Sedimentary Geology, 76 (1992) 177-185 177

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

A revised classification of limestones

V.P. W r i g h t
Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, The University, P.O. Box 227, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2AB, UK

(Received July 25, 1991; revised version accepted November 25, 1991)

ABSTRACT

Wright, V.P., 1992. A revised classification of limestones. Sediment. Geol., 76: 177-185.

The most widely used classifications of limestones are now thirty years old and our appreciation of the diagenetic effects
on limestone textures is now much greater. A revision of the classifications of Dunham (1962) and Embry and Klovan (1971)
is offered and new "diagenetic" categories are proposed. The confusing term lime mudstone is replaced by caicimudstone.
Two categories of diagenetic textures are recognized: non-obliterative and obliterative. The former contains limestones
which are almost wholly composed of diagenetic cement (cementstones) and those whose fabric is the result of intergranular
pressure solution (condensed and fitted grainstones). Obliterative categories include limestones and dolomites whose
original fabric has been destroyed; sub-categories include sparstones (or dolosparstones) (crystals > 10 /~m in size) and
microsparstones (dolomicrosparstones) (crystals 4-10 ~ m in size) and doloniicrostones crystals ( < 4 /~m in size). Many
diagenetic processes can produce fabrics which mimic depositional ones and these are reviewed.

Introduction stimulate discussion on the suitability of our exist-

ing classifications and help those new to the
It has been thirty years since the main classifi- subject to avoid the many problems which arise in
cations of limestones were introduced by Folk naming and interpreting carbonate textures.
(1959, 1962) and Dunham (1962). These have
been, and still are, widely used and their success Factors influencing limestone composition
is a tribute to their originators. However, over the
last three decades our understanding of the litho- The textures seen in most limestones are the
genesis of carbonates has changed greatly, partic- result of the interplay of three factors: deposi-
ularly our appreciation of diagenetic processes tional regime, biological activity and diagenesis
and their products. (Fig. 1). The majority of limestones have a depo-
The aim of this paper is to attempt to provide sitional texture while others exhibit ones due
a revie " of the major limestone textural types
(depositional, biological and diagenetic) and to
integrate them into a single system. This involves Biological
utilising earlier classifications and incorporating
some new categories. The significance of some
textural forms is also reviewed in the light of
more recent research and terminological prob-
lems which have arisen will be addressed.
The paper is not intended as a new classifica-
tion but as a revision of existing ones brought
about by our increased appreciation of diagenetic Depositional Oiagenetic
processes. It is offered in the hope that it will Fig. 1. Major processes influencing limestone texture.

0037-0738/92/$05.00 1992 - Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved

178
DEPOSITIONAL
Matrix-supported
[clay & silt grade) Groin-supported
<lO%groins >iO%gtalns with motrix
Colci - Wockestone F~ckntone Grainstone
-mudstone
Rudstone
. . . . . .
1L . .
Grains >2ram
Fig. 2. Revised classification of limestones (see text).
totally to diagenesis. The degree of diagenetic
alteration of the depositional texture (regardless
of mineralogical or chemical changes) may simply
consist of compaction, while the process of neo-
morphic recrystallization and replacement can
cause total obliteration of the original fabric.
Biological processes influence texture to varying
degrees but it is usually only in reefs that these
become the dominant control on texture.
The following sections review each of the ma-
jor groups of limestones and discuss the major
categories used in the revised classification (Fig.
2).
Depositional textural groups
The extensively used classifications of lime-
stones of Folk (1959, 1962) and Dunham (1962)
rely on the concept of textural maturity, where
the texture is believed to reflect the energy level
in the depositional environment. Other classifica-
tions have also used this concept, e.g. those of
Leighton and Pendexter (1962), Bissell and
Chilingar (1967) and Fiichtbauer (1974). Put sim-
ply, limestones possessing a fine-grained "mud"
matrix must have been deposited in lower-energy,
less agitated conditions than "clean" granular
limestones, which had any matrix, if originally
present, removed. An additional consideration
was whether the matrix was dominant, leading to
a mud-supported rock, or whether the grains
were mutually supporting each other. Dunham's
classification (1962), the most widely used one,
distinguishes mud-rich rocks with less than 10%
v.P. WRIGHT
BIOLOGICAL DIAGENETIC
Obliter-
In situ organisms Non-obliterotive -ative
no matrix Entrusting Organisms Rigid Main Manygroin Most (jtoin Crystals
binding acted to organisms component ."ontactsoe :ontactsare >lO/um
organisms baffle dominant is cement 'nlcrostylol- microstylol-
-ires -ites
Boundltone Bafflestone Framestone ~ementstom Condensed F i t t e d Sporstone
grainstone grainetone
. . . .
grains (mudstone), from those with more than
10% grains, but mud-supported (wackestone),
from those with matrix but now grain-supported
(packstones).
Distinguishing grain-support from matrix-sup-
port is a fundamental feature of Dunham's classi-
fication but is complicated because of the two-di-
mensional aspect of viewing rocks in slabs or thin
sections. Even in a grain-supported rock not ev-
ery grain is in direct contact along every surface
and sections will show some grains apparently
"floating" in matrix, cement or pore space. Irreg-
ularly shaped grains may form a self-supporting
framework with as little as 20-30% of the volume
being grain, with few visible points of contact.
Rocks which are truly grain-supported have pack-
ing indices of around 1.2 although assessing this
can be difficult (Harrell, 1981; Fliigel, 1982) and
pressure solution can radically alter the packing
structure of a rock (see below).
Matrix and matrix-rich limestones
Some confusion has arisen as to exactly what is
meant by matrix (Milliman et al., 1985). Dunham
(1962) considered "mud" to refer to particles
smaller than 20 /zm. Folk (1959, 1962) regarded
micrite (microcrystalline calcite ooze) as calcite
with grains 1-4 /~m in diameter. However, the
term mud, as used in descriptions of modern
carbonate sediments, commonly refers to mate-
rial of silt and clay grade, that is less than 62/zm
in diameter. Some consistency is required here
A R E V I S E D CLASSIFICATION OF L I M E S T O N E S 179

and perhaps the 62-/xm boundary is a desirable
one.
The terms currently used for matrix-dominated
limestones include micrites (from Folk, 1959,
1962) or mudstone (Dunham, 1962). The use of
the latter term poses problems for it can easily be
confused with the term for silicate silt and clay
material. It is suggested that this somewhat am-
biguous term be replaced by the term calcimud-
stone (Fig. 2) which refers to a lithified material
composed of greater than 90%, by volume, silt and
clay-grade calcite. It is not synonymous with Folk's
micrite.
The usual interpretation of these matrix-rich
rocks is that they represent deposition of mud
under low-energy conditions. However, it is now
clear that at least some fine-grained carbonates
are precipitated as cement (Reid et al., 1990). In
calcretes, precipitated micrite-grade carbonate is
very common and results in secondary packstones
to mudstones (calcimudstones). Solution-precipi-
tation processes in calcretes can result in grain-
supported sediments being replaced by micrite-
grade calcite (Read, 1974a; Seminiuk and
Meagher, 1981) (Fig. 3).
Wackestones and calcimudstones, while classi-
fied here as being predominantly depositional in
origin, are not analogous to their counterparts in
siliciclastic rocks, where hydraulic processes
would not lead to the deposition of such coarse

TEXTURAL INVERSION IN
PEDOGENIC CARBONATES

Micriticparent Grainstoneparent
' " " - ' i ~ " - ' " "~-~'"! circum-

l:
". ~'.~"'..::'!~ "..-~r"granular
"" ":/:(: ".~" ".-I fractures
!l
m,or,,,c
gs

peloid

~ micriticcoatings
Diagenetic grainstone Diagenetic packstone
Fig. 3. Textural inversion in calcretes. The addition of precipitated micrite results in diagenetic packstones. Later dissolutional-pre-
cipitation leads to the replacement of grains and diagenetic calcimudstone textures. Multiple phases of boring, sedimentation and
cementation in reefs also leads to the replacement of primary textures by calcimudstonetextures (see text).
180
and fine materials. Many limestones contain both
mud-grade matrix and large bioclasts. As such
they represent the interaction of biological and
hydraulic processes, where the bioclasts were ei-
ther derived from settling out from the above
water column, or from the mixing of the compo-
nents by bioturbation, from in-situ benthos. The
paucity or absence of bioclasts to produce a cal-
cimudstone typically reflects restriction, deterring
colonisation by benthic organisms.
Grain-dominated limestones
Packstones are grain-supported but have inter-
granular spaces filled by matrix, and present a
particular problem. In bioclastic calcimudstones
and wackestones much of the grain population
could represent in-situ organisms but in pack-
stones a problem arises as to how matrix can be
introduced into a grain-supported structure. It
seems likely that many packstones have resulted
from compaction and dewatering of original
wackestones (Shinn and Robbin, 1983).
Many limestones show variations in the types
of textures seen, with mixtures of grain-, pack-
and wackestone in close proximity. Some of these
would correspond to Folk's "poorly washed
biosparites" (Folk, 1962). In many cases such
mixed textures have resulted from bioturbation.
Grainstones are grain-supported, matrix-free
limestones and generally represent deposition in
settings where mud-grade matrix would have been
removed. However, grainstones can also be pro-
duced diagenetically, especially in carbonate muds
which undergo desiccation on exposure. This pro-
cess is known as grainification and is a common
process in peritidal, paludal and pedogenic car-
bonates (Mazzullo and Birdwell, 1989; Wright,
1990). This results in complete textural inversion
(Fig. 3).
Embry and Klovan (1971) introduced a classifi-
cation designed to cover reef limestones. In it
they recognized two types of coarse-grained lime-
stones, with more than 10% grains larger 2 mm in
diameter. These coarse-grained wackestones they
named floatstones, while grain-supported lime-
stones with grains larger than 2 mm they termed
rudstones. (Fig. 2). They suggested that the mate-
v.P. WRIGHT
rial between the larger clasts could be noted
separately; for example, a rudstone could be de-
scribed as having a grainstone or packstone ma-
trix. However, the use of two terms to describe
one texture seems excessive and many rudstones
only exhibit intergranular cements. The term rud-
stone may require refinement.
Textural maturity and depositional regime
As stated above, some limestones have matri-
ces which are actually diagenetic in origin. In
those with a recognizable depositional matrix it
should be possible to infer the relative energy
conditions of the depositional environment; with
matrix implying lower-energy conditions, without
matrix implying higher energy. However, this is
not always a valid approach; for example, many
organisms, especially non-skeletal (and non-pre-
servable) ones such as microbial mats and sea-
grasses, are associated with sediments out-of-
phase with the hydraulic regime in which they
form. Benthic microbial mats are capable of sta-
bilizing grain populations in settings where ambi-
ent currents are capable of easily transporting the
grains (Neumann et al., 1970; Scoffin, 1970), and
seagrasses also have this ability (Scoffin, 1970).
In Shark Bay, Western Australia the density of
seagrass colonization, and not the energy level,
controls the nature of the sediment maturity. For
example, in some relatively low-energy areas
skeletal grainstone and minor packstone textures
form under a less dense seagrass cover resulting
in little baffling of fine sediment. In high-energy
areas a more dense seagrass cover leads to more
efficient baffling and the sediment has a matrix
content (material less than 62/zm) of up to 30%
(Davies, 1970; Read, 1974b).
Perhaps one of the most significant problems
in interpreting energy levels from ancient lime-
stones relates to reef matrices, and Reid et al.
(1990) have recently stressed the importance of
micrite cements ("internal micrites") in reefs.
These cements produce textures suggesting low-
energy deposition yet are most commonly pro-
duced in higher-energy environments such as cur-
rent-swept reef fronts and hardgrounds. In reefs
high magnesian calcite can form micritic and
A R E V I S E D CLASSIFICATION O F L I M E S T O N E S
peloidal cements (peloids less than 60 ~m in
diameter) (Friedman, 1985; Maclntyre, 1985; Reid
et al., 1990) and multiple phases of bioerosion,
sedimentation and cementation result in the re-
placement of reef frameworks by secondary cal-
cimudstones (James and Ginsburg, 1979; Land
and Moore, 1980; Longman, 1981; Lighty, 1985).
Biogenic textural classes
While many limestones exhibit strongly biolog-
ically influenced textures, some have textures
which are directly biogenic. Both Folk and Dun-
ham recognized this by the inclusion of the classes
biolithite and boundstone, respectively, in their
classifications. Embry and Klovan (1971) recog-
nized the class of "bindstone" in their classifica-
tion of reef limestones. The terms boundstone
and bindstone may have originally had slightly
different meanings, but subsequent usage has
treated them as being synonymous. Since the
term boundstone is grammatically more correct,
it is retained here to refer to rocks where the
structure reflects the encrusting and binding ac-
tion of plants or animals. A distinction could be
made between boundstones composed solely of
encrusting organisms (e.g. crustose coralline al-
gae) and those which are composed of bound
grainy or matrix-rich materials, such as some stro-
matolitic boundstones. Arguably many bound-
stones are pure sheets of encrusting organism
lacking any "bound" material, the products of
calcareous animals or plants which grew laterally.
Not all boundstones have a laminar structure and
many branching calcimicrobes have acted as
binders (James and Gravestock, 1990).
In some limestones the rock is composed of
in-situ organisms forming a coherent frame and
Embry and Klovan referred to such limestones as
framestones. These can occur at a variety of
scales from metric-size coral heads to the mil-
limetre scale as in calcimicrobe reefs (Edwards
and Riding, 1989). Some organisms can act as
binders and frame-builders and the terms can
require careful application.
Embry and Klovan (1971) recognized a class
they termed baffiestone, for rocks formed by the
baffling action of organisms. Being able to
181
demonstrate that the original organism baffled
sediment is virtually impossible. In many reefal
limestones the remains of sparsely spaced, in-situ
organisms are present, which, while not forming a
framestone, are likely to have influenced sedi-
mentation in some way. The term bafflestone
could be used to describe such limestones where
the organisms were likely to have been capable of
influencing sedimentation (Fig. 2). The terms is
retained here but future refinements may make it
obsolete.
Diagenetic textural classes
Existing classifications have not included a dia-
genetic aspect other than to recognize rocks in
which the depositional texture was no longer rec-
ognizable, largely as a result of recrystallization
a n d / o r replacement (e.g. Dunham's "crystalline
limestones"). Many limestones classifiable as cal-
cimudstones, wackestones, packstones and grain-
stones are the products of diagenetic processes
such as micritisation, micrite cementation or mi-
crite neomorphism to produce micro- or pseu-
dospars. If such an origin is easily demonstrated,
the limestones could be described, for example,
as diagenetic grainstones or diagenetic calcimud-
stones.
Some reef limestones consist largely of re-
placed, but recognizable, marine cements. These
have been extensively documented from the up-
per Palaeozoic and Triassic, especially from the
southwest United States and Europe (Mazzullo
and Cys, 1979; Stemmerik, 1991; Toomey and
Babcock, 1983). In such reefs replaced aragonite
botryoidal cements locally constitute 80% of the
rock. The origin of such cement is unclear but the
role of peyssonnelid algae is suspected (James et
al., 1988) and so these may be regarded, in part,
as biogenic limestones (Fig. 4). Such material is
here referred to as c e m e n t s t o n e s (Fig. 2), the
term should not be confused with the informal
term applied to limestones used in cement-mak-
ing, or for concretionary horizons. It is defined
here as a limestone composed almost totally of
fibrous cement (commonly replaced a n d / o r re-
crystallised), in which grains or in-situ biogenic
material does not constitute a framework.
182
Cementstone formation is a diagenetic process
but does not cause any alteration to the deposi-
tional or biological texture of the sediment. This
is a non-obliterative diagenetic texture.
During burial, grain-supported textures can be
modified by pressure solution. Partial grain sutur-
ing creates condensed grainstone textures where
many grain contacts are microstylolites. On more
extensive alteration virtually all the grain contacts
consist of microstylolites, forming a fitted grain-
stone (Logan and Seminiuk, 1976) (Fig. 2). Pres-
sure solution can effect a wide range of limestone
types and a classification of the major effects has
been given by Wanless (1979). Such textures are
largely non-obliterative.
Limestones (not dolostones) which have lost
their depositional fabric as a result of complete
obliterative recrystallization or replacement can
be divided into two types based on crystal size.
Sparstones (Fig. 2) are limestones composed of
sparry calcite crystals, typically in inequant, blocky
fromestone
boundstone
bofflesfone
colcimudstone
I c~.e( ~m e n t .
/ groinstone
packstone
Fig. 4. Majortexturalgroups and their relationships.
V.P. W R I G H T
mosaics, with a crystal size of larger than 10/zm
in diameter (following Folk, 1962), with mi-
crosparstones (Fig. 2) corresponding to mosaics in
the region of 4-10/xm. These terms apply equally
well to replaced evaporites and dedolomites as to
altered limestones.
Physical reorganization can also affect original
depositional fabrics. Grainification of calcimud-
stones to packstones, caused by desiccation, can
create grainstones (Mazzullo and Birdwell, 1989)
(Fig. 3). In other cases the displacive and re-
placive growth of micrite cements, as in for exam-
ple calcretes, results in the reverse type of textu-
ral inversion (Fig. 3). This presents something of
a dilemma. A range of diagenetic processes, and
especially those associated with pedogenesis, can
create essentially diagenetic textures mimicking
depositional ones. As such the category of depo-
sitional textures in Fig. 2 is simplistic. However, it
would be unwieldy to add a separate set of cate-
gories such as "pedogenic grainstone", or "reef
cementstone
~ ~ sporstone
condgrai
ensnestdofitted
nes
A R E V I S E D CLASSIFICATION O F L I M E S T O N E S
cement packstone" to the classification. It is ac-
cepted that not all grainstones, for example, are
depositional (luckily most are) and if a grainstone
is interpreted as being non-depositional, it could
be termed a "diagenetic grainstone", but that is
really interpretation rather than description. Of
course the placing of grainstone in the deposi-
tional category in Fig. 2 is also "interpretive" but
is done to try to illustrate the origin of most
grainstones.
Dolomites represent a special category of dia-
genetically altered limestones and they are cov-
ered by existing classifications (e.g. Sibley and
Gregg, 1987). The classification proposed here
can be used to classify dolomites. Where the
original texture can be determined, the carbonate
can be described as, for example, a dolomitized
packstone. However, where dolomitization is
complete, terms such as dolomicrostone, dolomi-
crosparstone and dolosparstone could be used for
dolomites with crystal sizes of < 4 ~m, 4-10/zm
and > 10/~m, respectively. The term dolomicros-
tone is used in preference to dolomudstone, to
avoid any confusion with the term calcimudstone
which is a textural term, not one denoting crystal
size.
Subdivisions of major textural groups
The textural class terms discussed above en-
able us to name many limestones. Folk (1959,
1962) also provided a system of classifying each
textural class (he only recognized two major de-
positional classes--micrites and sparites). Each
class could be subdivided into four groups de-
pending on the dominant grain (allochem) type.
Dunham did not offer a formal means of subdi-
viding limestones by reference to grain type and
this has been something of a short-coming with
the classification. It is proposed that a series of
additional categories should be defined based on
the dominant grain type. A grainstone where
more than 50% of the grains are bioclasts could
be termed a bioclastic grainstone. If no grain type
is dominant, the rock could be described as a
grainstone with bioclasts, peloids etc., in descend-
ing order of importance. If required, the actual
percentage of each grain type could be given.
183
Additional terms can, of course, be added to
describe the degree of sorting, rounding etc.
Another means of subdividing the main lime-
stone class types based on their grain composition
was introduced by Smosna (1987). He introduced
the concept of compositional maturity which is
"the extent to which a sediment approaches the
constituent end-member (intraclasts, ooids, fos-
sils, matrix etc.) to which it is driven by the
environmental processes operating upon it". Sed-
iments with a variety of components (e.g. ooids,
bioclasts, peloids) are considered immature, be-
ing produced in environments where many bio-
logical, physical and chemical processes operate
simultaneously. A supermature sediment is one
where a single process is dominant, reflected in
the dominance of a single component type.
Conclusions
Limestone textures are the products of deposi-
tional (physical), biological and diagenetic pro-
cesses. Since the introduction of the main classifi-
cations of limestones some thirty years ago our
appreciation of the importance of diagenesis in
influencing limestone textures has greatly im-
proved. A revised classification is offered which
integrates some widely used earlier classifications
and incorporates existing and new textural terms
for common diagenetic textures.
As limestone textures are the products of the
interaction of these different processes a wide
spectrum exists and it is often not possible to
regard a texture as the product of one major
process (Fig. 4).
The term calcimudstone is introduced to refer
to a texture which is matrix-dominated, replacing
the ambiguous term "mudstone" in Dunham's
(1962) classification. The term matrix has been
used loosely in the past and it is recommended
that it should be used for fine-grained material
less than 62/zm in size.
Many reefal limestones consist almost totally
of cement and the term cementstone, currently
ill-defined, is incorporated into the classification.
It refers to a limestone composed almost totally
of fibrous cement (commonly replaced a n d / o r
184
recrystallised), in which grains or in-situ biogenic
material does not constitute a framework.
Limestones in which the original texture has
been completely obliterated are referred to as
sparstones or microsparstones, depending on the
actual crystal sizes present.
Since the introduction of the concept of textu-
ral maturity in limestone classification, our im-
proved understanding of diagenetic processes now
enables us to appreciate that some matrix-rich
limestones and some grainstones are diagenetic
in origin. As such, these diagenetic textures can-
not be used to assess the energy levels. The
formation of micritic and peloidal cements in
reefs is considered a particular problem.
Acknowledgements
I especially wish to thank Douglas Hamilton
(Bristol University) for discussions on limestone
classification, Elizabeth Wyeth for typing this
manuscript, and Alan Cross who prepared the
diagrams. The manuscript was much improved by
the helpful comments of the reviewers, Robert
Folk, A. Embry and B.C. Richards and Bruce
Sellwood, University of Reading. P.R.I.S. contri-
bution 187.
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