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A feasibility study
2011
CLUDIA MARIA GOMES DE SOUSA
A feasibility study
Resumo
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Discusso: O estudo confirma que os efeitos relacionados com o Qigong podem ser
convencionalmente objetivados por valores psicolgicos e parmetros fisiolgicos,
incluindo medies de cortisol salivar. O estudo revela que 2 novos parmetros
(EADS-C e fluxo capilar medido por termografia) podem ser escolhidos para medio
dos efeitos do Qigong. Revela ainda que o batimento cardaco, a tenso arterial e o
nvel de cortisol salivar so parmetros objetivos que permitem medir os efeitos do
Qigong na ansiedade relacionada com o desempenho.
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Abstract
Background: Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions that can cause
significant disability, poor quality of life and enormous social costs. Studies showed that
one out of three patients suffering from anxiety shows insufficient response to
standardize western treatment. Anxiety and improvement of learning are closely
related. Vegetative changes as seen in stress syndrome may also impair functional
abilities of the patients. This is frequently seen in musicians who require an ultimate
motor and breathe control. In flutists performance-related anxiety may potentially cause
problems that empirically include anxiety, heartbeat, blood pressure, muscular tension
and cold hands.
Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate if and how Qigong-related effects may
be further objectified by physical measurable parameters and psychological scores. For
this propose we examined 10 12 year old music school children playing the
transverse flute before auditions.
This is regarded as a first step towards the creation of objective study designs
to be systematically planned on the basis of measurability of Qigong related effects. To
our knowledge, there are so far no scientific studies on performance related anxiety
and Qigong at all. Furthermore, the exercise system of the white ball is empirically
highly effective, but was so far never scientifically examined for this purpose. The main
advantage of this system is the fact that an exercise cycle only takes a few minutes
and requires only little movement and space, so it could be integrated in class-teaching
without significant loss of teaching time.
Side parameters: Heart rate, blood pressure, surface electromyography, time reaction
(measured by stimulus response situation by MP36 BIOPAC Systems).
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Inclusion criteria: Music school children of 10 - 12 years of age playing the transverse
flute, capable of following the Qigong instructions in terms of Portuguese language
skills, after having signed the written consent.
Exclusion criteria: Major psychological problems and previous experience with Qigong.
Intervention: In the Qigong group 8 children were included and they received specific
Qigong lessons of the so-called white ball Qigong over 7 weeks, twice a week, for 30
minutes. They also were instructed to do the exercises at home daily. In the control
group 8 children were included and they didn`t receive any intervention (waiting list
design).
However, only heart rate decrease showed a significant change for an =0.05
(p value=0.005). There is no evidence that Qigong is effective in the reduction of
muscular tension of trapezius (measured by SEMG) and in the reduction of time
reaction.
Discussion: The study confirms that Qigong related effects may be conventionally
objectified by psychological scores and physiological parameters including cortisol
measurements.
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In addition the study reveals that 2 new parameters can be chosen such as
EADS-C and capillary flow as measured by thermography. The study also reveals that
heart rate, blood pressure and salivary cortisol are objective parameters to measure
the effects of Qigong on performance related anxiety
The data surprisingly show statistically significant changes, although the sample
size is n=8/8. The data suggests to enlarge the sample size. For future studies further
statistical power analysis is necessary.
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Acknowledgments
Prof. H.J Greten, Prof. Jorge P. Machado and Mario Gonalves for all the
supervision.
Dr. Manuel Lima and Jos Gomes for technical assistance.
Carla Rodrigues my transverse flute teacher, for the support and for all the
things she taught me.
Hospital de Santo Antnio and Dr. Jos Carlos for the help in the measurement
and analyses of salivary cortisol level.
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Abbreviations
BP Blood Pressure
Dr. - Doctor
EMG Electromyography
HR Heart Rate
Pc Pericardium
Prof. Professor
R Renal
Rg Regens
SD Standard Deviation
TR Time Reaction
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Index
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
1. State of Art............................................................................................................. 3
3. Methods ............................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Measurements................................................................................................... 36
5. Results ................................................................................................................ 45
6. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 54
7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 60
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9. References ......................................................................................................... 63
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Illustration index
Figure 2 - The left part of the picture shows how yang lines (white) and yin lines (black)
can be used as monograms ........................................................................................ 11
Table 2 - Difference between the 1st and the 2nd measurements (Qigong group) ...... 46
Table 3 - Difference between the 1st and the 2nd measurements (control group) ....... 46
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Introduction
The present work is a thesis proposal within the framework of the Master
degree of Traditional Chinese Medicine, lectured in Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas
de Abel Salazar University of Porto, under supervision of Prof. Henry Johannes
Greten and co-supervision of Prof. Jorge Machado and Qigong Specialist Mrio
Gonalves.
Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions that can cause significant
disability, poor quality of life and enormous social costs (Menezes et al., 2007). To treat
anxiety, western medicine uses drugs such as benzodiazepines, buspirone,
antidepressives, beta-blocking agents, antipsychotics and others (Andreatini, Lacerda
and Filho, 2001). According to Menezes et al. (2007), a great number of patients fail to
respond or remains with clinically significant residual symptoms after conventional
treatment. According to the same authors one out of three patients shows insufficient
response or does not get better with standard western treatment. Andreatini, Lacerda
and Filho (2001) also affirm that in Brazil, just 50% of patients with anxiety disorders
are successfully treated by western drugs.
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2. The Qigong methods are not properly and uniformly defined: The indications
of the exercises only rarely allocated to western diagnoses, their details not
sufficiently explained. In fact, Qigong does not equal Qigong, as there are
more than 1000 styles officially taught (Li, Chen and Mo, 2002).
3. Insufficient controls: One can say that there is a general problem to create
controls in psychotropic exercises such as Qigong, psychotherapy or yoga.
4. Insufficient blinding.
This study aims to evaluate if and how Qigong related effects may be further
objectified by physical measurable parameters and psychological scores. For this
propose we examined 10 12 year old music school children playing the transverse
flute before auditions.
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1. State of Art
For this literature review, we searched on data bases such as b-on, Pubmed,
Science Direct and Google Scholar. We used the key words Qigong, effects of Qigong,
Qigong for schoolchildren, medical effects of Qigong, Traditional Chinese Medicine,
anxiety in children, stress in children, and others.
This review will be divided into four different parts: first we will refer some important
data about anxiety in children and music teaching in Portugal, then we will define some
essential concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine according to the Heidelberg model,
and after that we will talk about Qigong in particular and its effects.
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Statistics show that one out of three patients presents an insufficient response or does
not get sufficiently better with standard western treatments.
Kessler and his colleagues (2001) have done a study to describe the use of
complementary and alternative medicines to treat anxiety and depression in the United
States. According to their work 9.4% of total participants reported suffering from anxiety
attacks in the past 12 months and 7.2% reported severe depression. A total of 56.7%
of those with anxiety attacks and 53.6% of those with depression reported using
complementary and alternative therapies to treat these conditions during the past 12
months. The authors concluded that complementary and alternative therapies are
used more than conventional therapies by people with self-defined anxiety attacks and
severe depression. The perceived helpfulness of these therapies in the treatment of
anxiety and depression was similar to that of conventional therapies.
Cole et al. (1998) have done a study in France, aimed to investigate the relation
between anxiety and depression levels in children and adolescents. 330 students and
their parents (n=228) participated in a 3 year longitudinal study and every 6 months
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- Constitution,
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- Guiding criteria
Figure 1 - Synopsis of the complex diagnosis in TCM. This diagnostic system is based on a
mathematical consideration by Leibniz, which uses the terms yang and yin as a binary
numbering code (Greten, 2010)
The constitution is a part of the diagnosis which defines the inner nature of the
person as an expression of its physical appearance. This shows that Chinese Medicine
has the concept that physical structure changes the functional behaviour of man,
therefore his feelings, functions and the probability of certain symptoms. This is not
much different to classical Greek descriptions of analogue characters like the choleric,
sanguine, melancholic or phlegmatic. Nevertheless, these descriptions are not at all
identical though analogous.
some parts of the body and therefore produces actual, recent and sometimes different
symptoms which are believed to be abnormal and thereby sick by the patient. In other
words an agent is a pathogenic factor eliciting specific signs and symptoms.
Agents can be divided into neutral, exterior and inner agents. Neutral agents
are for example overwork, overeating, malnutrition and others.
- ira (anger),
- voluptas (lust),
- pavor (shock),
- maeror (grief),
- timor (anxiety),
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The orb is the third major constituent of Chinese diagnosis. This word refers to the
Latin word orbis which means circle. It is a circle or group of diagnostically significant
signs and findings that are grouped and named after organs or the region where some
of the symptoms take place. Sometimes this is referred to as the Chinese organ
teaching which is a simplified understanding of the system.
In fact, an orb is only a group of diagnostically significant signs that include possible
symptoms in the region of a western organ. This is why the correlation of western
organs and Chinese orb names is relatively loose. One could therefore name this an
organ-named functional pattern rather than an organ. For instance, the pulmonary orb
refers to signs and symptoms that are related to the motion that we call expiration.
While this respiratory movement takes place within the body, vegetative functional
changes appear like changes in muscular tone, changes in immune functions like
flooding capillaries in different capillary beds, like letting return the blood to the heart
during inspiration (negative pressure in the chest). So the signs differ a lot from airway
infections in many cases.
2- Calor and algor (heat and cold) represents the humoro-vegetative regulation
since calor is an increased microcirculation with inflammatory effects and algor
a decreased microcirculation with lack of inflammatory effects;
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1.2.1.2 The guiding criteria are based on Yin, Yang, the phases and orbs
Changes in the functional capacity result in visible signs that add to the creation
of the findings and symptoms. This teaching is not coincidentally formed but that
the origin of this teaching may be a precise logical system based on a numbering
system of yin and yang.
The famous mathematician Leibniz analysed the oldest book of mankind, the I
Ging. This book is believed to date back at least 3,000 years and according to some
other sources the origins date back 5,000 years. This is the oldest book of China and
mankind and it was designed to systematically describe the course of life, its changes,
its modalities, and it would offer advice to our personal and emotional life-style and
personal guidance. Therefore, it was described as the Book of Changes. The book was
translated in an admirable way by a missionary, a theologian from Germany, called
Richard Wilhelm and it was published in 1923. Ever since, this has evoked the curiosity
of the European and American users and thinkers.
Leibniz though, 300 years before, found out that the bars and symbols in this book
have a mathematical meaning far from philosophy. On this binary numbering system
Booles algebra and other bases for computer and knowledge of nowadays are based.
Leibniz also showed the rules, the arithmeticae binariae and the ways to calculate with
these binary numbers. He built the first calculator of Germany in 1643.
To give a short description what Leipniz found, we changed the lines and symbols
of the I Ging into white and black bars. Within the I Ging the white bars are continuous
bars, meaning yang, whereas the black bars are discontinuous bars and mean yin. To
make it more visible and for practical reasons we reduced this to black and white bars.
Mainly we can see that in the first line one of these graphs (a monogram) means 1
or 0, so we can develop the numbers 1 or 0 out of these bars. The second line shows
bigrams, or two-lined symbols, which means that we can develop the numbers 1 to 4
out of two yin-yang lines. Accordingly, out of three of these lines, a trigram, we can
develop the numbers 1 to 8. In classical Chinese natural sciences and philosophy also
these binary numbers were used to describe circular movement such as shown in the
Figure 2.
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Figure 2 - The left part of the picture shows how yang lines (white) and yin lines (black) can be
used as monograms (1 and 0), bigrams which compose two lines to form 1,2,3,4, or even
trigrams (1-8) (Greten, 2010)
Instead of writing 1, 2, 3, 4 they would use the bigrams to symbolise the quarter
sections of a circular movement. For instance, such a movement is the circular process
of the seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter. It could also be used for other
circular processes like the day or functional behaviour of man. Within the 3rd century
before Christ these bars were more and more exchanged by the symbols and emblems
for Wood, Fire, Metal and Water.
We can describe four parts of a circular procedure by bigrams, but we can also
have a more precise description of circular functions by trigrams. Instead of quartering
the circle, we would have 1/8th of the process as one part of the process.
Before work in the morning, the incubator will have reached room temperature.
In phase 1 we may switch on the system. The thermostat will switch on the electric
heater as the actual temperature is lower than the target temperature. This will take
some time and temperature will rise to 37 C (Phase 0).
In stage I, when the target temperature has been reached, the thermostat will
cut off electricity to the heater. This means that the heater won`t furthermore gain more
energy. Nevertheless the heater is still warmer than the water. If we switch off the heat,
we cannot yet touch the plate. This amount of heat is called afterheat, in a technical
sense, and it causes a peak of temperature.
In stage II this excess afterheat is gradually used up, so the water cools down
back to the target value. After cooling down to 37 , the thermostat will switch on the
heater again.
During stage III it is switched on. Nevertheless, it takes some time until the
heater is hot again. This again is comparable to our electric stove. Switching on the
heater means that we can still touch the plate until it is hot. This phenomenon is
technically called latency.
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In stage IV after some time, the heater will be warmer than the water and the
temperature and energy content of the basin will rise. This procedure happens now in a
repetitive manner. An endless chain of up and down movements will be taking place in
such a heated regulated system.
At first sight this is astounding, as it means that such a regulated system does
not hold the target value as we might expect. It is either too hot or too cold. Likewise,
afterheat causes the peak in temperature and latency causes the low. In a simplified
description this resembles a sinus wave.
We have some historical hints pointing to the fact that classical Chinese
regarded these cyclic processes actually as cyclic, as a circle. From a nowadays
standpoint this is only a rough assumption as the actual course of temperature is not
exactly a sinus wave. Nevertheless, for the simplicity and for a better access to this
model we name this the sinus curve of regulation.
Looking at a pipe organ player we see that the hand always moves in a cyclic
manner around the axis of the pipe organ. Looking from a perpendicular perspective,
this is an up and down movement in the middle of which the axis is situated. Likewise,
a standing pipe-organ player has an up and down movement (yang and yin movement)
of his hand. However, when he moves forward with his instrument, the movement of
his hand describes approximately a sinus wave. Therefore, a sinus wave is also called
a circular function.
Figure 4 - Movements of the hand of a pipe organ player seen from the side (left),
from the front (middle) and when walking (right) (Greten, 2010)
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When the hand is up, it will then move down because the axis turns it down. The
axis in our regulatory example is the target value. We may symbolize this by a dot on
the target value line, the axis (Earth 1). When the hand is down, it will then move up.
This change of direction is mediated by the axis again. This upward power can be
symbolized by another dot on the target value line (Earth 3).
Chinese culture tends to put technical terms into emblems. In fact, all Chinese
language is expressed by emblems and classical characters. If we follow this tendency
on a mathematical level, we could express the mathematical content, not the
philosophical content, of this consideration by a circle that we draw around our
technical term. What comes out is the so-called monad or in Chinese terms the fou qi
sign or the tai ji sign.
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This sign is also referred to as the yin/yang symbol. Its mathematical meaning is
that yin and yang form a binary language of numbers that are able to describe circular
functions such as in regulation. We therefore consider this sign to be a symbol for the
scientific approach to natural processes rather than a mystical, philosophical approach
which is common in the public presentation of Chinese Medicine nowadays.
In the yang phases sympathetic functions dominate more than in the yin phases.
In the yin phases, however, the parasympathetic (vagal) activity is relatively more
present. Of course, the vegetative system consists of more than sympathetic and
parasympathetic activities.
In the first major description of the vegetative system leading to the Nobel Prize in
1927, the original description is to categorize vegetative functions and its nervous
system into sympathetic, parasympathetic and intestinal nerve fibres. For instance, the
enteric nerve system is less active while we are highly agitated, as defecation would be
dysfunctional in stress and fight situations. On the other hand, in the phases of down-
regulation like in the phase of Fire and even in lack of energy (Metal), the enteric nerve
system is more active to restore energy levels. We can also insert in the picture muscle
tonus and motion patterns by hypertonic, hyperdynamic, hypotonic and hypodynamic
functional patterns or the RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system) which is more
active in the yang phases above the target value and less active in the yin phases
below the target value.
Like this one could design a whole concept of a transmitter concert according to
western medicine. Likewise, the concert of transmitters and the neuronal pathways
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In the upper part of the figure 6, functional figurines symbolise the clinical
appearance of these mechanisms in terms of visible signs. For instance, the
coppersmith in Wood has a lot of extensor muscles being active, and blood pressure
presumably is higher than in the Lady reading the bible in the phase of Metal. The
patterns named above exactly correspond to the clinical description of Chinese
Medicine. In other words, the description by groups of clinical signs in the upper part of
the figure describes the same functions that western medicine describes as a
transmitter and neuronal concert of the vegetative system.
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One could therefore say: the upper part contains the Chinese way of
description, the lower part contains the western description. Of course this is a
mathematical function irrespective of whether we express this by yin/yang lines or by
Wood, Fire, Metal and Water. The Chinese description would be that the left part
(Wood and Fire) gets the category of yang, whereas the right side (Metal and Water) is
yin. By trigrams we can then create the numbers 1 4 and that was later replaced by
Wood, Fire, Metal and Water, the so-called phases. The signs and symptoms which
indicate the phases are referred to as organ patterns or orbs (circle of diagnostically
relevant signs). Four of these are especially essential to understand the unity of signs
and emotional expression.
1.2.2 According to TCM and to the Heidelberg model emotions and anxiety are
associated with vegetative functional changes called organ patterns or orbs
As we have already referred to, there are four phases: Wood, Fire, Metal and
Water. There is an additional phase called earth which is responsible for turning the
axis, which is neglectable in this context for the moment. All these correspond to
functional patterns named organ patterns or orbs, which will be briefly described here.
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Figure 7 - Hepatic orb, the emotional expression is referred to as ira (Greten, 2010) Chinese
Medicine understands this state as a consequence of regulation of vegetative functions.
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Figure 8 - Cardiac orb, the emotional expression is referred to as voluptas (Greten, 2010)
Chinese Medicine understands this state as a consequence of regulation of vegetative
functions.
Metal starts when the polarity changes. This means that metal is described as
the phase of relaxation. This phase is responsible for the rhythmical functions of the
body, like the motion of breathing. This is the way the functions of metal are mostly
expressed by the pulmonary orb. A person in this phase will be hypotonic, will present
a wailing voice, hanging shoulders and lack of energy as we can see in Figure 9. The
emotional state related to this orb is called maeror (agony, grief).
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Figure 9 Pulmonary orb, the emotional expression is referred to as maeror (Greten, 2010)
Chinese Medicine understands this state as a consequence of regulation of vegetative
functions.
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Figure 10 Renal orb, the emotional expression is referred to as timor (Greten, 2010) Chinese
Medicine understands this state as a consequence of regulation of vegetative functions.
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could be called timor, and as we have already referred, timor is the emotional state
related to the renal orb and constitution.
As we have said before pericardiacs are frequently cardiacs with a lack of yin
who have been humiliated so far that their anxiety is high. Renal types rationalize their
anxiety while pericardiacs act out anxiety by constant hyperactivity. Both may be
empirically stated for challenging situations like auditions, in which some individuals
seem to be paralysed and cold (renal pattern), whereas others are hectic and panic
(pericardiac pattern). To diminish anxiety it is necessary to work both on fire and water
patterns, and to keep people safe and secure.
gloss of eyes and fluent fine motor capacities (Greten, 2010). According to the same
model Jing is translated by the term of structive potential. Structive potential means the
possibility to create structure by cell populations. It refers to the general regeneration of
body structure as well as the build up of organs during embryology. Structive potential
also refers to the potential of the structure to exert function. This is comparable to the
basic repertoire of functions that the cells are offered in western medicine by the
nucleus of the cell (Greten, 2010). Using more common terms, Qi is the energy, Shen
is the mind and Jing is the body with its functional and regenerative capacities. As a
conclusion, Qigong works with functional capacities, with the body and with the mind.
Qigong is also believed to relax the body, to promote the flow of Qi, blood, oxygen and
nutrients to the cells of the body and to promote the removal of waste products from
cells (Sancier, 1996).
In fact, practicing Qigong may favorably affect many functions of the body,
permitting the reduction of the dosage of drugs. Studies also suggest that Qigong
provides greater health benefits than the use of drug therapy alone in certain cases. As
an example, for hypertensive patients Qigong exercises combined with drug therapy
reduce the incidence of stroke, death and the dosage of drugs required for blood
pressure maintenance. In asthma patients the combined therapy has permitted the
reduction in drug dosage, duration of hospitalization and costs of therapy. It also
improved the immune and cardiovascular systems and increased the general condition
of patients (Sanciers, 1999).
1.4.2 Qigong and Stress (as measured by blood pressure, heart rate, urinary
catecholamines, cortisol level)
The following studies are quoted for an anecdotal documentation of qigong
related effects. Some of the studies were insufficient described in terms of
methodology, statistics, out come and controls. The results of these studies are
contradictory, the Chinese functional diagnosis not consider and the allocation of the
exercises to the clinical pictures generally remain unclear. However none of these
studies refer to the white ball exercises
Lee et al. (2003) have carried out a study to determine the effects of Qigong on
blood pressure, urinary catecholamines (indicators of stress) and lung function in
middle aged patients with essential hypertension. The examiners formed 2 groups
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(control group and Qigong group) of 29 participants each one. The Qigong group did
30 minutes of shuxinping-xuegong per day during 10 weeks. Blood pressure, urinary
catecholamines, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume per sec were
measured before and after 10 weeks. The results show that after 10 weeks, the levels
of blood pressure were smaller in the Qigong group than in the control group as well as
the levels of catecholamines. At the same time the Qigong group improved the lung
function. The examiners concluded that Qigong can help to improve the lung function
and reduce blood pressure and stress in middle aged patients. These results suggest
that Qigong has relaxation effects and stabilizes the sympathetic nervous system in
patients with essential hypertension.
Another study carried out by Skoglund and Jansson (2006) in England, aimed
to investigate the effects of Qigong on stress among computer operators. 20 women
were divided into 2 groups. The Qigong group (n=10) had daily sessions of 30 minutes,
from Monday to Friday, during 5 weeks and the control group (n=10) continued with
their usual daily work. Heart rate, blood pressure and finger temperature were
measured at the beginning and at the end of the working day as well as the perception
of stress (Borg`s 0-20 grading scale). 24 hours urine samples were collected in the first
and in the last weeks to measure catecholamines. The results showed that Qigong
reduces heart rate, finger temperature and noradrenaline in urine. Although there were
no effects on blood pressure and on the level of perceived stress, symptoms such as
low back pain were significantly reduced. These results show that Qigong may have an
effect of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and may reduce stress in
computer operators.
In Hong Kong, Jones (2001) carried out a study to investigate the changes in
cytokine production in healthy subjects practicing Qigong. Cytokines are glycoproteins
which are involved in immune response as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
regulators. 19 participants were asked to practice two hours of Qigong (Guolin Qigong)
per day during 14 weeks. Blood pressure, pulse rate, blood cortisol level and
production of cytokines were measured before training and after 3, 7 and 14 weeks.
The results showed no significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure but
the pulse rate decreased. This preliminary study indicates that blood levels of cortisol
may be lowered by short-term practice of Qigong and that there are concomitant
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changes in the number of cytokines. These results show that Qigong improves the
stress-coping skills of the participants, however further studies are needed.
Lee et al.1 (2004) have carried out a study to investigate the effects of Qigong
on anxiety and plasma concentrations of cortisol, ACTH and aldosterone. 32 men were
divided into 2 equal groups. The Qigong group completed a program of Qigong
exercises daily, during 4 weeks. The exercises were directed by a Qigong master
during 60 minutes per session. The control group also performed the movements
without gathering or moving Qi. Measurements were done at the beginning and at the
end of the program using blood samples. The participants also answered to the
Spielber`s state-trait anxiety scale, which includes 20 items to measure the acute level
of anxiety. Results showed that anxiety decreased 26% in the Qigong group and just
9% in the control group. These results suggest that the movements used in Qigong
could positively affect anxiety states, however this effect is much smaller than that
associated with Qi training. The results also showed that blood concentrations of
ACTH, cortisol and aldosterone were significantly smaller in the Qigong group than in
the control group. In conclusion, those results suggest that Qigong had a significant
effect on hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which might reflect stabilization of anxiety level.
Lee et al.2 (2004) have done a study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of
Qigong on blood pressure and several blood lipids such as HDL, total cholesterol,
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These studies suggest that Qigong exercises, over even a short period of time,
may be able to significantly reduce symptoms of stress by diminishing blood pressure,
heart rate, cortisol levels and other stress related parameters.
Tsang and colleagues (2003) studied, in China, the influence of Qigong (eight
brocades section adapted) in the elderly diagnosed with depression. For that, 50
participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group, with a mean age of
72.9 (SD = 9.5) years old, and the control group with a mean of 76.3 (SD = 8.4) years
old. Both groups received basic rehabilitation activities for 12 weeks. The experimental
group also received one hour practice of Qigong, twice a week, during 12 weeks. The
experimental group was also advised to practice Qigong exercises daily for at least half
an hour. The results were measured with different scales and questionnaires, which
measure the degree of depression (geriatric depression scale), the state of physical,
psychological and social (Perceived benefit questionnaire), quality of life (Hong Kong
Chinese World Health Organization version quality of life) and self-concept (self-
concept scale). The researchers concluded that Qigong improves physical health,
psychological and social development of elderly people, reducing the degree of
depression and increasing their quality of life. However, the results were not
statistically significant.
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Chow and Tsang (2007) have done a literature research to study the effects of
Qigong on people with anxiety disorders. The investigators concluded that Qigong
could be considered a valid alternative to treat anxiety disorders. Pharmacological
treatment could have side effects such as nausea, vomits and addiction. Qigong can
be implemented at home or outdoor at any time during the day, it is convenient,
inexpensive and easy to do.
Li, Chen and Mo (2002), carried out a study in China to explore the
effectiveness of Qigong therapy on detoxification of heroin addicts compared to
medical and nonmedical treatment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of
three groups, 34 were included in the Qigong group, 26 in the medication group and 26
in the no treatment control group. The first group practiced 2 to 2,5 hours of gigong
(Pan Gu Qigong) daily during 10 days. The medication group received the
detoxification drug during 10 days using gradual reduction method. The control group
received only basic care and medications to treat several symptoms like pain, diarrhea
and sleep disorders. The examiners used the urine morphine test, electrocardiogram,
withdrawal syndrome evaluation scale and Hamilton anxiety scale before and during
the 10 days of intervention. The investigators reported that the reduction of withdrawal
symptoms were faster in the Qigong group than in the other groups. Both the Qigong
and the medication group had lower anxiety scores than the control group, but the
scores of anxiety were lower in the Qigong group than in the medication group. By day
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5 of treatment, all participants of Qigong group had negative urine tests compared to
day 9 for the medication group and day 11 for control group. These results suggest that
Qigong may be an effective alternative for heroin detoxification without side effects.
Those studies suggest that Qigong has a positive effect on anxiety disorders
and depression. It is also suggested that Qigong can improve quality of life, mood
status and reduce specific side-effects of treatment in cancer patients. Qigong may
also be a helpful complement for heroin detoxification.
Witt et al. (2005) did a pilot study in Germany, to evaluate the effects of Qigong
lessons on schoolchildren in terms of their achievements at school, social behavior and
general health. The sample consisted of 90 children aged between 7 and 13 years old,
were divided into two homogeneous groups: control group and experimental
group. The experimental group received Qigong lessons (xiang-gong) over 6 months,
twice a week, during 15 (level 1) or 25 minutes (level 2). To measure the results
teachers, parents and children answered standardized questionnaires at the beginning
and at the end of the study. The 5 teachers also answered semi-structured in-depth
interviews. After 6 months, the Qigong group showed significantly better results in the
teacher questionnaire but no effects were found in the parent questionnaire. The result
showed that during the study, the number of complains remained similar, whereas the
severity of the medical complains decreased in both groups. However, the teacher
questionnaire reported that Qigong influences grades and social behavior of the
children positively. Evaluating these data from our point of view one mait speculate that
the teachers expectations maight have been diferent from the parents more neutral
expectations which may question the methodological approach.
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improve social behavior and grades but further studies are needed to generalize these
results.
Another pilot study carried out in Germany by Witt et al. (2007) aimed to study
the effects of xiang-gong in the health of schoolchildren with 10-11 and 16-17 years
old. For that, 140 children from 4 different schools received Qigong lessons, twice a
week, during 15 (level 1) or 25 minutes (level 2) over 6 months. At the end of the study
semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the participating teachers. The
reported effects were of a social nature as well as improvement in vitality, medical and
psychological health. Teachers also reported that students became calmer, more
energized, "harmonize" and less aggressive after exercise. The only negative effect
was the existence of nightmares during an early stage. The investigators concluded
that Qigong helps to enhance vitality and community strength and also social,
psychological and in some cases medical improvement.
These two studies suggest that Qigong could be integrated into regular school
classes and it could help to improve the social behavior, grades and general health.
Those studies also suggest that Qigong has good effects on many functions of
the body including the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecholamines
and cortisol level. Those references also suggest that depression and anxiety disorders
could benefit from Qigong exercises. In the same way, studies suggest that Qigong can
help to increase quality of life in cancer patients and to reduce drug dosage in health
condition such as asthma and hypertension. Despite those conclusions, some of those
studies have small samples and they aren`t random. They also use different types and
different Qigong exercises, during different periods of time and frequency.
2. Study design
Do Qigong exercises influence the anxiety levels and the physiological stress functions
of 10 - 12 year old music school children playing the transverse flute before auditions
and concerts?
Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate if and how Qigong related effects may be
further objectified by physical measurable parameters and psychological scores. For
this propose we examined 10 12 year old music school children playing the
transverse flute before auditions.
2.2 Objectives
To evaluate if and how Qigong related effects may be objectified by the level of
salivary cortisol;
To evaluate if and how Qigong related effects may be objectified by heart rate
and blood pressure immediately before the audition;
3. Methods
3.1 Recruitment
Academia de Msica de Paos de Brando, Academia de Msica e Artes de
Rio Meo, Academia de Msica de Santa Maria da Feira and Conservatrio de Msica
de Fornos were contacted to integrate the study. Those academies were chosen
because they are located near Porto and they are convenient to the investigators. Just
the first two agreed to participate. The first contact was done with the directors of the
respective academies. After pedagogical council approval, parents and children were
contacted by the investigators and by the respective academy to integrate the study.
Parents and children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were invited to a meeting and
they were informed about the study.
After having been signed the informed consent form (annex 4) by the
participants and their legal representatives, the children were distributed to either the
control group or the study group, according to their interest and schedule to integrate
Qigong classes. Because of those facts we can`t consider this a random sample.
- Written consent.
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3.2 Intervention
The intervention was done from 18th March until 6th May.
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According to the same author, TCM holds that emotions are originated in the
body so, by balancing our body functions, we automatically balance and diminish
pathologic emotional patterns within our vegetative nervous system.
This thesis explains the obvious natural feedback leading to emotional self-
healing by certain Qigong exercises. In brief, Qigong allows the practitioner, by
imagination, motion, breath-control, to be more psychosomatically balanced. This
process of subconscious self-regulation is programmed and learned. By the time, this
balanced state may be neurologically conditioned, and remains in our vegetative
nervous system, becomes part of our inner nature. By the time we will become more
stable with challenge, resulting in a better quality of life.
To do Qigong exercises it is needed that the child assumes the following posture:
- The knees must be put in a way that the child can feel R1 (renal 1: fons
scatens): a little bit bent with no rotation;
With this exercise the child must connect to the ground because he/she will
connect to the biggest yin that exists. This concept of TCM, refers to the 4th guiding
criteria which distinguishes between a naturally labile state (yin deficiency) and other
causes of deregulation. The picture also suggests that the earth gives strength and
security. Connecting to the ground, the child will activate the renal orb and therefore
he/she will be free from anxiety. At the same time all regulation becomes constant
because yin is endlessly big. To connect to the ground the child must feel R1 and
transfer his/her weight to the earth (Greten, 2009).
The next step is to connect to the sky. Connecting to the sky, the child will
connect the renal and the cardiac axis and he/she will connect to his/her intuitive
intelligence and will be able to have an intuitive access to his/her inner inborn way of
life. At the same time the child will be connected to heavenly guidance. To connect to
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the sky the child must feel Rg 20 (conventus omnium yang) and feel the line which
crosses all the body since R1, passing through the dantian, until Rg 20 (Greten, 2009).
After the connection between heaven and earth is completed, boys must
breathe out 7 times and girls must breathe out 8 times.
The white ball is an important exercise that connects the Qi flow of the 2 hands,
activating pericardiac flow (which is the hepatic orb of upper caloric) by Pc8 (medium
palmae). Accumulated stress in upper caloric flows off and pathological repletion is
relieved. At the same time, Pc 8 is considered to represent all orbs of the body as well
as each finger is also associated to the phases. Connecting the Qi of the two hands
promotes a big balancing and clearing effect. To connect the Qi of the 2 hands the
child must close the eyes, hold the arms in front of the dantian as if he/she is holding a
ball and adjust the distance between the hands (Greten, 2009).
After connecting the two hands, it is necessary to purify the Qi between the
hands. The image of flowing out of the body is an old concept of Chinese medicine. By
visualizing a purifying effect, the nervous system is cleaned up, pain free and
emotionally positive. To purify the Qi of the white ball, the child must imagine that all
bad things go out to the nature, and the ball becomes more and more white and
shining. In the end the child must breathe out 7 times (for boys) and 8 times (for girls)
(Greten, 2009).
It is very important that, before finishing the exercises, the child closes the girdle
to close the surface and be protected. To do that, the child must move the hands until
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the dantian, connecting again the point Pc 8 by placing one hand over another and
connecting these two points with the dantian (Greten, 2009).
Before finishing it is necessary to find the appropriate relation with the world. To
do this the child must bend his/her wrists perpendicularly, rotate downward and bend
the neck which may follow the movement of the hands (Greten, 2009).
3.3 Measurements
Subjective anxiety perception: Escalas de ansiedade, depresso e stresse de
21 itens de Lovibond e Lovibond;
Heart rate and blood pressure: M6 Comfort (Omron), automatic blood pressure
monitor;
Ideally all students must play in an audition on 17th March and on 6th May, and
measurements must be taken during those days. All participants of the Qigong group
follow the expected program but, unfortunately, 5 students of the control group can`t be
present in the last audition. For this reason we did another audition on 19th May. The
conditions of the first and of the second audition were the same since the students
played in a neutral place. The third audition was in Academia de Msica de Paos de
Brando, a familiar place for all students. Another different aspect was the amount of
public that attended to the audition since the first and the second auditions had much
more public than the third audition. We were conscious that those facts could influence
the results but this was the only solution found to solve the problem.
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The saliva cortisol measurement ideally took place in the morning of the audition`s
day, before breakfast. Unfortunately in the first audition, 3 students of the control group
forgot to do the measurement during the morning. To solve this problem they did the
measurement during the afternoon, at the same hour in the first and in the second
auditions. In the second audition two of the Qigong students forgot to do the
measurement. To solve this problem again we canceled the first measurement and for
this reason we just have six measures of saliva cortisol in the Qigong group and eight
in the control group.
The scores were done during the audition`s day by all students with no
exceptions. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured by a nurse immediately
before the student goes to stage. Reaction time and basal muscular tension of
trapezius muscle were measured 2 hours before the concert.
Ribeiro, Honrado and Leal (2004) adapted the DASS to Portuguese population
and gave it the name of Escala de ansiedade, depresso e stress de 21 itens. They
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also correlate the short (21 items) and the long (42 items) version of the scale. The
results showed that the Portuguese version of DASS has similar proprieties as the
original version of the same scale, and could be used with good internal consistence of
0.85 for depression, 0.74 for anxiety and 0.81 for stress in Portuguese population. They
also concluded that there are a great correlation between the long and the short
version of the scale (96% for depression, 90% for anxiety and 89% for stress).
Leal et al., in 2009, adapted the EADS to children and called it Escala de
depresso, ansiedade e stresse para crianas (EADS-C). They applied the scale to
361 children with ages between 8 and 15 years old. The results showed that the
EADS-C could be applied to this population with internal consistence of 0.78 for
depression, 0.75 for anxiety and 0.74 for stress.
The EADS-C is conceptually equal to EADS but the vocabulary was revised to
be easily understood by children. The final version of EADS-C is composed by 3 sub-
scales of 7 items each one that evaluate depression, anxiety and stress. The
depression scale includes items that measure symptoms typically associated with
dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest or
involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The anxiety scale includes items that are primarily
related to symptoms of physical arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety,
and subjective experience of anxious affect. Stress scale includes items that measure
difficulty in relaxing, nervous arousal, being easily upset or agitated, irritable or over
reactive, and impatient (Ribeiro, Honrado and Leal, 2004; Leal et al., 2009). For each
item the children may say if he/she passed through the respective symptom in the last
week. The EADS-C uses a scale of 4 different frequency or gravity degrees: 0 means I
don`t have, 1 means I have sometimes, 2 means I have frequently and 3 means I
have most of the time (Leal et al., 2009).
Children answered the questions of the scale at the beginning and at the end of
the study, before the audition, on audition`s day, with parents help. The EADS-C is
complete in annex 3.
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The measurements were done immediately before the child goes into the stage,
by a nurse, at the beginning and at the end of the study, using M6 Comfort (Omron),
automatic blood pressure monitor. The child was resting during at least 15 minutes, in
a sitting position, with both feet on the floor, and it wasn`t allowed to talk during the
measurement. The arm is a little bit bent and the brace was located above the elbow,
bellow the humeral artery.
Systolic BP + (Diastolic BP x 2)
3
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Borini et al. (2010) have carried out a study to evaluate the influence of non-
experimental anxiety on electromyographyc activity of masseter and temporal muscle.
The authors concluded that anxiety can influence electromyographic records even in
non-experimental situations. Conrad and Roth (2006) have done a study to investigate
the influence of relaxation techniques on anxiety disorders. According to their review,
anxiety increases the general muscular activity measured by SEMG.
According to Wilson, Smith and Holmes (2007) there are two theories that
explain the relationship between anxiety and performance: the conscious processing
hypothesis (Masters, 1992) and the processing efficiency theory (Esysenck and Calvo,
1992). The conscious processing hypothesis (Masters, 1992) suggests that stress
situations increase anxiety and self-consciousness about performing successfully. This
heightened self-consciousness causes a breakdown of automated movement units into
a more consciously controlled sequence of smaller separated units. This process slows
performance and creates opportunity for error at each transition between units. The
processing efficiency theory predicts that cognitive anxiety, in the form of worry,
reduces processing and storage capacity of working memory, reducing the resources
available for a given task. This theory also proposes that worry causes a diversion of
attention from tasks.
In this study, children were submitted to a relative simple task: they had to listen
3 sequences of 10 sounds each one and press a bottom immediately after listening to
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Master Thesis 2011
the sound. The first and the second sequences were non rhythmical and measured the
time reaction and the attention level of the participants. The third sequence was
rhythmical and measured the learning capacity of the children. The expected results
would be the decreasing of the time reaction from the first to the third sequence. If
children presented a low attention level and a high stress state the expected results
would be a constant time, an irregular atypical time or even an increasing in the time
from the first to the fourth sequence.
The measures were done at the beginning and at the end of the study,
approximately 2 hours before the audition, using the MP36 BIOPAC Systems, inc.
According to Lundberg et al. (1994), cortisol level is a good and valid indicator
of stress and anxiety conditions. Kiess et al. (1995) have carried out a study in
Germany to measure the variety of saliva cortisol levels with age, pubertal state and
weight. They measured the salivary cortisol in 138 healthy infants, children and
adolescents and in 14 adults, at 8.00 am, 1.00 pm and 6.00 pm. They concluded that
cortisol levels are age-dependent. After 6 years old the values correlate significantly
with pubertal state. Cortisol levels also increase with body weight and body mass
index.
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The samples were done at the beginning and at the end of the study during the
auditions day, always at the same time. It was used salivette with synthetic swab for
cortisol determination. Parents helped and supervised the sampling. The sampling was
done preferentially immediately after the child woke up, in sitting position and after
he/she washes the mouth with water. During the procedure, no one touches the cotton.
To obtain as much saliva as possible, child chewed the cotton during 2 minutes and
putted the cotton above the tongue during 3 more minutes. All the participants were
informed that children can`t use facial creams or lipstick, wash the teeth, use dental
floss, eat or drink nothing accept water before the sampling and they also cannot do
dental treatments 24h before the sampling. The samples were stored in the dark at
room temperature, and were taken to the laboratory after 72 hours.
To analyze our data, the most appropriated test is the Mann-Witney test. The
Mann-Witney test is one of the most sensitive non-parametric tests and a great
alternative to t-test. The conditions to use the Mann-Witney test are: ordinal or
quantitative variables, independent samples and continuous variables (the values can
be divided).
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4. Ethical Consideration
According to Fortin (1999), legally and ethically the minor participants cannot give
their informed consent, and this is therefore usually given by their parents or guardians.
However, if the children have the capacity to understand the purpose of the study, they
should be informed and their consent should be attached along with the consent of
their parents. All participants were informed about the aim of the study, its objectives
and procedures. The data was completely anonymous and confidential, used only by
the study investigator. The right of self-determination was respected, since the
participants and their legal representatives, as autonomous persons, were invited to
participate in the study (Fortin, 1999). The inclusion in this investigation was completely
voluntary and didn`t constitute any risk to the health of the children.
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5. Results
5.1 Data
The sample was divided into 2 similar groups of 8 children each. The Qigong
group was composed by 1 boy and 7 girls with a mean of 11.5 ( SD=0.7) years old, and
the control group was composed by 2 boys and 6 girls with 12 years old. Children of
the Qigong group were instructed to do the exercises every day during 7 weeks, and
they also were instructed to register when they do the exercises. Table 1 - Percentage
of days and assiduity to Qigong classesshows that percentage and their assiduity to
the classes.
Table 2 and Table 3 show the difference between the initial and the final results,
therefore a negative value means that the parameter gets worse, and a positive value
means that the parameter gets better. Table 2 shows the results of the Qigong group
and Table 3 shows the results of the control group. The last two lines of both tables
show the mean and the standard deviation of the respective values. The values of
EADS-C is the score obtained by the children, HR (heart rate) is represented in beats
per minute, BP (blood pressure) is represented in mm/Hg, SEMG (surface
electromyography) values are represented in mV per second, TR (time reaction) is
expressed in seconds and cortisol is expressed in g/dl. Integral values are presented
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in annex 6. Blood pressure values were calculated by using the formula of mean blood
pressure (Ribeiro, Garcia, Fiori, 2007):
Systolic BP + (Diastolic BP x 2)
3
Qigong
EADS-C HR BP EMG TR Cortisol
group
Control
EADS-C HR BP EMG TR Cortisol
Group
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During the development of the study, it was showed that thermography may be
a useful tool for objectifying Qigong related effects.
EADS-C
The data related to EADS-C in the Qigong and in the control groups is
represented on Figure 11.
Qigong group:
Mean: 3.5
Standard deviation: 6.76
Control Group
Mean: 1
Standard deviation: 6.35
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Master Thesis 2011
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
Heart rate
The data related to heart rate in the Qigong and in the control groups is
represented on fFigure 12.
Qigong group:
Mean: 11
Standard deviation: 7.29
Control Group
Mean: -4.5
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Master Thesis 2011
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
As p values is inferior to we accept H0. This means that heart rate decreasing
is statistically significant.
Blood pressure
The data related to blood pressure in the Qigong and in the control groups is
represented on Figure 13.
Qigong group:
Mean: 6.54
Standard deviation: 7.77
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Control Group
Mean: 6.04
Standard deviation: 5.81
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
As p values is superior to we can`t accept H0. This means that blood pressure
decreasing isn`t statistically significant.
Surface Electromyography
The data related to surface electromyography in the Qigong and in the control
groups is represented on Figure 14.
Qigong group:
Mean: -0.0028
Standard deviation: 0.0035
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Control Group
Mean: -0.002
Standard deviation: 0.0022
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
Time reaction
The data related to time reaction in the Qigong and in the control groups is
represented on Figure 15.
Qigong group:
Mean: 0.00621
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Control Group
Mean: 0.01133
Standard deviation: 0.04408
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
As p values is superior to we can`t accept H0. This means that time reaction values
aren`t statistically significant.
Cortisol
The data related to salivary cortisol in the Qigong and in the control groups is
represented on Figure 16.
Qigong group
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Mean: 0.198
Standard deviation: 0.186
Control Group
Mean: 0.135
Standard deviation: 0.306
H0: 1 = 2
H1: 1 2
As p value is superior to we can`t accept H0. This means that cortisol values aren`t
statistically significant.
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6. Discussion
Lee et al.1 (2004) have done a study to investigate the effects of Qigong on
subjective perception of anxiety, plasma concentrations of cortisol, and other
parameters. The Qigong group (n=16) completed a program of Qigong exercises daily,
during 4 weeks, 60 minutes per session. The Control group (n=16) also performed the
movements without gathering or moving Qi. Measurements were done at the beginning
and at the end of the program. The participants asked to the Spielber`s state-trait
anxiety, which includes 20 items to measure the acute level of anxiety. Results showed
that anxiety decreased 26% in the Qigong group and just 9% in the control group.
These results suggest that the movements used in Qigong could positively affect
anxiety states, however this effect is much smaller than that associated with Qi training.
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In those three studies sampling was reduced as well as the time of Qigong
practice. The type of scale used is also different. There are studies defending that
Qigong can`t reduce subjective perception of anxiety, however there are also studies
defending that Qigong can significantly reduce this parameter. According to our study
Qigong can reduce subjective perception of anxiety in transverse flute schoolchildren
before auditions, however this decreasing isn`t significant comparing to the control
group.
Heart Rate
According to our data, heart rate decreased in the Qigong group and increased
in control group. The statistical analysis showed that this difference is significant for
=0.05.
Skoglund and Jansson (2006) have done a study, in England, to investigate the
effects of Qigong on heart rate (and other parameters) in computer operators. The
Qigong group (n=10) had daily sessions of 30 minutes, from Monday to Friday, during
5 weeks and the control group (n=10) continued with their usual daily work. Results
showed that heart rate was significant reduced in the Qigong group (=0.05).
According to those studies Qigong can diminish heart rate, however just one
concluded that this reduction is significant. According to our study Qigong helps to
reduce heart rate in a significant value. With those data we can conclude that Qigong
can reduce significantly heart rate in transverse flute schoolchildren before the
concerts.
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Blood Pressure
Results show that blood pressure diminished in both groups, but this decreasing
was higher in the Qigong group. This difference isn`t statistically significant.
Lee et al. (2003) have carried out a study to determine the effects of Qigong on
blood pressure, and other parameters, in middle aged patients with essential
hypertension. The Qigong group (n=29) did 30 minutes of shuxinpingxuegong per day
during 10 weeks. Blood pressure was measured before and after 10 weeks. The
results showed that the levels of blood pressure were significantly smaller (=0.001) in
the Qigong group than in the control group (n=29). The examiners concluded that
Qigong helps to reduce blood pressure in middle aged patients with essential
hypertension.
Lee et al.2 (2004) have carried out a study to investigate the effectiveness of
Qigong on blood pressure and several blood lipids in hypertensive patients. Patients
were divided into Qigong group (n=17) and waiting-list control group (n=19). The
Qigong group completed a program of shuxinpingxuegong during 8 weeks, 30 minutes,
twice week. Measurements were done at the beginning and at the end of the study by
blood sampling and auscultation method. Results showed a significant decrease in
blood pressure in the Qigong group (=0,001). The authors concluded that Qigong
could reduce blood pressure and change lipid metabolism to health benefit.
In the same way, Jones (2001) carried out a study in Hong Kong to investigate
the changes on blood pressure (and other parameters) in healthy subjects (n=19)
practicing Guolin Qigong daily over 14 weeks. Measurements were taken before
training and after 3, 7 and 14 weeks. The results showed no significant changes on
systolic or diastolic blood pressure.
Another study was done by Maldonado et al. (2005), in Spain, to examine the
effects of Qigong on blood pressure (and other parameters) in university students
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There are some studies defending that Qigong can positively influence blood
pressure but there are also some studies concluding that Qigong has no influence on
blood pressure. According to those findings also shuxinpingxuegong showed significant
influence on blood pressure values. According to our data we can conclude that
Qigong could help to diminish blood pressure values in transverse flute schoolchildren
before auditions, although this change isn`t significant.
Surface electromyography
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After this analysis we can affirm that in this preliminary study, Qigong wasn`t
effective in the reduction of muscular tension of trapezius muscle in transverse flute
schoolchildren before auditions, measured by SEMG.
Time reaction
Results showed that time reaction decreased in both groups, however this non-
significant decreasing was higher in the control group.
Cortisol
According to our data, cortisol levels decreased in both groups. This decreasing
was higher in the Qigong group, however this difference isn`t significant.
In Hong Kong, Jones (2001) has done a study to investigate the changes in
blood cortisol level, and other parameters, in healthy subjects (n=19) practicing Guolin
Qigong daily over 14 weeks. Measurements were taken before training and after 3, 7
and 14 weeks. This preliminary study indicates that blood levels of cortisol may be
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lowered by short-term practice of Qigong, however further studies are needed. In the
same way, in 2005, Maldonado et al. have conducted a study, in Spain, to examine the
effects of Qigong on the quantity of hormones, anxiety, blood pressure and subjective
quality of sleep in university students (n=25). The Qigong group (n=13) completed a
program of 30 minutes of Qigong lessons 5 times a week, and self-practice during the
weekends, during 1 month. Measurements were done at the begging and at the end of
the study. Results showed that the Qigong group had lower cortisol than control group,
however this difference isn`t significant.
From an opposing point of view, Lee et al.1 (2004) have done a study to
investigate the effects of Qigong on anxiety and plasma concentrations of cortisol,
ACTH and aldosterone. 32 men were divided into 2 equal groups. The Qigong group
completed a program of Qigong exercises daily, during 4 weeks. The exercises were
directed by a Qigong master during 60 minutes per session. The control group also
performed the movements without gathering or moving Qi. Measurements were done
at the beginning and at the end of the program using blood sampling. The results
showed that blood concentrations of ACTH, cortisol and aldosterone were significantly
smaller in the Qigong group than in the control group. In conclusion, those results
suggest that Qigong had a significant effect on hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which might
reflect stabilization of anxiety level.
All found studies conclude that blood cortisol diminish after Qigong lessons,
however just one concluded that this decreasing is significant. Our results showed that
cortisol levels could be lower after 7 weeks of Qigong practice, however this difference
isn`t significant.
The study confirms that Qigong related effects may be conventionally objectified
by psychological scores and physiological parameters including cortisol
measurements. In addition the study reveals that 2 new parameters can be chosen
such as EADS-C and capillary flow as measured by thermography.
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7. Conclusion
We can conclude that all the objectives were achieved. Although our data is
from a small sample size, the results we obtained are consistent with the hypothesis
that Qigong may positively influence anxiety levels of transverse flute schoolchildren,
aged 10 to 12, before the auditions. According to our data Qigong reduced subjective
perception of anxiety (measured by EADS-C), heart rate, blood pressure and salivary
cortisol levels in transverse flute schoolchildren before auditions, however only heart
rate decreasing is significant for an =0.05. In contrast, there are no evidences that
Qigong is effective in the reduction of muscular tension of trapezius (measured by
SEMG) and in the reduction of time reaction.
There are some obvious reasons for explaining those results. As we already
documented auditions took place on 17th March and on 6th May. If we analyze those
dates 17th March was a complicated date for all students because they were doing
tests at school. 6th May was 2 weeks after Easter holidays. It is probable that our
participants were under stressed situations at school during the first audition, and those
situations were solved during the second audition. This fact could change their anxiety
levels and influence the results.
Another reason that could influence our results is that all Qigong group follow
the expected program but unfortunately 5 students of the control group couldn`t be
present on the second audition date. For this reason we were forced to organize a third
audition on 19th May. The conditions of the first and of the second audition were the
same since the students played in a neutral place. The third audition was in Academia
de Msica de Paos de Brando, a familiar place for all students. Another different
aspect was the amount of public that attended to the audition since the first and the
second auditions had many more people than the third audition We were conscious
that those facts could influence the results but this was the only found solution to solve
the problem. Those facts could explain the decrease in time reaction in both groups
and the non-significant changes in the other parameters.
Another setback was hour of cortisol collecting. Ideally, the saliva sampling
should take place in the morning of the audition`s day, before breakfast. Unfortunately
in the first audition, 3 students of the control group forgot to do the measurement during
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Master Thesis 2011
the morning. To solve this problem they did the measurement during the afternoon, at
the same hour in the first and in the last audition. In the second audition two of the
Qigong students forgot to do the measurement. To solve this problem we canceled the
first measurement and for this reason we just have 6 measurements of saliva cortisol in
the Qigong group and 8 in the control group.
Variability between groups could also influence the results since the Qigong
group was composed by 1 boy and 7 girls with a mean of 11.5 ( s.d=0.7) years old, and
the control group was composed by 2 boys and 6 girls aged 12 years old. It is a
principal problem of Qigong research and psychological intervention to choose
adequate controls. In this pre-study we focused on measurability of the effects. The
control chosen here (waiting list design) may be changed to either another type of
Qigong, to another occupation or others. Proper randomization and blinding
procedures should be carried out to develop an objective study design.
8. Final considerations
Preliminary evidences support the hypothesis that Qigong can help to diminish
anxiety levels of transverse flute schoolchildren, aged 10 to 12, before the auditions
and that Qigong effects can be measured properly by psychological scores and
physiological parameters
This is regarded as a first step towards the creation of objective study designs
to be systematically planned on the basis of measurability of Qigong related effects. To
our knowledge, there are so far no scientific studies on performance related anxiety
and Qigong at all.
Qigong is a good alternative to pharmacological treatment to reduce anxiety
levels, since it isn`t expensive, it is easy to do and can be practiced at all the time.
Furthermore, the exercise system of the white ball is effective. The main advantage of
this system is the fact that an exercise cycle only takes a few minutes and requires only
little movement and space, so it could be integrated in class-teaching without
significant loss of teaching time.
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9. References
AARDAL, E. and HOLM. A. 1995. Cortisol in saliva- references ranges and relation to
cortisol in serum. European Journal of clinical chemistry and clinical biotechemestry.
33. 927-932
CHEN, K., YEUNG, R. 2002. Exploratory studies of Qigong therapy for cancer in
China. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 1:4, 345-370
CHOI and OSUNA, 2009. Using heart rate monitors to detect mental stress. Body
Sensor Networks. 6(9). 219-223
COLE et al., 1998. A Longitudinal Look at the Relation Between Depression and
Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 66
(3). 451-460
CONRAD and ROTH. 2006. Muscle relaxation therapy for anxiety disorders: it works
but how?. Journal of anxiety disorders. 21. 243-264
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Master Thesis 2011
DORCAS, A., YOUNG, P. 2003. Qigong: harmonizing the breath, the body and the
mind. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery. 9, 198-202
FALES et al. 2008. Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: differential modulation of transient
and sustained neural activity during a working memory task. Cognitive, affective and
behavioral neuroscience. 8(3). 239-253
GRETEN, H.J. 2009. Clinical subjects: Scientific Chinese Medicine the Heidelberg
model. Course version.
KESSLER, et al. 2001. The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat
anxiety and depression in the United States. American journal of psychiatry. 158, 289-
294
KIESS et al. 1995. Salivary cortisol levels throughout childhood and adolescence:
relation with age, pubertal, stage and weight. Pediatric research. 37(4). 502-506
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Master Thesis 2011
LEAL et al. 2009. Estudo da escala de depresso, ansiedade e stresse para crianas
(EADS-C). Psicologia, sade e doenas. 10(2), 277-284
LEE, MS, et.al. 2003. Effects of Qigong on blood pressure, blood pressure
determinants and ventilatory function in middle-aged patients with essential
hypertension. American journal of Chinese medicine. ?,?
LEE, MS, et al.1 2004. Effects of Qi-training on anxiety and plasma concentration of
cortisol, ACTH, and aldosterone: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Stress
and health. 20, 243-248
LEE, MS, et al.2 2004. Effects of Qigong on blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol and other lipid levels in essential hypertension patients. International journal
of Neuroscience. 114. 777-786
LI, M., CHEN, K., MO, Z. 2002. Use of Qigong therapy in the detoxification of heroin
addicts. Alternative Therapies. 8:1, 1-9
LUNDBERG et al. 1994. Psychophysiological stress and EMG activity on the trapezius
muscle. International journal of behavioral medicine. 1(4). 354-370
OH, B. et. al. 2010. Impact of medical Qigong on quality of life, fatigue, mood and
inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Oncology. 21:
608-614
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Master Thesis 2011
SANCIER, KM. 1996. Medical applications of Qigong. Alternative therapies. 2:1. 40-46
SANCIER, KM. HOLE, L. 2001. Qigong and neurologic illness. Alternative and
complementary treatments in neurologic illness. 15. 197-220
TSANG, HW, et. al. 2003. The effects of Qigong on general and psychosocial health of
elderly with chronic physical illnesses: a randomized clinical trial. International journal
of geriatric psychiatry. 18. 441-449
WATSON et al.1, 1995. Testing a Tripartite Model: I, Evaluating the Convergent and
WATSON et al.2, 1995. Testing a Tripartite Model: II. Exploring the Symptom Structure
of Anxiety and Depression in Student, Adult, and Patient Samples. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology. 104 (1). 15-25
WILSON, SMITH and HOLMES. 2007. The role of effort in influencing the effect of
anxiety on performance: Testing the conflicting predictions of processing efficiency
theory and conscious processing hypothesis. British Journal of Psychology. 98. 411-
428
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WITT, CMD, et. al. 2005. Qigong for schoolchildren: a pilot study. The journal of
alternative and complementary medicine. 11:1. 41-47
WITT, CMD, et. al. 2007. Xianggong (`fragrant` Qigong) for the health of school
children: a qualitative pilot study of feasibility and effects. Journal of Chinese medicine.
84. 46-51
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Master Thesis 2011
2010 2011
Activity
November
December
February
January
March
June
April
May
July
Literature research
Data collection
Data analysis
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Master Thesis 2011
Authors, Experi
Control
Title mental Method / Intervention Results / Conclusion
year group
group
2008 com a idade e gnero responses inventory- youth. On the other hand girls show more anxiety than
boys in aspects like tension, somatic
symptoms, perfectionism, fear of failing,
separation, and anxiety in general.
Simultaneous bilateral mastication,
habitual mastication and voluntary
contraction in maximum intercuspation
Anlise da influncia da were performed on three different days,
BORINI et ansiedade sobre o sinal n=16 with an interval of one week between Anxiety can influence electromyographic
al. 2010 eletromiogrfico. them. The variables activation time and records even in non-experimental situations.
maximum intensity were calculated to
analyze the electrical activity of
superficial part of the masseter and
anterior part of the temporal muscles.
Qigong may improve immune function, increase
CHEN, K., microcirculation, raise the pain threshold and
YEUNG, R. Exploratory studies of The authors reviewed more than 50
survival rate; Qigong and its curative effect on
2002 Qigong therapy for studies about Qigong therapy for cancer
cancer have demonstrated consistent results
cancer in China in China.
for inhibitory effect on cancer growth and
China metastasis in clinical observation.
The authors used a non-linear system
identification technique, known as When principal dynamic modes and spectral
CHOI and Using heart rate monitors
n=3 principal dynamic modes, to predict the features are combined, system discriminates
OSUNA, to detect mental stress activation level of the two autonomic stressful events with a success rate of 83%
2009
branches: sympathetic and within subjects (69% between subjects).
parasympathetic.
Biopsychosocial effects Pharmacological treatment could have side
CHOW, Y., of Qigong as a mindful effects such as nausea, vomits and addiction.
TSANG, H. exercise for people with Literature review. Qigong could be considered as an alternative
2007 anxiety disorders - A therapy for those suffering from anxiety
speculative review disorders.
COLE et al., A Longitudinal Look at 330 3 year longitudinal study and every 6 Results show that high levels of anxiety predict
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Master Thesis 2011
1998 the Relation Between students months parents and students completed high levels of depression in children and
Depression and Anxiety depression and anxiety questionnaires. adolescents.
228
in Children and
parents
Adolescents
Although patients suffering from anxiety and
panic disorders may exhibit elevated muscle
tension, abnormal autonomic and respiratory
CONRAD Muscle relaxation therapy measures during laboratory baseline
and ROTH. for anxiety disorders: it Literature review. assessments, the available evidence does not
2006 works but how? allow to conclude that physiological activation
decreases over the course of muscle relaxation
therapy in those patients, even when patients
report becoming less anxious.
Qi Gong helps to harmonize the mind, the
DORCAS, Qigong: harmonizing the
breath and the body. However from a western
A., YOUNG, breath, the body and the Literature review.
point of view, the methodology of the reviewed
P. 2003 mind
studies is weak.
Anxiety and cognitive The investigators used a magnetic
efficiency: differential resonance imaging design to track Results showed that high and low anxious
FALES et modulation of transient transient and sustained activity in individuals make strikingly different use of
n=96
al. 2008 and sustained neural dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while high cognitive and default-network circuitry during
activity during a working and low anxious participants performed a performance of a cognitive task.
memory task working memory task.
Sensitivity of trapezius
electromyography to Bilateral trapezius EMG was recorded, Normalization to submaximal, rather than
HANSSON differences between work for a full workday for the participants maximal contractions, improved sensitivity to
n=58
et al. 2000 tasks influence of gap following both maximal and submaximal differences between tasks, and reduced
definition on reference contractions. undesirable variability.
normalization methods
JONES, B. Changes in cytokine 2 hours of Guolin Qigong per day during No significant changes in blood pressure but
M. 2001 production in healthy n=19 None 14 weeks; Blood pressure, pulse rate, the pulse rate decreased such as cortisol;
subjects practicing Guolin blood cortisol level and production of results show that Qigong improves the stress-
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Master Thesis 2011
Hong Kong Qigong: a pilot study cytokines were measured before training coping skills of the participants, however further
and after 3, 7 and 14 week. studies are needed.
middle-aged patients with forced expiratory volume per sec were relaxation effects and stabilizes the sympathetic
essential hypertension measured before and after 10 weeks. nervous system in patients with essential
hypertension.
The Qigong group completed a program
of exercises daily, during 4 weeks, 60
Effects of Qi-training on minutes per session. The control group
anxiety and plasma performed the movements without
LEE, MS, et Results showed that anxiety decreased 26% in
concentration of cortisol, gathering or moving Qi. Plasma cortisol,
1
al. 2004 n=16 n=16 the Qigong group and just 9% in the control
ACTH, and aldosterone: ACTH and aldosterone were measured
group.
a randomized placebo- at the beginning and at the end of the
controlled pilot study study. The participants also asked to the
Spielber`s state-trait anxiety to measure
the acute level of anxiety.
Effects of Qigong on
The Qigong group completed a program
blood pressure, high-
LEE, MS, et of shuxinpingxuegong during 8 weeks, Results showed a significant decreased of
density lipoprotein
2
al. 2004 n=17 n=19 30 minutes twice week. Blood pressure blood pressure, HDL, total cholesterol and
cholesterol and other lipid
and lipid levels were measured at the apolipoprotein A1 in the Qigong group.
levels in essential
beginning and at the end of the study.
hypertension patients
Qigong group: 2 to 2,5 hours of Pan Gu
Qigong an received Qi adjustments from
a Qigong master during 10 to 15 minutes
n=26 daily during 10 day.
LI, M., (medicati
CHEN, K., Use of Qigong therapy in Medication group: detoxification drug Results suggest that Qigong may be an
on
MO, Z. 2002 the detoxification of n=34 during 10 days using gradual reduction effective alternative for heroin detoxification
group)
heroin addicts method. without side effects.
China n=26
Control group: received only basic care
(control)
and medications to treat several
symptoms like pain, diarrhea and sleep
disorders; urine morphine test,
electrocardiogram, withdrawal syndrome
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Master Thesis 2011
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Master Thesis 2011
L. illness about Qigong and its effects. the drug dosage of asthma and hypertension
patients and assists detoxification heroin
2001
addicts, beyond other effects.
USA
The Qigong group had daily sessions of Qigong reduces heart rate, finger temperature
SKOGLUN 30 minutes, from Monday to Friday, and noradrenaline in urine. There were no
D, L., during 5 weeks; Heart rate, blood effects on blood pressure and on the level of
JANSSON, Qigong reduces stress in
n=10 n=10 pressure and finger temperature were perceived stress. Results show that Qigong
E. 2007 computer operators
measured at the beginning and at the reduces the activity of sympathetic nervous
England end of the working day as well as the system and may reduce stress in computer
perceived of stress. operators.
The effects of Qigong on 1 hour practice of Qigong, twice a week,
TSANG, general and psychosocial during 12 weeks; results were measured Qigong improves physical health, psychological
HW, et. al. health of elderly with with different scales and questionnaires and social development of elderly people,
2003 n=25 n=25
chronic physical to measure: the degree of depression, reducing the degree of depression and
China illnesses: a randomized the state of physical, psychological and increasing their quality of life.
clinical trial social, quality of life and self-concept.
SEMG is usually more susceptible to artifacts
than IEMG. It is possible, however, to make
Electromyography: some useful recordings with appropriated surface
TRKER electrodes and special precautions must be
methodological problems Literature review.
1993 taken. Intramuscular electrodes may be
and issues
preferred for recording the activity of small
peripheral muscles or muscles located deep
within the body.
Testing a Tripartite The tripartite model was tested by General distress, anhedonia vs. positive affect,
Model: I, Evaluating the conducting separate factor analyses of somatic anxiety, emerged in each data set,
WATSON et Convergent and the 90 items in the Mood and Anxiety suggesting that the symptom structure in this
1 n=5 Symptom Questionnaire which was domain is highly convergent across diverse
al. , 1995 Discriminant Validity of
Anxiety and Depression designed to assess the hypothesized samples. These factors broadly corresponded
Symptom Scales symptom groups, together with other to the symptom groups proposed by the
symptom and cognition measures. tripartite model.
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Master Thesis 2011
Testing a Tripartite
Model: II. Exploring the The tripartite model was tested by The same 3 factors (general distress,
WATSON et Symptom Structure of conducting separate factor analyses of anhedonia vs. positive affect, somatic anxiety)
2 n=5 emerged in each data set, suggesting that the
al. , 1995 Anxiety and Depression the 90 items in the Mood and Anxiety
in Student, Adult, and Symptom Questionnaire. symptom structure in this domain is highly
Patient Samples convergent with the proposed model.
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Master Thesis 2011
Por favor l cada uma das afirmaes abaixo e assinala 0, 1, 2, ou 3 para indicar
quanto cada afirmao se aplicou a ti durante a semana passada.
No h respostas certas ou erradas. No leves muito tempo a indicar a resposta em
cada afirmao.
Aplicou-se Aplicou-se
No se Aplicou-se a
a a
aplicou mim a maior
mim mim
nada a parte das
algumas muitas
mim vezes
vezes vezes
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Master Thesis 2011
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Master Thesis 2011
DECLARAO DE CONSENTIMENTO
Designao do estudo
Objectivo
Eu, abaixo-assinado,
DECLARO:
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Master Thesis 2011
Alm disso, que me foi garantido que toda a informao pessoal e todos os dados
recolhidos no decorrer do estudo sero mantidos confidenciais.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Assinatura do investigador:
_______________________________________________________________________
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Master Thesis 2011
COMISSO DE TICA
PARECER N. 14/CEUP/2011
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Master Thesis 2011
12 Maio 2011
Objectivo do projecto: realizao da tese de mestrado sob o ttulo The influence of
Qigong on the anxiety of music school children before auditions and concerts.
Comentrios:
3. Preocupaes ticas: dada a idade dos estudantes a recrutar, deve ser sempre
considerado simultaneamente no processo de consentimento informado o termo
de consentimento informado assinado pelos representantes legais, mas tambm o
assentimento dos participantes, uma vez que pressuposto o entendimento do
objectivo do estudo, por todos os envolvidos.
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Master Thesis 2011
O Presidente O Relator
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Master Thesis 2011
First results
Qigong BP Mean
EADS-C HR BP MAX BP MIN EMG TR 1 TR 2 TR 3 Cortisol
group
Control
EADS-C HR BP MAX BP MIN BP mean EMG TR 1 TR 2 TR 3 Cortisol
group
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Master Thesis 2011
Second results
Qigong
EADS-C HR BP MAX BP MIN BP mean EMG TR1 TR2 TR3 Cortisol
group
Control
EADS-C HR BP MAX BP MIN BP mean EMG TR1 TR2 TR3 Cortisol
group
86