Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 2 - Specification, Loads and

Design Methods

< Specifications and Building Codes

< Design Loads
< Wind Load
< Structural Members
< Load Transfer between Structural Members
< Design Methods
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Specifications
Developed by organizations such as AISC, ACI
ASCE, and EIT

Recommendations of good practice based on

the accepted body of knowledge

NOT legally enforceable

 Organizations
EIT = Engineering Institute of Thailand
AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction
ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers
AASHTO = American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
UBC = Uniform Building Code
BOCA = Building Officials & Code Administrators
ATTC = American Institute of Timber Construction

American Institute of
Steel Construction Specification

Latest: Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth Edition

The following specifications, codes, and standards are printed in this Manual:

2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

2004 RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
2005 AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges

This Manual replaces both :

- The 9th Edition (1989) Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Manual and

- The 3rd Edition (2001) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Manual.

Visite AISC Website @

http://www.aisc.org
 (...)
... : http://www.eit.or.th

...

1015-40

1020-46

487 39 () . 10310
0-2319-2410~3 0-2319-2710~11 E-mail: eit@eit.or.th

Building Codes

-

..
-
-
-
 Design Process
Architectural
Functional Plans

Final Design
Select Structural
& Detailing
System
OK
Redesign
Trial Sections,
Acceptable?
Assume Selfweight
NG

Analysis for internal Design Loop

forces in member

Member Design

Design Methods
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
allowable strength of each structural component equals or exceeds the
required strength

Design shall be performed in accordance with :

Ra Rn /

where
Ra = required strength (ASD)
Rn = nominal strength ...

= safety factor 1015-40
Rn / = allowable strength

ASD method remains practical and is still widely used

 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
design strength of each structural component equals or exceeds the
required strength

Design shall be performed in accordance with :

Ru Rn

where
Ru = required strength (LRFD)
Rn = nominal strength
= resistance factor

Rn = design strength

LRFD will become the dominant method in the future

Strength of member
Factor of Safety (FS) =
Strength due to load

Uncertainties affecting F.S.

1) Material strength: initial variation, creep, corrosion and fatigue

2) Method of analysis
3) Disaster (hurricane, earthquake)
4) Fabrication and erection stress
5) Technology change live load ; traffic load
6) Live load estimation
7) Other --> residual stress, stress concentration and variation
in dimension
 Design Loads
< Dead Loads - self weight not known before design

< Live Loads - change in position and magnitude

< Wind Load

< Seismic Load

< Snow/Rain Load

< Earth Pressure

Dead Loads
Caused by the weight of structure

Include both the load bearing and non-load

bearing elements in a structure

Generally can be estimated with reasonable

certainty

kg/m3
2,400
2,320
500-1,200
7,850
kg/m2
14
50
, 5
10-30
5
180-360
100-200

Live Loads
Floor Loads

Snow and Ice: 50 - 200 kg/sq.m.

Traffic Load & Pedestrian Load for Bridges

Impact Loads

Lateral Loads: Wind & Earthquake


6 (.. 2527) ... .. 2522

(kg/m2)

(1) 30
(2) 100
(3) 150
(4) 200

(5) 250
(6) () 300

() 300

()
6 (.. 2527) ... .. 2522

(kg/m2)
(7) () 400


() 500

(8) () 500

() 500

(9) 600
(10) 800
 Wind Loads

ASCE 7-98
q = 0.5 V 2
q = 0.00483 K V 2

q = stagnation pressure (./.2)

V = basic wind speed

10 (./.)

K = 10

... .. 2522

WIND DIRECTION

30 m

() (./..)
Leeward side

20 m
10 50 Windward
side Step wind loading
10 < h < 20 80 10 m
20 < h < 40 120
40 160 0m
 19



(1) 0
(2) 0
(3) 0
(4) 10
(5) 20
(6) 30
(7) 40
(8) 50

.. = 20 .. = 20
.. = 20 .. = 20 100%
.. = 20 .. = 20 100%
.. = 20 .. = 20 = 120 = 100%
.. = 20 .. = 20 98.8%
.. = 20 .. = 20 97%
.. = 20 .. = 20 95%
.. = 20 .. = 20 92.9%
= 8(20)+3(20)+0.9(20)+0.8(20)+0.7(20)+0.6(20)
+ 0.5(20) = 290 = 90.625%

88.9%
87.5%
 Load Transfer between Structural Members
Snow, Rain, Wind
and Construction load Floor loads

Roof + Dead load Slab + Dead load Wall load

Beam + Dead load

Wind load Column + Dead load

Foundation

Load from Precast Concrete Slab

Floor load = w kg/sq.m

S
Tributary area = 0.5SL sq.m
Load on beam = 0.5wSL kg/m
L
 Example: CPAC Hollow Core Slab HC100

100 mm

600 mm

SLAB WEIGHT 296 KG/M2

PC WIRE 64 MM.
SPAN 4 M. L
LIVE LOAD 300 KG/M2

w = ? kg/m
Superimposed DL = 80 KG/M2

Total Load = 296 + 300 + 80 = 676 KG/M2

4m Load on Beam = 676 4 / 2 = 1,352 KG/M

L : Beam span

1m 1m

2m 2m

Load Tributary Area on Beam

Example 2.1: Compute load on structural members

Live Load = 500 kg/m2

1 2 3
EXTERIOR 4m 4m Dead Load = 600 kg/m2
COLUMN

EXTERIOR FLOOR
B
BEAM
INDICATES
INTERIOR FLOOR CONCENTRATED
LOAD POINT AT
EXTERIOR GIRDER

INTERIOR GIRDER
BEAM TRANSFER TO
GIRDER

8m 2 m DISTRIBUTIVE
WIDTH TO INT.
FLOOR BEAM
2 m TYP.

A
INTERIOR COLUMN

INTERIOR FLOOR BEAM :

w = 2 (500 + 600) (2) / 2 = 2,200 kg/m

2m

w = 2200 kg/m

2m

4m

4m
R R

Reaction @ Beam End :

R = (2,200) (4) / 2 = 4,400 kg/m

INTERIOR GIRDER : 1 2 3

Point Load on Girder : R R

P = 2 R = 2 4,400 = 8,800 kg/m R R

R R
P1/2 P1/2
P = 8,800 kg P P

8m R
R

Reaction transfer to Column :

R = 3 P / 2 + P1/2 = 3 8,800 / 2 + 4,400 = 17,600 kg/m