vkjksg

+
fQjkd xksj[kiqjh
56 9
ewy uke % j?kqifr lgk; ^fI+kQjkd*
tUe % 28 vxLr] lu~ 1896] xksj[kiqj (mkj izns'k)
f'k{kk % jkeo`Q".k dh dgkfu;ksa ls 'kqjQvkr] ckn dh f'k{kk
vjch] I+kQkjlh vkSj vaxzskh esaA 1917 esa fMIVh dysDVj osQ in
ij p;fur] ij Lojkt vkanksyu osQ fy, 1918 esa in&R;kxA
1920 esa Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa fgLlsnkjh osQ dkj.k Ms<+ o"kZ dh
tsyA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzskh foHkkx esa v;kid
jgsA
lEeku % xqys&uXek osQ fy, lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj]
KkuihB iqjLdkj vkSj lksfo;r ySaM usg: vokMZ
egoiw.kZ o`Qfr;k % xqys&uXek] ces fkanxh% jaxs&'kk;jh] mnZw xkyxksbZ
fuku % lu~ 1983
vc rqels jQ[klr gksrk gw vkvks lHkkyks lkks&xky @
u, rjkus NsM+ks @ esjs uXeksa dks uhan vkrh gS
mnwZ 'kk;jh dk cM+k fgLlk jQekfu;r] jgL; vkSj 'kkL=kh;rk ls c/k jgk gS ftlesa
yksdthou vkSj izo`Qfr osQ i{k cgqr de mHkj ik, gSaA ukhj vdcjkcknh] bYrkI+kQ gqlSu
gkyh tSls ftu oqQN 'kk;jksa us bl fjok;r dks rksM+k gS] muesa ,d izeq[k uke fI+kQjkd
xksj[kiqjh dk Hkh gSA
fI+kQjkd us ijaijkxr Hkkocks/ vkSj 'kCn&HkaMkj dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mls u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj u, fo"k;ksa ls tksM+kA muosQ ;gk lkekftd nq[k&nnZ O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr cudj 'kk;jh
esa <yk gSA balku osQ gkFkksa balku ij tks xqkjrh gS mldh rY[k lPpkbZ vkSj vkus okys dy
osQ izfr ,d mEehn] nksuksa dks Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ izrhdksa ls tksM+dj fI+kQjkd
us viuh 'kk;jh dk vuwBk egy [kM+k fd;kA mnwZ 'kk;jh vius yk{kf.kd iz;ksxksa vkSj
pqLr eqgkojsnkjh osQ fy, fo[;kr gSA 'ksj fy[ks ugha tkrs] dgs tkrs gSaA ;kuh ,d rjg
 fQ+jkd xks#ckb;k
j[kiqjh

dk laokn izeq[k gksrk gSA ehj vkSj xkfyc dh rjg fI+kQjkd us Hkh dgus dh bl 'kSyh dks
lk/dj vke&vkneh ;k lk/kj.k&tu ls viuh ckr dgh gSA izo`Qfr] ekSle vkSj HkkSfrd
txr osQ lkSan;Z dks 'kk;jh dk fo"k; cukrs gq, dgk] fnO;rk HkkSfrdrk ls i`FkoQ oLrq ugha
gSA ftls ge HkkSfrd dgrs gSa ogh fnO; Hkh gSA
57
fI+kQjkd dh #ckbZ esa fganh dk ,d ?kjsyw :i fn[krk gSA Hkk"kk lgt vkSj izlax Hkh
lwjnkl osQ okRlY; o.kZu dh lknxh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA eq>s pkn pkfg,] eS;k jh] eSa
panz f[kykSuk ySgksa tSls cc vkt Hkh mu cPpksa osQ fy, ,d euyqHkkou f[kykSuk gS tks
okrkuqowQfyr dejksa esa can ugha jgrs] Nr ij pVkbZ fcNkdj lksrs gSa rFkk pankekek osQ
ufn;k fdukjs mrjus vkSj dfYir nwk&Hkkr [kkus dh dYiuk ls fugky gSaA ekek Hkh rks
,d lk{kkr f[kykSuk gS cPpksa dk[kkldj mu cPpksa dk ftuosQ thou esa egxs f[kykSus
Hkys u gksa ij tks panzkHk fj'rksa dk eeZ le>rs gSa! ,d dfBu nkSj gS ;g
?kj ykSV cgqr jks, ek&cki vosQys esa]
fe^h osQ f[kykSus Hkh lLrs u Fks esys esa
yksdk nsuk] ?kqVfu;ksa esa ysdj diM+s fiUgkuk] xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djuk] :iorh
eq[kM+k] ueZ ned] ftn;k;k ckyd] jl dh iqryh;s oqQN foy{k.k iz;ksx gSa] fganh]
mnZw vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ vuwBs xBcaku osQ ftls xkakh th fganLq rkuh osQ :i esa iYyfor djuk
pkgrs FksA ek gkFk esa vkbZuk nsdj cPps dks cgyk jgh gSns[k] vkbZus esa pkn mrj vk;k
gSA pkn dh ijNkb Hkh pkn gh gSA dYiuk dh vk[k dk Hkyk D;k eqdkcykA :iorh
eq[kM+s iS ueZ ned ykus osQ fy, NBs&Nekls] ioZ&R;ksgkj ij gh lgh] oqQN uUgha I+kQjekb'ksa
Hkh iwjh dj nh tkrh gSanhokyh esa phuh&fe^h osQ f[kykSus] jk[kh esa ^fctyh dh rjg
ped jgs yPNs*A
j{kkcaku ,d ehBk caku gSA j{kkcaku osQ dPps kkxksa ij fctyh osQ yPNs gSaA lkou
esa j{kkcaku vkrk gSA lkou dk tks lacak >huh ?kVk ls gS] ?kVk dk tks lacak fctyh ls]
ogh lacak HkkbZ dk cgu lsA
ikB esa fI+kQjkd dh ,d xky Hkh 'kkfey gSA jQckb;ksa dh rjg gh fI+kQjkd dh
xkyksa esa Hkh gnh lekt vkSj mnwZ 'kk;jh dh ijaijk Hkjiwj gSA bldk vn~Hkqr uewuk gS ;g
xkyA ;g xky oqQN bl rjg cksyrh gS fd ftlesa nnZ Hkh gS] ,d 'kk;j dh Bld Hkh
gS vkSj lkFk gh gS dkO;&f'kYi dh og mQpkbZ] tks xky dh fo'ks"krk ekuh tkrh gSA
 vkjksg

#ckb;k
58
vkxu esa fy, pkn osQ VqdM+s dks [kM+h
gkFkksa is >qykrh gS mls xksn&Hkjh
jg&jg osQ gok esa tks yksdk nsrh gS
xwt mBrh gS f[kyf[kykrs cPps dh glh

ugyk osQ NyosQ&NyosQ fueZy ty ls

my>s gq, xslqvksa esa oaQ?kh djosQ
fdl I;kj ls ns[krk gS cPpk eqg dks
tc ?kqVfu;ksa esa ys osQ gS fiUgkrh diMs+

nhokyh dh 'kke ?kj iqrs vkSj lts

phuh osQ f[kykSus txexkrs ykos
oks :iorh eq[kM+s iS bd ueZ ned
cPps osQ ?kjkSans esa tykrh gS fn,

vkxu esa Bqud jgk gS fkn;k;k gS

ckyd rks gbZ pkn iS yypk;k gS
niZ.k mls ns osQ dg jgh gS ek
ns[k vkbZus esa pkn mrj vk;k gS

j{kkcaku dh lqcg jl dh iqryh

Nk;h gS ?kVk xxu dh gydh&gydh
fctyh dh rjg ped jgs gSa yPNs
HkkbZ osQ gS ckkrh pedrh jk[kh
l jQckbZ mnwZ vkSj I+kQkjlh dk ,d Nan ;k ys[ku 'kSyh gS] ftlesa pkj iafDr;k gksrh gSaA bldh igyh] nwljh
vkSj pkSFkh iafDr esa rqd (dkfI+kQ;k) feyk;k tkrk gS rFkk rhljh iafDr LoPNan gksrh gSA
 #ckb;k#ckb;k
@xt+y

xky
ukSjl xqaps ia[kfM+;ksa dh ukkqd fxjgsa [kksys gSa
;k mM+ tkus dks jaxks&cw xqy'ku esa ij rksys gSaA
59
rkjs vk[ksa >idkosa gSa kjkZ&kjkZ lks;s gSa
rqe Hkh lquks gks ;kjks! 'kc esa lkVs oqQN cksys gSa

ge gksa ;k fdLer gks gekjh nksuksa dks bd gh dke feyk

fdLer gedks jks ysos gS ge fdLer dks jks ys gSaA

tks eq>dks cnuke djs gSa dk'k os bruk lksp losaQ

esjk ijnk [kksys gSa ;k viuk ijnk [kksys gSa

;s dher Hkh vnk djs gSa ge cnqjQLrh&,&gks'kks&gokl

rsjk lkSnk djus okys nhokuk Hkh gks ys gSa

rsjs xe dk ikls&vnc gS oqQN nqfu;k dk [k;ky Hkh gS

lcls fNik osQ nnZ osQ ekjs pqiosQ&pqiosQ jks ys gSa

fI+kQrjr dk dk;e gS rokkqu vkyes&gqLuks&b'd esa Hkh

mldks mruk gh ikrs gSa [kqn dks ftruk [kks ys gSa

vkcks &rkc v'vkj u iw Nks rq e Hkh vk [ ks a jD[kks gks

;s txex cS r ks a dh ned gS ;k ge eks r h jks y s gS a

,sls esa rw ;kn vk, gS vaTkqeus&e; esa jnksa dks

jkr x, xnw iS I+kQfj'rs ckcs&xqug tx [kksys gSa

lnosQ fI+kQjkd ,kkks&lq[ku osQ oSQls mM+k yh ;s vkokk

bu xkyksa osQ ijnksa esa rks ^ehj* dh xkysa cksys gSa
 vkjksg

vH;kl

ikB osQ lkFk

60 1- 'kk;j jk[kh osQ yPNs dks fctyh dh ped dh rjg dgdj D;k Hkko O;aftr djuk pkgrk gS\
2- [kqn dk ijnk [kksyus ls D;k vk'k; gS\
3- fdLer gedks jks ysos gS ge fdLer dks jks ys gSa bl iafDr esa 'kk;j dh fdLer osQ lkFk
ruk&ruh dk fj'rk vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA ppkZ dhft,A

fVIi.kh djsa
(d) xksnh osQ pkn vkSj xxu osQ pkn dk fj'rkA
([k) lkou dh ?kVk, o j{kkcaku dk ioZA

dfork osQ vklikl

1- bu jQckb;ksa ls fganh] mnwZ vkSj yksdHkk"kk osQ feys&tqys iz;ksxksa dks NkfV,A
2- fI+kQjkd us lquks gks] jD[kks gks vkfn 'kCn ehj dh 'kk;jh osQ rkZ ij bLrseky fd, gSaA ,slh
gh ehj dh oqQN xkysa <w<+ dj fyf[k,A

vkilnkjh
dfork esa ,d Hkko] ,d fopkj gksrs gq, Hkh mldk vankks c;k ;k Hkk"kk osQ lkFk mldk crkZo
vyx&vyx :i esa vfHkO;fDr ikrk gSA bl ckr dks ;ku j[krs gq, uhps nh xbZ dforkvksa
dks if<+, vkSj nh xbZ fI+kQjkd dh xky@jQckbZ esa ls lekukFkhZ iafDr;k <wf<+,A
(d) eS;k eSa rks panz f[kykSuk ySgksaA
lwjnkl
([k) fo;ksxh gksxk igyk dfo
vkg ls mitk gksxk xku
meM+ dj vk[kksa ls pqipki
cgh gksxh dfork vutku
lqfe=kkuanu iar
(x) lhl mrkjs Hkqb kjs rc fefygSa djrkj
dchj
 #ckb;k#ckb;k
@xt+y

'kCn&Nfo
yksdk nsuk & mNky&mNky dj I;kj djus dh ,d f;k
gbZ & gS gh 61
ukSjl & u;k jl
xqaps & dyh
fxjgsa & xkB
kjkZ&kjkZ & d.k&d.k
'kc & jkr
cnqjQLrh&,&gks'kks&gokl & foosd osQ lkFk
ikls&vnc & fygkk
fI+kQrjr & vknr
vkcks&rkc v'vkj & ped&ned osQ lkFk
cSr & 'ksj
vatqeus&e; & 'kjkc dh egfI+kQy
fjan & 'kjkch
xnw & vkdk'k] vkleku
rokkqu & larqyu
ckcs&xqukg & iki dk v;k;
,skkks&lq[ku & csgrjhu (izfrf"Br) 'kk;jh
vkyes&gqLuks&b'd & lkSan;Z vkSj izse dk txr