generator components, such as iron losses, windage losses and stray
losses, are also dissipated through hydrogen. The generator frame is pressure-resistant
and gastight and equipped with one stator end shield on each side. The hydrogen
coolers are arranged vertically inside the turbine and stator end shield. The generator
consists of the following components :

Stator
Stator frame
End shields
Stator core
Stator winding
Hydrogen coolers

Rotor
Rotor shaft
Rotor winding
Rotor retaining rings
Field connections
Bearing
Shaft seals

The following additional auxiliaries are required for generator operation :

Oil system
Gas system
 Primary water system
Excitation system

3.2 Cooling System :

The heat losses arising in the generator interior are dissipated to the secondary coolant
(raw water, condensate etc.) through hydrogen and primary water. Direct cooling
essentially eliminates hot spots and differential temperatures between adjacent
components which could result in mechanical stresses, particularly to the copper
conductors, insulation, and rotor body and stator core.

3.3 Hydrogen Cooling Circuit :

The hydrogen is circulated in the generator interior in a closed circuit by one multi-
stage axial-flow fan arranged on the rotor at the turbine end. Hot gas is drawn by the
fan from the air gap and delivered to the coolers, where it is re-cooled and then divided
into three flow paths after each cooler.

Flow path Iis directed into the rotor at the turbine end below the fan hub for cooling of
the turbine end half of the rotor.

Flow path IIis directed from the coolers to the individual frame compartments for
cooling of the stator core.

Flow path IIIis directed to the stator end winding space at the exciter end through
guide ducts in the frame for cooling of the exciter end half of the rotor and of the core
end portions. The three flows mix in the air gap. The gas is then returned to the coolers
via the axial-flow fan. The cooling water flow through the hydrogen coolers should be
automatically controlled to maintain a uniform generator temperature level for various
loads and cold water temperatures.

3.4 Cooling of Rotor :

For direct cooling of the rotor winding, cold gas is directed to the rotor end windings at
the turbine and exciter ends. The rotor winding is symmetrical relative to the generator
center line and pole axis. Each coil quarter is divided into two cooling zones. The first
cooling zone consists of the rotor end winding and the second one of the winding
portion between the rotor body end and the mid-point of the rotor. Cold gas is directed
to each cooling zone through separate openings directly before the rotor body end. The
hydrogen flows through each individual conductor in closed cooling ducts. The heat
removal capacity is selected such that approximately identical temperatures are
obtained for all conductors. The gas of the first cooling zone is discharged from the
coils at the pole center into a collecting compartment within the pole area below the end
winding. From there the hot gas passes into the air gap through pole face slots at the
end of the rotor body. The hot gas of the second cooling zone is discharged into the air
gap at mid-length of the rotor body through radial openings in the hollow conductors
and wedges.

3.5 Cooling of Stator Core :

For cooling of the stator core, cold gas is admitted to the individual frame
compartments via separate cooling gas ducts. From these frame compartments the gas
then flows into the air gap through slots in the core where it absorbs the heat from the
core. To dissipate the higher losses in the core ends, the cooling gas slots are closely
spaced in the core end sections to ensure effective cooling. These ventilating ducts are
supplied with cooling gas directly from the end winding space. Another flow path is
directed from the stator end winding space past the clamping fingers between the
pressure plate and core end section into the air gap. A further flow path passes into the
air gap along either side of the flux shield. All the flows mix in the air gap and cool the
rotor body and stator bore surfaces. The gas is then returned to the coolers via the axial-
flow fan. To ensure that the cold gas directed to the exciter end cannot be directly
discharged into the air gap, an air gap choke is arranged within the range of the stator
end winding cover and the rotor retaining ring at the exciter end.

3.6 Primary Cooling water Circuit in the Generator :

The treated water used for cooling of the stator winding phase connectors and bushings
is designated as primary water in order to distinguish it from the secondary coolant
(raw water, condensate, etc.). The primary water is circulated in a closed circuit and
dissipates water is circulated in a closed circuit and dissipates the absorbed heat to the
secondary cooling water in the primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with hot
primary water from the primary water tank and delivers the water to the generator via
the coolers. The cooled water flow is divided into two flow paths as described in the
following paragraphs.

Flow path 1 cools the stator windings. This flow path first passes to a water manifold
on the exciter end to the generator and from there to the stator bars via insulated hoses.
Each individual bar is connected to the manifold by a separate hose. Inside the bars the
cooling water flows through hollow strands. At the turbine end, the water is passed
through similar hoses to another water manifold and then returned to the primary water
tank. Since a single pass water flow through the stator is used, only a minimum
temperature rise is obtained for both the coolant and the bars. Relative movements due
to different thermal expansions between the top and bottom bars are thus minimized.

Flow path 2 cools the phase connectors and bushings. The bushings and phase
connectors consist of thick-walled copper tubes through which the cooling water is
circulated. The six bushings and the phase connectors arranged in a circle around the
stator end winding are hydraulically interconnected so that three parallel flowpaths are
obtained. The primary water enters three bushings and exists from the three remaining
bushings. The secondary water flow through the primary water cooler should be
controlled automatically to maintain a uniform generator temperature level for various
loads and cold water temperatures.
3.7 Exciter :

Design Feature:

The exciter consists of :

Rectifier wheels
Three-phase pilot exciter
Cooler
Metering and supervisory equipment

Fig 3.7 : Exciter

The three-phase pilot exciter has a revolving held with permanent magnet poles. The
three-phase ac generated by the permanent-magnet pilot exciter is rectified and
controlled by the TVR to provide a variable dc current for exciting the main exciter.
The three-phase ac induced in the rotor of the main exciter. The three-phase ac induced
in the rotor of the main exciter is rectified by the rotating rectifier bridge and fed to the
field winding of the generator rotor of the main exciter is rectified by the rotating
rectifier bridge and fed to the field winding of the generator rotor through the dc leads
in the rotor shaft. A common shaft carries the rectifier wheels, the rotor of the main
exciter and the permanent-magnet rotor of the pilot exciter. The shaft is rigidly coupled
to the generator rotor. The exciter shaft is supported on a bearing between the main and
pilot exciters. The generator and exciter rotors are thus supported on total of three
bearings.

Rectifier Wheels
The main-components of the rectifier wheels are the silicon diodes which are arranged
in the rectifier wheels in a three-phase bridge circuit. The contact pressure for the
silicon wafer is produced by a plate spring assembly. The arrangement of the diodes is
such that this contact pressure is increased by the centrifugal force during rotation. Two
diodes each are mounted in each aluminum alloy heat sink and thus connected in
parallel. Associated with each heat sink is a fuse which serves to switch off the two
diodes if one diode fails (loss of reverse blocking capability). For suppression of the
momentary voltage peaks arising from commutation, eachwheel is provided with six
RC networks consisting of one capacitor and one damping resistor each, which are
combined in a single resin- encapsulated unit.

Three-Phase Main Exciter

The three-phase main exciter is a six-pole revolving- armature unit. Arranged in the
stator frame are the poles with the field and damper winding. The field winding is
arranged on the laminated magnetic poles. At the pole shoe bars are provided.Their
ends being connected so as to form a damper winding.Between two poles a quadrature-
axis coil is fitted for inductive measurement of the exciter current.

Three-Phase Pilot Exciter

The three-phase pilot exciter is a 16 pole revolving-field unit. The frame accommodates
the laminated core with the three-phase winding. The rotor consists of a hub with
mounted poles. Each pole consists of 12 separate permanent magnets which are housed
in a non-magnetic metallic enclosure. The magnets are braced between the hub and the
external pole shoe with bolts. The rotor hub is shrunk onto the free shaft end.

Cooling of Exciter

The exciter is air cooled. The cooling air is circulated in a closed circuit and re-cooled
in two cooler sections arranged along side the exciter. The complete exciter is housed in
an enclosure through which the cooling air circulates. The rectifier wheels, housed in
their own enclosure, draw the cool air in at both ends and expel the warmed air to the
compartment beneath the base plate. The main exciter enclosure receives cool air from
the fan after it passes over the pilot exciter. The air enters the main exciter from both
ends and is passed into ducts below the rotor body and discharged through radial slots
in the rotor core to the lower.

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

The AVR provides the maximum limit of field of forcing to two times the rated field
voltage and current of the turbo-generator when the drop in terminal voltage as 5% or
more of the present terminal voltage value. Regulation of reactive current is provided in
the range of 0 to 4% the turbo-generator.
The automatic voltage regulation is quick and has zero dead band. The AVR provides
the excitation requirements of HFEX for both steady as well as transient operational
conditions of the turbo generator. The AVR provides the maximum of field forcing to
two times the rated field voltage and current of the turbo generator is 5% or more of the
present terminal voltage value. The smooth automatic changeover of excitation control
from AVR to manual is carried out in case of AVR failure.

3.8 Assembly Of Turbo Generator:

4.0 POWER TRANSFORMERS :

Transformer is a device or a machine with two or more stationary electrical circuits that
transfer electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another electrical through the
medium of magnetic field without change in frequency.

The electrical circuits which receive energy from the supply mains is primary winding
and the other circuit which delivers electrical energy to the load is called the secondary
winding. Transformer is an electromagnetic energy conversion device. The windings
are not electrically connected but they are magnetically coupled to each other by a
common time varying magnetic field. The voltage levels at the primary and secondary
windings are usually different and any increase or decrease of the secondary voltage is
accompanied by corresponding decrease or increase in current. Transformers are among
the most efficient machines, efficiency of the order of 99% is achievable in high
capacity range.

Power transformers are backbone of the large grid. The power is generated at low
voltage level and has to be carried to far away load centers. Typically the power is
generated at the pit heads i.e. power source like coal, water. It is uneconomical to carry
the bulk power at low voltage levels. Depending upon the requirement the voltage level
is stepped up to the transmission level i.e. 220 or 400 KV. At higher voltages the
transmission losses are less. Similarly at the remote end the voltage is stepped down at
the distribution level. To accomplish the task power transformers are installed and act
as bi- directional element in the system.
Different types of transformers are used at NTPC Rihand as per requirement some of
them are given below :

1. Generator Transformer (G.T)

2. Unit Auxiliary Transformer (U.A.T.)
3. Station Transformer (S.T.)
4. Inter Bus Transformer (I.B.T)

4.1 Generator Transformer:

The generator is connected to this transformer by means of isolated bush ducts. This
transformer is used to step up the generating voltage 21 KV to 400 KV. It is an
important unit because the failure of any one causes the unit to trip. Three Single phase
generator transformers are installed per unit. These transformers are generally provided
OFAF cooling system and consist of six oil pumps & 12 fans in each transformer. It is
provided with off circuit taps on the high voltage side.

Rating

Eachtransformer bank is suitable for continuous primary to secondary loading of

600MVA
(3 x 200MVA Single Phase Units).
Voltage ratio is 21/400kV, with tappings on higher voltage winding for a variation of
plus 16.25% to minus 6.25% in 18 steps of 1.25% actuated by means of an on load tap
changer gear (19 tap positions).

Winding connections are :

L.V (2 layers) - Delta Connected Bank
H.V - Star Connected Bank
Tapping - Star Connected Bank
Core Construction

The cores of Single phase, 3 limbs (1 wound limb) constructed with mitred joints.
Laminations of high grade Cold Reduced Grain Oriented Core Steel are used.
Laminations are insulated by a phosphate coating applied during manufacture of sheet
and an additional coating of varnish. The yokes are securely clamped between top and
bottom core clamps, which in turn are fitted with steel tie rods to relieve the strain on
core during lifting.
The cores and clamps are securely earthed to tank at one point only.

Windings

These are arranged in following order :

Windings Type
L.V Two Layers, Spiral
H.V Continuous & Interleaved Disc
 Tapping Inter Spiral

Winding conductors are insulated with paper for LV/HV/TAP windings and windings
are clamped between top and bottom clamp rings.

Fig 2: Generator Transformer (G.T.)

4.2 Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT) :

The UAT draws its input from the main bus duct connecting generator to the Generator
transformer. There is one unit auxiliary transformer for each unit. It steps down the
voltage from 21 KV to 11 KV which is required for major plant auxiliaries to drive
conveyors, BFP, FD fans, PA Fan, ID Fans, bowl Mills, CWP, CEP, ESP and crushers.
This transformer has a capacity of 45 MVA .
 Fig 4.2: Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT)

4.3 Station Transformer (ST) :

The station transformer is required to feed to the auxiliaries during start ups. This
transformer is normally rated for the initial auxiliary load requirements of unit. There is
one station transformer provided to step down the voltage form 132 KV to 11 KV.One
station transformer for one unit. These transformers have a capacity of 80 MVA. They
serve as the standby source of supply to auxiliaries.

Fig 4.3: Station Transformer (S.T)

4.4 Inter Bus Transformer:

At NTPC Rihand interconnection of 132 KV switch yard to 400 KV switchyard carried
out by a threephase 400/132 KV Inter Bus transformer. Autotransformers are used when
transformation ratio is between 1 and 2 and above 315 MVA.
The Inter Bus Transformer is installed to evacuate power from the 132 KV switchyard
generated by 2 X 500 MW thermal Units.
All these transformers are star-star connected transformers with neutral solidly
grounded. A third winding called tertiary winding at much lower voltage i.e. 33 KV, is
also provide and is connected in delta to facilitate the flow of third harmonic current to
reduce distortion of in the output voltage.
To reduce overall size of the transformer, the transformer is provided with oil force and
air forced type cooling at its 100% rating. However, to save the energy, the cooling
system is controlled by the temperature of the winding.
The transformers are also equipped with On Load Tap Changer to meet the change in
voltage variation. Typically the Tap changer provides variation between +/- 10 % of the
nominal voltage. i.e., 400 KV with a variation of 0.5% at each Tap.

Fig 4.4: Inter Bus Transformer

5.0 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER:

5.1 Main Tank :

Transformer winding wound on the core is placed in the tank which is filled with
insulating or transformer oil. A pipe that connects main tank to conservator tank is
provided for oil expansion. Oil circulates through radiating tubes or fins provided in the
radiator banks to dissipate heat into the atmosphere. This tank is sealed to avoid ingress
of moisture and air.

Fig 5.1: Main Tank

5.2 Magnetic core And Winding:

Core of transformer is made of stampings of Cold-Rolled Grain Oriented (CRGO)

silicon steel. These stampings are insulated from each other by applying thin layer of
varnish to reduce eddy current losses.
Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies have cores made of many thin
laminations of silicon steel. By concentrating the magnetic flux, more of it is usefully
linked by both Primary and
Secondary windings, which are made of copper. Since the steel core is conductive, it
too has currents induced in it by the changing magnetic flux. Each layer is insulated
from the adjacent layer to reduce the energy lost to eddy current heating of the core.
The thin laminations are used to reduce the eddy currents, and the insulation is used to
keep the laminations from acting as a solid piece of steel. The thinner the laminations,
the lower the eddy currents, and lower the losses.
5.3 Conservator:

The transformer is filled with oil. As the oil gets heated its density reduces and thus
volume increases and when oil is cooled, it contracts thus creating vacuum. To take care
of the oil expansion and contraction conservator is provided and it is open to air
through silica gel breather. Even though silica gel absorbs the moisture entering into the
conservator,however it in not
completely moisture free. The oil absorbs oxygen and moisture from the air and starts
degrading. To prevent the oil degradation large transformers are provided with air bag
in the conservator. Air bag prevents the contact of air with the oil and provides the
suitable expansion space for oil.

Fig 5.3: Conservator

5.4 Breather:

It is outside the main tank and is connected with the conservator tank. During
expansion of oil, the oil level inside the conservator increases and air cell contracts and
thus air inside is pushed out. But then oil cools down, air cell expands and air is sucked
inside. This atmospheric air contains moisture and if it comes in contact with oil, the
property of oil degrades. This is avoided by placing drying agent in the breather i.e.
Silica Gel, which sucks the moisture from air. In normal conditions color of silica gel is
blue; when color changes to Pale Pink it should be replaced.
 Fig 5.4: Breather
5.5 Bushing:

Porcelain bushings are provided on both sides of the tank from which end terminals of
HV and LV windings are connected to external circuit. These bushings insulate the
winding terminals from the body. Bushings are also filled with the transformer oil,
which serves two functions i.e. cooling and insulating.

Fig 5.5: Bushing

5.6 Tap changers:

Windings on both the primary and secondary of power transformers may have external
connections (called taps) to intermediate points on the winding to allow adjustment of
the voltage ratio. Taps may be connected to an automatic/manual, on-load tap changeror
off-load tap changer for voltage regulation of distribution circuits.

Fig 5.6: Tap Changer Control Box

6.0 COOLINGOF TRANSFORMER:

During operation of transformer, the temperature of oil and the winding in the
transformer increases w.r.t. load current. For proper operation, temperature of
transformer oil and winding must be kept within limit respectively by cooling of
transformer.

6.1 Transformer oil for cooling:

The oil helps cool the transformer. Because it also provides part of the electrical
insulation between internal live parts, it must remain stable at high temperatures over
an extended period. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank
may have radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or
high-power transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans,
oil pumps and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. Large and high-voltage transformers
undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical sell-heating, dry application of a
vacuum or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water vapor before
the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent
electrical breakdown under load.

It is EHV grade Naphthenic based transformer oil. The various desirable properties of
the transformer oil are as follows:
 Higher Breakdown Voltage

More Resistivity

Lesser Dissipation Factor

Higher Flash Point

6.2 Types of Cooling:

During operation of transformer, the temperature of oil and the winding in the
transformer increases w.r.t. load current. For proper operation, temperature of
transformer oil and winding must be kept within limit i.e. below 50 C and 90 C
respectively. In transformer there are three types of cooling systems:

1. Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

In this type of cooling system, oil and air flows naturally.

2. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

When load on the transformer is around 125 MVA this type of cooling is provided. As
natural air is not so efficient to cool down the oil and bring it to safe limits. So air is
forced on the radiating fins with help of fans installed below the radiator fins.

3. Oil Forced Air forced (OFAF)

With further increase in load, more heat is generated which necessitates forced cooling
of oil. This is achieved by energizing the pumps placed at the bottom near the main
tank. These pumps force the oil to flow frequently through the radiating fins for cooling
of the transformer.
6.3 Fans and Pumps For Cooling:

The fans are intended for blowing air vertically upwards on the bank of radiators to
increase the rate of cooling in radiators to increase the rate of cooling in radiators.
 Fig 6.3: Fans and Pumps

The circulating oil pump set for transformers consists of a centrifugal pump with in-line
suction and delivery openings at 900 to each other. The pump has top delivery arid end
suction. This pump is driven by a three phase, 50 cycles, two pole, and squirrel cage
induction motor suitable for operation at 415V 10%. The set can he mounted on the
transformer. The oil is sucked from the tank of the transformer and after flowing
through the transformer oil cooler returns to the tank. Thus, this is a closed cycle
operation and the pump is required to just develop the pressure necessary for
overcoming the frictional head during the flow through the cooler.

7.0 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:

For protection of transformer different types of protective equipments are used, some of
them are given below :

1. Temperature Indicator

OTI High Alarm& Trip

WTI High Alarm& Trip

2. Oil Level Indicator

Low Oil Level Alarm

3. Buchholz Relay

Alarm & Trip

4. Pressure Relief Valve Alarm& Trip

5. Magnetic Oil Flow Indicator Oil Flow Low Alarm

 6. Lightning Arrester

7. Mulsifire Protection

8. Differential Protection

9. Directional Over Current Protection

10. Restricted Earth Fault Protection

11. Over Fluxing Protection

7.1 Temperature Indicators:

Temperatures indicators are precise instruments, specially designed for protection of

transformers.They perform the following functions:
Indicate maximum oil temperature and maximum or hottest spot temperature of
winding.
Operate an alarm or a trip circuit at a predetermined temperature.
Switch on the cooling equipment when the winding attains a preset high
temperature and switch it off when the temperature drops by an established
differential.

Two separate instruments are used for indicating oil and winding temperatures.

Fig 7.1: Temperature Indicators

7.2 Oil Temperature Indicator:

The equipment operating on the principle of liquid expansion provides local indication
of the top oil temperature. The temperature is given by a thermometer bulb with is
connected by capillary tubing to the local indicator. The pocket of the indicator is to be
filled with oil. The indicator is fitted with maximum pointes and two mercury switches.
Out of which one is used for alarm and other is for tripping switches are suitable for
5A, 250V AC or D.C. oil alarm temperature is 80C and tripping temperature is 90C.

7.3 Winding Temperature Indicator:

This equipment gives continuous indication of the temperature of the windings and
initiates alarm when the temperature exceeds a certain limit and trip the transformer
from the circuit.
The winding temperature transmitter is places in an oil filled pocket on the transformer
tank cover.
Inside the transmitter is fitted with a heating resistance, which is fed by current
proportional to the loading current of transformer from a current transformer associated
to the loaded winding of thetransformer. The temperature increase of the leading
resistance is thereby proportional to the ten1perature of the winding over the top oil
temperature.
The winding temperature transmitter is located in the zone of hottest oil. Therefore, it
senses both the temperature, increase of the heating resistance & loop oil temperature.
In this way transmitter
measures the temperature in the hottest part of the winding i.e. hot spot temperature.
When temperature approaches at 55C it gives the command to start of fans. Capillary
tubing to the local indicator connects thermometer bulb. The indicator is fitted with a
maximum pointer and four mercury switches. Out of the four one contact is for alarm,
other for tripping, third one is for controlling fan and fourth is spare itches are suitable
for 5A, 250 V AC or DC. Winding alarm temperature is 90C and tripping temperature
is 105C.

7.4 Oil Level Indicator:

Normally all transformers are provided with an expansion vessel called conservator, to
take care of expansion in the oil volume due to rise in temperature. When the load on
the transformer increases or due to increase in ambient temperature, the oil level in the
conservator consequently goes up. Conversely, it falls when the temperature or load
reduces.
It is essential that the oil level in the conservator is maintained above pre-determined
minimum level. The audible alarm operates in the event of oil level drop to near empty
position in the conservator. A bloat is used as a sensor which moves with rise and fall of
the oil level. The pointer is also magnetically operated and picks tip the correct oil
level.
 Fig 7.4: Oil Level Indicator

7.5 Buchholz Relay:

The relay serves as main protection for any minor or major faults that may develop
inside a transformer. Such faults always result in generation of gases which causes the
operation of mercury switches giving signal for audible alarm or isolates the
transformer from the network.

It comprises a cast housing which contains two pivoted buckets, each bucket being
counter-balanced by a weight. Each assembly carries a mercury switch, the leads from
which are taken to a mounded terminal block.

The relay is mounted in the pipe at an inclination of 3-7 degree. In healthy condition of
the transformer, the relay is full of oil and both mercury switches are open. In the event
of a minor fault like damage to core bolt insulation, local overheating etc., the arcing
causes slow generation of gas in the oil. This passes up in the pipe and gets trapped in
the relay housing. As gas accumulates, the oil level in the relay falls, leaving the top
bucket full of oil.
When a sufficient volume of gas is collected in the relay, the top bucket, because of its
extra weight due to oil contained tilts, overcoming the balance weight which closes the
mercury switch and initiates an audible alarm.
With a major fault like short-circuit between turns, coils or between phases; the
generation of gases is rapid and the gas and the displaced oil surges through the relay
and impinges on the baffle plates, causing the lower assembly to tilt and close the
mercury switch and provide signal for tripping the circuit breaker, which disconnects
the transformer from the network.
 Fig 7.5: Buchholz Relay

7.6 Lightning Arrester:

Generally LAs are installed in the switchyard at the entry point of the transmission line
and on both sides of large power transformers to protect the equipments from
Lightening and switching surges.

The lightening arresters provide protection against the high voltage lightning waves on
the transmission line and from the switching surges. All the windings of the
transformers are protected with the LAs against switching surges and lightning waves.
The LAs are installed to protect the windings of the transformers. The present practice
is to install Metal oxide i.e. ZnO type LAs because of the superior characteristic.
Fig 7.6: Diagram of Bushing Tan delta and Capacitance Test

7.7 Neutral Grounding:

The process of connecting neutral point of transformer to earth either directly or

through some circuit element is called neutral grounding.

Neutral grounding provides protection personal and equipment. It is because during

earth fault the current path is completed through the earthed neutral and the protective
devices operate to isolate
faulty conductor from the rest of the system.

Fig 7.7: Neutral Grounding

8.0 A.C MOTOR :

Operation:

Three phase induction motor stator connected to a three phase supply produces a
rotating magnetic field. Speed of rotation is proportional to main frequency and
inversely proportion to the number of pairs of poles.

NS = 120x Supply Frequency

Pairs of poles
Stator can have concentric single layer windings with each coil side occupying one
stator slot. In practice many types of stator windings may be encountered. Two of the
most common types are illustrated:

Distributed winding: Each winding is distributed over a no. of stator slots.

Double layer winding: Each stator slot contains sides of two separate coils.

Industrial motor:

There are various types and sizes of motors used in power station. These are used for
various purposes as prime movers.
They are categorized as :

High Tension (HT) Motors : HT motors used in conjunction with various heavy-duty
equipments.
Motors of voltage ratings of 11 kV and 3.3 kV fall under this category. These are
Forced Draft, Induced Draft, Primary Air and other fans, Boiler Feed pumps, Cooling
Water pumps etc. These motor has certain special features like cooling, auto starting,
interlocks and controls.

11 kV Motors 3.3 kV Motors

Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) Coal Mill
Induced Draft Fan (ID Fan) ECW pump
Forced Draft Fan (FD Fan) Coal Crusher
Primary Air Fan (PA Fan) Conveyor
Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP) Ash Slurry

Low Tension Motors : LT motors are used in innumerable places in the power plant and
their voltage rating is 415 V and below.

Faults of motors &causes :

High no. of starts in an hour

The use of incorrect fuses.
Incorrect oil levels in fluid couplings.
Non calibration of protective relays as pre schedules.
9.0 SWITCHGEAR:

Switchgear is an electrical functional switch use for starting any drive and provides
protection to the drive during on load condition. Switchgear in general covers a wide
range of equipments concerned with switching, controlling and protection. The
switchgear equipments are required for maintaining continuous and reliable supply and
to automatically isolate faulty equipment or circuit anywhere in the supply system.

Switchgear is basically of two types:

Low-tension switchgear
High-tension switchgear

Low Tension (LT) Switchgear :

Protection is provided by the LT switchgear up to the range 1000V and the components
used in the LT switchgear are:

Relays
Contactor
Isolators
Fuses
Circuit breaker

High Tension (HT) Switchgear :

Protection is provided by the HT switchgear at high voltages (in kV) and the
components used in the HT switchgear are:

Oil switches
Isolators
Circuit breakers
HRC fuse up to medium voltages
Lightning arrester
Current transformers
Potential transformers
HT SWGR (11 KV & 3.3 KV) RELAYS DETAIL

Sr. Relay Relay Details Remark

Nos. Name.
50 Instt. Over current relay Breaker tripping
51IR, 51IB Over Load relays with time delay 51I1, 51I2 are the same
(breaker tripping)
50A Over Load alarm relay Alarm
50N, 50N1, Instt. Earth Fault relay Breaker tripping
50N2, 50N3
87M, 87T Differential protn. for motors & Breaker tripping
transformers
94 Anti-pumping relay Start permissive
95 Trip circuit supervision relay For ddcmis, analyze breaker
trip circuit healthiness
96 SF6 breaker gas pressure low Sense SF6 bkr gas pr. low
30A Transf. oil temp. high (OTI) Alarm + tripping
30B Transf. Winding temp. high (WTI) Alarm + tripping
30C Transf. Buchholz relay Alarm + tripping
30D Transf. PRV & oil level low Alarm + tripping
30E Transf. Tap changing limit switch Alarm + tripping
86 Trip relay / Lock out relay Breaker tripping
50 LR Instt. Locked Rotor Breaker tripping
25C Check synchronizing relay For synchronizing of 11kv bus
2A, 2B Time delay relay (timer), 0.1 1.0 sec.
27R,27Y,27B U/V relay 27m1, 27m2,27m3 are same
27N U/V relay No volt relay.
27T U/V time delay relay (timer) 0.5-5sec
80A, 80B DC Supply (220vdc) supervision relay For dc supply healthiness
98 Fuse failure relay For bus pt & line pt 3.3kv
&11kv side fuse failure

LT SWGR (415V) RELAYS DETAIL

1. CTU-32 Three pole definite time delay over For over loading
current relay Time delayed
2. 86 Lock out relay Breaker tripping
3. 95 Trip circuit supervision relay For ddcmis, analyze breaker
trip circuit healthiness
4. 27R, 27Y, U/V relay
27B
10.0SWITCHYARD& TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENTS :
Transformers
Isolators
Circuit breakers
Lightning Arrestors
Current Transformers
Potential Transformers
Bus bars & Clamp fittings
Supporting structures for the hanging Buses
Control relay panel
 ISOLATOR:

FUNCTION: Disconnecting a part of system from live parts under no load condition.
When carrying out Inspection or Repair on any installation in the Sub-Station, it is essential to
disconnect reliably the unit or section to be worked on from all other live parts in order to ensure
complete safety of the working staff. This should be done by an apparatus which makes a visible
break in the circuit. This apparatus is the Isolator or Isolating switch.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

Circuit Breakers are essential to remove the abnormal conditions from the system.
Circuit Breakers should be capable of;
Carrying continuously maximum current of the system.
Make and Break the Circuit under normal working conditions.
Make and break the circuit under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.
When closed on fault it should not get damaged.
Circuit Breaker are installed accompanied by isolator.
In Rihand switchyard have SF6 Circuit breaker.
SF6 is used as arc quenching medium.
To operate the circuit Breaker Compressed Air or Pressurized Oil is used.

WHEN IS CT REQUIRED ?

Electrical Systems in which large amount of current(to the tune of 100 amps or more)flow , Direct
Measurement of that current is not possible as devices used for measurement of current are not
designed to Handel such huge amount of current.

WHY IS CT REQUIRED?

The Sysems which carries current means there is a souece which injectsnthe current into
the system and there is a load which consume the current(or power energy). Such a system
has two basic requirements:
Metering of Energy sourced or consumed.
Protection of the Electrical System from faults and disturbances

HOW IS CT CONNECTED?

CT has a Primary and one or more Secondary Windings. Secondary windings wound around the
Magnetic Core . Metering and Protection devices are connected to the secondaries of the CT.
PRIMARY

Is
S1

P1
M/R

P2

S2

CT Equivalent Circuit

Compensating Reactor
PLCC

The Powerline Carrier communication equipment provide a secure & reliable information link
for carrier aided distance protection & direct tripping of remote end breaker & also for
communication between station.
IN PLC the carrier currents are modulated by voicw frequency currents and the modulated
currents are transmitted over the power lines.
Since telephone communication works at low voltages, they cannot be directly connected to high
voltage line. Suitably coupling devices have, therefore to be employed. The equipment used are:
Wave traps
CVT

FUNCTION OF PLCC:

The Objective of line Trap is to Restrict communication transmission over high voltage line to given
line to given line sections and prevent carrier frequency signal from being carried over to adjacent
network section. Line traps are provided at overhead line termination in series with the phases used
for signaling. Line ttars are tuned to power frequency whereas they offer high impedance to carrier
frequency.
Wave Trap

COUPLING CAPACITOR

Fig 22: Switchyard (400 KV)

11.0 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR :
The electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are extensively used in the thermal power plant or steam power
plant for removal of fly ash from the electric utility boiler emissions. The use of electrostatic
precipitators is growing rapidly because of the new strict air code and environmental laws.

The dust laden gas is passed between the oppositely charged conductors and becomes ionized as the
voltage applied between the conductors is sufficiently large (30kV to 70kV depending upon the
electrodes spacing). As the dust laden gas is passed through the highly charged electrodes, both
negative and positive ions are formed (negative ions will be as high as 80%).

An electrostatic precipitator is equipment, which utilizes intense electric field to separate suspended
particle from the flue gases. The processes involved are:
Electrical charging of suspended particles
Collection of charged particles on conducting electrodes
Removal of particles from conducting electrodes

The flue gases pass between electrodes and are subjected to an intense electric field. The emitting
electrodes are connected to negative polarity of HV power supply while collecting electrodes are
connected to the positive polarity and grounded.

The HV power supply equipment consists of two parts:

The high voltage transformer rectifier (HVR)
Electronic controller (EC)
The EC-HVR equipment provides high voltage DC across precipitator electrodes.

11.1Layout Of Electrostatic Precipitator :

Fig 11.1: Electrostatic Precipitator

11.2 Advantages of Electrostatic Precipitators :

This is more effective to remove small particles like smoke, mist and fly ash. Its range of
dust removal is sufficiently large. The small dust particles below 10 micron cannot be
removed with the help of mechanical separators and wet scrubbers cannot be used if
sufficient water is not available. Under these circumstances, electrostatic precipitators are
very effective.

Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) is also most effective for high dust loaded gas (as high as
100 grams per cu meter). Its efficiency is as high as 99.9% .

The drought loss of the separator is the least of all forms.

The maintenance charges are less compared to all other separators.

Electrostatic Precipitators provide ease of operation.

The dust or fly-ash is collected in dry form and can be removed either dry or wet.

11.3 Disadvantages of Electrostatic Precipitators :

The direct current (DC) is not available with the modern thermal power plants. Hence
considerable electrical equipment is required to convert from ac to dc (70kV dc). This
increases the capital cost of the equipment.

The running charges are also high as the amount of power required for charging is
considerably high.

The space required for electrostatic precipitators is larger than wet system.

The efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators is not maintained if the gas velocity exceeds
that for which the plant is designed. The dust carried with the gases increases with an increase
of gas velocity. The efficiency of electrostatic precipitators decreases when the gas flow
increases.

Because of the closeness of the charged plates and high potential used, it is necessary to
protect the entire collector from sparking by providing a fine mesh before the ionizing
chamber. This is necessary because even a smallest piece of conducting material can cause
sparking when it would be carried across adjacent plates.

However, in-spite of the cost the electrostatic precipitators are widely used in pulverized coal fired
thermal power stations for its effectiveness on fine ash particles compared to other methods.