Z-matrix (mathematics)

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Chapter 1

List of matrices

Several important classes of matrices are subsets of each other.

This page lists some important classes of matrices used in mathematics, science and engineering. A matrix (plural
matrices, or less commonly matrixes) is a rectangular array of numbers called entries. Matrices have a long history
of both study and application, leading to diverse ways of classifying matrices. A rst group is matrices satisfying
concrete conditions of the entries, including constant matrices. An important example is the identity matrix given by

1 0 0
0 1 0

In = . . .. .. .
.. .. . .
0 0 1

Further ways of classifying matrices are according to their eigenvalues or by imposing conditions on the product of
the matrix with other matrices. Finally, many domains, both in mathematics and other sciences including physics and
chemistry have particular matrices that are applied chiey in these areas.

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1.1. MATRICES WITH EXPLICITLY CONSTRAINED ENTRIES 3

1.1 Matrices with explicitly constrained entries

The following lists matrices whose entries are subject to certain conditions. Many of them apply to square matrices
only, that is matrices with the same number of columns and rows. The main diagonal of a square matrix is the
diagonal joining the upper left corner and the lower right one or equivalently the entries ai,i. The other diagonal is
called anti-diagonal (or counter-diagonal).

1.1.1 Constant matrices

The list below comprises matrices whose elements are constant for any given dimension (size) of matrix. The matrix
entries will be denoted aij. The table below uses the Kronecker delta ij for two integers i and j which is 1 if i = j and
0 else.

1.2 Matrices with conditions on eigenvalues or eigenvectors

1.3 Matrices satisfying conditions on products or inverses

A number of matrix-related notions is about properties of products or inverses of the given matrix. The matrix
product of a m-by-n matrix A and a n-by-k matrix B is the m-by-k matrix C given by

n
(C)i,j = Ai,r Br,j .
r=1

This matrix product is denoted AB. Unlike the product of numbers, matrix products are not commutative, that is
to say AB need not be equal to BA. A number of notions are concerned with the failure of this commutativity. An
inverse of square matrix A is a matrix B (necessarily of the same dimension as A) such that AB = I. Equivalently, BA
= I. An inverse need not exist. If it exists, B is uniquely determined, and is also called the inverse of A, denoted A1 .

1.4 Matrices with specic applications

1.5 Matrices used in statistics

The following matrices nd their main application in statistics and probability theory.

Bernoulli matrix a square matrix with entries +1, 1, with equal probability of each.
Centering matrix a matrix which, when multiplied with a vector, has the same eect as subtracting the mean
of the components of the vector from every component.
Correlation matrix a symmetric nn matrix, formed by the pairwise correlation coecients of several
random variables.
Covariance matrix a symmetric nn matrix, formed by the pairwise covariances of several random variables.
Sometimes called a dispersion matrix.
Dispersion matrix another name for a covariance matrix.
Doubly stochastic matrix a non-negative matrix such that each row and each column sums to 1 (thus the
matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic)
Fisher information matrix a matrix representing the variance of the partial derivative, with respect to a
parameter, of the log of the likelihood function of a random variable.
Hat matrix - a square matrix used in statistics to relate tted values to observed values.
4 CHAPTER 1. LIST OF MATRICES

Precision matrix a symmetric nn matrix, formed by inverting the covariance matrix. Also called the
information matrix.
Stochastic matrix a non-negative matrix describing a stochastic process. The sum of entries of any row is
one.
Transition matrix a matrix representing the probabilities of conditions changing from one state to another
in a Markov chain

1.6 Matrices used in graph theory

The following matrices nd their main application in graph and network theory.

Adjacency matrix a square matrix representing a graph, with aij non-zero if vertex i and vertex j are adjacent.
Biadjacency matrix a special class of adjacency matrix that describes adjacency in bipartite graphs.
Degree matrix a diagonal matrix dening the degree of each vertex in a graph.
Edmonds matrix a square matrix of a bipartite graph.
Incidence matrix a matrix representing a relationship between two classes of objects (usually vertices and
edges in the context of graph theory).
Laplacian matrix a matrix equal to the degree matrix minus the adjacency matrix for a graph, used to nd
the number of spanning trees in the graph.
Seidel adjacency matrix a matrix similar to the usual adjacency matrix but with 1 for adjacency; +1 for
nonadjacency; 0 on the diagonal.
Skew-adjacency matrix an adjacency matrix in which each non-zero aij is 1 or 1, accordingly as the direc-
tion i j matches or opposes that of an initially specied orientation.
Tutte matrix a generalisation of the Edmonds matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.

1.7 Matrices used in science and engineering

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix a unitary matrix used in particle physics to describe the strength of
avour-changing weak decays.
Density matrix a matrix describing the statistical state of a quantum system. Hermitian, non-negative and
with trace 1.
Fundamental matrix (computer vision) a 3 3 matrix in computer vision that relates corresponding points
in stereo images.
Fuzzy associative matrix a matrix in articial intelligence, used in machine learning processes.
Gamma matrices 4 4 matrices in quantum eld theory.
Gell-Mann matrices a generalisation of the Pauli matrices; these matrices are one notable representation of
the innitesimal generators of the special unitary group SU(3).
Hamiltonian matrix a matrix used in a variety of elds, including quantum mechanics and linear-quadratic
regulator (LQR) systems.
Irregular matrix a matrix used in computer science which has a varying number of elements in each row.
Overlap matrix a type of Gramian matrix, used in quantum chemistry to describe the inter-relationship of
a set of basis vectors of a quantum system.
S matrix a matrix in quantum mechanics that connects asymptotic (innite past and future) particle states.
1.8. OTHER MATRIX-RELATED TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 5

State transition matrix Exponent of state matrix in control systems.

Substitution matrix a matrix from bioinformatics, which describes mutation rates of amino acid or DNA
sequences.

Z-matrix a matrix in chemistry, representing a molecule in terms of its relative atomic geometry.

1.8 Other matrix-related terms and denitions

Jordan canonical form an 'almost' diagonalised matrix, where the only non-zero elements appear on the lead
and super-diagonals.

Linear independence two or more vectors are linearly independent if there is no way to construct one from
linear combinations of the others.

Matrix exponential dened by the exponential series.

Matrix representation of conic sections

Pseudoinverse a generalization of the inverse matrix.

Quaternionic matrix - matrix using quaternions as numbers

Row echelon form a matrix in this form is the result of applying the forward elimination procedure to a
matrix (as used in Gaussian elimination).

Wronskian the determinant of a matrix of functions and their derivatives such that row n is the (n-1)th
derivative of row one.

1.9 See also

Perfect matrix

1.10 Notes
[1] Hogben 2006, Ch. 31.3

1.11 References
Hogben, Leslie (2006), Handbook of Linear Algebra (Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications), Boca Raton:
Chapman & Hall/CRC, ISBN 978-1-58488-510-8
Chapter 2

Z-matrix (mathematics)

For the chemistry related meaning of this term see Z-matrix (chemistry).

In mathematics, the class of Z-matrices are those matrices whose o-diagonal entries are less than or equal to zero;
that is, a Z-matrix Z satises

Z = (zij ); zij 0, i = j.

Note that this denition coincides precisely with that of a negated Metzler matrix or quasipositive matrix, thus the
term quasinegative matrix appears from time to time in the literature, though this is rare and usually only in contexts
where references to quasipositive matrices are made.
The Jacobian of a competitive dynamical system is a Z-matrix by denition. Likewise, if the Jacobian of a cooper-
ative dynamical system is J, then (J) is a Z-matrix.
Related classes are L-matrices, M-matrices, P-matrices, Hurwitz matrices and Metzler matrices. L-matrices have the
additional property that all diagonal entries are greater than zero. M-matrices have several equivalent denitions, one
of which is as follows: a Z-matrix is an M-matrix if it is nonsingular and its inverse is nonnegative. All matrices that
are both Z-matrices and P-matrices are nonsingular M-matrices.

2.1 See also

P-matrix
M-matrix

Hurwitz matrix
Metzler matrix

2.2 References
Huan T.; Cheng G.; Cheng X. (1 April 2006). Modied SOR-type iterative method for Z-matrices. Applied
Mathematics and Computation. 175 (1): 258268. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2005.07.050.

Saad, Y. Iterative methods for sparse linear systems (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA.: Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics. p. 28. ISBN 0-534-94776-X.

Berman, Abraham; Plemmons, Robert J. (2014). Nonnegative Matrices in the Mathematical Sciences. Aca-
demic Press. ISBN 9781483260860.

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