EAT 351: CONCRETE BUILDING DESIGN I

ASSIGNMENT 1

NAME : MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN AHMAD ZUKRI

LECTURERS NAME : IR ABD GHAPAR AHMAD

SUBMISSION DATE : 29 SEPTEMBER 2016

ASSIGNMENT NO.1

Reinforced concrete design is one of the main principles of materials used in civil
engineering applications, such as building construction, retaining walls, foundation of
buildings, highways and bridges.

a) As a civil design engineer you will be required to study the basic needs of the
structures that are designed to meet the requirements of fitness for the purpose,
safety and reliability, economical and easy to maintain. Create and propose it
practiced in the design of your structure.

MS EN 1990 establishes the principles and requirements for safety, serviceability and
durability of structures. The requirements may be summarized as follows:

1. A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will, during its
intended life, with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way sustain
all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and remain fit for
use for which it is required.
2. A structure shall be designed to have adequate structural resistance, serviceability,
and durability.
3. In the case of fire, the structural resistance shall be adequate for the required period
of time.
4. A structures shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will not be
damaged by events to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.

The first requirements of the fitness for the purpose, this types of basic needs are
arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling height, access and traffic flow must complement the
intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing so that
the building is appealing and have all the basic needs so that a building can be build. For the
design stage, every information are very important. For an example is the category of loaded
area. All area have own life load, qk.

For the second aspect, the safety and reliabilitys aspect must be important. A
structure must be strong to safely support all anticipated loadings. And structure must not
deflect, overturn, tilt, vibrate or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness. For the building
structures, design working life is must be in a long terms. The indicative design working life
is 120 years. The structure must design to be strong safely to support loading in its working
life. All the information about the life load and dead load must be consider correctly.

From the view of economical, overall cost of structure must be in average in project
budget and cost. The cost will be exceed from the budget. But the cost could not be higher.
In simple words, overall cost of the structures should not exceed the clients budget.
Designer should take into account: cost of materials, buildability, construction time, cost of
temporary structures and maintenance costs.

From the aspect of maintainability, structure should be designed to require a

minimum maintenance so that it can be maintained in a simple way. Nowadays, Recent
developments in the repair of reinforced concrete include modern electrochemical
techniques that can minimise the interference with the structure, an important factor in
building restoration. For example, deterioration mechanisms, alkali silica reactivity (ASR),
corrosion of reinforcing steel and deterioration due to chloride must be avoided. From what
we can see, if corrosion of reinforcing steel is detected a deterioration survey must be
carried out to identify the cause, mechanism and extent of corrosion. An inadequate
investigation can lead to higher costs and inadequate repairs. There are certain tests which
are specific to the corrosion assessment of steel in concrete, relying on the electrochemical
nature of the corrosion process. These are half-cell potential measurement, resistivity
measurement and corrosion rate measurement. So, the cheaper maintainability is through
physical step which is to cut out the damaged areas, replace any steel weakened by section
loss and put back good quality concrete.
b) Identify a typical reinforced concrete building nearby. Construct the various
structural elements in the structural system of the building, and briefly explain how
the loads are transferred to the ground.

Typical reinforced concrete building nearby is hostel for Unimap students located in Wang
Ulu. It is five storey flat. There are used some structural elements.

First structural element is beam. This building have ground beam, floor beam and
roof beam. The beam are horizontal member carrying lateral loads. A beam also capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending. Bending force induced into the
material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called bending moment. Beam are characterized by their profile
like shape of cross-section, their length and their material.

Next structural element is column. It is vertical member carrying primarily axial loads
but generally subjected to axial loads and moments. Column that transmits, through
compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In simple
words, column is a compression member. Columns are used to support beams or arches on
which the upper parts of walls or ceiling rest.

The last structural element is slab. It is a horizontal plate elements carrying lateral
loads. There are many system of slab and from what we can see from the aspect of how the
load is transferred we can see it through a few types of system:

1. One Way Slab Systems

Slabs supported on walls or beams at the opposite edges and transmitting the dead
and live loads to the supports are considered as one way slabs. A typical one way
slab is shown. The slabs are subjected to maximum bending at centre of span along
the shorter span direction and maximum shear at the support sections under loads.

Slab

Support

2. Cantilever Slab Systems

 Cantilevered slabs are commonly used at entrances of buildings, balconies and for
rain water protection over windows and ventilators. The slabs cantilever out from a
beam over the supports. A typical cantilever slab system is shown

Wall
Slab

Lintelbeam

3. Two Way Slab Systems

The picture below shows a typical two-way slab floor or roof system commonly used
in buildings. In this type, the slab rests on all the four sides near the edges and the
loads are transmitted to all the supports. The slab is subjected to flexure in the two
principal directions and shear forces are maximum near the supports.
y

x x
Sectionyy

y Slab

Section-
xx

In this building, it use two way slab system.

For 5-storeys building and the slab is a 2-way slab, the loads from the roof are distributed to
the roof beams and the top floor are distributed to the beams of the floor around which will
then be transferred to the column of the floor below and to beams next. This load distribution
will continue until ground floor reached where the loads received from above floors will then
be distributed to the ground beams around. The ground beams will then transfer the loads to
the sub-structure or foundation below and foundation distributed the load into ground and
hard layer below.

References
1) http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/concrete/concrete.htm
2) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832002000583
3) http://theconstructor.org/concrete/fiber-reinforced-concrete/150/
4) JP Broomfield, 'Assessing Corrosion Damage on Reinforced Concrete Structures'
in Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete, Edited by R Narayan
Swamy, Sheffield Academic Press, 1994

5) CC Stanley, Highlights in the History of Concrete, British Cement Association,

Crowthorne, Berks, 1986