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An American National Standard

Designation: F 412 01ae1

Standard Terminology Relating to


Plastic Piping Systems1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

e1 NOTEThe terms Hydrostatic Design Stress and Pressure Rating were editorially updated in June 2002.

1. Scope of Transparent Plastics3


1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of D 1238 Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by
technical terms used in the plastic piping industry. Terms that Extrusion Plastometer3
are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
available sources are not included. Gradient Technique3
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which D 2444 Test Method for Impact Resistance of Thermoplas-
Committee F-17 is responsible it is included only when judged, tic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)4
after review, by Subcommittee F17.94 to be a generally usable D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design
term. Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials4
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by other 2.2 ISO Standards:5
ASTM committees or other standards organizations are iden- ISO 3 Preferred Numbers
tified with the committee number (for example, D-20) or with ISO 497 Preferred Numbers
the abbreviation of the name of the organization (for example, ISO R 161 Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Fluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part I,
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor- Metric Series
mation included in notes. ISO TR 9080 Thermolplastics Pipes for the Transport of
Fluids-Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress
2. Referenced Documents Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic
2.1 ASTM Standards: Strength of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic 2.3 ANSI Standard:5
Cement2 Z17.1 ANSI Preferred Numbers
D 256 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastics and 2.4 PPI Standard:6
Electrical Insulating Materials3 PPI TR-4
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics3
3. Terminology
D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
Under Flexural Load3 acceptance testingtesting performed on a product to deter-
D 747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of mine whether or not an individual lot of the product
Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam3 conforms with specified requirements.
D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced DISCUSSIONThe number of requirements are usually fewer than for
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi- qualification testing (see definition).
als3
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic acetal plastics, nhighly crystalline linear thermoplastic ho-
Sheeting3 mopolymers or copolymers characterized by repeating
D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance oxymethylene units.
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and fitting

1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.94 on
4
Terminology. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
5
Current edition approved Dec 10, 2001. Published February 2002. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th
published as F 412 75b. Last previous edition F 412 01. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Available from the Plastic Pipe Institute, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 680
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Washington, DC 20009

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F 412
plasticsplastics containing polymers or blends of poly- DISCUSSIONAlso called ell, elbow, or sweep. Bends generally imply
mers, or both, in which the minimum butadiene content is fittings of relatively shorter radii than sweeps.
6%, the minimum acrylonitrile content is 15 %, the mini- beveled pipea pipe with an end chamfered to mate or adjust
mum styrene or substituted styrene content, or both, is 15 %, to another surface or to assist in assembly.
and the maximum content of all other monomers is not more binderin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase that
than 5 %; plus lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants. holds together the reinforcement.
adhesivea substance capable of holding materials together
by surface attachment. DISCUSSIONDuring fabrication, the binder, which may be either
thermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (D-20)
adhesive bonded jointsee joint, adhesive bonded.
adhesive, solventsee solvent cement. blindingplacing selected material to completely cover the
adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which the sole pipe or tubing.
source of heat is the conversion of the drive energy, through blister, nrounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, with
viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (D-20) boundaries that may be more or less sharply defined,
aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin.
environment for an interval of time. (D-20)
(2) the process of exposing materials to an environment bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface
for an interval of time. (D-20) of a material. (D-20)
alloy, nin plastics, two or more immiscible polymers united, blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a parison
(hollow tube) is forced into the shape of the mold cavity by

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usually by another component, to form a plastic vein having
enhanced properties. (D-20) internal gas pressure. (D-20)
antioxidantcompounding ingredient used to retard deterio- blowing agenta compounding ingredient used to produce
ration caused by oxidation. (D-11) gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of
apparent densitythe weight per unit volume of a material hollow or cellular articles. (D-20).
including voids inherent in the material as tested. brittle failurea pipe failure mode which exhibits no visible
(to the naked eye) material deformation (stretching, elonga-
DISCUSSIONThe term bulk density is commonly used for material tion, or necking down) in the area of the break.
such as molding powder. (D-20)
building drainthat part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
approving authoritythe individual official, board, depart- drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste,
ment, or agency established and authorized by a state, and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and
county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law to conveys it to the building sewer beyond the foundation walls
administer and enforce specified requirements. of the building or structure.
artificial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions, DISCUSSIONThe building sewer generally begins 2 to 5 ft beyond
which may be cyclic, involving temperature, relative humid- the foundation walls.
ity, radiant energy, or any other conditions or pollutants
found in the atmosphere in various geographical areas; or building drain (sanitary)a building drain that conveys gray
both. water or sewage, or both.
building drain (storm)a building drain that conveys storm
DISCUSSIONThe interlaboratory exposure conditions are usually water only.
intensified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in an building sanitary sewerthat part of the horizontal piping of
attempt to achieve an accelerated effect.
a sanitary drainage system which extends from the building
backfillall material used to fill the trench from bedding to sanitary drain, receives the discharge of the building sanitary
finished surface. drain, and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer,
backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initial individual sewage disposal system, or other point of dis-
backfill to finished surface. posal.
backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top of building storm sewerthat part of the horizontal piping of a
bedding to a designated height over the pipe. storm drainage system which extends from the building
backfill, unconsolidatednoncompacted material in place in storm drain, receives the discharge of the building storm
trench. drain, and conveys it to a public storm sewer, private storm
beam loadingthe application of a load to a pipe between two sewer, or other point of disposal.
points of support, usually expressed in newtons (or pounds- building supplySee water service.
force) and the distance between the centers of the supports. bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given mass of
bedding, nmaterials that provide support for buried pipe. molding material to its volume in the molded form.
bedding, vplacement of support materials for buried pipe. DISCUSSIONThe bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density
bell-and-spigot jointsee joint, bell-and-spigot gasket. of the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (D-20,
bell endthe enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles the ISO)
socket portion of a fitting and that is intended to be used to
make a joint. burst strengththe internal pressure required to cause a pipe
benda fitting either molded separately or formed from pipe or fitting to fail.
for the purpose of accommodating a directional change. DISCUSSIONThis pressure will vary with the rate of buildup of the

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F 412
pressure and the time during which the pressure is held. remove foreign matter and gloss from the surface of plastic
pipe and fittings.
butt-fused jointsee joint, butt-fused.
butylene plasticsplastics based on resins made by the DISCUSSIONMechanical cleaners may be used prior to joining with
polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with a solvent cement or adhesive.
one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in
closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almost
greatest amount by weight. (D-20)
all the cells are noninterconnecting. (D-20)
cell, na small partially or completely enclosed cavity. (D-20)
closed-cell foamed plasticsSee closed-cell cellular plastics.
cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence not
code(1) a system of symbols, letters or numbers, used to
interconnecting with other cells. (ISO, D-20)(See also cell
convey a message requiring brevity; (2) a set of rules
and cell, open.)
established by a legal or quasi-legal body.
cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its walls and hence
code, classificationa code that identifies a plastic material
interconnecting with other cells. (D-20) (See also cell and
by its properties in accordance with the pertinent ASTM
cell, closed.)
specification.
cellular plastica plastic containing numerous cells, inten-
code, manufacturersa code that provides manufacturing
tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed
identity for a piping product.
throughout the mass. (D-20)
code, thermoplastic pipe materials designationciphers
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) plasticsplastic made by
and letters for the designation of stress-rated thermoplastic
compounding a cellulose acetate butyrate ester with plasti-
compound, which consists of two or three letters to indicate
cizers and other ingredients. Cellulose acetate butyrate ester
the abbreviation as listed in Terminology D 1600, for the
is a derivative of cellulose (obtained from cotton or wool
type of thermoplastic resinfollowed by four arabic
pulp, or both) made by converting some of the hydroxyl
numeralstwo to describe the short-term properties, in
groups in cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups with
accordance with the ASTM standard being referenced, and
chemicals.
two to designate the hydrostatic design stress when tested in
central vacuum tubing, nplastic tubing used for residental
water at 73F (23C) in units of 100 psi, with any decimal
central vacuum systems in which outside diameter is con-
figures dropped.
trolled and where the wall thickness is usually small when
compared to the diameter. DISCUSSIONIn some ASTM standards, the short-term properties
chalking, nin plastics, a powdery residue on the surface of with more than two numbers have a table provided to convert to two
a material resulting from degradation or migration of an numbers to be used in the code.
ingredient, or both. (D-20) DISCUSSIONWhen the design stress code is less than two numbers,
a zero is inserted before the number.
DISCUSSIONChalking may be a designed-in characteristic.
coextrusiona process whereby two or more heated or
chemical cleanersee cleaner, chemical. unheated plastic material streams forced through one or
chemical resistancethe ability to resist chemical attack. more shaping orifice(s) become one continuously formed
DISCUSSIONThe attack is dependent on the method of test and its piece.
severity is measured by determining the changes in physical properties. cold flowSee creep.
Time, temperature, stress, and reagent may all be factors that affect the cold moldinga special process of compression molding in
chemical resistance of a material. which the molding is formed at room temperature and
chemically formed polymeric materiala cellular material subsequently baked at elevated temperatures. (D-20)
in which the cells are formed by gases generated from collapse, n(1) inadvertent densification of cellular material
thermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (D-20) during manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell struc-
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsplastics based on ture; (2) the buckling of the inner liner of composite piping;
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinated (3) the buckling or flattening of a plastic rehabilitation liner;
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poly(vinyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight. (4) the buckling or crushing of a plastic pipe from external
(D-20) forces, such as earth loads or external hydrostatic load.
chlorofluorocarbon plasticsplastics based on polymers compaction, soilact of packing soil with mechanical force to
made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, and increase its density.
carbon only. (ISO, D-20) compatible(1) a condition wherein components of a plastic
chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on poly- piping system or different specific plastic materials, or both,
mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, can be joined together for satisfactory joints. (2) in relation
hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO, D-20) to elastomeric seal joints, a condition wherein the elastomer
cleaner, chemicalan organic solvent used to remove foreign does not adversely affect the pertinent properties of the
matter from the surface of plastic pipe and fittings. plastic pipe or fittings, or both, when the sealing gasket is in
intimate contact with the plastic for a prolonged period.
DISCUSSIONCleaners have essentially no effect on the plastic composite pipepipe consisting of two or more different
surface being cleaned and may be used prior to joining with a solvent
materials arranged with specific functional purpose to serve
cement or adhesive.
as pipe.
cleaner, mechanicalan abrasive material or device used to compound, na mixture of a polymer with other ingredients

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F 412
such as fillers, stabilizers, catalysts, processing aids, lubri- divided by the minimum specified wall thickness.
cants, modifiers, pigments, or curing agents.
DISCUSSIONEach pipe can have two dimension ratios depending on
compression fitting jointsee joint, compression fitting. whether the outside or inside diameter is used. In practice, the outside
compression gasket jointsee joint, compression gasket. diameter is used if the standards requirement and manufacturing control
compression moldingthe method of molding a material in a are based on this diameter. The inside diameter is used when this
confined cavity by applying pressure and usually heat. measurement is the controlling one.
(D-20)
conduita tubular raceway for carrying electric wires, cables, dry-blend, na free-flowing dry compound prepared without
or other conductors. fluxing or addition of solvent (also called powder blend).
consolidationreduction in volume of soil as a result of (D-20)
gravitational forces. ductile failurea pipe failure mode which exhibits material
contaminationthe presence of a substance not intentionally deformation (stretching, elongation, or necking down) in the
incorporated in a product. area of the break.
continuous wastea drain connecting two or more plumbing elastomer, na macromolecular material that returns rapidly
fixtures or components of plumbing fixtures to a common to approximately its initial dimensions and shape after
trap. substantial deformation by a weak stress and release of the
crackany narrow opening or fissure in the surface that is stress. (D-11)
visible to the naked eye. elastomeric seala material or device that uses an elastomer
crater, na small, shallow surface imperfection. (D-20) to effect a seal between separable piping components.
crazing, napparent fine cracks at or under the surface of a elevated temperature testingtests on plastic pipe above
plastic. 23C (73F).
embedmentthe placement of materials completely around
DISCUSSIONThe crazed areas are composed of polymeric material
of lower density than the surrounding matrix. (D-20) the pipe to provide support.
encasement, nsee incasement, n.
creep, nthe time-dependent part of strain resulting from encasement, vsee incasement, v.
stress. (D-20) engineering plastics, nthose plastics and polymeric compo-
cross laminatea laminate in which some of the layers of sitions for which well-defined properties are available, such
material are oriented approximately at right angles to the that engineering rather than empirical methods can be used
remaining layers with respect to the grain or strongest for design and manufacture of products requiring definite
direction in tension. (See also parallel laminate.) (D-20) and predictable performance in structural applications over a
crosslinking, nthe formation of a three dimensional polymer substantial temperature range. (D-20)
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by means of interchain reactions resulting in changes in


envelope, drainagethe materials completely surrounding a
physical properties. (D-20)
pipe to provide support or protection or act as a filter.
cure, vto change the properties of a polymeric system into a
environmental stress crackingthe development of cracks in
more stable, usable condition by the use of heat, radiation, or
a material that is subjected to stress or strain in the presence
reaction with chemical additives. (ISO, D-20)
of specific chemicals.
DISCUSSIONCure may be accomplished, for example, by removal of ethylene plastics, nplastics based on polymers of ethylene
solvent or by crosslinking. or copolymers of ethylene with other monomers, the ethyl-
deadloadthe static load imposed on the top of the pipe. ene being in greatest amount by mass. (ISO, D-20)
deflection temperaturethe temperature at which a specimen exfiltration, pipethe passage of fluid from a pipe section
will deflect a given distance at a given load under prescribed through small holes or leaks.
conditions of test. (See Test Method D 648.) Formerly called expandable plastic, na plastic in a form capable of being
heat distortion. made cellular by thermal, chemical, or mechanical means.
degradation, na deleterious change in chemical structure, (D-20)
physical properties, or appearance of a plastic. (D-20) expanded plasticsSee cellular plastics.
density of plasticsthe weight per unit volume of material at extrusion, na process whereby heated or unheated plastic
23C expressed as D23c, g/cm3(kg/m3). forced through a shaping orifice becomes one continuously
DISCUSSIONTaken from Test Method D 1505. formed piece. (D-20)
fabricating, nthe manufacture of plastic products from
depth, nin the case of a beam, the dimension parallel to the molded parts, rods, tubes, sheeting, extrusions, or other
direction in which the load is applied. (D-20) forms by appropriate operations such as punching, cutting,
diffusionthe movement of a material such as a gas or liquid, drilling, and tapping including fastening plastic parts to-
in the body of a plastic. gether or to other parts by mechanical devices, adhesives,
DISCUSSIONIf the gas or liquid is absorbed on one side of a piece of heat sealing, or other means. (D-20)
plastic and given off on the other side, the phenomenon is called failure, adhesiverupture of an adhesive bond, such that the
permeability. Diffusion and permeability are not due to holes or pores plane of separation appears to be at the adhesive-adherend
in the plastic. interface.
dimension ratiothe average specified diameter of a pipe filler, na relatively inert material added to a plastic to modify

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its strength, permanence, working properties, or other quali- solid phase that develops during the formation of a resin
ties or to lower costs. (See also reinforced plastic.) (D-20) from a liquid; (3) with respect to vinyl plastisols, gel is a
fish-eye, nsmall globular mass that has not blended com- state between liquid and solid that occurs in the initial stages
pletely into the surrounding material. (D-20) of heating, or upon prolonged storage. (D-20)
fitting, na piping component used to join or terminate DISCUSSIONAll three types of gel have very low strengths and do
sections of pipe or to provide changes of direction or not flow like a liquid. They are soft, flexible, and may rupture under
branching in a pipe system. their own weight unless supported externally.
flanged jointsee joint, flanged.
gel pointthe stage at which a liquid begins to exhibit
flare jointsee joint, flare.
pseudo-elastic properties.
flow raterate of extrusion, weight per unit of time, g/10 min
(kg/s), of molten resins through a die of specified length and DISCUSSIONThis stage may be conveniently observed from the
diameter, under prescribed conditions of temperature, load, inflection point on a viscosity-time plot. (See gel (2).) (D-20)
and piston position in the barrel as the timed measurement is gel timethe time from the initial mixing of the reactants of
being made. a plastic or rubber composition to the time when gelation
fluorocarbon plastic, na plastic based on polymers made occurs, as measured by a specific test.
with perfluoromonomers. (ISO, D-20)
DISCUSSIONFor a material that must be processed by exposure to
DISCUSSIONWhen the monomer is essentially tetrafluoroethylene, some form of energy, the zero time is the start of exposure. (D-20)
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the prefix TFE is sometimes used to designate these materials. It is


preferable to use the accepted abbreviation, PFTE. TFE should not be glass transitionthe reversible change in an amorphous
used by itself to mean PTFE. When the resins are copolymers of polymer or in amorphous regions of a partially crystalline
tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, the resins may be desig- polymer from (or to) a viscous or rubbery condition to (or
nated with the prefix FEP. Other prefixes may be adopted to designate from) a hard and relatively brittle one.
other fluorocarbon plastics.
DISCUSSIONThe glass transition generally occurs over a relatively
fluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on polymers narrow temperature region and is similar to the solidification of a liquid
made with monomers composed of fluorine, hydrogen, and to a glassy state; it is not a phase transition. Not only do hardness and
carbon only. (ISO, D-20) brittleness undergo rapid changes in this temperature region but other
fluoroplastic, na plastic based on polymers made from properties, such as thermal expansibility and specific heat also change
monomers containing one or more atoms of fluorine, or rapidly. This phenomenon has been called second order transition,
rubber transition, and rubbery transition. The word transformation has
copolymers of such monomers with other monomers, the also been used instead of transition. Where more than one amorphous
fluorine-containing monomer(s) being in the greatest amount transition occurs in a polymer, the one associated with segmental
by mass. (D-20) motions of the polymer backbone chain or accompanied by the largest
change in properties is usually considered to be the glass transition.
DISCUSSIONFor specific examples of fluoroplastic see fluorocarbon
(D-20)
plastic, chlorofluorocarbon plastics, fluorohydrocarbon plastics,
and chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastic. glass transition temperature (Tg)the approximate mid-
foamed plastics, nSee cellular plastics (the preferred termi- point of the temperature range over which the glass transi-
nology). (D-20) tion takes place.
forming, na process in which the shape of plastic pieces DISCUSSIONThe glass transition temperature can be determined
such as sheets, rods, or tubes is changed to a desired readily only by observing the temperature at which a significant change
configuration. takes place in a specific electrical, mechanical, or other physical
property. Moreover, the observed temperature can vary significantly
DISCUSSIONThe use of the term forming in plastics technology depending on the specific property chosen for observation and on
does not include such operations as molding, casting, or extrusion, in details of the experimental technique (for example, rate of heating,
which shapes or pieces are made from molding materials or liquids. frequency). Therefore, the observed Tg should be considered only an
(D-20) estimate. The most reliable estimates are normally obtained from the
frosting, na light-scattering surface resembling fine crystals. loss peak observed in dynamic mechanical tests or from dialatometric
See also chalking, haze, bloom. (D-20) data. (D-20)
fungi resistancethe ability of plastic pipe to withstand fungi graft copolymera copolymer in which polymeric side
growth or their metabolic products, or both, under normal chains have been attached to the main chain of a polymer of
conditions of service or laboratory tests simulating such different structure. (D-20)
conditions. gray waterthe waste water of a system that may be a
fuse, v(1) to convert plastic powder or pellets into a combination of the liquid and water-carried wastes except
homogeneous mass through heat and pressure; (2) to make a human wastes.
plastic piping joint by heat and pressure. groove anglethe angle of support for a pipe when a formed
gasket jointsee joint, compression gasket and joint, bell- groove is made in bedding or foundation.
and-spigot gasket. gusset, n(1) a piece used to give additional size or strength
gate, nin an injection mold, a constriction in the flow in a particular location of an object.
channel between the runner and the mold cavity. (D-20) (2) the folded-in portion of flattened tubular film. (D-20)
gel, n(1) a semisolid system consisting of a network of solid haunchingthe act of placing bedding material around the
aggregates in which liquid is held; (2) the initial jelly-like haunch of the pipe.

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haunchthat portion of the pipe barrel extending from bottom injection molding, nthe process of forming a material by
to springline. forcing it, under pressure, from a heated cylinder through a
hazethe cloudy or turbid aspect or appearance of an other- sprue (runner, gate) into the cavity of a closed mold. (D-20)
wise transparent specimen caused by light scattered from insert, na part consisting of metal or other material that may
within the specimen or from its surfaces. (D-20) be molded into position or may be pressed into the molding
DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Method D 1003, haze is the
after the completion of the molding operation. (D-20, ISO)
percentage of transmitted light which, in passing through the specimen, insert-fitting jointsee joint, clamped insert-fitting.
deviates from the incident beam through forward scatter more than 2.5 ISO equationan equation showing the interrelations be-
on the average. tween stress, pressure and dimensions in pipe, namely:
heat-fused jointsee joint, heat-fused. S 5 P ~ID 1 t!
heat joiningmaking a joint by heating the mating surfaces of 2t
the pipe components to be joined and pressing them together
or
so that they fuse and become essentially one piece.
S 5 P ~OD 2 t!
DISCUSSIONAlso known as heat fusion, thermal fusion, and fusion. 2t
heat markextremely shallow depression or groove in the
surface of a plastic visible because of a sharply defined rim where:
or a roughened surface. (See also sink-mark.) (D-20) S = hoop stress,
high-density polyethylene plastics (HDPE), nthose linear P = pressure,
polyethylene plastics, having a standard density of 0.941 ID = average inside diameter,
g/cm3or greater. (D-20) OD = average outside diameter, and
homopolymer, na polymer resulting from polymerization t = minimum wall thickness.
involving a single monomer. (D-20) (See ISO R 161.)
hoop stressthe tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the isotactic, adjpertaining to a type of polymeric molecular
circumferential orientation due to internal hydrostatic pres- structure containing a sequence of regularly spaced asym-
sure. metric atoms arranged in like configuration in a polymer
DISCUSSIONHydrostatic means fluid and is not limited to water. chain.
jointthe location at which two pieces of pipe or a pipe and
hydrostatic design basisone of a series of established stress a fitting are connected together.
values specified in Test Method D 2837 for a plastic com-
pound obtained by categorizing the long-term hydrostatic DISCUSSIONThe joint may be made by an adhesive, a solvent-
cement, heat joining, or a mechanical device such as threads or a ring
strength determined in accordance with Test Method
seal.
D 2837.
hydrostatic design stress (HDS)the estimated maximum joint, adhesive-bondeda joint made using an adhesive to
tensile stress the material is capable of withstanding con- bond the piping components.
tinuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the joint, bell and spigot gasketa connection between piping
pipe will not occur. This stress is circumferential when components consisting of a bell end on one component, an
internal hydrostatic water pressure is applied. elastomeric gasket between the components, and a spigot
impact, Izoda specific type of impact test made with a end on the other component. See joint, push on.
pendulum-type machine on a cantilever beam specimen and joint, butt-fuseda joint in which the prepared ends of the
also the values obtained by this method. joint components are heated and then placed in contact to
form the joint. (See Fig. 1.)
DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D 256.
joint, compressiona mechanical joint made by deforming a
impact, tupa falling weight (tup) impact test developed sealing member to form a pressure seal between the fitting or
specifically for pipe and fittings. pipe bell and the pipe or tube (see Fig. 2).
DISCUSSIONThere are several variables that can be selected. (See DISCUSSIONCompression joints include, but are not limited to,
Test Method D 2444.) insert fitting joints, compression gasket joints and flare joints.
incasement, na rigid structure or pipe surrounding a buried joint, compression gasketa mechanical joint that utilizes a
pipe to provide additional support or protection. compression nut or a gland nut against a gasket to develop a
incasement, vplacement of a rigid structure or pipe sur- pressure seal.
rounding a buried pipe to provide additional support or DISCUSSIONThere are currently available various designs of com-
protection. pression gasket joints in fittings, transition fittings, and couplings.
infiltration, pipethe passage of fluid into a pipe section
through small holes or leaks. joint, flangeda mechanical joint using pipe flanges, a gasket,
inhibitor, na substance used in low concentration which and bolts.
suppresses chemical reaction. (D-20) DISCUSSIONThe flanges are normally fastened to the pipe or fittings
but there are some systems in which the flanges are free to rotate.
DISCUSSIONInhibitors, unlike catalysts, are consumed during the
reaction. joint, flarea mechanical compression connection between
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joint, insert-fittinga mechanical joint using external metal
clamps, rings, or other devices to form a pressure seal
between an insert fitting and the pipe or tube.
DISCUSSIONThese joints are a type of compression joint.
joint, mechanicala connection between piping components
employing physical force to develop a seal or produce
alignment.
DISCUSSIONMechanical joints may or may not carry thrust forces
across the joint. (Examples of mechanical joints include, but are not
limited to threaded joint, compression gasket joint, compression fitting
joint, push-on joint, clamped insert fitting joint, flanged joint, or flare
joint.)

joint, push ona joint in which an elastomeric ring gasket is


compressed in the annular space between a bell end or socket
and a spigot end of pipe.
DISCUSSIONSometimes called a bell-and-spigot gasket joint.

joint, saddle-fuseda joint in which the curved base of the


saddle fitting and a corresponding area of the pipe surface
FIG. 1 Butt Fusion are heated and then placed together to form the joint.
joint, socket-fused or insert-fuseda joint in which the
joining surfaces of the components are heated, and the joint
is made by inserting one component into the other. (See Fig.
4 and Fig. 5.)
joint, solvent-cementeda joint made using a solvent cement
to unite the components.
DISCUSSIONThe solvent cement softens the surfaces of the compo-
nents, which then solidify as the solvent evaporates.

joint, threadeda mechanical joint that utilizes threaded pipe


and fittings.
DISCUSSIONThere are many types of threads, and the same thread

FIG. 2 Compression Fitting

flared-end plastic pipe and a fitting specifically designed to


accept flared-end plastic pipe. (See Fig. 3.)
DISCUSSIONA special tool is used to flare plastic pipe.
joint, heat-fuseda joint made using heat and pressure only.
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DISCUSSIONThe surfaces are heated with special tools until the


surfaces have softened. When engaged, the softened surfaces flow
together forming a joint as the material cools. There are three basic
types of heat-fused joints: butt fused, socket or insert fused, and saddle
fused.

FIG. 3 Flare Joint FIG. 4 Socket Fusion

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minimum required pressureone of a series of established
pressure values for a plastic piping component (multilayer
pipe, fitting, valve, and so forth) obtained by categorizing the
long-term hydrostatic pressure strength in accordance with
ISO 9080.
minimum required strengthone of a series of established
stress values for a plastic compound obtained by categoriz-
ing the long-term hydrostatic strength determined by hydro-
static testing in accordance with ISO 9080.
molding, contact pressurea method of molding or laminat-
ing in which the pressure is only slightly more than
necessary to hold the materials together during the molding
operation. This pressure is usually less than 69 kPa (10 psi).
(D-20)
FIG. 5 Insert Fusion molding, high-pressuremolding or laminating in which the
pressure used is greater than 1380 kPa (200 psi). (D-20)
configuration must be used for mating components. molding, low-pressuremolding or laminating in which the
knit-linesee weld-line (preferred terminology). (D-20) pressure used is 1380 kPa (200 psi) or less. (D-20)
laminate, na product made by bonding together two or more molding pressure, compressionthe calculated fluid pres-
layers of material or materials. (See also cross laminate and sure applied to the material in the mold. (D-20)
parallel laminate.) molding pressure, injectionthe pressure applied to the
cross-sectional area of the material cylinder. (D-20)
DISCUSSIONA single resin-impregnated sheet of paper, fabric, or molding pressure, transferthe pressure applied to the
glass mat, for example, is not considered a laminate. Such a single-
cross-sectional area of the material pot or cylinder. (D-20)
sheet construction may be called a lamina. (See also reinforced
plastic.) (D-14 and D-20) monomer, na relatively simple compound which can react to
form a polymer. (See also polymer.) (D-20)
laying lengththe centerline length of an installed pipeline multilayer pipe, nA pipe constructed of multiple layers that
system, section, or fitting. are bonded to each other and in which at least 60% of the
DISCUSSIONLaying length of pipe or fitting with overlapping wall thickness consists of polymeric material(s).
joining elements, for example, spigot and socket, include the entire DISCUSSIONThe different layers of polymeric or other kinds of
length reduced by the portion of the spigot that is overlapped. Laying material in a multilayer pipe may provide color, barrier, stiffness,
length of pipe or fitting with a spigot on each end is the overall length strength of other properties for an intended application. In the US and
of the uninstalled section. Canada sometimes multilayer is referred to as composite pipe.
live loadportion of load transmitted to the pipe from wheel In the case of multilayer pipes intended for pressure appli-
or traveling loads or other surcharged load. cations two types of pipes are recognized as follows:
long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS)the hoop stress that
when applied continuously will cause failure of the pipe at Type 1 multilayer pipeA pressure rated pipe in which at
100 000 h (11.43 years). least 60% of its wall thickness is comprised of a polymeric
material that has an established HDB (Hydrostatic Design
DISCUSSIONThese strengths are usually obtained by extrapolation of Basis) or MRS (Minimum Required Strength) from which
log-log regression equations or plots. Typical conditions are water at the pressure rating of the pipe is determined.
23C.
DISCUSSIONAn example of this type is co-extruded plastic pipe with
lot, na collection of units of product manufactured under an outer layer for barrier or color purposes. If this outer layer has the
conditions of production that are considered uniform. same HDB as the bulk wall, the entire wall thickness is used for
low-density polyethylene plastics (LDPE), nthose pressure calculations; if not, only the bulk wall that has an HDB/MRS
branched polyethylene plastics, having a standard density of rating is used for pressure calculations.
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0.910 to 0.925 g/cm3. (D-20) Type 2 multilayer pipeA pressure rated pipe in which at
lubricant, n(1) a material used to reduce the friction least 60% of the wall thickness is comprised of a polymeric
between two mating surfaces that are being joined by sliding material, and for which the pipe pressure rating has been
contact. (2) an additive that is added to a plastic compound determined for each pipe size and pipe wall construction
to lower the viscosity or otherwise improve the processing or based on the pipes experimentally established PDB (Pres-
product characteristics. sure Design Basis) or MRP (Minimum Required Pressure).
mechanical cleanersee cleaner, mechanical.
mechanical jointsee joint, mechanical. DISCUSSIONAn example of this type of pipe is PEX/AL/PEX.
medium density polyethylene plastics (MDPE) , nthose necking, nthe localized reduction in cross section that may
branched polyethylene plastics, having a standard density of occur in a material under tensile stress. (D-20)
0.926to 0.940 g/cm3. (D-20) non-pressure pipepipe designed for gravity-conveyed me-
melt indexthe flow rate of PE material when measured in dium which must resist only intermittent static pressures and
accordance with Test Method D 1238. does not have a pressure rating.

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F 412
non-standard virgin materiala plastic resin or compound cases meet this definition, are not considered plastics. See ASTM
in the form of powder or pellets which does not meet the definitions of these terms.
specification requirements for which it was manufactured, NOTE 2The above definition may be used as a separate meaning to
the definitions contained in the dictionary for the adjective plastic.
and has not been subjected to use or processing other than
NOTE 3The plural form may be used as an adjective to refer to two or
that required for its initial manufacture. more plastic materials, for example, plastics industry. However, when the
DISCUSSIONWide-spec, off-spec, and non-uniform virgin ma- intent is to distinguish plastic products from wood products or glass
terial are industry terms synonymous with this definition. products, the singular form should be used. As a general rule, if the
adjective is to restrict the noun modified with respect to the type of
nylon plasticsplastics based on resins composed principally material, plastic should be used; if the adjective is to indicate that more
of a long-chain synthetic polymer amide which has recurring than one type of plastic material is or may be involved, plastics is
amide groups as an integral part of the main polymer chain. permissible. (D-20)
(D-20) plastic conduitplastic pipe or tubing used as an enclosure
olefin plasticsplastics based on polymers made by the for electrical wiring.
polymerization of olefins or copolymerization of olefins with plasticizer, na substance incorporated in a material to
other monomers, the olefins being at least 50 mass %. (D-20) increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility. (D-20)
oligomer, na polymer consisting of only a few monomer plastic pipea hollow cylinder of a plastic material in which
units such as a dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc., or their mixtures. the wall thicknesses are usually small when compared to the
(D-20) diameter and in which the inside and outside walls are
open-cell cellular plastic, na cellular plastic in which there essentially concentric. (D-20)
is a predominance of interconnected cells. (D-20) plastic tubing, na particular size of smooth wall plastic pipe
orange-peeluneven surface somewhat resembling an orange in which the outside diameter is essentially the same as the
peel. (D-20) corresponding size of copper tubing.
outdoor exposurenormal weather conditions, that is, the polybutylene, na polymer prepared by the polymerization of
suns rays, rain, air, temperature changes, and wind. butene as the sole monomer. (D-20)
DISCUSSIONExposure to atmospheres containing pollutants in ex- polybutylene plastics, nplastics based on polymers with
cess of imposed federal, state, and local air quality standards is not butene as essentially the sole monomer. (D-20)
considered normal outdoor exposure. polyethylene, na polymer prepared by the polymerization of
ethylene as the sole monomer. (D-20)
out-of-roundnessthe allowed difference between the maxi-
polyethylene plasticsplastics based on polymers made with
mum measured diameter and the minimum measured diam-
ethylene as essentially the sole monomer. (D-20)
eter (stated as an absolute deviation).
ovality(%), DISCUSSIONIn common usage for this plastic, essentially means no
less than 85 % ethylene and no less than 95 % total olefins.
~maximum measured diameter 2 minimum measured diameter!
average measured diameter polymer, na substance consisting of molecules characterized
3 100 by the repetition (neglecting ends, branch junctions, and
other minor irregularities) of one or more types of mono-
overall lengththe total length of the individual pipeline meric units. (IUPAC, D-20)
system, section, or fitting prior to installation. polyolefin, na polymer prepared by the polymerization of an
parallel laminatea laminate in which all the layers of olefin(s) as essentially the sole monomer(s). (D-20)
material are oriented approximately parallel with respect to polyolefin plastics, nplastics based on polymers made with
the grain or strongest direction in tension. (See also cross an olefin(s) as essentially the sole monomer(s). (D-20)
laminate.) (D-20) polypropylene, na polymer prepared by the polymerization
parison, nthe shaped plastic mass, generally in the form of of propylene as the sole monomer. (D-20)
a tube, used in blow molding. (D-20, ISO) polypropylene plasticsplastics based on polymers made
pimple, nsmall, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of with polypropylene as essentially the sole monomer. (D-20)
a plastic. polystyrene, na polymer prepared by the polymerization of
pipe spigotportion of a pipe or fitting which fits into a bell styrene as the sole monomer. (D-20)
or socket of a preceeding pipe or fitting. poly(vinyl acetate)a polymer prepared by the polymeriza-
pipe zone backfillbackfill in the area of the pipe, may be tion of vinyl acetate as the sole monomer. (D-20)
specified for depth and compaction. poly(vinyl chloride)a polymer prepared by the polymeriza-
pit, nsmall crater in the surface of the plastic, with its width tion of vinyl chloride as the sole monomer. (D-20)
approximately the same order of magnitude as its depth. pot lifethe period of time during which a reacting thermo-
(D-20) setting plastic or rubber composition remains suitable for its
plastic(s), na material that contains as an essential ingredient intended processing after mixing with reaction-initiating
one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecular agents. (D-20)
weight, is solid in its finished state, and, at some stage in its pressurewhen expressed with reference to pipe, the force
manufacture or processing into finished articles, can be per unit area exerted by the medium in the pipe.
shaped by flow. pressure design basisone of a series of established pressure
NOTE 1Rubber, textiles, adhesives, and paint, which may in some values for a plastic piping component (multilayer pipe,

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fitting, valve, and so forth) obtained by categorizing the reprocessed plastica thermoplastic prepared from usually
long-term hydrostatic pressure strength determined in accor- melt processed scrap or reject parts by a plastics processor,
dance with an industry test method that uses linear regres- or from non-standard virgin material or non-uniform virgin
sion analysis. material.
DISCUSSIONAlthough Test Method D 2837 does not use pressure DISCUSSIONUse of the term scrap in this definition does not
values, the PPI Hydrostatic Stress Board uses the principles of Test connote that the feed stock is necessarily less desirable or usable than
Method D 2837 in plotting log pressure versus log time to determine a the virgin material from which it may have been generated. Repro-
long-term hydrostatic pressure strength and the resulting Pressure cessed plastic may or may not be reformulated by the addition of fillers,
Design Basis for multilayer pipe that is listed in PPI TR-4. plasticizers, stabilizers, pigments, etc.

pressure pipepipe designed to resist continuous pressure resin, na solid or pseudosolid organic material, often of high
exerted by the conveyed medium. molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow when
pressure rating (PR)the estimated maximum water pres- subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range,
sure the pipe is capable of withstanding continuously with a and usually fractures conchoidally.
high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not
DISCUSSIONIn a broad sense, the term is used to designate any
occur. polymer that is a basic material for plastics. (D-20)
primeran organic solvent, which enhances adhesion, ap-
plied to plastic pipe and fittings prior to application of a rework plastic (thermoplastic)a plastic from a manufactur-
solvent cement. ers own production that has been reground or pelletized for
propylene plastics, nplastics based on polymers of propy- reuse by that same manufacturer.
lene or copolymers of propylene with other monomers, the DISCUSSIONIn many specifications the use of reworked material is
propylene being in the greatest amount by mass. (ISO, D-20) limited to clean plastic that meets the requirements specified for virgin
push-on jointsee joint, push-on. material, and yields a product equal in quality to one made from only
qualification testan evaluation, generally nonrepetitive, virgin material. See recycled plastic and reprocessed plastic.
conducted on an existing, altered, or new product to deter- rubbera material that is capable of recovering from large
mine acceptability. deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or already is,

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qualification testingtesting performed on a product to modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (but
determine whether or not the product conforms to require- can swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene, methyleth-
ments of an applicable specification. ylketone, and ethanoltoluene azeotrope.
quality assurance testa test in a program which is con- A rubber in its modified state, free of diluents, retracts
ducted to determine the quality level. within 1min to less than 1.5 times its original length after
DISCUSSIONQuality assurance includes quality control, quality being stretched at room temperature (18 to 29C) to twice its
evaluation, and design assurance. A good quality assurance program is length and held for 1 min before release. (D-11)
a coordinated system, not a sequence of separate and distinct steps. runner, n(1) the secondary feed channel in an injection or
quality control testan in-plant test that is conducted on a transfer mold that runs from the inner end of the sprue to the
given test frequency to determine whether product is in cavity gate.
accordance with the appropriate specification(s).
quick burstNot a preferred term (see quick burst test, quick (2) the piece formed in a secondary feed channel or
burst pressure, and quick burst strength). runner. (D-20)
quick burst pressurethe internal pressure required to bring saddle-fused jointsee joint, saddle-fused.
a piping component to failure when subjected to a quick sampleone or more units of product randomly selected from
burst test. a lot to represent that lot.
quick burst strengththe hoop stress resulting from the schedulea pipe size system (outside diameters and wall
quick burst pressure. thicknesses) originated by the iron pipe industry.
quick burst testan internal pressure test designed to produce semirigid plastic, nfor the purposes of general classifica-
failure of a piping component over a relatively short period tion, a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity either in
of time, usually measured in seconds. flexure or in tension of between 70 and 700 MPa (10 000 and
referee testa test made to settle a disagreement as to 100 000 psi) at 23C and 50% relative humidity when tested
conformance to specified requirements. in accordance with Test Methods D 638, D 747, D 790, or
D 882. (D-20)
DISCUSSIONModified from a definition in Test Methods C 114. service factora factor which is used to reduce a strength
reinforced plastica plastic with high-strength fillers imbed- value to obtain an engineering design stress. The factor may
ded in the composition, resulting in some mechanical prop- vary depending on the service conditions, the hazard, the
erties superior to those of the base resin. (See also filler.) length of service desired, and the properties of the pipe.
set, nstrain remaining after complete release of the force
DISCUSSIONThe reinforcing fillers are usually fibers, fabrics, or
producing the deformation. (D-11)
mats made of biers. (D-20)
set, vto convert an adhesive into a fixed or hardened state by
release agent, na material used to keep a molding material chemical or physical action, such as condensation, polymer-
from adhering to a mold. (D-20) ization, oxidation, vulcanization, gelation, hydration, or

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evaporation of volatile constituents. (D-14) average specified outside diameter to the minimum specified
short, nin a molded material, an incompletely filled out wall thickness (D0/t) for outside diameter-controlled plastic
condition. pipe, the value of which is derived by adding one to the
pertinent number selected from the ANSI Preferred Number
DISCUSSIONThis may be evident either through an absence of
surface film in some areas, or as lighter unfused particles of material Series 10. Some of the values are as follows:
showing through a covering surface film, accompanied possibly by ANSI Preferred Number
thin-skinned blisters. (D-20) Series 10 SDR
5.0 6.0
shrink markdepression in the surface of a molded material 6.3 7.3
8.0 9.0
where it has retracted from the mold. (D-20) 10.0 11.0
skin, na relatively dense layer at the surface of a cellular 12.5 13.5
polymeric material. (D-20) 16.0 17.0
20.0 21.0
slit failurea form of brittle failure which exhibits only a very 25.0 26.0
small crack through the wall of the pipe with no visible (to 31.5 32.5
the naked eye) material deformation in the area of the break. 40.0 41.0
50.0 51.0
socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed to 63.0 64.0
accept a plain-end pipe or spigot-end pipe.
socket endthe end portion of a piping component which is (See reference: ANSI Preferred Numbers, Z17.1 (Designated
designed to accept a plain-end piping component or spigot- as R 10 in ISO 3 and ISO 497).)
end piping component. standard inside diameter dimension ratio (SIDR)a spe-
socket-fused jointsee joint, socket-fused. cific ratio of the average specified inside diameter to the
soil compactionsee compaction, soil. minimum specified wall thickness (Di/t) for inside diameter-
solvent cementan adhesive made by dissolving a plastic controlled plastic pipe, the value of which is derived by
resin or compound in a suitable solvent or mixture of subtracting one from the pertinent number selected from the
solvents. The solvent cement dissolves the surfaces of the ANSI Preferred Number Series 10. Some of the values are as
pipe and fittings to form a bond between the mating surfaces follows:
provided the proper cement is used for the particular ANSI Preferred Number
Series 10 SIDR
materials and proper techniques are followed. 5.0 4.0
solvent-cemented jointsee joint, solvent-cemented. 6.3 5.3
8.0 7.0
solvent cementingmaking a pipe joint with a solvent ce-
10.0 9.0
ment. (See solvent cement.) 12.5 11.5
solvent cement jointa joint made by using a solvent cement 16.0 15.0
20.0 19.0
to unite the components. 25.0 24.0
DISCUSSIONThe solvent cement softens or dissolves the surfaces of 31.5 30.5
40.0 39.0
the components, which then solidify as the solvent evaporates. 50.0 49.0
63.0 62.0
solvent jointa joint made by using a solvent to unite the
components. (See reference: ANSI Preferred Numbers, Z17.1 (Designated
as R 10 in ISO 3 and ISO 497).)
DISCUSSIONThe solvent softens or dissolves the surfaces of the
components which then solidify as the solvent evaporates. strainthe change per unit of length in a linear dimension of
a body, that accompanies a stress.
specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or political
subdivision charged with and having responsibility for the DISCUSSIONStrain is a dimensionless quantity which may be
measured conveniently in percent, in inches per inch, in millimetres per
design of a facility, product, equipment, or material require- millimetre, etc. (E-28)
ments.
specimen, na piece or portion of a sample used to make a strengththe stress required to break, rupture, or cause a
test. (D-20, ISO) failure.
spring linea line along the length of the pipe at its maximum strength design basisone of a series of established stress
width along a horizontal plane. values (specified in Test Method D 2837) for a plastic
sprue, n(1) the primary feed channel that runs from the outer molding compound obtained by categorizing the long-term
face of an injection or transfer mold, to the mold gate in a strength determined in accordance with Test Method F2018.
single cavity mold or a runner in multiple-cavity mold; (2) DISCUSSIONThe SDB is used only for a material intended for
the piece of material formed in the primary feed channel molding applications. The SDB shall not be used for pipe applications.
opening.
stabilizeran ingredient added to a plastic to retard possible stress crack, environmental, na stress crack, the develop-
degradation. ment of which has been accelereated by the environment to
which the plastic is exposed. (See stress-crack.)
DISCUSSIONGenerally added for processing heat protection or for stress relaxationthe decrease in stress, at constant strain,
environmental protection, or both.
with time.
standard dimension ratios (SDR)a specific ratio of the styrene plastics, nplastics based on polymers of styrene or
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copolymers of styrene with other monomers, the styrene transition, first ordera change of state, associated with
being the greatest amount by mass. (ISO, D-20) crystallization or melting in a polymer. (D-20)
styrene-rubber (SR) pipe and fitting plasticsplastics con- vinyl chloride plasticsplastics based on polymers of vinyl
taining at least 50% styrene plastics combined with rubbers chloride or copolymers of vinyl chloride with other mono-
and other compounding materials, but not more than 15 % mers, the vinyl chloride being in the greatest amount by
acrylonitrile. mass. (ISO, D-20)
styrene-rubber plastics, nplastics based on styrene poly- vinylidene chloride plasticsplastics based on polymer res-
mers and rubbers, the styrene polymers being in the greatest ins made by the polymerization of vinylidene chloride or
amount by mass. (ISO, D-20) copolymerization of vinylidine chloride with other unsatur-
sustained pressure testa constant internal pressure test for ated compounds, the vinylidene chloride being in the great-
an extended period of time. est amount by weight. (D-20)
DISCUSSIONOne thousand hours is a commonly used period of time. virgin plastica plastic material in the form of pellets,
sweepsee bend. granules, powder, floc, or liquid that has not been subjected
syneresis, nthe contraction of a gel accompanied by the to use or processing other than that required for its initial
separation of a liquid. (D-20) manufacture. (D-20)
telomer, na polymer composed of molecules having termi- viscositythe property of resistance to flow exhibited within
nal groups incapable of reacting with additional monomers, the body of a material.
under the conditions of the synthesis, to form larger polymer
DISCUSSIONThis property can be expressed in terms of the relation-
molecules of the same chemical type. (D-20, IUPAC, ISO) ship between shear stress and corresponding rate of strain in shear.
test sectionportion(s) of a pipe, fitting, or pipeline under Viscosity is usually taken to mean Newtonian Viscosity, in which
test. case the ratio of shearing strain is constant. In non-Newtonian behavior,
thermally foamed plastica cellular plastic produced by which is usual with plastic materials, the ratio varies with the
applying heat to effect gaseous decomposition or volatiliza- parameters of the experiment. Such ratios are often called apparent
tion of a constituent. (D-20) viscosities. (See viscosity coefficient.). (D-20)
thermoplastic, na plastic that can be repeatedly softened by
viscosity coefficientthe shearing stress necessary to induce a
heating and hardened by cooling through a temperature
unit velocity flow gradient in a material.
range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the softened
state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding or DISCUSSIONIn actual measurement, the viscosity coefficient of a
extrusion. (D-20) material is obtained from the ratio of shearing stress to shearing rate.
thermoplastic, adjcapable of being repeatedly softened by This assumes the ratio to be constant and independent of the shearing
heating and hardened by cooling through a temperature stress, a condition which is satisfied only by Newtonian fluids.
Consequently, in all other cases, values obtained are apparent and
range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the softened
represent one point on the flow curve. The viscosity coefficient is
state can be shaped by flow into articles by molding or expressed in pascal-seconds (or poises). (See viscosity.) (D-20)
extrusion for example. (D-20)
DISCUSSIONThermoplastic applies to those materials whose change
void, n(1) in a solid plastic, an unfilled space of such size
upon heating is substantially physical. that it scatters radiant energy such as light.

thermoplastic piping compounda mixture of a thermoplas- (2) a cavity unintentionally formed in a cellular material
tic polymer with other ingredients such as fillers, stabilizers, and substantially larger than the characteristic individual
catalysts, processing aids, lubricants, modifiers, pigments, or cells. (D-20, ISO)
curing agents, but not plasticizers except in the case of CAB
vulcanization, nan irreversible process during which a
piping compound.
rubber compound, through a change in its chemical structure
thermoset, na plastic that, when cured by application of heat
(for example, cross-linking), becomes less plastic and more
or chemical means, changes into a substantially infusible and
resistant to swelling by organic liquids and elastic properties
insoluble product. (D-20)
are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of
thermosetting, adjcapable of being changed into a substan-
temperature. (D-20)
tially infusible or insoluble product when cured by heat or
other means. (D-20) water servicethe pipe from the water main or other source
toe-ina small reduction of the outside diameter at the cut end of water supply to the building or other point of use or
of a length of thermoplastic pipe. distribution.
transfer moldinga method of forming articles by fusing a weld-mark, na visible weld line. (D-20)
plastic material in a chamber and then forcing essentially the widthin the case of a beam, the shorter dimension perpen-
whole mass into a hot mold where it solidifies. (D-20) dicular to the direction in which the load is applied. (D-20)

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F 412
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. GLOSSARY HYPHENATION

A1.1 In F17 standards the following word combinations long term data
should be hyphenated: fitting failure data
intercept-values category long term hydrostatic pressure rating
pressure-intercept value long term pressure rating

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pressure-regression line fitting pressure rating
pressure-rating categories socket type fitting
mechanical end closure
A1.2 In F17 standards the following word combinations solvent cemented cap
need not be hyphenated: solvent cement joint
external pressure test primary fitting pattern
internal pressure test short term data
tensile strength requirements Lower Confidence Line (LCL)
tensile strength test water filled pipe
mechanical joint qualification test fitting material type and grade
constant load test socket wall thickness
long term creep minimum wall thickness
assembled test specimen cell class
mechanical joint performance test data point requirements
medium tensile load long term testing
cross sectional area system pressure needs

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