FORCE AND MOTION

Distance and displacement

1. i. has only a magnitude and direction

ii. has both magnitude and direction
2. i. length of the path taken
ii. distance of an object from a point in a certain direction
3. a. by car = 41+53 = 94km
b. by plane = 60km
The path traveled by the plane is shorter than travelled by the car.
So, distance = 94km. Displacement = 60km to East

Speed and velocity

1. Speed is the distance traveled per unit time or rate of change of distance
2. Velocity is the speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement
total dis tan ce traveled , s ( m ) s
,V = ( unit : ms−1 )
3. Average of speed; time taken ,t ( s ) t
displacement , s (m) s
, V = (ms−1 )
4. Average of velocity; time taken ,t (s ) t
Distan ce
Speed=
Time
300+400
= =175 kmh−1
5. i. 4
Displacement 500
velocity= = =125 kmh−1
ii. time 4 (in the direction of 053˚)

Acceleration and deceleration

1. The velocity of the car increases

2. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Then
Finalvelocity−initialvelocity v−u
a= =
timeofchange t
20−0
a AB = =10 ms−2
3. i. From A to B 2
40−20
a BC= =10 ms−2
ii. From B to C 2
4. When the velocity of an object decreases, in calculation a will be negative.
−1 −1
5. v=0 ms ,u=30 ms ,t=5 s
FORCE AND MOTION

v−u 0−30
a= = =−6 ms−2
Then, t 5

Analyzing of motion

1. i. The frequency of the ticker timer = 50Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)

1sec ond
= =0 . 02sec onds
So, 1 tick 50
ii. xy = displacement over time t
t=7 ticks = 0.14s
iii. Uniform velocity ; Acceleration ; Acceleration , then deceleration
displacement =12. 3 cm ,time=7 X 0 .02 s=0. 14 s
12 . 3
Velocity , v= =87 . 9 cms−1
iv. 0. 14
v−u
a=
t
40.0−15.0
= =25 .0ms−2
v. 5(0 .2)

The equation of motion

1. The important symbols: s:displacement, v: final velocity, u: initial velocity, t:time,

a:acceleration.
1 v−u
s= (u+v )t a=
2. a. 2 b. t

1
s=ut + at 2
c. v =u+at d. 2

d. v  u  2as
2 2

−1 −2
3. Given u=10 ms , a=3 ms , t=20s, s??
1
s=ut + at 2
2
1
¿(10 )(20)+ (3 )(20)2
2
¿ 800 m
−1
4. Given u=16 ms ,v=0(rest), s=8m, a=?
FORCE AND MOTION

v 2 =u2 +2 as
2 2
0 =16 +2 a(8 )
−2
¿−16 ms

Exercise 2.1

1. a) s=4+ 8+12+ 16+16+16=72 cm

72
v average = =120 . 0cms−1
b) 6( 0. 1)
v−u 1. 6−0 . 4
a= = =2. 4 cms−2
c) acceleration, t 0 .5
16 .0 4 .0
v= =1 .6 cms−1 u= =0 . 4 cms−1
Note: 0. 1 ; 0. 1
t=5(0 .1)=0 .5 s
2.

u=40 ms−1 , v=0, t=8s

S initial =180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake
S final=? (from car to obstacle when he stopped)
1 1
s= (u+v )t= ( 40+0 )8=160 m
2 2
S final =S initial −s
¿ 180−160=20

2.2 Analyzing motion graph

a) Uniform displacement all the time

Graph gradient is zero

The object is stationary or at rest

b) Displacement increases uniformly

FORCE AND MOTION

Graph gradient is fixed

The object moves with uniform velocity

c) The object moves with uniform velocity in a positive direction at a certain displacement.

Then, it moves with uniform velocity in a negative direction to its original location.

d) The object moves with increasing velocity with uniform acceleration.

e) Graph is quadratic form.

Displacement increases with time.

Graph gradient decreases uniformly.

The object moves with decreasing velocity, with uniform deceleration.

f) OA = uniform velocity (positive – move ahead)

AB = velocity is zero (rest)

BC = uniform velocity (negative – reverse)

The velocity-time Graph

a) No change in velocity

Zero gradient the object moves with a constant velocity or the acceleration is zero.

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the moving object

s=vxt

b) Its velocity increases uniformly

The graph has a constant gradient

The object moves with a uniform acceleration

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement, s of the moving object:

1
s= (v×t )
2

c) The object moves with a uniform acceleration for t1 s

FORCE AND MOTION

After t1 s, the object decelerates uniformly (negative gradient) until it comes to rest.

The area under the graph is equal to the displacement of the moving object:

1
s= vt 2
2

d) The shape of the graph is a curve

Its velocity increases with time.

The gradient of the graph increases.

The object moves with increasing acceleration.

The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of the moving object.

e) The shape of graph is a curve

Its velocity increases with time.

The gradient of the graph decreases uniformly.

The object moves with a decreasing acceleration.

The area under the graph is the total displacement of the moving object.

Examples

1) Given : SOP =20 m SOQ = 20 m SOR = 0 m

SOS = -10 m
tOP =2 s tPQ = 3 s tQR = 2 s
tRS = 1 s
20 0−20
V OP = =10 ms−1 V QR = =−10 ms−1
i. 2 2
−10−0
V RS = =−10 ms−1
1
ii. S=20−10=10 m
−1
, V Q=10ms
−1 −1 −1
2) Given: V O=0 ms , V P =10 ms , V R =0 ms
10−0 10−10 0−10
aQP = =2. 5 ms− 2 a PQ = =0 ms−2 aQR = =−5 ms− 2
i. 4 , 4 , 2
1
S= (4+10 )(10)=70 .0 m
ii. 2
FORCE AND MOTION

Exercise 2.2

1) a) The body remains in rest 5 m at the back of initial point.

b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial pointin
2s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m. The body move with uniform
velocity.
c) The body move with increasing it velocity.
2) a) The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
b) The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point in 2 s,
−1
then continue its motion forward with increasing the velocity until 10ms in 2
s.

2.3 Understanding inertia

1. A pillion rider is hurled backwards when the motorcycle starts to move
2. Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately
3. Large vehicle are made to move or stopped with greater difficulty
4. Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving, to
continue its uniform motion in a straight line.

Mass and inertia

1 i. An adult
ii. An adult

2. The larger the mass, the larger its inertia

3. The larger mass have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest of in moving

Effects of inertia

1. Application of inertia
i. Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
ii. Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and
safe.
iii. To tight the loose hammer
2. We should take precaution to avoid the effect
i. During a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their car is
suddenly stopped.
ii. Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are
hurled forward when it stops immediately.
FORCE AND MOTION

iii. A person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his
movement.
iv. A heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.

Exercise 2.3

1. Inertia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its
uniform motion in a straight line. Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
2. a) A wooden block move up of a wooden dowel. A wooden block has inertia to
remains at rest.

b) The wooden block move downward of a wooden dowel. A wooden block has
inertia to continue it motion.

2.4 Analyzing momentum

1. it has momentum

2. depends on its mass and velocity

3. As the product of its mass and velocity, that is

−1
Momentum, p=m×v Unit=kgms

The principle of conservation of momentum

In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged.

1. Elastic collision: The colliding objects move separately after collision.

Momentum: m1 u1 +m2 u2 =m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
2. Inelastic collision: The colliding objects move together after collision.
Momentum: m1 u1 +m2 u2 =( m1 + m2 )v
3. Explosion: The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and
are separated after collision
(m1 +m2 )0=m 1 v 1 −m2 v
Momentum: 2

Example 1:
FORCE AND MOTION

Given: m A=100 kg , u A =30 ms , mB =90 kg , uB =20 ms

−1 −1 −1
, v A =25 ms ,
v B=?

m A u A +mB uB =m A v A +mB v B

( 100 ) (30 )+ ( 90 ) ( 20 )=( 100 ) ( 25 ) + ( 90 ) ( v B )

−1
v B =25 .56 ms

Example 2:

Given: m A=100 kg , u A =30 ms−1 , m B=90 kg , uB =20 ms−1 , v ( A +B) =?

m A u A +m B uB = ( m A +m B ) v ( A +B )

( 100 ) (30 )+ ( 90 ) ( 20 )=( 100+90 ) v ( A +B )

v ( A +B) =25 .26 ms−1

Example 3:

Given:
mb =2 g=0 . 002 kg , mg =1 kg , u( g+b ) =0 , v b =150 ms−1 , v g =?

0=mg v g −mb u b

0=( 1 ) ( v g ) −( 0 .002 ) ( 150 )

−1
v g =0.3 ms

Exercise 2.4

1. Arrow:
ma =150 g , v a=15 ms−1

Wooden block:
mwb =450 g , v wb =0
m( a+wb )=600 g v ( a+wb )=?
Wooden block + Arrow: ,
ma v a +mwb v wb =m( a+wb ) v (a+ wb)
( 0 .15×15 ) + ( 0 . 45×0 )=0 . 6 v ( a+wb )
v ( a+wb )=3 .75 ms−1
FORCE AND MOTION

2. Riffle: mr =5 .0 kg , v r =?
−1
Bullet: mb =50 g , v b =80 ms
mr v r =m b v b
( 5 .0 ) v r =( 0 .05 )( 80 )
−1
v r =0. 8 ms

Understanding the effect of a force

Idea of force

1. Force can make an object;

a. Move
b. Stop the moving
c. Change the shape of the object
d. Hold the object at rest

Idea of balanced forces

1. i. In a stationary state
ii. Moving at uniform velocity

2.
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite direction to the weight.(object is in
equilibrium)

3.
Force, F = Friction
Resultant = F-Friction
= 0 (objects is in equilibrium)
Examples:

a) A car move at constant velocity

b) A plane flying at constant velocity

FORCE AND MOTION

Idea of unbalanced forces

1. Because the force act are not balanced

2. The ball move in acceleration when ball is kicked by a resultant force,F.
So, the ball move in the direction as the applied force.

Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)

1
a∝
1. It is found that, a ∝F when m is constant and m when F is constant
Therefore, a ∝F /m
From a ∝F /m ,
F ∝ma
Therefore, F=kma , k = constant
2. F=ma
3. Example 1:
F=ma
F=( 1000 )( 3 )
F=3000 N
Example 2:
F=ma
200=2.5a
−2
a=8.0ms

Exercise 2.5

1. m=30 kg , F=50 N , F f =20 N , a=?

F−F f =ma
50−20=30 a
a=1. 0 ms− 2
2. m=1000 kg , u=72 kmh−1 , v =0 , s=40 m , F=?
−1 −1
Note: u=72 kmh =20 ms
v 2 =u2 + 2 as
FORCE AND MOTION

0=202 +2a ( 40 )
a=5.0ms−1
F=ma
F=1000×5.0=5000 N

Impulse and impulsive force

1. The change of momentum

2. The large force that acts over a short period of time during collision and explosion
v−u
a=
t
3. It is known that
v −u
F=m
Therefore t
So, Ft=mv−mu , Unit = Ns
Ft is defined ad impulse, which is the change in momentum.
mv−mu
F=
t , unit impulsive force: newton(N)

F is defined as impulsive force which is the rate of change of momentum over the
short period of time.

Example1:

Ft=mv−mu
=5(10)−5(−10) 100
=100 N
Impulsive, =100 Ns and impulsive force, 1

Example 2:

Ft=mv−mu
=5(10)−5(−10) 100
=50 N
Impulsive, =100 Ns and impulsive force, 2
1
F∝
Impulsive force, t

Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision increases.

FORCE AND MOTION

Exercise 2.6

Fimpulse =Ft
¿20×0. 8
1. ¿16 .0 Ns
2. i). A large canvas bag will increase the time of collision.
ii) When the time of collision increase the impulsive force will decrease.

2.7 BEING AWARE OF THE NEED FOR SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES

Safety features Importance

Padded dashboard Increases the time interval of collision so the
impulsive force
produced during an impact is thereby reduced
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus
prevents damage to the car
Shatter-proof windscreen Prevents the windscreen from shattering
Air bag Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an
accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Safety seat belt Prevents the passengers from being thrown out
of the car. Slows
down the forward movement of the passengers
when the car stops
abruptly.
Side bar in doors Prevents the collapse of the front and back of
the car into the
passenger compartment. Also gives good
FORCE AND MOTION

protection from a side-on

collision.

Exercise 2.7

1. - The absorber made by the elastic material

: To absorb the effect of impact (hentaman) during it moving
- Made by the soft material of bumper
: To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive
force will be decreased.
- The passenger’s space made by the strength materials.
: To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
- Keep an air bag at the in front of dash board and infront of passengers
: Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and
thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.

2.8 Understanding gravity

1. It pulled by the force of gravity
2. as earth’s gravitational force
3. the object is said to be free falling
4. is known as acceleration due to gravity
5. on the strength of the gravitational field

Gravitational field

1. the gravitational field of the earth

2. is on the force of gravity
3. as the gravitational force acting on a 1 kg mass
F
g=
4. m where F : gravitational force; m : mass of an object
−1
5. g=9.8 Nkg
6. That an object of mass 1 kg will experience a gravitational force of 9.8N.
F=mg F 4800
g= = =8 Nkg−1
7. Example 1: =60×9.8=588 N Example 2: m 60
FORCE AND MOTION

v =u+at=0+ ( 9. 8 ) ( 1. 2 )
Example 3: a) =11. 76 ms−1 b)
1
s=ut + at 2
2
2
¿ ( 0 ) ( 1. 2 ) + ( 1/2 )( 9 . 8 ) ( 1. 2 )
¿ 7 .1 m

Weight

1. As the gravitational force acting on the object

2. weight , w=mg ; where g= acceleration due to gravity
Example: W=mg=6000×9 .78=58680 N

Exercise 2.8

1.

a) It is at stationary state, S=0m

b) It is moving with increasing velocity
c) It is moving with uniform acceleration
1
s=ut + gt 2
2
1
3 .0=0 ( 0 .7 ) + g ( 0 . 792 )
2
2. g=9. 6 ms−2
The answer less than the constant because of the air frictional force

2.9 Idea of equilibrium forces

1. An object is stationary

2. moving with uniform velocity

FORCE AND MOTION

i) Magnitude of R=W and it acts in opposite direction

So the resultant force, W-R=0(objects in equilibrium)
ii) Magnitude of R=mgcosθ and acts in opposite direction
So the resultant force = mg cosθ−R=0 (objects in equilibrium)
iii) Force , F=Frictional force; Resultant force = F-Frictional force = 0
(object in equilibrium)

Addition of force

1. A resultant force is a single force that represents in magnitude and direction

two or more forces acting on an object. F resultant = the total of forces
(including the directions of the forces)
Re sultamt force , F=F1 + F 2 =10+5=15 N
Re sultamt force , F=F1 −F 2=10−5=5 N

Example 1: Resultant force, F=6000−5300=700 N

They were not in equilibrium

Example 2:
Resultant force, F=10. 5×50=525 N
FORCE AND MOTION

Resolution of a force

1. reverse process of finding the resultant force

Fx Fy
cos θ= ;sin θ=
F F
F x =F cosθ ; F y =F sin θ

Example 1:

F y=F sin θ
F x =F cos θ=50 cos 60 ¿ 50 sin 60=50 ( 0 . 866 )
¿ 50 ( 0. 5 ) =25 N ¿ 43 . 3 N
FORCE AND MOTION

F is the resultant force of Fx and Fy

Therefore, F can be resolved into

F = mg sin 400 + 200

= 800(0.6427) + 200

= 514.2 + 200

= 714.2 N

Problem Solving

1. the resultant force is equal to zero

2. the sum of each component is equal to zero
3.
mlamp =1.5 kg , W lamp =14.7 N

c)
FORCE AND MOTION

T ' =2T sin 70°

W lamp =2 T sin 70°
1.5×9 .81
T= =7 . 82 N
2 sin70 °

4.

F maximum when both of forces act in same direction,

F maximum =18+6=24 N ;

F minimum when both of forces act in opposite direction,

F min imum=18−6=12 N

5.

2.10 Understanding work, energy and efficiency

1. When a force that acts on an object moves the object through a distance in the
direction of the force.

2. of a force and the distance traveled in the direction of the force.

3. WORK =FORCE×DISPLACEMENT
FORCE AND MOTION

W=F×s ;

W : work in joule/J

F : force in Newton/N

s : displacement in meter/m

4. Example 1:

W=Fs

If, F=40N and s =2m

Hence, W=40X2 =80J

Example 2:

W=Fs
=80 cos 60° (5 )
¿80(0 .5)(5 )
¿200 J
Example 3:

Example 4:

W=Fs
=600×0 .8=480 J
FORCE AND MOTION

Energy

1. It is the potential to do the work

2. created nor be destroyed

3. potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and
chemical energy.

4. When we are running up a staircase the work done consists of energy change from
Chemical energy >Kinetic energy > Potential energy. The energy quantity consumed is
equal to the work done.

5. If 100J of work is done, it means 100 J of energy is consumed.

Work done and the change in kinetic energy

1. energy of an object due to its motion

Work=Fs
1
=mas=m( v2)
2. 2

1
Ek = mv 2
The formula of kinetic energy, 2

3. Given : m=100 kg; F=200 N

a) Kinetic energy,
Ek =Fs=200×10=2000 J

1
v→ mv 2 =2000
2
b) Velocity, v =6 .32 ms−1

Work done and gravitational potential energy

1. energy of an object due to its position.(possessed by an object due to its position in a

gravitational field)

2. Maximum potential energy, W=Fs=mgh , where: F=mg

FORCE AND MOTION

W=10(9.8)(1.5)
3. =147 J ; Therefore work done = 147J and Ep = 147J

Principle of conservation of energy

1. created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another form.

2.

Kinetic energy decrease and KKinetic energy increase

potential energy increase and potential energy
decrease

3. Given,
−2
h=20 m;u=0 ;g=9 . 8ms ;v=?
E p =E k
1
mgh= mv 2
2
1
m(9 .8 )(20 )= mv2
2
v 2 =392 , v=19 . 8 ms−1

Power

1. The rate of doing work.

workdone W
P= , so , P=
Therefore, power, timetaken t

Where, P : power in watt/W

W : work in joule/J

t : time to do work in seconds/s

FORCE AND MOTION

−2
2. Given:m=180 kg ,h=2m , t=0 .8 s,and ,g=9 . 8ms , P=?

W mgh
P= =
t t
180×9 .8×2
= =4410 W
0.8
Efficiency

1. As the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.

useful energy
Efficiency = X 100 %
input

2. energy input

3.

4. a) Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s, Einput = 0.8 J

F output =F×s=0. 12×10×0 . 4

¿0 . 48 J
Eoutput
Efficiency= ×100 %
Einput
0 . 48
Efficiency= ×100 %=60 %
b) 0 .80

Exercise 2.10

W=Fs
1. =90×10=900 J

The energy transferred to the force =900J

2. a) m=3 . 0×50=150 kg h=1. 5 m

FORCE AND MOTION

w=mgh=150×9.8×1.5
=2205 J
W 2205
P= = =8 . 82W
b) t 250

2.11 Appreciating the importance of maximizing the efficiency of devices

1. some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.

2. The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.

3. The unwanted energy produced in the devices goes to waste.

5. the best possible use of the input energy.

Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices

1. Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of mechanical work.

2. Light Fittings

- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.

- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas of the

user.

Air-conditioners

- choose a model with a high efficiency.

- accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room

- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be maintained.

Refrigerators
FORCE AND MOTION

- choose the capacity according to the size of the family.

- installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight.

- the door must always be shut tight.

- more economical use a large capacity refrigerator.

- use manual defrost consumption.

Washing machines

- use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity.

- front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine.

Operation of electrical devices

1. when they are in good operating

2. condition. Will increase the life span of device.

3. Example : the filter in an air-conditioner and fins of the cooling coil of a refrigerator must be
periodically cleaned.
FORCE AND MOTION
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FORCE AND MOTION
FORCE AND MOTION
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FORCE AND MOTION

Reinforcement Chapter 2

1. C 6. D

2. C 7. D

3. A 8. D

4. C 9. A

5. A 10. D

Part B : Structure Questions

1. a) i. Method A

ii. The forces given parallel with the surface of motion. So all the forces given are used to

move the breakdown car.

F=F given−F friction F=F given cos 50° −F friction

b) i. ¿ 500−200=300 N ii. ¿ 500 cos 60° −200=50 N

F=ma
50.0=1000a
−2
iii. a=0.05ms
−2
c) The acceleration of car A =0 .3ms

To move Car B with the same acceleration of Car A, increase the force given to 1000N.

2. a) The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass

b) From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is from N.

Ek increase then the force to stop it will be increased.

c) Mass and velocity

d) Inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.

1
Ek = mv 2
2
1
¿ ( 2)( 22 )=4 .0 J
3. a) i. 2
FORCE AND MOTION

E p =mgh
ii. ¿(2)(10 )(3 .0)=60 .0 J

E=E k +E p
iii. ¿ 4 . 0+60 . 0=64 . 0 J

c) i. 64.0J (the conservation of energy)

W=F f ×s=4×4 . 0
ii. ¿4.0J

Es =E−E f
d) ¿ 64 . 0−4 . 0=60 . 0 J

Ek atS=E s−E p at s
¿60.0−(2 )(10)(2.0)=20 .0J
Ek at T =20 . 0 J
1 1
¿ mv 2 = ( 2 )( v 2 )
e) 2 2

v 2=20
v=4.5ms−1

Part C Essay Question

Answer

1a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity

(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.

- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was changed. (The racquet

string is elastic but the wall is harder)

- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more than the time taken

when the car hit the wall.

- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
FORCE AND MOTION

- The concept is the impulsive force.

b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.

- Impulsive force will be increased.

- The force act to the ball will be increased.

- The velocity of ball will be increased.

c) - Make a gradually narrower at the front shape (tapering)

: To decrease air friction

- Made by the high strength and high rigidity of materials

: To decrease the probability to become dented (kemik).

- Made by the low density of material.

: To reduce the mass/weight

- The structure is fractional engine

: The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase.

- Made by the high of heat capacity of materials

: It will be high heat resistance.

2. (a) Increase the velocity

(b)

(c) - time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move

- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to

stop its moving.

FORCE AND MOTION

- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the

acceleration

- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force

- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of

thrust force and low friction of force.

(d) ( i)

EB =( 12. 5−2 . 4 ) (50)=505 . J

E ( suitable to move up
)=mgh
=1 . 8×10×50 sin 30 °
¿ 450 . 0 J
EB > E (Car B can mov up the plane)

(ii) F=ma;

12.5−2.4=1 .8 a
a=5.61 ms− 2