Trascendentes Tempranas Solucionario - Dennis Zill - 4th Edition - Capitulo 2

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Chapter 2
Limit of a Function
2.1 Limits An Informal Approach

1. lim2 2(3x + 2) = 8 2. lim2 2(x2 1) = 3
x2 x2
8 (2, 8)
6
4 (2, 3) 3

-4 -2 2 4
-4 4

3. No2 limit
2 as x 0. 4. lim2 2 x 1 = 2
x5
4
5
(5, 2)

-4 -2 2 4 -5 5
-5
-4
x 1 x 3x
2 2
5. lim2 2 = lim (x + 1) = 2 6. lim2 2 = lim (x 3) = 3
x1 x 1 x1 x0 x x0
5 5
(1, 2)
-5 5 -5 5
(0, 3)
-5 -5
73
74 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
7. No limit as x 3. 8. No limit as x 0.
3 3
3 6 -3 3
-3 -3
x3 x4 1
9. lim =0 10. lim =2
x0 x x1 x2 1
3 3
(1, 2)
-3 (0, 0) 3 -3 3
-3 -3

11. lim f (x) = 3 12. No2 limit
2 as x 2.
x0
(0, 3) 3 3
-3 3 -3 3
-3 -3
13. lim f (x) = 0 14. No limit as x 0.

x2
3 3
(2, 0)
-3 3 -3 3
-3 -3
15. (a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) doesnt exist
16. (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 3
17. (a) 2 (b) -1 (c) -1 (d) -1
18. (a) doesnt exist (b) 3 (c) -2 (d) doesnt exist
19. Correct

20. Incorrect; lim+ 4
x=0
x0
2.1. LIMITS AN INFORMAL APPROACH 75

21. Incorrect; lim 1x=0
x1
22. Correct
23. Incorrect; lim bxc = 0

x0+
24. Correct
25. Correct
26. Incorrect; lim cos1 x = 0

x0

27. Incorrect; lim 9 x2 = 0
x3
28. Correct
29. (a) Does not exist (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 0 (f) 1
30. (a) 2.5 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) Does not exist (e) 0 (f) 0

22 22
31. 4 32. 4
-4 4 -4 -2 2 4
-2
-4 -4

22 22
33. 4 34. 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-2 -2
-4 -4

22 22
35. 1 36. 0.5

0.5
-1 -0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 0.5

-0.5
-0.5
-1
The limit does not exist. The limit is 0.

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22 22
37. 0.5 38.

-0.5 0.5
-1
-0.5 0.5
-2
-0.5 -3
The
limit is 0.25. The
limit is 3.
22 22
39. 40.
-0.5 0.5 5
-1
-0.5 0.5
-2
-5
-3
The limit is 2. The limit does not exist.

41. x1
0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999
f (x) 3.25536642 3.02276607 3.00225263 3.00022503
x 1+ 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
f (x) 2.79817601 2.97775903 2.99775260 2.99977503
lim f (x) = 3
x1
42. x 1 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

f (x) 1.05360516 1.00503359 1.00050033 1.00005000
x 1+ 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
f (x) 0.95310180 0.99503309 0.99950033 0.99995000
lim f (x) = 1
x1
43. x 0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

f (x) 0.04995835 0.00499996 0.00050000 0.00005000
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 0.04995835 0.00499996 0.00050000 0.00005000
lim f (x) = 0
x0
1 cos x
44. Since is an even function, it suffices to consider only x 0+ .
x2
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 0.49958347 0.49999583 0.49999996 0.50000000
lim f (x) = 0.5
x0
x
sin 3x
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 0.33838634 0.33338334 0.33333383 0.33333334
2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS 77
lim f (x) = 0.33333333

x0
tan x
x
x 0+ 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
f (x) 1.00334672 1.00003333 1.00000033 1.00000000
lim f (x) = 1
x0
47. x 4 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

f (x) 0.25158234 0.25015645 0.25001563 0.25000156
x 4+ 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001
f (x) 0.24845673 0.24984395 0.24998438 0.24999844
lim f (x) = 0.25
x4
48. x 3 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999

f (x) 0.52186477 0.50209311 0.50020843 0.50002083
x 3+ 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001
f (x) 0.48008703 0.49792633 0.49979176 0.49997917
lim f (x) = 0.5
x3
49. x 1 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

f (x) 4.43900000 4.94039900 4.99400400 4.99940004
x 1+ 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001
f (x) 5.64100000 5.06040010 5.00600400 5.00060004
lim f (x) = 5
x1
50. x 2 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001

f (x) 12.61000000 12.06010000 12.00600100 12.00060001
x 2+ 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999
f (x) 11.41000000 11.94010000 11.99400100 11.99940001
lim f (x) = 12
x2
2.2 Limit Theorems

1. 15
2. cos = 1
3. 12
4. 3
5. 4
6. 125
7. 4
8. 136
9. 8/5
10. does not exist
11. 14
12. 4
13. 28/9
x2 6x x(x 6) x 6
14. lim = lim = lim =
x6 x2 7x + 6 x6 (x 1)(x 6) x6 x 1 5
15. 1
16. 16

17. 7
18. 3
19. does not exist
20. 16
y 2 25
21. lim = lim (y 5) = 10
y5 y + 5 y5
u2 5u 24
22. lim = lim (u + 3) = 11
u8 u8 u8
x3 1 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
23. lim = lim = lim (x2 + x + 1) = 3
x1 x 1 x1 x1 x1
t3 + 1 (t + 1)(t2 t + 1) t2 t + 1 3
t1 t 1
2 t1 (t + 1)(t 1) t1 t1 2
(x 2)(x + 5) 8(15)
25. lim = = 60
x10 x8 2
2x + 6 2(x + 3) 1 1
x3 4x 36
2 x3 4(x + 3)(x 3) x3 2(x 3) 12
x3 + 3x2 10x x(x + 5)(x 2)
27. lim = lim = lim x(x + 5) = 14
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
2x2 + 3x 9 (2x 3)(x + 3) 2(x 1.5)(x + 3)

28. lim = lim = lim = lim 2(x + 3) = 9
x1.5 x 1.5 x1.5 x 1.5 x1.5 x 1.5 x1.5
2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS 79
t3 2t + 1 (t 1)(t2 + t 1) t2 + t 1 1
t1 t + t 2
3 2 t1 (t 1)(t + 2t + 2)
2 t1 t + 2t + 2
2 5
x3 1 1
30. lim x3 (x4 + 2x3 )1 = lim = lim =
x0 x0 x4 + 2x3 x0 x + 2 2
(x + 2)(x5 1)3 2(1) 1
31. lim+ = =
x0 ( x + 4) 2 16 8

32. lim x x + 4 3 x 6 = 2 2 3 8 = 4 2
x2

x2 + 3x 1 1 x2 + 3x
33. lim + = lim = lim (x + 3) = 3
x0 x x x0 x x0

1 6 1 6
34. lim 2 = lim
x2 x 2 x + 2x 8 x2 x 2 (x 2)(x + 4)

x+4 6
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 4) (x 2)(x + 4)
x2 1 1
= lim = lim =
x2 (x 2)(x + 4) x2 x + 4 6
35. does not exist
36. 210 or 1024
37. 2

2 2
38. 3
4
r 2 2 r
h h 16 h 128
39. lim = lim (h2 + 8h + 16) =
h4 h+5 h4 h4 h+5 3
40. 16
r r
5 x3 64x 5 x2 64
41. lim = lim = 2
x0 x2 + 2x x0 x+2
42. 100, 000
43. a2 2ab + b2
p
44. lim u2 x2 + 2xu + 1 = lim u2 2u + 1 = lim (u 1)2 = |u 1|
x1 x1 x1
(8 + h)2 64 16h + h2
45. lim = lim = lim (16 + h) = 16
h0 h h0 h h0
1
46. lim [(1 + h)3 1] = lim (h2 + 3h + 3) = 3
h0 h h0

1 1 1 1 x (x + h) h
47. lim = lim = lim
h0 h x+h x h0 h (x + h)x h0 hx(x + h)
1 1
= lim 2 = 2
h0 x + hx x

x+h x x+h x x+h+ x
48. lim = lim
h0 h h0 h x+h+ x
(x + h) x 1 1
= lim = lim =
h0 h( x + h + x) h0 x + h + x 2 x

t1 t1 t+1 1 1
t1 t 1 t1 t 1 t + 1 t1 t + 1 2

u+43 u+43 u+4+3
50. lim = lim
u5 u5 u5 u5 u+4+3
u5 1 1
= lim = lim =
u5 (u 5)( u + 4 + 3) u5 u+4+3 6

25 + v 5 25 + v 5 25 + v + 5 1+v+1
51. lim = lim
v0 1+v1 v0 1+v1 1+v+1 25 + v + 5

v 1+v+1 1
= lim =
v0 v 25 + v + 5 5

4 x + 15 4 x + 15 4 + x + 15
52. lim = lim
x1 x 1
2 x1 x2 1 4 + x + 15
1x
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 + x + 15)
(x 1)
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 + x + 15)
1 1
= lim =
x1 (x + 1)(4 + x + 15) 16
53. 32
54. 64
1
55.
2
r
4
56. = 2
2
57. does not exist
58. 8
59. 8a
3
60.
2
2.3. CONTINUITY 81
x100 1 x100 1
61. (a) lim = lim
x1 x2 1 x1 (x + 1)(x 1)
1 x100 1 1
= lim = 100 = 50
x1 x + 1 x1 2
x50 1 x50 1 x50 + 1
(b) lim = lim 50
x1 x 1 x1 x 1 x +1
x100 1 1 1
= lim 50 = 100 = 50
x1 x 1 x +1 2
(x100 1)2 x100 1 x100 1
(c) lim = lim = 100 100 = 10, 000
x1 (x 1)2 x1 x 1 x1
2x 1 lim 1
62. (a) lim = 2 lim = 2 x0 =2
x0 sin x x0 sin x sin x
lim
x x0 x
1 cos2 x sin2 x sin x sin x

(b) lim = lim = lim =11=1
x0 x2 x0 x2 x0 x x

8x2 sin x sin x sin x
(c) lim = lim 8x = lim 8x lim = 1
x0 x x0 x x0 x0 x

sin x sin x
63. lim sin x = lim x = lim x lim =01=0
x0 x0 x x0 x0 x

2f (x) 5
64. lim [2f (x) 5] = lim (x + 3) = 5 4 = 20
x2 x2 x+3
2 lim f (x) lim 5 = 20
x2 x2
20 + 5
lim f (x) = = 12.5
x2 2
2.3 Continuity
1. Continuous everywhere
3. Discontinuous at 3 and 6
4. Discontinuous at 1 and 1
n
5. Discontinuous at , for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2

6. Discontinuous at 3 and + n, for n an integer
2
7. Discontinuous at 2
1
10. Discontinuous at x < 0 and
2
11. Discontinuous at e2
13. (a) yes (b) yes
14. (a) no (b) yes
15. (a) yes (b) yes
16. (a) yes (b) yes
17. (a) no (b) no
18. (a) yes (b) yes
19. (a) yes (b) no
20. (a) no (b) no
21. Solving 2 + sec x = 0, we obtain cos x = 12 , so x = 2

3 + 2n or x = 4
3 + 2n. Thus, f (x)
is discontinuous on (, ) and on [ 2 , 3
2 ].
22. Since sin x1 is discontinuous only at x = 0, it is continuous on [ 1 , ) and discontinuous on

[ 2
, ].
2
23. Since f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 2, it is discontinuous on [1, 3] and continuous on

(2, 4].
24. Since f (x) is defined and continuous exactly on (1, 5], it is continuous on [2, 4] and discontin-
uous on [1, 5].
25. Since lim f (x) = 4m and lim+ f (x) = 16, we have 4m = 16 and m = 4.
x4 x4
(x 2)(x + 2)
26. Since lim f (x) = lim = 4 we have f (2) = m and m = 4.
x2 x2 x2
27. Since lim f (x) = 3m, lim+ f (x) = 3, and f (3) = n, we have 3m = 3 = n, so m = 1 and
x3 x3
n = 3.
28. Since lim f (x) = m n, lim f (x) = 2m + n, and f (1) = 5, we have m n = 5 and
x1 x1+
2m + n = 5. Adding, we obtain 3m = 10, so m = 10/3 and n = 5/3.
2.3. CONTINUITY 83
n
29. Discontinuous at , n an integer
2
3
-3 3
-3
30. Discontinuous at every integer
-3 3
-3

x9 ( x + 3)( x 3)
31. Since lim = lim = lim ( x + 3) = 6, define f (9) = 6.
x9 x 3 x9 x3 x9
x4 1 (x2 + 1)(x2 1)
32. Since lim = lim = lim (x2 + 1) = 2, define f (1) = 2.
x1 x 1
2 x1 x2 1 x1

2 3
33. lim sin(2x + ) = sin lim (2x + ) = sin =
x/6 3 x/6 3 3 2

34. lim2 cos x = cos lim2 x = cos = 1
x x

35. lim sin(cos x) = sin lim cos x = sin(cos ) = sin 0 = 0
x/2 x/2 2

36. lim [1 + cos(cos x)] = 1 + cos lim cos x = 1 + cos(cos ) = 1 + cos 0 = 2
x/2 x/2 2

t2 2
(t )(t + )
37. lim cos = cos lim = cos 2 = 1
t t t t

t t
38. lim tan 2 = tan lim = tan lim = tan = 3
t0 t + 3t t0 t(t + 3) t0 t + 3 3

39. lim t + cos2 t = cos2 = 1 = 1
t
h i3
40. lim (4t + sin 2t)3 = lim (4t + sin 2t) = (4 + sin 2)3 = 43 = 64
t1 t1

x+3 x+3
41. lim sin 1
= sin1
lim
x3 x2 + 4x + 3 x3 x2 + 4x + 3

x+3
= sin1
lim
x3 (x + 3)(x + 1)

1 1
= sin1
lim = sin1
=
x3 x + 1 2 6
lim cos 3x
42. lim ecos 3x = ex = ecos 3 = e1
x
1
43. Since (f g)(x) = , f g is continuous for x + 3 > 0 or on (3, ).
x+3
5(x 2)2 5(x 2)2 5(x 2)2
44. Since (f g)(x) = = = , we see that f g is continuous
(x 2)2 1 x2 4x + 3 (x 1)(x 3)
for x 6= 1 and x 6= 3 or on (, 1) (1, 3) (3, ).
45. f (1) = 1, f (5) = 15. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 1 8 15, there exists
c [1, 5] such that c2 2c = 8. Setting c2 2c 8 = 0 gives us (c 4)(c + 2) = 0 or c = 2, 4.
On [1, 5], c = 4.
46. f (2) = 3, f (3) = 13. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 3 6 p13, there exists
1 1 4(1)(5)
c [2, 3] such that c2 + c + 1 = 6. Setting c2 + c 5 = 0 gives us c = =
2
1 21 1 + 21
. On [2, 3], c = .
2 2
c [2,
2] such that c3 2x + 1 = 1. Setting c3 2c = 0 gives us c(c2 2) = 0. On [2, 2],
c = 0, 2.
10 5 1 1 1
c [0, 1] such that 2 = 8. Setting c2 + 1 = or c2 = 0 gives us (c + )(c ) = 0
c +1 4 4 2 2
1 1
or c = . On [0, 1], c = .
2 2
49. Since f (0) = 7, f (3) = 242, and 7 50 242, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem
there exists c [0, 3] such that f (c) = 50.
50. Since f (a) > g(a), then (f g)(a) > 0. Since f (b) < g(b), then (f g)(b) < 0. By the
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c (a, b) such that (f g)(c) = 0.
Then f (c) = g(c).
51. The equation will have a solution on (0, 1) if f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 is 0 on (0, 1). Since f (0) = 1
and f (1) = 2, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem f (c) = 0 for some c (0, 1).
x2 + 1 x4 + 1 1 1 1 2
52. Let f (x) = + . Then f (0) = > 0 and f (1) = < 0. Thus, by the
x+3 x4 3 4 2 3
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c between 0 and 1, and hence
between 3 and 4.
2.3. CONTINUITY 85
53. Let f (x) = ex ln x. Then f (1) = e1 ln 1 = e1 > 0 and f (2) = e2 ln2 < 0. Thus,
by the corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c (1, 2).

sin
54. Since 2 = 2 , sin = 0, and 0 1 2 , then by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
2
2
sin x 1
there exists c between and such that = .
2 x 2
3
55. In [2, 1] the zero is approximately 1.21. In [1, 0] the zero is approx-
imately 0.64. In [1, 2] the zero is approximately 1.34.
-3 3
-3
3
56. In [0, 1] the zero is approximately 0.75.
-3 3
-3
57. We want to solve f (x) = x5 + 2x 7 = 50 or x5 + 2x 57 = 0. It is easily seen that the

expression on the left side of this equation is negative when x = 2 and positive when x = 3.
Applying the bisection method on [2, 3], we find c 2.21.
58. Applying the bisection method to f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 on [0, 1], we find c 0.75.
59. In the solution of Problem 52 we saw that there is a zero in [0, 1]. Applying the bisection
method on this interval, we find c 0.78.
60. (a) If h is the height of the cylinder, then the volume is given by V = r2 h and the surface
S
area is S = 2r2 + 2rh. Solving the latter equation for h, we obtain h = r.
2r
1
Substituting into the formula for V , we find V = Sr r3 or 2r3 Sr + 2V = 0.
2
(b)
5000
10 20
-5000
(c) From the graph, we observe zeros in [3, 4] and [14, 15]. The bisection method gives
1800
r 3.48 ft and r 14.91 ft. The corresponding values of h are h = r 78.84 ft
2r
1800
and h = r 4.29 ft.
2r
61. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this, we
xa xa
get:
lim (f + g)(x) = lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)

xa xa xa xa
= f (a) + g(a) = (f + g)(a)
Thus, f + g is continuous at a.
62. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this we
xa xa
get:
lim (f /g)(x) = lim [f (x)/g(x)] = lim f (x)/ lim g(x)

xa xa xa xa
= f (a)/g(a) = (f /g)(a) (since g(a) 6= 0)
Thus, f /g is continuous at a.
63. f g will be discontinuous whenever cos x is an integer. In the interval [0, 2), this will be
the case whenever x = 0, /2, , or 3/2. Thus, f g will be discontinuous for x = n/2, n
an integer.

|x + 1|, x < 0
64. (f g)(x) = is continuous at x = 0.
|x 1|, x 0 3
-3 3
-3
(g f )(x) = |x| 1 is continuous at x = 0.

3
-3 3
-3
65. (a) For any real a, lim f (x) does not exist since f takes on the values 0 and 1 arbitrarily
xa
close to any real number. Therefore, the Dirichlet function is discontinuous at every real
number.
(b) The graph consists of infinitely many points on each of the lines y = 0 and y = 1. In
fact, between any two real numbers, there are infinitely many points of the graph on the
line y = 1 and infinitely many points of the graph on the line y = 0.
(c) Let r be a positive rational number. If x is rational, then x + r is rational so that
f (x+r) = 1 = f (x). If x is irrational, then x+r is irrational so that f (x+r) = 0 = f (x).
2.4 Trigonometric Limits

sin 3t 1 sin 3t 3
1. lim = lim =
t0 2t 2 t0 t 2
2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS 87
sin(4t)
2. lim = 4
t0 t
sin x 0
3. lim = =0
x0 4 + cos x 4+1
1 + sin x 1+0 1
4. lim = =
x0 1 + cos x 1+1 2
cos 2x
5. lim =1
x0 cos 3x

tan x 1 sin x 1 1 1
6. lim = lim = (1 1) =
x0 3x 3 x0 x cos x 3 3

1 sin 4t
7. lim = lim cos t = 4 1 = 4
t0 t sec t csc 4t t0 t

t cos 2t 1
8. lim (5t cot 2t) = 5 lim = 5 lim cos 2t
t0 t0 sin 2t t0 (sin 2t)/t
1

1 5
= 5 lim cos 2t lim =51 =
t0 t0 (sin 2t)/t 2 2

2 sin2 t sin t sin t
9. lim = 2 lim =210=0
t0 t cos2 t t0 t cos2 t

sin2 (t/2) sin(t/2) t sin(t/2)
10. lim = lim
t0 sin t t0 t sin t

sin(t/2) sin(t/2) 1 0
= lim lim = =0
t0 t t0 (sin t)/t 2 1
2
sin2 6t sin 6t
11. lim = lim = 62 = 36
t0 t2 t0 t

t3 t2 1 1
12. lim = lim t = lim t lim =0 2 =0
t0 sin2 3t t0 sin2 3t t0 t0 [(sin 3t)/t]2 3
sin(x 1) 1 sin(x 1) 1
13. lim = lim =
x1 2x 2 2 x1 x 1 2
x 2 x 2 1
14. lim = lim = lim =1
x2 sin x x2 sin(x 2) x2 sin(x 2)/(x 2)
cos x
15. lim does not exist.
x0 x
1 + sin
16. lim does not exist.
/2 cos
cos(3x /2) sin 3x
17. lim = lim =3
x0 x x0 x
sin(5x + 10) 5 1 sin(5x + 10) 5 sin(5x + 10) 5

x2 4x + 8 5 4 x2 x+2 4 x2 5x + 10 4

sin 3t sin 3t t sin 3t 1 1 3
19. lim = lim = lim lim =3 =
t0 sin 7t t0 t sin 7t t0 t t0 (sin 7t)/t 7 7

sin 2t sin 2t t
20. lim sin 2t csc 3t = lim = lim
t0 t0 sin 3t t0 t sin 3t

sin 2t 1 1 2
= lim lim =2 =
t0 t t0 (sin 3t)/t 3 3

sin t sin t sin t
21. lim = lim t = lim t lim =01=0
t0 +
t t0 + t t0 + t0 + t

1 cos t 1 cos u
22. Letting u = t, we have lim = lim = 0.
t0 t u0 u

t2 5t sin t sin t
23. lim = lim 1 5 = 1 5 = 4
t0 t2 t0 t
cos 4t 1
24. lim = =1
cos 8t
t0 1

(x + 2 sin x)2 x2 + 4x sin x + 4 sin x
25. lim+ = lim+
x0 x x0 x

4 sin x
= lim+ x + 4 sin x + =0+0+4=4
x0 x
(1 cos x)2 h i 1 cos x

26. lim = lim (1 cos x) lim =00=0
x0 x x0 x0 x

cos x 1 cos x 1 1 1 1
27. lim = lim lim =1 =
x0 cos2 x 1 x0 cos x 1 x0 cos x + 1 2 2

sin x + tan x sin x sin x 1
28. lim = lim + = 1 + (1 1) = 2
x0 x x0 x x cos x
sin 5x2 sin 5u
29. Letting u = x2 , we have lim = lim = 5.
x0 x2 u0 u
2
t2 t2 1 + cos t t
30. lim = lim = lim (1 + cos t)
t0 1 cos t t0 1 cos t 1 + cos t t0 sin2 t
2 h i
1
= lim lim (1 + cos t) = 12 2 = 2
t0 (sin t)/t t0
sin(x 2) sin(x 2)
31. First, rewrite lim as lim .
x2 + 2x 8
x2 x2 (x 2)(x + 4)

sin u 1 1 1
Letting u = x 2, we get lim =1 = .
u0 u u+6 6 6
x2 9 (x 3)(x + 3)
32. First, rewrite lim as lim . Letting u = x 3:
x3 sin(x 3) x3 sin(x 3)
h u i
1 1
lim (u + 6) = lim (u + 6) = 6 = 6
u0 sin u u0 (sin u)/u 1

2 sin 4x + 1 cos x 2 sin 4x 1 cos x
33. lim = lim + =8+0=8
x0 x x0 x x

4x2 2 sin x 2 sin x
34. lim = lim 4x = 0 2 = 2
x0 x x0 x
1 + tan x
35. Start by multiplying the function by , producing:
1 + tan x

1 tan x 1 tan x 1 + tan x
lim = lim
x/4 cos x sin x x/4 cos x sin x 1 + tan x
1 tan2 x
= lim
x/4 (cos x sin x)(1 + tan x)
Focusing first on the denominator, we multiply out and simplify:

(cos x sin x)(1 + tan x) = cos x + cos x tan x sin x sin x tan x
cos x
sin x sin x
= cos x + cos x sin x sin x
cos x cos x cos x
sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x
= cos x =
cos x cos x
Substituting this result back into the function, we get:

1 tan2 x cos x
= (1 tan2 x)
(cos x sin x)(1 + tan x) cos2 x sin2 x
2 2
sin x sin x
cos x cos x cos x
cos2 x cos x
= =
cos x sin x
2 2
cos x sin2 x
2
2 2
cos x sin x 1 1
= =
cos x cos x sin x
2 2 cos x
Finally, returning to the limit, we have:
1 tan x 1 1
lim = lim = = 2
x/4 cos x sin x x/4 cos x 2/2
36. Using the trigonometric identity cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x, we have:

cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x
lim = lim
x/4 cos x sin x x/4 cos x sin x
(cos x + sin x)(cos x sin x)

= lim
x/4 cos x sin x

= lim (cos x + sin x) = 2
x/4

f +h f sin + h sin
37. lim 4 4 = lim 4 4
h0 h h0 h
sin(/4) cos h + cos(/4) sin h sin(/4)
= lim
h0 h

( 2/2) cos h + ( 2/2) sin h ( 2/2)
= lim
h0 h

2 cos h + sin h 1 2 cos h 1 sin h 2
= lim = lim + =
2 h0 h 2 h0 h h 2

f +h f cos + h cos
38. lim 6 6 = lim 6 6
h0 h h0 h
cos(/6) cos h sin(/6) sin h cos(/6)
= lim
h0 h

( 3/2) cos h (1/2) sin h ( 3/2)
= lim
h0 h
" #
3 cos h 1 1 sin h 3 1 1
= lim = 0 1=
h0 2 h 2 h 2 2 2
1 1
39. Since 1 sin 1, then |x| x sin |x|. Since lim (|x|) = 0 and lim |x| = 0, then
x x x0 x0
1
by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x sin = 0.
x0 x

40. Since 1 cos 1, then x2 x2 cos x2 . Since lim x2 = 0 and lim x2 = 0, then
x x x0 x0

by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x cos = 0.
2
x0 x
1
41. For both limits, we use the result from Problem 39, lim x sin = 0:
x0 x

1 1 1
(a) lim x3 sin = lim x2 x sin = lim x2 lim x sin = 0 0 = 0
x0 x x0 x x0 x0 x

1 1 1
(b) lim x2 sin2 = lim x sin lim x sin =00=0
x0 x x0 x x0 x
42. |f (x)| B means that B 0 and therefore B f (x) B. Thus, Bx2 x2 f (x) Bx2
in that interval. Since lim (Bx2 ) = 0 and lim Bx2 = 0, then by the Squeeze Theorem,
x0 x0
lim x2 f (x) = 0.
x0
43. Since lim (2x 1) = 3 and lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3, then by the Squeeze Theorem, lim f (x) = 3.
x2 x2 x2
44. Since |f (x) 1| x2 , then f (x) 1 x2 , or f (x) x2 + 1 when f (x) 1 > 0. However,
f (x) x2 + 1 is in fact true for all x, since x2 0 for all x. Similarly, we have x2 f (x) 1,
or x2 + 1 f (x) for all x. Since lim (x2 + 1) = 1 and lim (x2 + 1) = 1, then by the Squeeze
x0 x0
Theorem, lim f (x) = 1.
x0

45. Let t = x . Thus, x = t + and we have the following substitutions:
4 4

2 2
sin x = sin(t + ) = sin t cos + cos t sin = sin t + cos t
4 4 4 2 2
2 2
cos x = cos(t + ) = cos t cos sin t sin = cos t sin t
4 !4 4 2 ! 2

2 2 2 2
sin x cos x = sin t + cos t cos t sin t = 2 sin t
2 2 2 2

sin x cos x 2 sin t
With these substitutions, lim = lim = 2.
x/4 x (/4) t0 t
46. Let t = x . Thus, x = t + . Substituting, we get:
x t t
lim = lim = lim
x tan 2x t0 tan(2t + 2) t0 tan 2t
1 1 1 1
= lim = lim = =
t0 tan 2t t0 1 sin 2t 12 2

t cos 2t t
47. Let t = (/x). Therefore /x = t and sin(/x) = sin( t) = sin t. In addition, we

t
can derive x 1 = , giving us:
t
sin(/x) (sin t)( t) sin t
lim = lim = lim lim ( t) = 1 =
x1 x 1 t0 t t0 t t0

48. Let t = . Substituting in the same way as in Problem 47, we get:
2 x
cos(/x) (sin t)( 2t) sin t 2t
lim = lim = lim lim =
x2 x2 t0 4t t0 t t0 4 4
sin x
49. f is continuous at x = 0 because lim = 1 = f (0).
x0 x

x, x>0 sin x
50. Since |x| = , knowing that lim = 1 means:
x, x<0 x0 x
sin |x| sin x

lim+ = lim+ =1
x0 x x0 x
sin |x| sin(x) sin x sin x
lim = lim = lim = lim = 1
x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x
sin |x| sin |x| sin |x|

Since lim 6= lim , then lim does not exist.
x0+ x x0 x x0 x
2.5 Limits that Involve Infinity

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
x2 3x 1 3/x 1
9. lim = lim =
x 4x + 5
2 x 4 + 5/x 2 4
x2 1
10. lim = lim =
x 1 + x2 x 1/x2 + 1/x4
11. 5

6 1
12. lim3
+
5
=0
x x x

8 x (8/ x) 1 1
13. lim = lim =
x 1 + 4 x x (1/ x) + 4 4

1+73x 1/ 3 x + 7 7
14. lim = lim =
x 23x x 2 2

3x x1 3 1 1/x 1 5
15. lim = lim =3 =
x x + 2 2x + 6 x 1 + 2/x 2 + 6/x 2 2

3 3
4x2 + 1
x 1 4 + 1/x2 1 8
16. lim = lim = 23 =
x 3x + 1
2x2 + x x 3 + 1/x 2 + 1/x 3 3
r s r
3x + 2 3 + 2/x 1 2
17. lim = lim = =
x 6x 8 x 6 8/x 2 2
r s r
2x 1 2 1/x 2 1
18. lim 3
= lim 3
= 3
=
x 7 16x x 7/x 16 16 2

x + x2 + 1
1
19. lim x + 1 = lim x
x2 +1 x2 = lim =0
x x x+ x +1
2 x x + x2 + 1
p p x2 + 5x + x
20. lim x + 5x x = lim
2 x + 5x x
2
x x x2 + 5x + x
5x 5 5
= lim = lim p =
x x + 5x + x x 1 + 5/x + 1
2 2

5 5
21. lim cos = cos lim =1
x x x x

x 1
22. lim sin = lim sin = sin lim =
x 3 6x x 3/x 6 x 3/x 6 2
2.5. LIMITS THAT INVOLVE INFINITY 93

x x

|x|
23. lim sin1
x
= lim sin1 p = lim sin1 p x
x 4x + 1
2 x 4 + 1/x2 x 4 + 1/x2
" !#
1 1
= sin 1
lim p = sin
1
=
x 4 + 1/x 2 2 6

x 1 1
24. lim ln = lim ln = ln lim = ln 1 = 0
x x+8 x 1 + 8/x x 1 + 8/x

4x 1
+
4x + 1 |x| |x| 4 1/x
25. Start with = p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p = 4 and
x +1
2 1 + 1/x 2 x x 1 + 1/x2
4 + 1/x
lim f (x) = lim p = 4.
x x 1 + 1/x2
p p
9x2 + 6 9 + 6/x2 9 + 6/x2 9
26. Start with = . From this, lim f (x) = lim = =
5x 1 5x 1 x x 5 + 1/x 5

p|x| |x|
3 9 + 6/x2 9 3
and lim f (x) = lim = = .
5 x x 5 1/x 5 5

2x 1
+
2x + 1 |x| |x| 2 1/x 2
27. Start with = p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p = =
3x + 1
2 3 + 1/x 2 x x 3 + 1/x 2 3

2 3 2 + 1/x 2 2 3
and lim f (x) = lim p = = .
3 x x 3 + 1/x2 3 3

6 3
5 + +
5x2 + 6x + 3 |x| x2 5 6/x + 3/x2
28. Start with =p . From this, lim f (x) = lim p =
x4 + x2 + 1 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4 x x 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4
5 5 + 6/x + 3/x2 5
= 5 and lim f (x) = lim p = = 5.
1 x x 1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4 1

lim e x
lim e x
0 lim e x
ex ex x x x
29. lim x = =
x e + ex
lim ex + lim ex 0+ lim ex
x x x
ex
= lim = lim 1 = 1
x ex x

ex ex lim e lim ex
x
lim ex 0
lim = x x = x
x ex + ex
lim ex + lim ex lim ex + 0
x x x
ex
= lim x = lim 1 = 1
x e x
lim 2ex
2ex x
30. lim 1+ x =1+
x e + ex
lim e +
x lim e x
x x
lim 2e x
2ex
x
=1+ = 1 + lim = 1 + lim 2 = 3
x ex x
0+ lim ex
x
lim 2ex
2ex x 0
lim 1+ =1+ = 1 + lim x = 1
x e + ex
x
lim ex + lim ex x e
x x
|x 5| x + 5 1 + 5/x
31. lim = lim = lim = 1
x x5 x x 5 x 1 5/x
|x 5| x5
lim = lim =1
x x 5 x x 5
|4x| + |x 1| 4x (x 1) 5x + 1
32. lim = lim = lim
x x x x x x
5 + 1/x
= lim = 5
x 1
|4x| + |x 1| 4x + x 1 5x 1 5 1/x
lim = lim = lim = lim =5
x x x x x x x 1
33. -5 5 Vertical asymptote: none

Horizontal asymptote: y=0
-5
34. -5 5 Vertical asymptote: none

-5
35. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 1
Horizontal asymptote: none
-5
36. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 1
-5
37. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x = 0, x = 2
-5
38. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: none
-5
39. -5 5
Vertical asymptote: x=1
-5
10
40. 10
Vertical asymptote: x=0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1
-10
10
-10 10
41. Vertical asymptote: none
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1, y = 1
-10
10
42. Vertical asymptote: x = 1, x = 1

-10 10
Horizontal asymptote: y = 1, y = 1
-10
43. (a) 2 (b) (c) 0 (d) 2
44. (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 3
45. (a) (b) 3/2 (c) (d) 0
46. (a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 0
47.
-5 5
-5
48. -5 5
-5
49. -5 5
-5
-5 5
50.
-5

3 3 3/x sin 3/x
51. lim x sin = lim x sin = lim x(3/x)
x x x x 3/x x 3/x

3 sin 3/x sin 3/x
= lim x lim = lim 3 lim
x x x 3/x x x 3/x
At this point, we substitute t = 3/x, resulting in:

sin 3/x

sin t
lim 3 lim = 3 lim =3
x x 3/x t0 t
m0 m0 m0
52. lim p = lim = lim ; so as v c , m .
vc 1 v 2 /c2 vc 1 1 vc 0
53. x 10 100 1000 10000

f (x) 1.99986667 1.99999999 2.00000000 2.00000000
2
lim x2 sin =2
x x2
54. x 10 100 1000 10000
f (x) 0.95114995 0.99501240 0.99950012 0.99995000
x
1
lim cos =1
x x
55. -5 5
-5
(a) lim f (x) = (b) lim f (x) 2.7 (c) lim f (x) = 1
x1+ x0 x
1
56. (a) The area of the right triangle shown in Figure 2.5.18 is r2 sin cos . Since there are
2 n n
2n such right triangles, the area of the polygon is:

1 2 1 2 n 2
A(n) = 2n r sin cos = nr 2
sin = r2 sin
2 n n 2 n 2 n
(b) A(100) 3.1395r2 ; A(1000) 3.1416r2

(c) Letting x = 2/n (while noting that n = 2/x) and substituting into A(n) above, we
obtain:
2 sin x
A(n) = r sin x = r 2
x x
From (10) of Section 2.4, we see that:

sin x
lim A(n) = r2 lim = r2
n x0 x

x2
57. (a) lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim (x 1)
x x x + 1
2
x (x 1)(x + 1) x2 (x2 1)
= lim = lim
x x + 1 x+1 x x+1
1
= lim =0
x x + 1
(b) The graphs of f and g get closer and closer to each other when |x| is large.
(c) g is a slant asymptote to f .
58. All points P are of the form (x, x2 + 1) while all points Q are of the formp(x, x2 ). When the
y coordinates of P and Q are the same, we have x2P + 1 = x2Q or xQ = x2P + 1, and thus
p
the horizontal distance between P and Q is |xQ xP | = | x2P + 1 xP |. Thus:
!
p p x 2 + 1 + x

lim | x + 1 x| = lim
2 x +1x
2
x x x2 + 1 + x
2
x + 1 x2 1

= lim
= lim = 0.
x x +1+x
2 x x + 1 + x
2
2.6 Limits A Formal Approach

1. |10 10| = 0 < for any choice of .
2. | | = 0 < for any choice of .
3. |x 3| < whenever 0 < |x 3| < . Choose = .
4. |2x 8| = 2|x 4| < whenever 0 < |x 4| < /2. Choose = /2.
5. |x + 6 5| = |x + 1| < whenever 0 < |x (1)| < . Choose = .
6. |x 4 (4)| = |x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < . Choose = .
7. |3x + 7 7| = 3|x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < /3. Choose = /3.
8. |9 6x 3| = |6 6x| = 6|x 1| < whenever 0 < |x 1| < /6. Choose = /6.

2x 3 1 1 1
9. = |2x 4| = |x 2| < whenever 0 < |x 2| < 2. Choose = 2.
4 4 4 2

1
10. |8(2x + 5) 48| = |16x 8| = 16 x < whenever 0 < |x 2| < /16. Chose = /16.
2
2
x 25
11. (10) = |x 5 + 10| = |x (5)| < whenever 0 < |x (5)| < . Choose = .
x+5
2
x 7x + 12 1 (x 3)(x 4) 1
12. = + = 1 |x 4 + 1| = 1 |x 3| < whenever
2x 6 2 2(x 3) 2 2 2
0 < |x 3| < 2. Choose = 2.
5
8x + 12x4
13. 4
12 = |8x + 12 12| = 8|x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < /8. Choose = /8.

x
3
2x + 5x2 2x 5 (2x + 5)(x2 1)
14. 7 =
7 = |2x + 5 7| = |2x 2| = 2|x 1| <

x 1
2 x 1
2
whenever 0 < |x 1| < /2. Choose = /2.

15. |x2 0| = |x 0|2 < whenever 0 < |x 0| < . Choose = .

16. |8x3 0| = 8|x 0|3 < whenever 0 < |x 0| < 3 /2. Choose = 3 /2.
2.6. LIMITS A FORMAL APPROACH 99

17. | 5x 0| = 5|x 0|1/2 < whenever 0 < x < 2 /5. Choose = 2 /5.

18. | 2x 1 0| = 2|x 1/2|1/2 < whenever 1/2 < x < 1/2 + 2 /2. Choose = 2 /2.
19. |2x 1 (1)| = |2x| = 2|x 0| < whenever 0 /2 < x < 0. Choose = /2.
20. |3 3| = 0 < whenever x > 1, for any choice of .
21. Note that |x2 9| = |x 3||x + 3| and consider only values of x for which |x 3| < 1. Then
2 < x < 4 and 5 < x + 3 < 7, so |x + 3| < 7. Thus, |x2 9| = |x 3||x + 3| < 7|x 3| <
whenever |x 3| < /7. Choose = min{1, /7}.
22. Note that |2x2 + 4 12| = 2|x2 4| = 2|x 2||x + 2| and consider only values of x for which
|x 2| < 1. Then 1 < x < 3 and 3 < x + 2 < 5, so |x + 2| < 5. Thus |2x2 + 4 12| =
2|x 2||x + 2| < 10|x 2| < whenever |x 2| < /10. Choose = min{1, /10}.

23. Note that |x2 2x + 4 3| = |x 1|2 < whenever |x 1| < . Choose = .
24. Note that |x2 +2x35| = |x5||x+7| and consider only values of x for which |x5| < 1. Then
4 < x < 6 and 11 < x + 7 < 13, so |x + 7| < 13. Thus |x2 + 2x 35| = |x 5||x + 7| < 13|x 5|
whenever |x 5| < /13. Choose = min{1, /13}.

25. We need
to show | x a| < whenever 0 < |x a| < for an appropriate choice of . For
= a, we have

x+ a |x a| |x a| a
| x a| = | x a| = < < =
x+ a x+ a a a

whenever 0 < |x a| < . Thus, lim x = a.
xa
26. We need to show that |1/x 1/2| < , whenever 0 < |x 2| < , for an appropriate choice of
. Without loss of generality, we may assume that < 1. Then |x 2| < 1 or 1 < x < 3. For
these values of x, 1/3 < 1/x < 1. Then, for = 2, we have

1 1 1 1 1 1
=
x 2 2 x |2 x| < 2 (1)|x 2| < 2 (2) =
whenever 0 < |x 2| < . Thus, lim 1/x = 1/2.

x2
27. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x1
0 < |x 1| < . To the right of 1, choose x = 1 + /2.
Since 0 < |1 + /2 1| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (1 + /2) L| = |0 L| = |L| < 1,
or 1 < L < 1.
To the left of 1, choose x = 1 /2.
Since 0 < |1 /2 1| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (1 /2) L| = |2 L| < 1,
or 1 < L < 3.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 < L < 1 and 1 < L < 3, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x1
x3
0 < |x 3| < . To the right of 3, choose x = 3 + /2.
Since 0 < |3 + /2 3| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (3 + /2) L| = | 1 L| = |L + 1| < 1,
or 2 < L < 0.
To the left of 3, choose x = 3 /2.
Since 0 < |3 /2 3| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (3 /2) L| = |1 L| = |L 1| < 1,
or 0 < L < 2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 2 < L < 0 and 0 < L < 2, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x3
x0
0 < |x 0| < . To the right of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = |2 /2 L| < 1,
or 1 /2 < L < 3 /2.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < | /2 0| = | /2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = | /2 L| < 1,
or 1 /2 < L < 1 /2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 /2 < L < 3 /2 and 1 /2 < L < 1 /2,
we conclude that lim f (x) does not exist.
x0
x0
0 < |x 0| < . Since |f (x) L| < 1 for all x such that 0 < |x| < , we may assume that
< 2. To the right of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = |2/ L| = |L 2| < 1,
or 2/ 1 < L < /2 + 1.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.
Since 0 < | /2 0| = |/2| < ,
we must have |f (/2) L| = | 2/ L| = |L + 2/| < 1,
or 2/ 1 < L < 2/ + 1.
2.6. LIMITS A FORMAL APPROACH 101
Since we assumed < 2, we have

1 < 2/ or 0 < 2/ 1
and 1 > 2/ or 0 > 2/ + 1.
Having established 2/ 1 < L < /2 + 1 and 2/ 1 < L < 2/ + 1, these imply
0 < L < 2 + 1 and 2/ 1 < L < 0.
Since it is impossible for L to satisfy both of these inequalities, lim f (x) does not exist.
x0
31. By Definition 2.6.5(i), for any > 0 we must find an N > 0 such that

5x 1 5
< whenever x > N.
2x + 1 2
Now by considering x > 0,

5x 1 5 7 7 7

2x + 1 2 = 4x + 2 = 4x + 2 < 4x <
whenever x > 7/4. Hence, choose N = 7/4.

32. By Definition 2.6.5(i), for any > 0 we must find an N > 0 such that

2x 2
< whenever x < N.
3x + 8 3
Now by considering x > 0,

2x 2 16 16 16

3x + 8 3 = 9x + 24 = 9x + 24 < 9x <
whenever x > 16/9. Hence, choose N = 16/9.

33. By Definition 2.6.5(ii), for any > 0 we must find an N < 0 such that

10x
10 < whenever x < N.
x 3
Now by considering x < 0,

10x 30 30 30 30

x 3 10 = x 3 = (x + 3) = x + 3 < x <
whenever x < 30/. Hence, choose N = 30/.

34. By Definition 2.6.5(ii), for any > 0 we must find an N < 0 such that

x2

x2 + 3 1 < whenever x < N.
Now by considering x < 0,

x2

3
= 3 3
x2 + 3 1 x2 + 3 = x2 + 3 < x2 <
p p
whenever x2 > 3/ or x < 3/. Hence, choose N = 3/.
35. We need to show |f (x) 0| = |f (x)| < whenever 0 < |x 0| = |x| < for an appropriate
choice of . For = ,
(
|x|, x rational
|f (x)| = < whenever 0 < |x| < .
0, x irrational
Thus, lim f (x) = 0.

x0
2.7 The Tangent Line Problem

10
1. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 2.5 2 = 0.5
change in y = f (2 + 0.5) f (2) = 2.75 5 = 2.25
change in y 2.25
-10
msec = = = 4.5
change in x 0.5
10
2. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 0 (1/4) = 1/4
change in y = f (0 + 1/4) f (0) = 17/16 0 = 17/16
change in y 17/16 17
-10
msec = = =
change in x 1/4 4
10
3. -10 -5 5 10
change in x = h = 1 (2) = 1
change in y = f (2 + 1) f (2) = 1 (8) = 7
change in y 7
-10
msec = = =7
change in x 1
4. -5 5
change in x = h = 1 0.9 = 0.1
change in y = f (1 + 0.1) f (1) = 10/11 1 = 1/11
-5 change in y 1/11 10
msec = = =
change in x 1/10 11
2.7. THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM 103
2
5. change in x = h = =

3 2 6
2 2
change in y = f + f = sin 1 = 3/2 1
-3
2 6 2 3
change in y 3/2 1 3 36
msec = = =
change in x /6

6. change in x = h = =

3 2 6
3 1
change in y = f + f = cos
3 6 3 6 2
-3
3 1 31
= =
2 2 2
change in y ( 3 1)/2 3 33
msec = = =
change in x /6
7. f (a) = f (3) = 3; f (a + h) = f (3 + h) = (h + 3)2 6
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 3)2 6] 3 = [(h2 + 6h + 9) 6] 3 = h2 + 6h = h(h + 6)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h + 6)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h + 6) = 6
h0 h h0 h h0
With point of tangency (3, 3), we have y 3 = 6(x 3) or y = 6x 15.
8. f (a) = f (1) = 7; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 3(h 1)2 + 10
f (a + h) f (a) = [3(h 1)2 + 10] 7 = [(3h2 + 6h 3) + 10] 7 = 3h2 + 6h = h(6 3h)
f (a + h) f (a) h(6 3h)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (6 3h) = 6
h
h0 h0 h h0
With point of tangency (1, 7), we have y 7 = 6(x + 1) or y = 6x + 13.
9. f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h + 1)2 3(h + 1)
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 1)2 3(h + 1)] (2) = (h2 h 2) (2) = h2 h = h(h 1)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h 1)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h 1) = 1
h
h0 h0 h h0
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y + 2 = (x 1) or y = x 1.
10. f (a) = f (2) = 17; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = (h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3] (17)
= (h2 + 9h 17) (17) = h2 + 9h = h(9 h)
f (a + h) f (a) h(9 h)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (9 h) = 9
h0 h h0 h h0
With point of tangency (2, 17), we have y + 17 = 9(x + 2) or y = 9x + 1.
11. f (a) = f (2) = 14; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = 2(h + 2)3 + (h + 2)

f (a + h) f (a) = [2(h + 2)3 + (h + 2)] (14)
= (2h3 12h2 23h 14) (14) = h(2h2 12h 23)
f (a + h) f (a) h(2h2 12h 23)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim (2h2 12h 23) = 23
h0
With point of tangency (2, 14), we have y + 14 = 23(x 2) or y = 23x + 32.
12. f (a) = f (1/2) = 3; f (a + h) = f (1/2 + h) = 8(h + 1/2)3 4
f (a + h) f (a) = [8(h + 1/2)3 4] (3)
= (8h3 + 12h2 + 6h 3) (3) = 2h(4h2 + 6h + 3)
f (a + h) f (a) 2h(4h2 + 6h + 3)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim 2(4h + 6h + 3) = 6
2
h0
With point of tangency (1/2, 3), we have y + 3 = 6(x 1/2) or y = 6x 6.
1
13. f (a) = f (1) = 1/2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) =
2(h 1)

1 1 1+h1 h
f (a + h) f (a) = = =
2(h 1) 2 2(h 1) 2(h 1)

f (a + h) f (a) h 1
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 2(h 1) h
1 1
= lim =
h0 2(h 1) 2
1 1 x
With point of tangency (1, 1/2), we have y + = (x + 1) or y = .
2 2 2
4
14. f (a) = f (2) = 4; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) =
(h + 2) 1
4 4 4h 4 4h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4= =
(h + 2) 1 h+1 h+1

f (a + h) f (a) 4h 1 4
mtan = lim = lim = lim = 4
h0 h h0 h + 1 h h0 h + 1
With point of tangency (2, 4), we have y 4 = 4(x 2) or y = 4x + 12.

1
15. f (a) = f (0) = 1; f (a + h) = f (h) =
(h 1)2
1 h2 + 2h h(2 h)
f (a + h) f (a) = 1 = =
(h 1)2 (h 1)2 (h 1)2

f (a + h) f (a) h(2 h) 1 2h
mtan = lim = lim = lim =2
h0 h h0 (h 1)2 h h0 (h 1)2

8
16. f (a) = f (1) = 12; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 4
1 + h

8 8 8 8h + 8 8h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4 12 = 8= =
1 + h 1 + h h1 h1

f (a + h) f (a) 8h 1 8
mtan = lim = lim = lim =8
h0 h h0 h 1 h h0 h 1
With point of tangency (1, 12), we have y 12 = 8(x + 1) or y = 8x + 20.

17. f (a) = f (4) = 2; f (a + h) = f (4 + h) = 4 + h

4+h+2 4+h4 h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4 + h 2 = ( 4 + h 2) = =
4+h+2 4+h+2 4+h+2

f (a + h) f (a) h 1
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 4+h+2 h
1 1
= lim =
h0 4+h+2 4
1 1
With point of tangency (4, 2), we have y 2 = (x 4) or y = x + 1.
4 4
1
18. f (a) = f (1) = 1; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) =
h+1

1 1 h+1 1 h+1 1+ h+1
f (a + h) f (a) = 1= =
h+1 h+1 h+1 1+ h+1
1h1 h
= =
h+1+h+1 h+1+h+1

f (a + h) f (a) h 1
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h+1+h+1 h
1 1
= lim =
h0 h+1+h+1 2
1 1 3
With point of tangency (1, 1), we have y 1 = (x 1) or y = x + .
2 2 2
19. f (a) = f (/6) = 1/2; f (a + h) = f (/6 + h) = sin(/6 + h)

1 1
f (a + h) f (a) = sin + h = sin cos h + cos sin h
6 2 6 6 2
1 3 1 1 3
= cos h + sin h = (cos h 1) + sin h
2 2 2 2 2 !

f (a + h) f (a) 1 cos h 1 3 sin h
mtan = lim = lim +
h0 h h0 2 h 2 h

= (1/2)(0) + ( 3/2)(1) = 3/2

1 3 3 3 1
With point of tangency (/6, 1/2), we have y = x or y = x + .
2 2 6 2 12 2

20. f (a) = f (/4) = 2/2; f (a + h) = f (/4 + h) = cos(/4 + h)
2

2
f (a + h) f (a) = cos +h = cos cos h sin sin h
4 2 4 4 2
2 2 2 2
= cos h sin h = (cos h sin h 1)
2 2 2 2

f (a + h) f (a) 2 cos h 1 sin h
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 2 h h

= ( 2/2)(0 1) = 2/2

2 2 2 2
With point of tangency (/4, 2/2), we have y = x or y = x+ +
2 2 4 2 8
2
.
2
21. f (a) = f (1) = 1; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h + 1)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 1)2 ] 1 = (h2 + 2h + 1) 1 = h(h + 2)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h + 2)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h + 2) = 2
h0 h h0 h h0
The slope of the tangent at the blue point (1, 1) is 2. The slope of the line through (1, 1)
and (4, 6) is m = (6 1)/(4 1) = 5/3. Since the slopes are not equal, then this line is not
tangent to the graph.
22. Since there is more than one line, we first find the slope of the tangent line at the general
point (a, f (a)).
f (a) = a2 ; f (a + h) = (h + a)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)2 ] (a2 ) = (h2 + 2ha + a2 ) a2 = h(h + 2a)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h + 2a)
mtan = lim = lim = lim (h + 2a) = 2a
h0 h h0 h h0
Now that we have determined that mtan = 2a, then the slope of the tangent at the blue
point (1, 1) is mtan (1) = 2(1) = 2. The slope of the line through (1, 1) and (1, 3) is
m = (3 1)/(1 + 1) = 2. Since the slopes are equal, then this line is tangent to the graph.
The slope of the tangent at the blue point (3, 9) is mtan (3) = 2(3) = 6. The slope of the line
through (3, 9) and (1, 3) is m = (9 + 3)/(3 1) = 6. Since the slopes are equal, then this
line is tangent to the graph.
23. We know that the points (2, 0) and (6, 4) are on the tangent line, so its equation is
04
y0= (x 2) or y =x2
26
The lines y-intercept is (0, 2).
24. We know that the points (0, 4) and (7, 0) are on the tangent line, so its equation is
40 4
y0= (s 7) or y = x+4
07 7
Since the point of tangency (5, f (5)) is on this tangent line, then
4 48
f (5) = (5) + 4 =
7 7
25. f (a) = a2 + 6a + 1; f (a + h) = (h + a)2 + 6(h + a) + 1

f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)2 + 6(h + a) + 1] (a2 + 6a + 1)
= h2 2ha a2 + 6h + 6a + 1 (a2 ) 6a 1
= h2 2ha + 6h = h(h 2a + 6)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h 2a + 6)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim (h 2a + 6) = 2a + 6
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 2a + 6,
yielding 2a = 6 and a = 3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (3, f (3)) = (3, 10).
26. f (a) = 2a2 + 24a 22; f (a + h) = 2(h + a)2 + 24(h + a) 22

f (a + h) f (a) = [2(h + a)2 + 24(h + a) 22] (2a2 + 24a 22)
= 2h2 + 4ha + 2a2 + 24h + 24a 22 2a2 24a (22)
= 2h2 + 4ha + 24h = h(2h + 4a + 24)
f (a + h) f (a) h(2h + 4a + 24)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim (2h + 4a + 24) = 4a + 24
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 4a + 24,
yielding 4a = 24 and a = 6. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (6, f (6)) =
(6, 94).
27. f (a) = a3 3a; f (a + h) = (h + a)3 3(h + a)

f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)3 3(h + a)] (a3 3a)
= h3 + 3h2 a + 3ha2 + a3 3h 3a a3 (3a)
= h3 + 3h2 a + 3ha2 3h = h(h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim (h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3) = 3a2 3
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 3,
yielding 3a2 = 3 and a = 1. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (1, f (1)) = (1, 2)
and (1, f (1)) = (1, 2).
28. f (a) = a3 + a2 ; f (a + h) = (h + a)3 + (h + a)2

f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)3 + (h + a)2 ] (a3 + a2 )
= h3 3h2 a 3ha2 a3 + h2 + 2ah + a2 (a3 ) a2
= h3 3h2 a 3ha2 + h2 + 2ah = h(h2 3ah 3a2 + h + 2a)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h2 3ah 3a2 + h + 2a)
mtan = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= lim (h 3ah 3a + h + 2a) = 3a + 2a
2 2 2
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 +2a,
yielding a(3a 2) = 0 and a = 0, 2/3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (0, f (0)) = (0, 0)
and (2/3, f (2/3)) = (2/3, 4/27).
change of distance 290 mi

29. vave = = = 58 mi/h
change in time 5h
change of distance 1/2 mi (1/2 mi) 1/2 mi

30. vave = = = = = 45 mi/h
change in time 40 s (40 s)/(3600 s/h) 1/90 h
The car will not be stopped for speeding.
change of distance 3500 km
31. vave = ; 920 km/h = ; t 3.8 h = 3 h 48 min
change in time t
change of distance 20 mi 10 mi 20 mi 10 mi 10 mi
32. vave = = 1 = = = 6 mi/h
change in time 3 6 h 1 12 h 19/6 h 3/2 h 5/3 h
33. s = s(t0 +t)s(t0 ) = f (3+t)f (3) = [4(3+t)2 +10(3+t)+6]0 = 14t4t2

The instantaneous velocity at t = 3 is
s 14t 4t2
v(3) = lim = lim = lim (14 4t) = 14.
t0 t t0 t t0
1 5t3 + t2 5t
34. s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (t) f (0) = t2 + 1= = 5
5t + 1 5t + 1
The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is
s 5t3 + t2 5t 5t2 + t 5
v(0) = lim = lim = lim = 5.
t0 t t0 (5t + 1)t t0 5t + 1
35. (a) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (1/2 + t) f (1/2) = 4.9(1/2 + t)2 + 122.5 121.275
= 4.9t2 4.9t
The instantaneous velocity at t = 1/2 is
s 4.9t2 4.9t
v(1/2) = lim = lim = lim (4.9t 4.9) = 4.9 m/s.
t0 t t0 t t0
(b) The ball hits the ground when s(t) = 0:
4.9t2 + 122.5 = 0; t2 = 122.5/4.9; t = 5 s.
(c) Since the ball impacts at t = 5,
s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (5 + t) f (5) = [4.9(5 + t)2 + 122.5] [4.9(5)2 + 122.5]

= 49t2 49t
The impact velocity at t = 5 is
s 49t2 49t
v(5) = lim = lim = lim (49t 49) = 49 m/s.
t0 t t0 t t0
p
36. (a) Setting 12 gt2 + h = 0 and solving for t > 0, we obtain t = 2h/g.
p
(b) Earth: timpact = 2(100)/32 = 2.5 s
p
Mars: timpact = 2(100)/12 4.08 s
p
Moon: timpact = 2(100)/5.5 6.03 s
1 1 1
(c) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = g(t0 + t)2 + h ( gt20 + h) = gt2 gt0 t
2 2 2
The instantaneous velocity at timpact is
1
s gt2 gt0 t 1
v(timpact ) = lim = lim 2 = lim gt gt0 = gt0 .
t0 t t0 t t0 2
(d) The impact velocities are
vEarth = (32)(2.5) = 80 ft/s

vMars (12)(4.08) = 48.96 ft/s
vMoon (5.5)(6.03) = 33.165 ft/s.
37. (a) s(t) = 16t2 + 256t

s(2) = 16(22 ) + 256(2) = 448 ft
s(6) = 16(62 ) + 256(6) = 960 ft
s(9) = 16(92 ) + 256(9) = 1008 ft
s(10) = 16(102 ) + 256(10) = 960 ft
(b) s(5) = 16(52 ) + 256(5) = 880 ft
s(2) = 448 ft [from (a)]
change of distance 880 ft 448 ft
vave = = = 144 ft/s
change in time 5 s2 s
(c) s(7) = 16(72 ) + 256(7) = 1008 ft

s(9) = 1008 ft [from (a)]
change of distance 1008 ft 1008 ft 0
vave = = = = 0 ft/s
change in time 9 s7 s 2
At t = 7 s, the projectile is at a height of 1008 ft on its way upward. After it reaches
a maximum height, it begins to fall downward and, at t = 9 s, the height is once again
1008 ft. Since distance upward is positive and distance downward is negative, the net
distance is zero.
(d) The projectile hits the ground when s(t) = 0:
16t2 + 256t = 0; 16t2 = 256t; t = 256/16 = 16 s
(e) For some general time t:
s = s(t + t) s(t) = [16(t + t)2 + 256(t + t)] (16t2 + 256t)
= 16t2 + 256t 32tt = t(16t + 256 32t)
The instantaneous velocity at a general time t is
s t(16t + 256 32t)
v(t) = lim = lim
t0 t t0 t
= lim (16t + 256 32t) = (256 32t) ft/s.
t0
(f) From (d), the projectile impacts at t = 16 s. From (e), v(t) = 256 32t so v(16) =
256 32(16) = 256 ft/s.
(g) The maximum height is reached when v(t) = 0: 256 32t = 0 gives us t = 8 s. Since
s(t) = 16t2 + 256t, we have s(8) = 16(82 ) + 256(8) = 1024 ft.
38. (a) s(4) 1.3 ft; s(6) 2.7 ft
s(6) s(4) 2.7 1.3
(b) vave = = 0.7 ft/s
64 2
(c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is the slope of the tangent line to the graph at t = 0.
In this case, v0 1 ft/s.
(d) t 3 s
(e) The velocity is decreasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are decreasing; in this
case, for 0 < t < 3.
(f) The velocity is increasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are increasing; in this
case, for 3 < t < 7.
39. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m0 of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a) f (a + h0 ) f (a)
m = lim ; m0 = lim
h0 h h0 0 h0
As defined in Section 1.2, an even function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is even, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h0 ) =
f ([a + h0 ]) = f (a h0 ), resulting in:
f (a h0 ) f (a) f (a + [h0 ]) f (a)
m0 = lim = lim
0
h 0 h0 h0 0 h0
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW 111
Without loss of generality, we apply the substitution h0 = h to obtain:

f (a + [h0 ]) f (a) f (a + h) f (a)
m0 = lim = lim = m
0
h 0 h0 h0 h
40. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m0 of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a) f (a + h0 ) f (a)
m = lim ; m0 = lim
h0 h 0
h 0 h0
As defined in Section 1.2, an odd function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the origin: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is odd, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h0 ) =
f ([a + h0 ]) = f (a h0 ), resulting in:
f (a h0 ) [f (a)] [f (a h0 ) + f (a)]
m0 = lim 0
= lim
0
h 0 h 0
h 0 h0
Without loss of generality, we apply the substitution h0 = h to obtain:
[f (a h0 ) + f (a)] [f (a + h) f (a)]
m0 = lim 0
= lim =m
0
h 0 h h0 h
41. To show that the graph of f (x) = x2 +|x| does not possess a tangent line at (0, 0), we examine
f (0 + h) f (0) [(0 + h)2 + |0 + h|] 0 h2 + |h|

lim = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h h0 h
From the definition of absolute value, we see that
h2 + |h| h2 + h
lim+ = =h+1=1
h0 h h
whereas
h2 + |h| h2 h
lim = = h 1 = 1
h0 h h
f (0 + h) f (0)
Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, we conclude that lim =
h0 h
h2 + |h|
lim does not exist, and that therefore f has no tangent line at (0, 0).
h0 h
Chapter 2 in Review
A. True/False
1. True

2. False; lim x 5 = 0.
x5+
|x|
3. False; lim = 1.
x0 x
2
4. False; lim e2xx = 0.
x

1
5. False; lim tan 1
= .
x0+ x 2
6. True
7. True
8. False; let f (x) = 0.
1 1
9. False; consider f (x) = , g(x) = 4 , and a = 0.
x2 x
1 1
10. False; consider f (x) = , g(x) = , and a = 0.
x 2 tan2 x
11. False; consider f (x) = x.
12. True
13. True; since f (1) < 0 and f (1) > 0.
14. False; consider f (x) = 1 and g(x) = x 2.
15. True
(
1, x<0
16. False; consider f (x) = and a = 0.
1, x>0
(
1, x3
17. False; consider f (x) = .
2, x>3
18. True; since lim [(x a)f (x)] = [ lim (x a)][ lim f (x)] = 0 f (a) = 0.
xa xa xa
19. True
20. False; lim f (x) = 4 = f (5).

x5

x
21. False; since is undefined for x < 0.
x+1
22. False; the slope m of the tangent line at (3, f (3)) is 1. There is not enough information to
determine the value of f (3).
B. Fill in the Blanks

1. 4
2. 1
3. -1/5
4. -1/2
5. 0
6. 3/5
7.
8. 0
9. 1
10. 1/4
11. 3
12. 4
13.
14. 0+
15. 2

x2 f (x) x2
16. Dividing by x2 we have 1 2 1. Since lim 1 = 1 = lim 1, by the Squeeze
3 x x0 3 x0
f (x)
Theorem we have lim = 1.
x0 x2
17. 10
18. 8
19. continuous
20. 2
21. 9
22. Since f (x) = x2 is continuous, lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x)) = f (9) = (9)2 = 81.
x5 x5
C. Exercises
5
5
1. 2.
-5 5 -5 5
-5
-5
3
5
3. 4.
-3 3
-5
-3
5. (a), (e), (f), (h)

6. (b), (e), (h)
7. (c), (h)
8. (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i)
9. (b), (c), (d), (e), (f)
10. (a), (g), (j)
11. The function is continuous everywhere.

-5 5
-5
12. The function is discontinuous at x = 2 and x = 4.

3
3 6
13. (, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, )

14. [2, 1) and (1, 2]

15. (, 5) and ( 5, )
16. (n, n + ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
17. For f (x) to be continuous at the number 3, we must have f (3) = 3k + 1 = lim (2 kx).
x3+
Thus, we must solve for k in the equation 3k + 1 = 2 3k, resulting in k = 1/6. Therefore:
x
+ 1, x 3
f (x) = 6 x
2 , x > 3
6
18. For f (x) to be continuous everywhere, we must have f (1) = 5 = lim+ (ax + b) and f (3) =
x1
3a + b = lim+ (3x 8). Thus, we get two equations 5 = a + b and 1 = 3a + b. Solving for a
x3
an b yields a = 2, b = 7. Therefore:

x + 4, x1
f (x) = 2x + 7, 1 < x 3

3x 8, x>3
19. f (a) = f (2) = 32; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = 3(h + 2)2 + 16(h + 2) + 12

f (a + h) f (a) = [3(h + 2)2 + 16(h + 2) + 12] 32
= 3h2 12h 12 + 16h + 32 + 12 32 = 3h2 + 4h = h(3h + 4)
f (a + h) f (a) h(3h + 4)
mtan = lim = lim =4
h0 h h0 h
20. f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h 1)3 (h 1)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h 1)3 (h 1)2 ] (2)
= h3 3h2 + 3h 1 h2 + 2h 1 (2)
= h3 4h2 + 5h = h(h2 4h + 5)
f (a + h) f (a) h(h2 4h + 5)
mtan = lim = lim =5
h0 h h0 h
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y + 2 = 5(x + 1) or y = 5x + 3.
1
21. f (a) = f (1/2) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1/2 + h) =
2(h + 1/2)2
1 1
f (a + h) f (a) = (2) = 2 (2)
2(h + 1/2) 2 2h + 2h + 1/2
1 + 4h2 + 4h + 1 4h(h + 1)
= = 2
2h + 2h + 1/2
2 2h + 2h + 1/2
f (a + h) f (a) 4h(h + 1)
mtan = lim = lim =8
h0 h h0 (2h2 + 2h + 1/2)h
With point of tangency (1/2, 2), we have y + 2 = 8(x 1/2) or y = 8x 6.

22. f (a) = f (4) = 12; f (a + h) = f (4 + h) = (h + 4) + 4 h + 4

(h 8) 4 h + 4
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 4) + 4 h + 4] 12 = [(h 8) + 4 h + 4]
(h 8) 4 h + 4
(h 8) 16(h + 4)
2
h 16h + 64 16h 64
2
= =
(h 8) 4 h + 4 (h 8) 4 h + 4
h(h 32)
=
(h 8) 4 h + 4
f (a + h) f (a) h(h 32) 32
mtan = lim = lim = =2
h0 h h0 [(h 8) 4 h + 4]h 16
23. f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 4(h + 1)2 + 6(h + 1)
f (a + h) f (a) = [4(h + 1)2 + 6(h + 1)] 2 = 4h2 8h 4 + 6h + 6 2
= 4h2 2h = h(4h 2)
f (a + h) f (a) h(4h 2)
mtan = lim = lim = 2
h0 h h0 h
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y 2 = 2(x 1) or y = 2x + 4. Thus, the line
that is perpendicular to this line would have a slope of 1/2 and also passes through (1, 2),
resulting in the equation y 2 = (x 1)/2 or y = (x + 3)/2.
24. |2x + 5 7| = |2x 2| = 2|x 1| < whenever |x 1| < /2. Thus, we choose = /2 and
so = 0.005 when = 0.01. Finding proves that lim (2x + 5) = 7.
x1

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2.1 Limits An Informal Approach

13. lim f (x) = 0 14. No limit as x 0.

15. (a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) doesnt exist

16. (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 3

17. (a) 2 (b) -1 (c) -1 (d) -1

18. (a) doesnt exist (b) 3 (c) -2 (d) doesnt exist

23. Incorrect; lim bxc = 0

26. Incorrect; lim cos1 x = 0

35. 1 36. 0.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 0.5

The limit does not exist. The limit is 0.

76 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

37. 0.5 38.

The limit is 2. The limit does not exist.

42. x 1 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

43. x 0 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

lim f (x) = 0.33333333

47. x 4 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

48. x 3 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999

49. x 1 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999

50. x 2 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001

2.2 Limit Theorems

10. does not exist

19. does not exist

2x2 + 3x 9 (2x 3)(x + 3) 2(x 1.5)(x + 3)

2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS 79

36. 210 or 1024

1 cos2 x sin2 x sin x sin x

82 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

13. (a) yes (b) yes

14. (a) no (b) yes

15. (a) yes (b) yes

16. (a) yes (b) yes

17. (a) no (b) no

18. (a) yes (b) yes

19. (a) yes (b) no

20. (a) no (b) no

21. Solving 2 + sec x = 0, we obtain cos x = 12 , so x = 2

22. Since sin x1 is discontinuous only at x = 0, it is continuous on [ 1 , ) and discontinuous on

23. Since f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 2, it is discontinuous on [1, 3] and continuous on

30. Discontinuous at every integer

57. We want to solve f (x) = x5 + 2x 7 = 50 or x5 + 2x 57 = 0. It is easily seen that the

lim (f + g)(x) = lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)

lim (f /g)(x) = lim [f (x)/g(x)] = lim f (x)/ lim g(x)

(g f )(x) = |x| 1 is continuous at x = 0.

2.4 Trigonometric Limits

88 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

sin(5x + 10) 5 1 sin(5x + 10) 5 sin(5x + 10) 5

Focusing first on the denominator, we multiply out and simplify:

36. Using the trigonometric identity cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x, we have:

(cos x + sin x)(cos x sin x)

2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS 91

47. Let t = (/x). Therefore /x = t and sin(/x) = sin( t) = sin t. In addition, we

sin |x| sin x

sin |x| sin |x| sin |x|

2.5 Limits that Involve Infinity

94 CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

33. -5 5 Vertical asymptote: none

34. -5 5 Vertical asymptote: none

42. Vertical asymptote: x = 1, x = 1

43. (a) 2 (b) (c) 0 (d) 2

44. (a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 3

whenever 0 < |x 1| < /2. Choose = /2.

whenever x > 7/4. Hence, choose N = 7/4.

whenever x > 16/9. Hence, choose N = 16/9.

whenever x < 30/. Hence, choose N = 30/.