THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION

An 1870 painting of events in the National Convention on 9 Thermidor, 1794

The Thermidorian reaction began with the toppling of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794.
Reactionaries set to work within hours of Robespierres head filling the wicker basket. They
sought to create a conservative republic, free of centralised power, rigid economic controls,
contrived religion and state terror. Within a month the Thermidorian Convention had repealed
the legislation of the Terror and disempowered its main organs, particularly the Committee of
Public Safety. The Thermidorians and their supporters also initiated a White Terror, to purge
government and society of its remaining Jacobins. In August 1795 they passed a new
constitution that dissolved the National Convention and replaced it with the Directory, effective
November 1795. In its short 15-month life the Thermidorian regime was unpopular with most
of the people. It failed to address most of their grievances or improve their lives, and repeated
several mistakes made by earlier governments. According to historian Paul Hanson the
Thermidorian period has long been seen as a sort of revolutionary wasteland, a desultory
interregnum between Robespierre and Napoleon, chiefly because it lacked great leaders,
landmark policies and significant events.

Who were the Thermidorians who came to dominate the post-Robespierre Convention? A few
were moderate or lapsed Jacobins who abandoned or betrayed Robespierre in July 1794. Most,
however, came from the Plain, the amorphous mass of deputies that occupied the floor of the
Convention between September 1792 and July 1794. It is difficult to identify significant figures
among the Thermidorians because most had unremarkable records as leaders, legislators or
administrators. Among their number were Louis-Marie Frron, a well to do journalist who had
supported the violence of the Terror; Jean-Lambert Tallien, who had lost interest in the Terror
after taking a prominent aristocrat as a mistress; Jacques Billaud-Varenne, an ex-member of the
Committee of Public Safety; Paul Barras, a former nobleman turned National Guard
commander; and Pierre-Louis Bentabole, a reactionary Montagnard. They were a loose
affiliation of deputies who little in common socially or politically.
The forced closure of Paris Jacobin club during the Thermidorian reaction
As a consequence, the Thermidorian Convention evolved into a strange and disjointed
assembly, often lacking in leadership and consensus. The majority of the Thermidorian deputies
were conservative republicans. They wanted to wind back the Terror and restore stability and
control to government, without allowing the restoration of either Jacobinism or the monarchy.
In their first month the Thermidorians watered down the power of the Committee of Public
Safety, leaving it in charge of the war effort but reallocating its other responsibilities to several
new committees. Wary that these committees might again accumulate power, the Convention
decreed that one quarter of committee positions would be turned over each month. The
Thermidorians abolished the policies of the Jacobin-Robespierrist regime, repealing the Law of
Suspects, the Law of 22 Prairial and the Law of Maximum. Deputies were dispatched to the
provinces to oversee these changes, to ensure that Jacobins were removed from positions of
authority and to bring the Reign of Terror to an end.
The Thermidorians supported these changes to government with a campaign of purges and
retaliation against the Jacobins. The first year of the Thermidorian Convention was dubbed the
White Terror, as those connected with the Jacobins or their government were harassed,
attacked, driven into exile or murdered. Paris Jacobin club was shut down almost immediately
and outlawed in November 1794. Groups targeted during the Reign of Terror Chouans in the
north-western provinces, peasants in the Vende, counter-revolutionaries in Lyons formed
gangs or militias to eradicate local Jacobins. Some of these anti-Jacobin groups, like the
Compagnies de Jhu (Companies of Jesus) in Lyons and the Compagnies du Soleil (Companies
of the Sun) in Nimes, were unashamedly royalist. Most of the Thermidorian gangs and militias,
however, had no wish to restore the monarchy. They simply sought the eradication of
Jacobinism and vengeance against those responsible for the Reign of Terror.

Jean-Baptiste Carrier, who was tried and executed during the White Terror

Much of the violence of the White Terror was spontaneous and anarchic. There were several
instances of Jacobin prisoners being hauled from cells and slaughtered, an echo of the
September Massacres in Paris in 1792. Some of the killing of the White Terror was done with
legal approval. The National Convention kept the Revolutionary Tribunal in operation until the
end of May 1795. During this time it was charged, tried and dispatched dozens of Jacobin
terrorists, albeit with fairer legal processes than the Jacobins had employed themselves. Among
those executed by the Tribunal during the Thermidorian period were the notorious Nantes
reprsentant en mission Jean-Baptiste Carrier and the Tribunals former prosecutor, Antoine
Fouquier-Tinville. A few Jacobins who participated in the anti-Robespierre coup escaped with
their lives. Bertrand Barre and Jean-Marie Collot dHerbois, who had served on the Committee
of Public Safety with Robespierre, were both tried and deported to the French colonies.

Two jeunesse dore anti-Jacobin street brawlers from the bourgeoisie

In Paris, a good deal of political violence was carried out by the so-called muscadins (perfume-
wearers) or jeunesse dore (gilded youth). Identifiable by their fashionable dress, their
swagger and turns of phrase, most jeunesse dore were young dandies from the bourgeoisie.
They came from the more affluent suburbs of central and western Paris; those that worked
held professional positions in family businesses, law firms or the bureaucracy. The
jeunesse dore, through their wealth and connections, managed to avoid the bloodshed
and military service of the revolution. The removal of Robespierre drew them out of hiding and
onto the streets in defence of the new political order. Their politics were anti-Jacobin and
moderate republican. They also tolerated royalists and some of their number were probably
closet monarchists. In late 1794 and 1795 the jeunesse dore took to the streets like foppish,
overdressed sans culottes, condemning Jacobin policies, intimidating Jacobin sympathisers and
destroying remnants of the old order. Much of this was minor or symbolic, however gangs
of jeunesse dore went about armed with canes and clubs, beating Jacobin sympathisers and
engaging in street battles with the sans culottes. The jeunesse dore were more likely to deliver
a good thrashing than carry out political killings, however their presence in Paris and some
other cities was intimidating enough to contribute to the suppression of Jacobinism.
With Robespierre gone and his supporters imprisoned, guillotined or so dumbfounded that they
were incapable of acting, the Convention drifted aimlessly, disconnected from its social base, as
though suspended in a vacuum. But this situation did not last long. The muscadins [well to do
young men] soon appeared, with their square-cut coats, their enormous cravats and their
weighted cudgels their executive power, they claimed. A few brawls in the public gardens
and they were masters of the Paris streets, driving out the last hard-nosed revolutionaries of the
Year II. Meanwhile, in the Convention, a new moderate party had been formed no sooner had
the Convention thrown off the Jacobin yoke than it found itself under that of the gilded youth
it was [still] a prisoner of its own troops; it had simply changed masters.
Francois Gendron, historian
While the Thermidorians and their supporters purged France of Jacobins, they showed more
toleration to other political factions. Many Girondinists and Dantonists who had survived the
Terror were permitted back into public life. The Thermidorians also repealed the Conventions
death sentence and banishment order against migrs. Buoyed by the removal of Robespierre
and the apparent moderation of the Thermidorian Convention, many migrs chose to end
their exile and return to France, some hoping to regain their property, some plotting the
restoration of the monarchy. We are now in the thick of the debate, one
anonymous migr wrote to another in 1795. In the galleries they talk of the Constitution of
1791, in private of bringing back the king. These reports of returning migrs did not please
everyone. In the spring of 1795 a republican newspaper, the Moniteur, claimed that the main
roads are swarming with migrs who, having taken up arms against France, were returning
with the same bitterness which made them leave. Rumours abounded that an migr army
would assemble in France and install little Capet Louis XVIs younger brother, the Count of
Provence as the new king.
The Thermidorians remained hostile to religion but wisely decided to disentangle religion from
government. The Thermidorian Convention quickly repealed Robespierres decree on the
Supreme Being. In September 1794 the deputies moved that the state was no longer
responsible for paying the salaries of clergymen, a move that effectively ended the
Constitutional Church. On February 21st 1795 the Thermidorian Convention voted to allow
freedom of religion and worship, however this came with strict conditions. Religious dress,
symbols, processions and bell ringing were all banned, while any religious gathering was
deemed to be subject to the surveillance of the authorities. The Thermidorians were tolerant
enough to allow freedom of religion, provided it was done privately, however they feared the
restoration of the Catholic church. When the restrictions of February 1795 were ignored by
many Catholic clergymen, the Convention followed the example of 1791 and required clerics to
swear oaths of loyalty to public laws.

The sans culottes invade the Convention and run riot on May 20th 1795

Economically, the Thermidorians were pro-capitalists who favoured policies conducive to

business and commerce. Thermidorian economic policy focused on ending price controls,
deregulating trade and restoring paper currency. Laws and measures enforcing price controls
and combating speculation were wound back, and in December 1794 the Convention formally
abolished the Maximum. Meanwhile, the government began printing and releasing assignats.
The outcomes were disastrous and were exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1794 and a freezing
winter in 1794-95. In scenes reminiscent of 1789, Paris and other cities found themselves
critically short of food. Prices for food and fuel spiralled and, in Paris, hundreds of people
starved, froze to death or committed suicide. By April 1795 assignats had fallen to less than
one-tenth of their value in 1790. On May 20th (1 Prairial) the sans culottes of Paris mobilised
and invaded the hall of the Convention, murdering a deputy named Jean-Bertrand Fraud and
parading his head on a pike. This time, however, the sans culottes had no effective leadership
and little support in the Convention. The Thermidorians received a petition from the mob but
then called in the National Guard to disarm and suppress them.
1. The Thermidorian Reaction was the 15-month long period between the overthrow of
Robespierre and the formation of the Directory. During this time the Convention was
dominated by deputies from the Plain.
2. The Thermidorians were a loose coalition of deputies. Generally speaking they were
conservative republicans who wanted to rid France of the Jacobins and liberalise the economy.
3. They quickly wound back the Terror, repealing laws and weakening the Committee of Public
Safety, then embarked on a White Terror to purge the government and nation of Jacobins.
4. The Thermidorians also ended the Constitutional Church and permitted freedom of religion,
though religious worship was strictly controlled. They also repealed the Maximum and began
reissuing assignats.
5. The economic policies of the Thermidorians proved disastrous and by the spring of 1795
cities like Paris were again critically short of food and at risk of famine. This led to a sans culotte
uprising on May 20th, where the Convention itself was invaded.