Sr.
Condition Description Cause
Cardiac ( )
-Hrdening and narrowing of the arteries;
slowly blocks arteries, putting blood flow at
risk.
-Arteries are any muscular-walled tubes
forming part of the circulation system by
1 Atherosclerosis
which blood is conveyed from the heart to
all parts of the body.
- Its the usual cause of heart attacks,
strokes, and others that together are called
cardiovascular diseases
- Coronary artery disease (CAD), known as
ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a group of
diseases that includes: stable angina,
unstable angina, myocardial infarction
(Literally "death of heart muscle"), and
2 Coronary artery disease
ardiac death.
- It is when plaques narrow the inside of an
artery so much, it cannot supply enough
oxygen-rich blood to the heart which causes
heart attacks
- Heart failure means that the heart's
pumping power is weaker than normal;
blood moves through the body at a slower
rate, and pressure in the heart increases.
- As a result, the heart cannot pump enough
oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's
Congestive heart failure needs.
3 artery or blood flow problems, such as infections or alcohol, drug abuse. response to changes in blood pressure.
(CHF) - As a result, the kidneys may respond by
causing the body to retain fluid (water) and
salt which builds up in the arms, legs, ankles,
feet, lungs, or other organs, the body
becomes congested.
- Congestive heart failure is the term used to
describe the condition.
- Cholesterol is a type of fat (lipid) in blood.
The body makes them. Also they can be
obtained from food.
- Having much cholesterol makes it build up
in the arteries. Known as atherosclerosis
4 High cholesterol There are various types of cholesterol.
1- LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) - the "bad"
cholesterol; Raises risk of heart problems.
2- HDL (High-density lipoprotein) is the
"good" cholesterol. Linked lower risk of heart
probelms.
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by the
blood against the walls of blood vessels. The
magnitude of this force depends on the
cardiac output and the resistance of the
blood vessels.
- Hypertension is defined as having a blood
pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg.
Meaning that systolic reading (the pressure
5 Hypertension
as the heart pumps blood around the body)
is over 140 mmHg (millimeters of mercury)
and/or the diastolic reading (as the heart
relaxes and refills with blood) is over 90
mmHg. Normal blood pressure is below 120
systolic and below 80 diastolic. mmHg is not
SI unit. 760 atmosphric pressure (atm) = 1
mmHg
- A stroke, also called a "brain attack" occurs
when blood flow to an area in the brain is cut
off.
6 Stroke
- The brain cells, deprived of the oxygen and
glucose needed to survive, die.
Endocrine ()
During pregnancy, the placenta makes hormones that can lead to a
It is a diabetes that only happens during
buildup of sugar in the blood. Usually, the pancreas can make enough
7 Gestational diabetes pregnancy. After the baby is born, the desase
insulin to handle that. If not, the blood sugar levels rises and might cause
might go a way.
gestational diabetes.
- Arteries are lined by a thin layer of cells called the endothelium.
- Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium caused by high
blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, stress, less exercise,
not eating fruits and vegetables.
- When bad cholesterol, or LDL, crosses the damaged endothelium it
enters the wall of the artery causing white blood cells to stream in to
digest the LDL.
- Over years, cholesterol and cells become plaque in the wall of the
artery creating a bump on the artery wall.
- Plaques makes the inner walls of your blood vessels sticky. Thus
inflammatory cells (Such as neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes,
plasmacytes, macrophages), lipoproteins, and calcium in bloodstream
mix with the plaque and increase it
- When the pump gets big enough, it creates a blockage which imposes
risk to the heart and risk of strokes.
It is caused by atherosclerosis.
Heart failure is caused by damage to the heart muscle such:
1- Coronary artery disease.
2- Heart attack.
3- Cardiomyopathy. Damage to the heart muscle from causes other than 2- B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) blood test. BNP is a substance secreted from the heart in
4- Conditions that overwork the heart. Including high blood pressure,
valve disease, thyroid () disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or and lungs.
heart defects present at birth.
1- Foods: Increase of saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol.
Risk Factors:
1- Overweight. May lower HDL ("good") cholesterol.
2- Being inactive. May lower HDL ("good") cholesterol.
3- Age. Cholesterol starts to rise after age 20.
4- Family history.
There are 2 types of hypertension:
- Primary hypertension (Also called essential hypertension) is high blood
pressure not caused by other condition or diseases. It is influenced by
environmental factors, e.g. lifestyle. It is more common than secondary
hypertension, It is casued by:
1- Physical inactivity
2- A salt-rich diet associated with processed and fatty foods
3- Alcohol and tobacco use.
4- Certain diseases and medications
Risk factors include age, race, weight, sex (Men more prone than
women), lifestyle.
- Secondary hypertension: High blood pressure as result of multiple
factors including blood plasma volume and activity of the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) (The hormonal regulator of blood volume and
pressure). Caused by conditions that affect kidneys, arteries, heart or
endocrine system.
- There are two types of stroke.
1- Ischemic stroke (similar to a heart attack), except it occurs in the
blood vessels of the brain. caused by a blocked blood vessel.
2- Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures.
Blood seeping into the brain tissue, causing damage to brain cells.
Diagonsis:
To test for gestational diabetes, patient will drink a sugary drink to raise blood sugar levels. An
hour later, a blood test is conducted to see how the body handled all that sugar. If sugare was
hight, this will require testing the blood sugar while fasting and a longer glucose test that will be
done over a three hour period.
Symptoms & Diagnosis Complications over time Treatment and Prevention
Sympoms:
Prevention:
1- Chest pain or angina
Atherosclerosis cause the three main kinds of 1- Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, exercise, and no smoking ,avoid processed foods, adopt a low-trans-fat,
2- Pain in leg, arm, and anywhere else that has a blocked artery
cardiovascular disease: low-salt, and low-sugar diet. This won't remove blockages, but lowers the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
3- Shortness of breath
1- Coronary artery disease : Plaques in the heart's 2- Medication: Drugs for high cholesterol and high blood pressure will slow and may even halt
4- Fatigue
arteries causeing chest pain. A sudden plaque rupture atherosclerosis.
5- Confusion, which occurs if the blockage affects circulation to your brain
and clotting causing heart attack. Treatment:
6- Muscle weakness in your legs from lack of circulation
2- Cerebrovascular disease: Ruptured plaques in the Invasive techniques to open up blockages:
Diagnosis:
brain's arteries causing strokes with the potential 1- Angiographyand stenting: Using a thin tube inserted into an artery in the leg or arm. Blockages are visible
Physical exam to check for:
permanent brain damage. on a live X-ray screen. Angioplasty (catheters with balloon tips) and stenting to open up a blocked artery.
1- Weakened pulse
2- Peripheral artery disease: Narrowing in the arteries 2- Bypass surgery: Surgeons "harvest" a healthy blood vessel (often from the leg or chest) and use it to go
2- Aneurysm (Abnormal bulging/widening of an artery due to weakness of its wall)
of the legs causeing poor circulation pain when around the blocked segment.
3- Slow wound healing, which indicates a restricted blood flow
walking, and wounds not to heal. -- Catheters are flexible tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder,
4- Abnormal heart sounds (A whooshing noise)
for removing fluid.
Aditional test is required to the above pointed towards atherosclerosis
Prevention:
Same as Atherosclerosis
Sympotms:
Treatment:
Angina (Type of chest pain) described as feelings of
1- Medications: A and a Statin.
Heaviness, Pressure, Aching, Burning, Numbness, Squeezing, and/or Painful feeling.
2- Surgery:
Angina is usually felt in the chest, but may also be felt in the left shoulder, arms, neck, back, jaw.
Balloon angioplasty, Stent placement, or Coronary artery bypass surgery
Stable angina (Also called angina pectoris) is a predictable pattern of chest pain. Unstable Angina
3- Angiogenesis. Involves stem cells and other genetic material being given through the vein, or directly into damaged heart tissue to help new blood vessels grow
occurs suddenly and worsen over time. It may eventually lead to a heart attack.
and go around the clogged ones.
4- EECP (enhanced external counterpulsation): Outpatient procedure that uses cuffs on the legs that inflate and deflate to boost blood supply to coronary arteries.
Symptoms:
1- Congested lungs. Fluid backup in the lungs causeing shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Prevention:
2- Fluid and water retention. Less blood to the kidneys causeing fluid and water retention,
1- Keep your blood pressure low.
resulting in swollen ankles, legs, abdomen (called edema).
2- Limit fluid intake to less than 2 liters per day
3- Less blood to major organs and muscles causing dizziness and weakness.
3- Limit how much salt (sodium) to eat.
4- Rapid or irregular heartbeats.
4- Monitor weight
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
1- Blood tests.
- Tight control over medications and lifestyle, coupled with careful monitoring
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) open up narrowed blood vessels to improve blood flow.
- Beta-blockers can reduce blood pressure and slow a rapid heart rhythm.
3- Chest X-ray to shows the size of the heart and whether there is fluid build up around the heart
- Diuretics to reduce bodys fluid content.
- Invasive method: Angioplasty and Heart valve repair surgery
4- Echocardiogram (Test uses sound waves to create pictures of heart chambers)
CHF Stages:
5- The Ejection Fraction (EF) test: Used to measure how well the heart pumps with each beat to
Class I - No symptoms during typical physical activity. CHF can be managed through lifestyle changes and medications.
determine if preserved left ventricular function is present.
Class II - Comfortable at rest, but normal physical activity cause fatigue and shortness of breath. CHF can be managed through lifestyle changes and medications.
6- Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) .
Class III - comfortable at rest, but theres a noticeable limitation of physical activity, even simple exercise causes fatigue. Requires complicated treatment.
7- Cardiac catheterization. Invasive procedure helps determine whether coronary artery disease
Class IV - Unable to carry on any amount of physical activity without symptoms, which are present even at rest. No Cure.
is the cause of congestive heart failure.
8- Stress Test.
Diagnosis:
Cholesterol test, also called a lipid panel, measures all of the fats in blood, including total, LDL, Heart-healthy lifestyle
and HDL cholesterol. High cholesterol levels don't make one feel sick. So the blood test is the Statin medicine
only way to know cholesterol levels.
Treatment:
Changing life style including:
1- Salt restriction - typical salt intake is between 9 and 12 g a day
2- Moderation of alcohol consumption
3- High consumption of vegetables and fruits and low-fat, at least 300 g of fruit and vegetables a dayt
4- Reducing weight, physical exercise, and stress reduction
7- DASH diet (Standing for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
Diagnosis of hypertension is made by measuring blood pressure over a number of clinic visits,
8- A number of different classes of drug are available:
using a sphygmomamometer
a- Diuretics (Medications used to increase amount of water and salt expelled as urine)
b- Beta-blockers (Blocks effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline)
c- Calcium-channel blockers
d- Central agonists (Affects central nervous system rather than the cardiovascular system)
e- Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors (Block brain signals that tell blood vessels to constrict)
f- Vasodilators (Medications that dilate (open) blood vessels)
g- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Treatment:
Symptoms: - For an ischemic stroke, treatment focuses on restoring blood flow to the brain.:
1- Sudden numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of movement in face, arm, or leg, especially on A- Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) : Given via intravenous therapy (IV) it tdissolves the clot and
only one side of your body. improving blood flow (should be given within 3 hours of symptoms started)
2- Sudden vision changes. B- A surgeon inserts a small mechanical device into the blocked artery using a thin tube to traps the clot,
Loss of some brain functions.
3- Sudden trouble speaking. and either breaks it up or pulling it out of the brain, reopening blocked vessel
4- Sudden confusion or trouble understanding simple statements. - For a hemorrhagic stroke, treatment focuses on stopping the bleeding in the brain.
5- Sudden problems with walking or balance. A- Surgery: Surgical clips or coils inserted in aneurisms (weaknesses in the blood vessel wall) controlling high
6- Sudden, severe headache blood pressure.
B- Surgery to remove bleeding vessel and blood that has spilled into the brain.
1- Check your blood sugar levels four or more times a day.
2- Do urine tests that check for ketones, which mean that your diabetes is not under control
3- Eat a healthy diet
4- Exercise