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Water mist technology has been around for some time. However, only in
recent years have appropriate design and testing criteria been
developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for water
mist systems in marine applications, permitting their consideration as
acceptable alternatives to the required water spray and sprinkler
systems. Water mist systems have pumping and distribution piping
system arrangements similar to those found with water spray and water
sprinkler systems. However, the critical dierence between this type of
system and either a water sprinkler or water spray system is in the size
of the water droplets discharged from the nozzles. The water droplets
associated with a water mist system are typically much ner than those
discharged from either a water spray or water sprinkler nozzle. For
some water mist systems generating the smaller droplet sizes, the
extinguishing medium discharged is similar to a thick fog.
Water
Air
Foam making agent
The ideal foam should ow freely enough to cover a surface rapidly, yet
have adequate cohesive properties to stick together suciently to
establish and maintain a vapour tight blanket. In addition, the solution
must retain enough water to provide a long-lasting seal. Rapid loss of
water would cause the foam to dry out and break down (wither) from
the high temperatures associated with re. The foam should also be
light enough to oat on ammable liquids, yet heavy enough to resist
winds.
Knockdown Speed and Flow. The ability of the foam blanket to spread
across a fuel surface or around obstacles and wreckage in order to
achieve complete extinguishment is very important. The foam must have
good cohesion properties to maintain the blanket aect yet at the same
time not be so viscous to hinder the ability of the foam to ow over the
area and form a self-supporting blanket.
High-Expansion Foams
High-expansion foams are those that expand in ratios of over 100:1.
Most systems produce expansion ratios of from 400:1 to 1000:1. Unlike
conventional foam, which provides a blanket a few inches over the
burning surface, high-expansion foam is truly three dimensional; it is
measured in length, width, height, and cubic feet.
High-expansion foam is designed for res in conned spaces. Heavier
than air but lighter than oil or water, it will ow down openings and ll
compartments, spaces and crevices, replacing -air in these spaces. In
this manner, it deprives the re of oxygen. Because of its water content,
it absorbs heat from the re and cools the burning material. When the
high-expansion foam has absorbed sucient heat to turn its water
content to steam at 100C (212F), it has absorbed as much heat as
possible, and then the steam continues to replace oxygen and thus
combat the re.
Many types of foam must not be used with dry chemical extinguishing
agents. AFFF is an exception to this rule and may be used in a joint
attack with dry chemical.
Foams are not suitable for res involving gases and cryogenic
(extremely low temperature) liquids.
Because CO2 reduces the available oxygen in the atmosphere, it will not
support life. A concentration of 6% to 7% is considered the threshold
level at which harmful eects become noticeable in humans, at
concentrations below 10%, most people lose consciousness within a
short time. Because of the hazard involved, particular care must be
taken to ensure that all personnel are evacuated from the protected
space prior to discharging the system. CO2 systems are total ooding
systems and must displace sucient
amounts of air to reduce the oxygen concentration to a level which will
not support combustion.
Normally onboard ships the CO2 systems are for protecting Machinery
spaces, Pump room spaces and Cargo spaces for ships other than
tankers.
CO2 gas is an eective agent for class A (wood, paper, etc.), class B
(ammable liquids and gases) and class C (electrical equipment)
hazards as it displaces the oxygen necessary for combustion. The CO2
concentration must be maintained for a sucient period to allow the
maximum temperature to be reduced below the auto-ignition
temperature of the burning material. Reduction of oxygen content to
15% is sucient to extinguish most res. Developing a CO2
concentration of 28.5% in the atmosphere will reduce the oxygen
content to about 15%. However, the concentrations required normally
exceed this amount in order to allow for possible escape of gas or
inltration of air, as well as to provide an adequate margin of safety.
Carbon dioxide cannot be used on Class D (reactive metals, metal
hydrides and chemicals containing their own oxygen supply) hazards,
such as magnesium, potassium, sodium and cellulose nitrate. These
Class D res can only be controlled by special extinguishing agents
and procedures.
HALON Systems
Halon is a liqueed, compressed gas that stops the spread of re by
chemically disrupting combustion. Halon 1211 (a liquid streaming
agent) and Halon 1301 (a gaseous ooding agent) leave no residue and
are remarkably safe for human exposure. Halon is rated for class "B"
(ammable liquids) and "C" (electrical res), but it is also eective on
class "A" (common combustibles) res. Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 are
low-toxicity, chemically stable compounds that, as long as they remain
contained in cylinders, are easily recyclable.
Halon is an extraordinarily eective re extinguishing agent, even at low
concentrations. A key benet of
Halon, as a clean agent, is its ability to extinguish re without the
production of residues that could damage the assets being protected.
Halon has been used for re and explosion protection throughout the
20th century, and remains an integral part of the safety plans in many of
today's manufacturing, electronic and aviation companies. Halon
protects computer and communication rooms throughout the
electronics industry; it has numerous military applications on ships,
aircraft and tanks and helps ensure safety on all commercial aircraft.
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