SPECIATION

Micro - evolution guarantees change in characteristics within a

population but not to the extent that they can span a whole new
species.

HOW ARE SPECIES FORMED?

What results in the formation of sets of population

that have become so different through the process
of evolution that they are no longer compatible for
reproduction?
SUB POPULATION

SUB POPULATION
 Evolution and Classification
GENOME SIMMILARITIES

Classification is done on the basis of certain characteristics and

the genome as such is the blueprint that incorporates these
characteristics and along with variations.

This allows to safely conclude that EVOLUTION and

CLASSIFICATION are INTER - RELATED.

In fact, research has proven that organisms belonging to the

same level of classification have similar genes and the converse
of this statement also holds true.
 How Has Classification Incorporated The Ideals Of Evolution?

Organisms
All living things come under the banner of organisms.

This means that all the organisms that feature have at least one thing in common:
LIFE

Classification on the basis of presence of

photosynthesis
It is only because of evolution that we find the
presence of organisms that make their own food and this
characteristic is an indicator of differential genomes
 Tracing Evolutionary Relationships

Homologous Organs Analogous Organs

1. Organs in different organisms having 1. Organs in different organisms having

similar structure but different function different structure but similar functions.

2. The presence of homologous organs in 2. The presence of analogous organs are of no aid
in forming evolutionary relationships. Similar
two organisms is a sign of similarity method of transportation does not necessarily
because similar body structure co relates co relate with similar body design. Therefore,
with a similar genome different genomes are found in both organisms
Preserved body
structure of an
organism that is Presence can be attributed
to certain environmental
no longer alive.
conditions that prevent
decomposition

. I M P O RTA N C E .
Allows us to understand the progressive
accumulation of genes and forge
evolutionary relationships.
 CARBON
Organic material dating technique that uses Carbon - 14
DATING
THEORY
Organic material is carbon based.

Simply said, in all organic material carbon 12 and carbon 14

are found in equal proportions.
However carbon 14 decomposes faster than carbon 12 and
at a constant rate.
Carbon Dating is based on this property of decomposition.
 EVOLUTION BY STAGES
Rome wasnt built in a day

HOW CAN COMPLEX BODY CHANGES BE

INCORPORATED BY SOME SUBTLE DNA VARIATIONS?
The Intermediate stage
In this method of evolution, variations get
accumulated to create complexity BIT BY BIT.

The rudimentary structure put in place at the

start also helps as can be seen in the case of
Planaria.
In Planaria, the eyes can only detect light

Multiple Developmental Directions

Variations bought in by evolution as such are based on
natural selection.
However, some variations as such can have multiple
applications than intended.

For example, a fossilized dinosaur showed the presence of

feathers but did not show the presence of suitable body
structure for flight.
However, in the modern world, feathers as such are
generally characteristics of organisms that have the ability
to fly
Artificial Selection by Wild Cabbage is an example
of evolution by stages:
 EVOLUTION | PROGRESS
. The Relation .
The evolution of a complex organism does not mean that the
organism from which it has evolved shall cease to exist.
The unevolved organism shall also continue existence.

Such conclusions shall only arise when evolution is looked at in the

form of a ladder, which is utterly incoherent.

Therefore, we can conclude that evolution and progress cannot be

equated. The ideology of progress does not feature in what
constitutes evolution, and therefore they remain different.

For example, we cannot say that humans have evolved from

chimpanzees. It would more appropriate to say that both organisms
have developed from a common ancestor. There came a period of
time when this community got divided and natural selection
allowed the growth of two different organisms.

There fore, evolution can be represented by a tree with numerous

branches rather than a progressive ladder.
Humans are known as Homo Sapiens and in the contemporary world,
there is only one species of humans existing.

Humans originate from Africa from where they spread all around the
world not in a uniform manner.

They retraced steps went forward, and as they explored the world and
discovered agriculture started settling allowing an accumulation of
various genes.