International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 11171122, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_125

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

USE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN THE

CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
K. Sunil
B.Tech Final Year Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Sahithi
B.Tech Final Year Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

T. Reshma
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Hemanth Raja
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
The disposals of different industrial wastes pose environmental problems to the
society as many of them are non-biodegradable. India having the huge network of
industries and many more are being established since it is a developing country. With
each passing year several million metric tons of waste is getting increased. As the
usage of road increases the use of unconventional ingredients also increases. The
inclusion of several other secondary materials and industrial wastes may be a boon in
preserving natural reserves and conventional materials. These materials have been
evaluated and investigated for practicing and utilizing in various ways in construction
industry. Many materials like plastic wastes, scrap tires, mine wastes, crushed glass,
foundry sand etc. This study aims to give a significant demonstration on the use of
blast furnace slag which is an industrial waste- byproduct in the construction of
pavement.
Key words: Blast furnace slag, Marshall Stability, Unconventional ingredients, Waste-
byproduct.
Cite this Article: K. Sunil, K. Sahithi, T. Reshma and K. Hemanth Raja, Use of
Industrial Wastes in the Construction of Flexible Pavements. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 11171122.
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 Use of Industrial Wastes in the Construction of Flexible Pavements

1. INTRODUCTION
India is one among the top 10 countries in terms of industrial growth resulting in an enormous
production of industrial waste. The rate of industrial waste is increasing faster than the rate of
globalization. This waste disposal has become a serious problem today which is threatening
the environment and extinction of resources. The two types of pavement structures generally
used are I) Flexible II) Rigid. Wastes from different sources can be collected and the
materials such as foundry sand, iron slag, steel slag, glass waste, ceramic waste etc., can be
used. The slag is of two types i.e., blast furnace slag and steel making slag. The blast furnace
slag is obtained by melting the separated from blast furnace that produces iron. For each ton
of iron approximately 290kg of slag is produced. Based on the cooling method there are two
types of slag i.e., air-cooled slag and granulated slag. In this study the use of iron slag which
is a blast furnace slag is a by-product of iron manufacturing industry is utilized in the
construction of different layers of pavement. This study aims at reducing the cost of
construction of flexible pavements.

1.1. Objectives
This study promotes the usage of industrial wastes to reduce the cost of construction of
flexible pavements and helps in preserving the natural reserves.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Materials
Materials used in the present study are the following
Blast furnace slag
Aggregates
Bitumen

2.1.1. Blast Furnace Slag

In the present study, the blast furnace slag sample was collected from Krishna industries Pvt.
Ltd. near NH-5 in Vijayawada, state of Andhra Pradesh. The material was collected, mixed
thoroughly and crushed into the required sizes. The different characteristics of the slag were
investigated to check the feasibility into the different layers of the construction of the
pavement and also the types of pavement. Construction of the pavement layers with slag
alone leads to failure so it is mixed up with the aggregate. The mix proportions of aggregate
and iron slag used in the present work are 75% and 25% respectively.

2.1.2. Aggregates
Aggregates are widely used in civil constructions like roads, foundations, railway roads and
drainages. Aggregates are natural materials which are obtained by mining and blasting into
certain sizes. It has good compressive strength properties.
Comparison of the properties of iron slag replaced aggregates and natural aggregates are
shown in the following table:

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 K. Sunil, K. Sahithi, T. Reshma and K. Hemanth Raja

Table 1 Properties of aggregate (75 %) +iron slag (25 %) mix and Normal aggregates

S.NO Properties Aggregates Iron Slag (25%) IS Specifications

+Aggregates (75%)
1. Impact (%) 16.83 23.91 Less than 30
2. Abrasion (%) 33.55 37 Max. 30
3. Specific gravity 2.85 2.62 2.6-2.9
4. Water absorption 0.35 0.10 1
5. Crushing (%) 24.92 28.30 Max.30
2.1.3. Bitumen
There are many ways in which bitumen can be used. They are like sealing, flat roofs, water
proofing products. But mostly 70% of asphalt / bitumen is used in road construction. It acts as
the glue or binder to aggregate mix and creates the asphalt concrete. VG 30 grade of bitumen
is used in this project.
The engineering properties of bitumen which are obtained from the tests of ductility,
softening point, penetration test, flash test, fire test, and specific gravity tests are shown in the
following table:
Table 2 Properties of Bitumen

S.NO Property Bitumen IS Specifications

1. Ductility[at 270C] 76cm Min.75

2. Softening point[ring & ball] 680 35-70

3. Penetration test[250C,0.1 mm, 100 gm, 65cm 80-100

5 sec]

Grade VG30 80/100

4. Flash and fire point 2180c(flash) & 2380c(fire) -

5. Specific Gravity[at 270C] 0.98 0.97-1.02

2.2. Gradiation of Aggregates

Gradation has major impact on the performance of mix design. By gradation the voids are
decreased by filling the smaller particles in between the voids created by large particles.
Gradation of aggregates is done according to MoRTH specifications Section: 500

Table 3 Gradation Table.

IS Sieve(mm) Cumulative % of passing weights
26.5 100
19 79-100
13.2 59-79
9.5 52-72
4.75 35-55
2.36 28-44
1.18 20-34
0.6 15-27
0.3 10-20
0.15 5-13
0.075 2-8

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 Use of Industrial Wastes in the Construction of Flexible Pavements

2.3. Marshall Stability

Marshall Stability is performed to find out the stability and flow values of specimen.
1. A specimen is prepared according to MoRTH specifications Section 500.
2. From the Marshall Stability test we get the following properties
a) % of air voids (Vv).
b) Specific gravity (Gt).
c) % volume of bitumen (Vb).
d) Bulk specific gravity (Gm).
e) % voids in mixed aggregates (VMA).
f) Voids filled with bitumen (VFB).
3. Graphs are plotted between bitumen content vs Gm, Vv, Stability, Flow, and VFB which
are show in result and discussion section below.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of nominal mix design from the Marshall Stability test are shown in the following
table:

Table 4 Analysis of Marshall Stability test results for nominal mix

Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm2) in total filled by
Stability mix bitumen
(kg)
5 1746.78 4.49 2.5 3.62 77.28
C 5.5 1727.27 4.29 2.46 3.30 80.23
6 2025.55 5.61 2.55 2.80 84.38
Desired Marshall mix
design[IRC] Specified - 340 2-4 - 3-5 75-85
values
The results of modified mix design (iron slag (25%) +aggregate (75%)) from the Marshall
Stability test are shown in the following table:

Table 5 Analysis of Marshall Stability test results for modified mix

Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm in total filled by
2
Stability (kg) ) mix bitumen
5 1564.11 3.1 2.56 4.54 73.33
M1 5.5 1564.11 2.31 2.49 3.40 79.89
6 2240.57 3.55 2.46 2.61 84.91
Desired
Marshall - 340 2-4 - 3-5 75-85
mix
design[IRC
] Specified
values

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 K. Sunil, K. Sahithi, T. Reshma and K. Hemanth Raja

Plotted the graphs between the Bitumen Content vs Gt, Vv, VFB, Stability, Flow values
from Marshall Stability results

Nominal Mix Ironslag+Aggregate Mix Nominal Mix Ironslag+Aggregate Mix

4.5 2500
4

MARSHAL STABILITY(KG)
% VOIDS IN TOTAL MIX

3.5 2000
3
1500
2.5
2
1000
1.5
1 500
0.5
0 0
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

BITUMEN CONTENT% BITUMEN CONTENT%

Figure 1 Bitumen Content vs. % of Voids in Total Mix. Figure 2 Bitumen Content vs Marshall Stability value

Nominal Mix Iron+Aggregate Mix Nominal Mix Ironslag+Aggregate Mix

88 2.44
% VOID FILLRD BY BITUMEN

86 2.43
UNIT WEIGHT (g/cc)

84 2.42
2.41
82
2.4
80
2.39
78 2.38
76 2.37
74 2.36
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

BITUMEN CONTENT% BITUMEN CONTENT%

Figure 3 Bitumen Content vs % of voids filled by bitumen Figure 4 Bitumen Content vs Unit Weight

Nominal Mix Ironslag+Aggregate Mix

6
5
FLOW(MM)

4
3
2
1
0
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2

BITUMEN CONTENT%

Figure 5 Bitumen Content vs Flow

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 Use of Industrial Wastes in the Construction of Flexible Pavements

4. CONCLUSION
The Optimum Binder Content obtained from the average peak values of unit weight, % of
voids in total mix and Marshall Stability for conventional mix is 5.5% and that of modified
mix is 5.57%.The values of the different tests obtained from the modified mix meets the
requirements as per Indian Standard. Hence making it useful in the replacement of aggregates
with the iron slag in pavement construction. Iron slag can be used for less traffic volume.
Percentage (%) of voids in total mix at 5% of Bitumen content is maximum at both nominal
and modified mix and then gradually decreases. Maximum stability of modified mix is
21.97KN at 6% of bitumen content. Flow value of modified mix decreases when compared
with nominal mix

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