Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Jung-sung Hsu
( Section Chief, MTAC)
Abstract
1
Xinhua News Agency, March 9, 2001
People, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/19/20010309/413160.html
2
People, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/14838/35549/35748/37317/2781083.html
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 3
3
Ibid.
4
Xinhua News Agency, February 8, 2001, State Council Approved Construction of Qinghai-Tibet
Railway, People, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/16/20010208/391833.html
5
People, June 29, 2001,
http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/shizheng/252/5506/5508/20010629/500273.html
About 960 km of the railway will be built 4,000 meters above sea level and 550
km of its tracks will be laid on permanently frozen ground. The highland
railway will break world records for its height and length. Bridges and tunnels
account for 8% of the railways total length.6
(4) Construction of the section linking Golmud with Lhasa, which began in
June 2001, is expected to be completed by July 2007.7 China plans to invest 5.5
billion RMB in the entire construction project with the hope of completion in
October 2005 and trial operation on July 1, 2006.8
(5) Some 2 billion RMB have been spent on environmental protection
facilities for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a record sum in this aspect for rail
construction in China. 100 million RMB have been invested in frozen ground
research. The constructions units utilized ventilative sheet-stone roadbeds,
ventilated ducts, and rubble slope, and built bridges to replace roads to protect
the fragile natural environment along the railway line. The construction units
have taken steps to protect plateau and alpine vegetation, natural reserves and
rare and endangered wild animal species, and plateau lakes and wetland
ecosystems along the railway. The frozen earth on the Tibetan Plateau and the
natural landscape along the railway are also carefully protected, while
considerable efforts are made to keep the discharge of pollutants to a
minimum.9
(6) The section linking Golmud with Lhasa involves a total investment of
26.2 billion RMB.10
(7) There are plans to extend the Qinghai-Tibet Railway eastward and
6
Ibid. Also see Xinhua Net (Qinghai), http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2004-08/17/content_2694645.htm and
Yang Kai-hwang, A Study on Modernization of Tibetan Region in the Western Development
StrategyTaking the Tibetan Autonomous Region as an Example, p. 161, under the commission of the
Mainland Affairs Council in Taiwan, January 2005.
7
Xinhua Net, http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2004-08/17/content_2694645.htm
8
China, April 13, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2005/Apr/837131.htm
RFA Radio Free Asia, http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/zhuanlan/diaochabaodao/2005/06/09/tibet/
9
Takungpao, March 6, 2005, http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/2005-3-6/ZM-373058.htm
10
China, November 30, 2004, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/qztljs/717762.htm
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 5
11
China, August 16, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/qztljs/942538.htm
12
Yang Kai-hwang, Note 6, p. 161-164. Also see Wu Fu-cheng, A Forecast on the Duration and Benefits
of Chinas Recent Major Public Construction Projects, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, Chinas
Economy, http://www.tier.org.tw/13chinaeconomic/mainbuild.htm
13
HK News, http://hk.news.yahoo.com/050904/12/1g9qp.html
Political Consultative Conference and member of the Standing Committee of
the Communist Party of China Central Committee Political Bureau, said on
August 31, 2005, The building of the plateau railway project is a major
decision made by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, aiming at
accelerating the development of the country's western region and boost
economic and social development in Tibet. The project is up to common
aspiration of the whole Chinese people including Tibetan people, and it is an
agglomeration of painstaking efforts of the Party's three generations of central
leadership and the new central leadership with Hu Jintao as the General
Secretary. Construction of the railway will put an end to Tibets history as the
only autonomous region (province) in China inaccessible by rail. It is not only
essential for strengthening economic and cultural interflows between Tibet and
the hinterland, accelerating economic development of Tibet, and improving the
local farmers and herdsmens material well-being, but is also of great
significance for consolidating national defense in southwestern border,
strengthening ethnic solidarity, and safeguarding the unification of the
motherland.14
14
Xinhua News Agency, August 31, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/qztljs/956272.htm
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 7
15
Xinhua News Agency, June 29, 2001, China, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2001/Jun/42017.htm
16
Du Ping, Shi Peihua, et al., Learning from the Westthe Policy Context and Historical Background of
Chinas Great Western Development Strategies, Beijing: Yanshi Publications, 2000, p. 353-354. Cited
from Yang Kai-hwang, Note 4, p. 168.
17
China Youth Daily, April 23, 2002, China, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2002/Apr/136499.htm
about the railways profound influence on Tibets economic development, The
railway will mitigate the damages to Tibets already fragile ecological
environment caused by irrational structure of energy consumption, steer Tibet
toward modern civilization, and build a golden tourism route around Tibet.18
(1) Destruction of Tibets cultural and religious heritage and depriving the
Tibetan people of room for survival
In a meeting with Tibetan compatriots in Taiwan in spring 2001, the Dalai
Lama said, The Chinese are setting up railway tracks connecting Tibet with not
only Qinghai but also Yunnan, Xinjiang, and Sichuan, but it is not for economic
development. They have plans to transfer 20 million Han Chinese into Tibet.
18
Xinhua Net (Tibet), January 22, 2005,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/focus/2005-01/22/content_2491156.htm
19
http://big5.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/qztljs/432889.htm
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 9
20
Liberty Times, April 2, 2001, http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2001/new/apl/2/today-p10.htm
21
Dalai Lama: Rail Link 'Cultural Genocide' September 12, 2005
http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=10669&article=Dalai+Lama%3a+Rail+Link+'Cultural+G
eno...
itself will go the Inner Mongolia and Manchuria way, totally swamped by
Chinese and completely Sinoised. The railway line would bring in more
Chinese settlers to Tibet and Tibets untapped natural resources would find their
way into China. The project will create problems for Tibetans apart form
playing havoc with the ecology of the plateau. We strongly protest development
projects over which the Tibetan people have no say. The decision to construct
the line connecting central Tibet with China is a political decision and has a
strong political and military objective of cementing Chinese rule over the
Tibetan plateau. The railroad would devastate Tibet and jeopardize the security
of neighbors. The decision to go ahead with the railway line will have a major
negative impact not only on Tibet but also on Tibet's neighbors as this will
enormously increase Chinese ability to move troops and supplies rapidly across
the vast Tibetan plateau.22
22
Xizang-zhiye, May 17, 2001, http://www.xizang-zhiye.org/b5/xzxinwen/0105/010517.1
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 11
community and to various important governments with which China has a lot of
trade dealings," said Mr. Samphel.23
(5) The railway will dilute the already fragile Tibetan culture and lead to
greater tension between Chinese and Tibetans.
Modernization and the influx of tourists and outside business interests
threaten an ancient way of life in Tibet. At the front entrance to the Jokhang
Temple dozens of pilgrims prostrate themselves. Some doubt if the scene will
last long. Lhasa, like elsewhere in today's China, is on the track of
23
NCN, November 13, 2004, http://www.ncn.org/asp/zwginfo/bg_Da.asp?ID=60630&ad=11/13/2004
24
Xizang-zhiye, Archives, Railway Construction and Colonialism,
http://www.xizang-zhiye.org/b5/arch/books/duizang/dui12.html
modernization. The pilgrimage is being threatened.25 Many Tibetans say the
railway will consolidate Chinese control over their homeland. A Tibetan native
says that the railway will bring a flood of Han Chinese to the area and dilute the
already fragile Tibetan culture. She says she expects much more tension to
develop between Chinese and Tibetans.26
(7) Greater difficulty in finding a job, easier access to Tibet for criminals,
and changes in way of life
Chinese journalist Lin Gu has spent a month in Tibet: "What does it
(Qinghai-Tibet railway) mean to you and your city (Lhasa)?" I asked my young
25
BBC Chinese.com, January 9, 2005,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4150000/newsid_4158600/4158671.stm
26
Secret China, August 24, 2001, http://secretchina.com/news/gb/articles/1/8/24/102009.html
27
Epoch, 2005/8/15, http://www.epochtw.com/5/8/15/8879.htm
28
See Note 26.
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 13
drinking companions in the bar. Their answers included cheaper prices, but they
are also worried about a greater influx of outsiders, which could make it more
difficult to find a job. Criminals may feel it is easier to enter Tibet thanks to the
convenience of the railway, and that's why my new friends have concerns about
public security, as well as anxieties that their way of life will change.29
(8) The train, although it may usher in rapid progress, also may transform
their nomadic culture and increase inequality in their land.
Tibetans opposed to Chinese control say the railroad's construction - which
began last year - has so far confirmed their worst fears: The train, although it
may usher in rapid progress, also may transform their nomadic culture and
increase inequality in their land. "We went to inquire about railroad jobs but
they said it's all been taken," said Tenzin, a 22-year-old Tibetan farmer from
Gansu, formerly part of Tibet, but now a Chinese province. "We've been here
four months and we can't find anything. We're willing to be waiters, security
guards, tour guides, anything. But no one wants us.30
29
See Note 25.
30
International Campaign For Tibet, 2003/11/11, The Qinghai-Tibet Railway: Prosperity or Destruction?
http://www.savetibet.org/cn/news/newsitem.php?id=323
concern that development projects including the Qinghai-Tibet railroad would
continue to promote a considerable influx of Han Chinese, Hui, and other ethnic
groups into the TAR. They feared that the TAR's traditional culture and Tibetan
demographic dominance would be overwhelmed by such migration.31
31
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights,
and Labor February 28, 2005 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41640.htm#tibet
32
International Campaign For Tibet, http://www.savetibet.org/documents/document.php?id=34
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 15
the face of Tibet in many ways. The International Campaign for Tibet calls for
measures to ensure that Tibetans take full control of the railway and that the
railway does not facilitate greater influx of Han Chinese into Tibet.33
(3) The Tibetan people have no say over important decisions in the
course of Tibets transformation.
Professor Robert Barnett, Lecturer in Modern Tibetan Studies at Columbia
University, believes that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway would pose substantial
impact to Tibets social and cultural landscape. Since 1992, China has been
going all out in accelerating development in Tibet to make it catch up with
Chinas western regions in terms of economic development. Yet despite the
sugarcoated rhetoric, Beijings real intention is to make Tibet the same as the
rest of China. According to Barnett, Most Tibetan people I spoke to could see
the benefits of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in regard to
economic development, but they also said it would have negative impact and
bring more criminals into the region. I think theyre trying to imply that theyre
worried about the influx of Han people in particular. According to Barnett,
economic activities in Tibet are mainly grasped in the hands of the Han people.
The key question is who should have the final say over important decisions in
the course of development. As the situation unfolds, it is clear that Tibetans are
not the one making decisions.34
(4) The core of the issue in Tibet is one of Tibetan national aspirations,
not material conditions.
Elliot Sperling, Associate Professor of Tibetan Studies and International
Relations at the Indiana University, said that China has embarked on a project
33
Epoch Times, 2003/9/5, http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/9/3/n369769.htm
34
Epoch Times, 2005/2/17, http://www.epochtimes.com.tw/bt/5/2/17/n814682.htm
designed to further the economic and social integration of the PRC's western
regions with the rest of the country. This project, the "Great Western
Development Strategy (Xibu da kaifa)," has its own implications for Tibet. It is
important to note that while the project does seek to address the stark imbalance
in development that characterizes the differences between areas such as Tibet
and the wealthy coastal regions in eastern China, it also has the potential for
spurring Chinese migration into Tibet and further Sinicization there. Sperling
argued that the core of the issue in Tibet is one of Tibetan national aspirations,
not material conditions.35
. Analysis
35
Ibid.
36
World Tibet Network News, July 26, 2005 http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/2005/7/26_2.html
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 17
37
China signed joint declaration on principles for relations and comprehensive cooperation with India,
Cross-Strait Interflow Prospect Foundation, Asia-Pacific Security Comprehensive Database, 2003/6/25,
http://www.future-china.org.tw/apcs/APCSdata.asp? Last retrieved 2003/6/25%20
afternoon%2009:07:19
blood-making.
(2) The Tibetan culture must brace itself for the impact of modernization
that comes along with the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Culture is an expression of lifestyle and emotions, i.e., the kind of lifestyle one
desires. It is an ever-changing idea, not a vague, ambiguous concept. As a
comprehensive, convenient, and efficient means of mass transportation, the
Qinghai-Tibet Railway is bound to have a massive, immediate impact on
Tibets politics, economy, society, and culture. Such a massive impact will
bring in unperceivable changes and demand, and at the same time create a
massive wave of cultural transformation as well as a new world of challenges
and opportunities. While going with the flow of modernization, countries
around the world must brace themselves for the possible impact on traditional
culture. The dilemma is the same for China as well as Taiwan. Similarly, the
Tibetan culture cannot be exempted from the impact caused by the construction
and completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Tibetan culture is a gem of
wisdom shared by all Tibetan people, not a monopoly of China, Dalai Lama, or
the Tibetan Government in Exile. The key to the survival and prosperity of
culture lies in its own adaptability. The ruling regime may throw its weight
around and dictate the course of cultural development, but it can never contain
the flexibility and adaptability of culture.38 China and the Tibetan Government
in Exile gave completely different portrayals of the future of Tibetan culture in
their propaganda, and it is difficult to tell which is more likely to come true.
Perhaps it is more realistic to expect China to take steps to protect the Tibetan
culture.
(3) Countries such as the US have no right to blow the whistle over the
Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
38
Yang Kai-hwang, Note 6, p. 56.
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 19
(4) China should respect the opinions of the Tibetan people and allow
them to speak freely on important issues.
Just like what the Chinese officials said, construction of the railway is not
only essential for accelerating economic and social development in Tibet,
39
http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=Free+Tibet+before+free-trade+with+Chin
40
Lin Chung-pin: Taiwan Should Switch to Strategic Card Against the US,
http://tw.news.yahoo.com/041117/43/160g6.html
improving the quality of life for the Tibetan people, and strengthening economic
and cultural interflows between Tibet and sister provinces, autonomous regions,
and special municipalities, but is also of great significance for consolidating
border defense and strengthening ethnic solidarity.41 The accuracy However, as
discussed above, the Tibetan people still have concerns over the railway, and
these concerns cannot be brushed off as objection for objections sake.
Political rhetoric is often shortsighted and short-lived. 42 In addition, the
uniqueness in Tibets geographical position, ecological environment, and ethnic
culture is well known to the rest of the world. Considerations on Tibets future
development should focus more on preserving such uniqueness than economic
development.43 All Tibetan people inside or outside Tibet are entitled to their
opinions, and should be allowed to speak freely on issues including Tibets
economy, culture, environmental protection, policy directions, and immigration
regardless of their position in the social hierarchy. The collective voice of the
Tibetan people should be useful in finding a new path that meets Chinas
multiple purposes cited above, helps Tibets economic development, and is
supported by the majority of Tibetans.
(5) China should focus on the coexistence and mutual prosperity of, and
the relationship between, economy and environment.
Tibet, dubbed the third pole, the roof of the world, and the top of the
world, should take the environment into account in the construction and
maintenance of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. China claimed that it has made an
investment of more than 2 billion RMB in environmental protection work for
the world-class, environmental-friendly Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and pledged
that all efforts would be mobilized into building the world first-class plateau
41
See Note 9.
42
Yang Kai-hwang, Note 6, p. 98.
43
Yang Kai-hwang, Note 6, p. 55.
The Qinghai - Tibet Railways Impact on Tibet 21
(This paper was presented in the 525th MTAC commissioner meeting and the
1078th administrative meeting on September 12, 2005. Revision was completed
on September 19, 2005.)
44
world commission on environment and development (wced). 1987. our common future. pp. 37-38 new
york: oxford university press. Cited from Chi Chun-chieh, We Do Not Have a Common Future: The
Political Economy of the Dominant Environmental Concern in the West. Original text published in
Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, No. 31, 141-168, 1998.
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix 1
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the world's highest and longest plateau railway. Some 960 kilometers of
its 1118-kilometer tracks are located 4,000 meters above sea level. About 600 kilometers of the tracks
run on perennial frozen earth. The railway extends from Qinghai's Golmud in the east to Tibets Lhasa in
the west.
Map created by Zhou Da-qing, Zhang Yue, and Xiong De (Released by Xinhua News
Agency, China)
Source:
International Campaign For Tibet,http://www.savetibet.org/campaigns/railway/index.php