List of matrices

en.wikipedia.org

lower right one or equivalently the entries ai,i. The other

diagonal is called anti-diagonal (or counter-diagonal).

1.1 Constant matrices

The list below comprises matrices whose elements are

constant for any given dimension (size) of matrix. The
matrix entries will be denoted aij. The table below uses
the Kronecker delta ij for two integers i and j which is 1
Several important classes of matrices are subsets of each other.
if i = j and 0 else.

This page lists some important classes of matrices used

in mathematics, science and engineering. A matrix (plu-
ral matrices, or less commonly matrixes) is a rectangular
array of numbers called entries. Matrices have a long his-
tory of both study and application, leading to diverse ways 2 Matrices with conditions on
of classifying matrices. A rst group is matrices satisfy-
ing concrete conditions of the entries, including constant
eigenvalues or eigenvectors
matrices. An important example is the identity matrix
given by
3 Matrices satisfying conditions on
products or inverses
1 0 0
0 1 0

In = . . .. .. . A number of matrix-related notions is about properties
.. .. . .
of products or inverses of the given matrix. The matrix
0 0 1
product of a m-by-n matrix A and a n-by-k matrix B is
Further ways of classifying matrices are according to their the m-by-k matrix C given by
eigenvalues or by imposing conditions on the product of
the matrix with other matrices. Finally, many domains,
both in mathematics and other sciences including physics
and chemistry have particular matrices that are applied n
(C)i,j = Ai,r Br,j .
chiey in these areas.
r=1

1 Matrices with explicitly con-
strained entries
The following lists matrices whose entries are subject to
certain conditions. Many of them apply to square ma-
trices only, that is matrices with the same number of
columns and rows. The main diagonal of a square ma-
trix is the diagonal joining the upper left corner and the
This matrix product is denoted AB. Unlike the product
of numbers, matrix products are not commutative, that is
to say AB need not be equal to BA. A number of notions
are concerned with the failure of this commutativity. An
inverse of square matrix A is a matrix B (necessarily of
the same dimension as A) such that AB = I. Equivalently,
BA = I. An inverse need not exist. If it exists, B is uniquely
determined, and is also called the inverse of A, denoted
A1 .

1
2 7 MATRICES USED IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
4 Matrices with specic applica-
tions
5 Matrices used in statistics
The following matrices nd their main application in
statistics and probability theory.
Bernoulli matrix a square matrix with entries +1,
1, with equal probability of each.
Centering matrix a matrix which, when multi-
plied with a vector, has the same eect as subtract-
ing the mean of the components of the vector from
every component.
Correlation matrix a symmetric nn matrix,
formed by the pairwise correlation coecients of
several random variables.
Covariance matrix a symmetric nn matrix,
formed by the pairwise covariances of several ran-
dom variables. Sometimes called a dispersion ma-
trix.
Dispersion matrix another name for a covariance
matrix.
Doubly stochastic matrix a non-negative matrix
such that each row and each column sums to 1 (thus
the matrix is both left stochastic and right stochastic)
Fisher information matrix a matrix representing
the variance of the partial derivative, with respect to
a parameter, of the log of the likelihood function of
a random variable.
Hat matrix - a square matrix used in statistics to re-
late tted values to observed values.
Precision matrix a symmetric nn matrix,
formed by inverting the covariance matrix. Also
called the information matrix.
Stochastic matrix a non-negative matrix describ-
ing a stochastic process. The sum of entries of any
row is one.
Transition matrix a matrix representing the
probabilities of conditions changing from one state
to another in a Markov chain
6 Matrices used in graph theory
The following matrices nd their main application in
graph and network theory.
Adjacency matrix a square matrix representing a
graph, with aij non-zero if vertex i and vertex j are
adjacent.
Biadjacency matrix a special class of adjacency
matrix that describes adjacency in bipartite graphs.
Degree matrix a diagonal matrix dening the de-
gree of each vertex in a graph.
Edmonds matrix a square matrix of a bipartite
graph.
Incidence matrix a matrix representing a relation-
ship between two classes of objects (usually vertices
and edges in the context of graph theory).
Laplacian matrix a matrix equal to the degree
matrix minus the adjacency matrix for a graph, used
to nd the number of spanning trees in the graph.
Seidel adjacency matrix a matrix similar to the
usual adjacency matrix but with 1 for adjacency;
+1 for nonadjacency; 0 on the diagonal.
Skew-adjacency matrix an adjacency matrix in
which each non-zero aij is 1 or 1, accordingly as
the direction i j matches or opposes that of an
initially specied orientation.
Tutte matrix a generalisation of the Edmonds
matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.
7 Matrices used in science and en-
gineering
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix a unitary
matrix used in particle physics to describe the
strength of avour-changing weak decays.
Density matrix a matrix describing the statistical
state of a quantum system. Hermitian, non-negative
and with trace 1.
Fundamental matrix (computer vision) a 3 3
matrix in computer vision that relates corresponding
points in stereo images.
Fuzzy associative matrix a matrix in articial in-
telligence, used in machine learning processes.
Gamma matrices 4 4 matrices in quantum eld
theory.
Gell-Mann matrices a generalisation of the Pauli
matrices; these matrices are one notable represen-
tation of the innitesimal generators of the special
unitary group SU(3).
Hamiltonian matrix a matrix used in a variety
of elds, including quantum mechanics and linear-
quadratic regulator (LQR) systems.
 3

Irregular matrix a matrix used in computer sci- 11 References

ence which has a varying number of elements in
each row.
Overlap matrix a type of Gramian matrix, used in
quantum chemistry to describe the inter-relationship
of a set of basis vectors of a quantum system.
Hogben, Leslie (2006), Handbook of Linear Algebra
(Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications), Boca
Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC, ISBN 978-1-58488-
510-8

S matrix a matrix in quantum mechanics that

connects asymptotic (innite past and future) par-
ticle states.
State transition matrix Exponent of state matrix
in control systems.
Substitution matrix a matrix from bioinformatics,
which describes mutation rates of amino acid or
DNA sequences.
Z-matrix a matrix in chemistry, representing a
molecule in terms of its relative atomic geometry.

8 Other matrix-related terms and

denitions
Jordan canonical form an 'almost' diagonalised
matrix, where the only non-zero elements appear on
the lead and super-diagonals.
Linear independence two or more vectors are lin-
early independent if there is no way to construct one
from linear combinations of the others.
Matrix exponential dened by the exponential se-
ries.
Matrix representation of conic sections
Pseudoinverse a generalization of the inverse ma-
trix.
Quaternionic matrix - matrix using quaternions as
numbers
Row echelon form a matrix in this form is the
result of applying the forward elimination procedure
to a matrix (as used in Gaussian elimination).
Wronskian the determinant of a matrix of func-
tions and their derivatives such that row n is the (n-
1)th derivative of row one.

9 See also
Perfect matrix

10 Notes
[1] Hogben 2006, Ch. 31.3
4 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
List of matrices Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_matrices?oldid=777022951 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan Derksen, Tar-
quin, Tbackstr, Edward, Michael Hardy, Wshun, Tregoweth, Ahoerstemeier, Cyp, Poor Yorick, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Dysprosia,
Jitse Niesen, Johannes Hsing, Aleph4, Altenmann, Kuszi, MathMartin, Bkell, Giftlite, Fropu, Simon Lacoste-Julien, JeBobFrank,
C17GMaster, Mh, Rich Farmbrough, ZeroOne, Kipton, CanisRufus, Rgdboer, Jrme, ABCD, RJFJR, Oleg Alexandrov, Julien Tuer-
linckx, Vatter, Mathbot, Tardis, Wavelength, KSmrq, Welsh, Sangwine, Nahaj, Paul D. Anderson, Lunch, SmackBot, TimBentley, Hongooi,
Jon Awbrey, Dmh~enwiki, Syrcatbot, 16@r, TNeloms, Myasuda, WISo, Konradek, LachlanA, Harish victory, Vanish2, Jakob.scholbach,
Sullivan.t.j, David Eppstein, ANONYMOUS COWARD0xC0DE, Adavidb, Nigholith, TomyDuby, Peskydan, Haseldon, Kyap, Cuzkatz-
imhut, Ocolon, Wolfrock, Arcfrk, Petergans, Neparis, AlphaPyro, Kero 925, Mx. Granger, Cli, Wikidsp, Katanada, Qwfp, Addbot, Jn-
craton, Breggen, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Titi2~enwiki, Omnipaedista, EmausBot, OZH, Ebrambot, Mxctor, Anita5192, Frietjes, BG19bot,
Queen of Awesome, Saung Tadashi, Saranavan2013, Qaswed and Anonymous: 41

12.2 Images
File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_
mathematics_blue-p.svg License: GPL Contributors: Derivative work from Image:Nuvola apps edu mathematics.png and Image:Nuvola
apps edu mathematics-p.svg Original artist: David Vignoni (original icon); Flamurai (SVG convertion); bayo (color)
File:Taxonomy_of_Complex_Matrices.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Taxonomy_of_Complex_
Matrices.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: {own} Original artist: Jrme

12.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0