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CHAPTER 3
6. Supplies fresh air to the interior portion of the fuel drops and
thereby ensures complete combustion.
1) Swirl
2) Squish
3) Turbulence
3.3.1 Swirl
tangential component of the velocity of air inside the cylinder, which aids in
the mixing of fuel and air, and significantly affects the combustion and
emission characteristics of diesel engines.
3. By providing a lip in the inlet port, over one side of the inlet
valve.
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3.3.2 Squish
3.3.3 Turbulence
The open combustion chamber is one, in which all the air for
combustion is confined in one space. These chambers mainly consist of space
formed between the flat cylinder head and a cavity in the piston crown in
different shapes. The fuel is injected directly into this space. The injector
nozzles used for this type of chambers are generally of multihole type
working at a relatively high pressure (above 200 bars). Combustion of the
entire fuel takes place within this space. Figure 3.3 shows the schematic
diagram of open combustion chamber. In DI diesel engines, a single
combustion chamber with different piston bowl shapes such as square,
cylindrical, hemispherical, shallow depth, toroidal etc. have been used. There
are many designs of open chamber, some of which are shown in figure 3.4.
Hemispherical chamber
Cylindrical chamber
Toroidal chamber
small and there is better utilization of oxygen. The cone angle of spray for this
type of chamber is 150o to 160o.
The fuel is injected into the prechamber and the combustion is initiated. The
resulting pressure rise forces the flaming droplets together with some air and
their combustion products to rush out into the main cylinder at high velocity
through the small holes. Thus, it creates both strong secondary turbulence and
distributes the flaming fuel droplets throughout the air in the main combustion
chamber, where the bulk of combustion takes place. Figure 3.7 shows the
schematic diagram of pre-combustion chamber.
This chamber is divided into two parts, one in the main cylinder
and the other called energy cell. The energy cell is divided into two parts,
major and minor, which are separated from each other and from the main
chamber by narrow orifices. A pintle type of nozzle injects the fuel across the
main combustion chamber space towards the open neck of the air-cell.
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Figure 3.8 shows Fuel sprays, air motion and the development of
combustion in a CI engine. In diesel engines air fuel mixing is the important
parameter with respect to combustion and pollution formation mechanism.
The correct movement of air in the chamber will be, for the air to move from
one spray to the next spray during the period of injection. It is then that the
whole air allocated to each spray will be able to pass through that spray,
during the period when the fuel is looking for oxygen. This will reduce the
excess air to be supplied and thereby improve thermal efficiency. The speed
of air movement decides the number of sprays and vice versa.