Communication Systems

On board

Indian Naval Ship

Name: Koustav Chakraborty

University Roll No.: 072060103008

College: Seacom Engineering

College

Stream: Electronics &

Communication Engineering

Training undergone at: Garden Reach Ship

Builders & Engineers Ltd.

Training period: 22.06.2010 to 21.07.2010

Acknowledgement:

I am very grateful to Garden Reach Ship Builders and Engineers Limited

(GRSE) for allowing me to undergo training on the Communication systems in
ship. I am very grateful for being able to learn about the various communication
aids used in the ship. I am grateful to Mr. S.K. Mondal, Manager, W & L, FOJ, GRSE,
Cmdr. S. Chowdhury, DGM, W & L, FOJ, GRSE & Mr. B.D. Singh, manager I/C W & L,
Electronics workshop & store, Instrument Calibration shop, FOJ, GRSE for giving all
the necessary information on the topic. I thank Mr. S.K. Mandal for taking me to all
the areas of the ship and explaining us in detail about the various communication
and navigational systems. I also thank all the people relate to GRSE for their
extreme cooperation. Lastly I thank my friends who also helped me in collecting
information for the project.

The training period commenced from 22nd June, 2010 to 21st July, 2010.

Date: 21st July, 2010 Signature of Mentor

 CONTENTS
 About GRSE
 Communication Systems
 Communication System in Ship
 Internal communication
 Main Broadcast
 Sound Reproduction Equipment
 Intercom
 Auto Telephone
 Sound Power Telephone
 Interphone
 External communication
 Radio communication system
 Satellite communication
 INMARSAT
 Composite communication system
 Navigational Aids
 Radar
 Basic Pulsed RADAR set
 RADAR range equation
 RADAR Imaging
 RADAR Navigation
 Surveillance RADAR
 Early Warning RADAR
 Pulse radar transmitter
 Pulse radar receiver
 Echo Sounder
 Electromagnetic Log
 DGPS
 Gyrocompass
 Anemometer
 Weapons
 Calibration in instruments
 Some instruments related to the Electronics and Weapons
workshop
 Conclusion
 GARDEN REACH SHIP BUILDERS
& ENGINEERS LIMITED (GRSE):
GRSE came into being in 1884 as a small factory on the Eastern Bank of River
Hoogly. It was renamed GARDEN REACH WORKSHOP (GRW) in 1916. The
company was taken over by the Government of India on 1st April, 1960.

This company was put on a dynamic path of growth and diversification to reflect its
multifarious activities in a true sense. This company’s name was changed to
GARDEN REACH SHIP BUILDERS & ENGINEERS LIMITED on 1st January,
1977. GRSE has gradually expanded and modernized to meet growing maritime
needs, particularly those of INDIAN NAVY & COAST GUARD. The company is a
PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKING under the MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA. GRSE is among the leading SHIP BUILDERS in this country and premier
yard in the EAST. It is among the few SHIP BUILDERS in the World with its own
engineering and engine manufacturing division. Growing on its solid base of
experience over 100 years of excellence, GRSE looks confidently ahead to the
challenge of the millennium.

GRSE is a renowned SHIP BUILDING and REPAIRING Company with engineering

division like BELLY BRIDGE division, DECK MACHINERY & SHIPBOARD EQUIPMENTS,
DIESEL ENGINE PORTABLE BRIDGES, DIESEL ENGINE PLANT (Ranchi), SHIP
BUILDING, MATERIAL HANDLING and TECHNICAL TRAINING.

This company builds various types of ships like LANDING SHIP TANK (LARGE),
FLEET OIL TANKER, FRIGATE, CORVETS, SCIENTIFIC VESSELS for sea research,
FAST ATTACK CRAFT (FAC), HOVERCRAFT and SURVEY VESSEL. This company
builds portable bridges for defiance requirement, which are specially used for the
quick replacement of destroyed bridges, roads.

The company is a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Defence, Govt. of
India and conferred the status of 'Mini Ratna Category-I' on September 05, 2006.
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
Communication is the process of establishing connection or link between two points
for information exchange. It may also be defined as the process of exchanging
information or conveying the message at a distance. The electronic equipments used
for communication purpose are called the communication equipments. The assembly
of different communication equipments forms a communication system. Line
telephony and line telegraphy, radio telephony and line telegraphy, radio
broadcasting, point-to-point communication and mobile communication, computer
communication, radar communication, television broadcasting, radio telemetry, radio
aids to navigation, radio aids to aircraft landing, etc., are typical examples of
communication systems.

The communication process or the basic elements of the communication system

consists of information source, input transducer, transmitter, the channel and the
noise, receiver and the destination.

In a communication system, the message or information to be transmitted is

produced from the information source in the form of word, group of words, code,
symbols, sound signals etc,. The message or information produced may or may not
be electrical in nature. In case the message produced by the information source is
not electrical in nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into a time varying
electrical signal. The transmitter then amplifies or modulates the electrical signal as
per requirement and then transmits it over the channel of transmission. The
channel, a physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver, are of two
types: point-to-point channels and broadcast channels. The information when
transmitted through the channel gets distorted by unwanted signals called noise.
The receiver then reproduces the message signal in electrical form from the
distorted received signal by processes of demodulation or detection. Destination is
the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its original
form.

Regarding on the mode of propagation, communication may be divided in the forms:

line communication and wireless or radio communication.

In line communication, the medium of transmission is a pair of conductors called

transmission line. This is also called as line channel as the transmitter and the
receiver are connected through a wire or line. However, the installation and
maintenance of a transmission line is not only costly and complex, but also
overcrowds the open space. Moreover, its message transmission capability is also
limited.

In wireless or radio communication, a message is transmitted through open space by

electromagnetic waves called radio waves. Radio waves are radiated from the
transmitter in open space through a device called antenna. A receiving antenna
intercepts the radio waves at the receiver. All the radio, television and satellite
broadcasting are wireless or radio communication. The advantages of wireless
communication are cost effectiveness, possible long distance communication and
simplicity.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN
SHIP:
The primary means of communication between ships and stations is known as
telecommunication. Telecommunication refers to communication over a distance and
includes the transmission and reception of intelligence by wire, radio and other
electromagnetic systems and equipments. The naval communication system consists
of strategic group and tactical group. Strategic communication are generally
worldwide and operated on a common user (Navy, army, DOD, etc.) on special
purpose basis. It may be limited to a specified area or specific type of traffic, but its
configuration is designed to permit combined operations with other strategic
systems. An example is the automatic voice network and automatic digital network.
Tactical communication is usually limited to a specified area of operations and is
used to direct or repeat the movement of forces. Tactical network may be used for
operational and administrative traffic. An example of tactical communication is task
group and broadcast networks.

Communication systems in ship can be classified as internal communication, external

communication and radar; including voice communication, helicopter operational
circuits’ communication, low frequency to ultra-high frequency external
communications, satellite and safety communications and navigational aids. The
architecture consists of an Internal communication system, which includes Auto
Telephone, Interphone, Broadcast and alarm, Closed circuit television, Interco,
Sound Powered Telephone and Entertainment and training; and an External
communication system which includes HF Transmitter, MF Transmitter, UHF/VHF
Transreceiver, Satellite Receiver, Safety Radio, VLF receiver and HF Receiver.

There are two types of communication system in a ship-

1. External Communication
2. Internal Communication

External Communication may be between:

 Ship to Ship
 Ship to Shore
 Ship to Aircraft
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PROFILE ON BOARD SHIP

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

 Main Broadcast
CCS Satellite
 Sound
Communication
ReproductionEquipmen
t
 VLF Tx/Rx
 Intercom system
 LF Tx/Rx SAT ‘’B’’
 Auto Telephone SAT ’’C’’
 MF Tx/Rx
 Sound Power
 HF Tx/Rx
Telephone  VHF Tx/Rx
 Interphone  UHF Tx/Rx
 SART System

NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM:-

1. RADAR
2. Echo Sounder
3. Electromagnetic Log (EM Log)
4. DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System)
5. Gyrocompass
6. Anemometer
7. SONAR

Note: CCS-Composite Communication System

SAT’’B’’ (Satellite) – Used for FAX, Telephone and Telex
SAT’’C’’ (Satellite) – Used for Telex, Weather forecast report and only
receiving FAX mode
SART – Search and rescue Transponder
A. Internal Communication:
Internal communication is a part of the ship communication system which involves
the inboard ship communication. The communication or the message exchanging
process which takes place within the ship accounts for the internal communication.
Thus, exchanging information within the different chambers of the ship is a part of
internal communication. So, we can compare internal communication in ship to line
communication or point-to-point communication.

Internal communication is further classified as main broadcast, sound reproduction

equipment, intercom, audio telephone, sound power telephone and interphone.

1. Main Broadcast:

The main broadcast system is used for point to multi point communication in the
ships’ various compartments. This system comprises alarm unit, microphone, record
players, entertainment receivers, announcement point, cd players, radio (Am/FM
tuner), etc. In microphone, there is a PTT (Press To Talk) switch, which is switched
on while using the microphone. For main broadcast system, the announcement is
one way only. So, the announcement made through the microphone can be heard at
all the compartments where the connections of hearing aid (loud speaker) are
available, but no response from these compartments can be traced or obtained at
the main broadcast compartment. However, in main broadcast provisions are made
such that the announcer can himself hear the announcement. The alarm unit has
three non-locking switches, which are used to activate the alarm in the main
broadcast system. While activating the alarm, a 220 ohm resistor gets connected to
the digital input interface in the control rack. Moreover, alarm reset is automatic
after 60 sec time out. Unlike the microphone unit, at announcement point
announcements are made zone wise. There are LED indications showing the zone to
which announcements are to be made. If the zone is free and announcement from
the higher priority unit is not going on, then the input rack allows the announcement
to proceed. But, like the microphone unit, announcement is enabled by the PTT
(Press To Talk) switches. This system is generally used by the commanding officer
or officer of the watch during sailing and by the quarter master when the ship is in
harbour. This system is, thus, present in the wheel house. This system contains
many power amplifiers.

2. Sound Reproduction Equipment:

Sound reproduction unit used for music, announcements, orders, etc. it is used to
reproduce the sound at all the compartments. It also facilitates switching from one
audio specification to the other automatically that is if music is being listened all over
the ship and an announcement is to be made, the SRE automatically stops the music
and the announcement is heard from all parts of the ship. Thus, it enables working
as per the amplification input.
 3. Intercom system:

An intercom (intercommunication device) is an electronic communication system

intended for limited or private dialogue, direction, collaboration or announcements.
Intercoms can be portable or mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles.
Intercoms can incorporate connections to walkie-talkies, telephones, cell phones and
to other intercom systems over phone or data lines and to electronic or electro-
mechanical devices such as signal lights and door latches. Permanent intercoms are
generally composed of fixed microphones or speaker units which connect to a
central control panel by wires. Intercom systems can be found on many types of
vehicles including trains, watercrafts and aircraft. Portable intercoms are commonly
used by special event production crews and professional sports team.

A voice-actuated intercom serves many spaces on the ship. Once a station is called
the operation is hands-free. For calling and talking, the button for the desired station
is pressed; switching of the mike is automatic upon talking. If ambient noise levels
are too high at one station, switching may not occur and an alternative
communication system may have to be used.

The basic terms related to intercom system are master station or base station, sub-
station, door station, intercom station, wall mount station, belt pack, handset,
headset and power supply. Master stations or Base stations are units that can
control the system, i.e., initiate a call with any of the stations and make
announcements over the whole system. A Sub-station is unit which is capable of
only initiating a call with a master station, but not capable of initiating a call with any
other stations. So, they are also sometimes called slave units. A Door station, like a
Sub-station, is only capable of initiating a call to a master station. It is typically
weather-proof. Intercom station is a full-featured remote unit that is capable of
initiating and receiving party-line conversation, individual conversation and signaling.
It may be rack mounted, wall mounted or portable. A Wall Mount station is a fixed
position intercom station with built-in loudspeaker. It may have flush-mounted
microphone, hand-held push to talk microphone or telephone-style handset. Belt
pack is a portable intercom station worn on the belt. It requires a headset or
handset. Handset is a permanent or portable telephone-style connection to an
intercom station. It holds both an earpiece and a push to talk microphone. Headset
is a portable intercom connection from a belt pack to one or both ears via
headphones with integrated microphone on a boom arm. Power supply is used to
feed power to all units. It is often incorporated into the design of the base station.

The different types of intercom system present within a ship are:

Command Intercom: It is used to communicate among the important
department heads, who needs to communicate with the commanding officer for
discussing departmental issues or orders.
Armament Intercom: It is used among the weapon groups only for armament
firing.
All orders/instructions from the captain or the ships gunnery officer is broadcasted
through this intercom.
Conning Intercom: It is a dedicated telephone line between the captain of
the ship and the sailors concerned with steering or maneuvering the ship to give
out the commands for their next course of action and to ensure that the ship
heads in the right direction.
Flyco Intercom: It is for communication with the group associated with
helicopter handling i.e. during landing, taking off.
Loud Hailer: this is used with loudspeakers for point to point communication.
This has got a 50w amplifier and only one or two loud speakers fitted only on top
deck of the ship to pass command to the ground people during entering/leaving
harbour or a near by ship without using radio communication.
Dedicated two way communication: It is the two way communication
between enclosed bridge, quarter deck (aft side) and foxel (front side) of the ship.

4. Auto Telephone:

Various modes of voice, data and fax communications between ships and
correspondents ashore are available through Auto Telephone. Auto Telephone
changes from time to time as improved technologies and more cost-effective service
plans arise. These are used as we use any normal phone. A station directory is
posted next to each phone.

Some of the general operations of the Auto Telephone are audio level adjustment,
auto answer, auto call back on busy extension, auto redial, boss secretary system,
brokers call, call transfer, call consult, call forwarding, call parking, call pick up and
call privacy.

The audio level adjustment is used to control the sound that emanates from the
telephone’s speaker and handset. Separate volume control knobs are present for
both the speaker and the handset. The feature auto answer activates the phone to
answer all incoming internal calls automatically. Internal calls to an extension will
automatically get connected after a predetermined number of rings so that one can
answer the call totally hands free. The auto answer feature has to be programmed
by the system programming. If the called extension or trunk is found busy, the
feature auto call back on busy extension automatically connects as soon as the
called line is free. If the call back is for an extension, the extension which made the
call will ring as soon as the called extension becomes free. Simultaneously, the
called extension will also ring. The feature auto redial can be used to put an external
number in auto redial mode. The system will automatically dial the number at
predefined interval of time and on getting a ring back tone from the trunk side, the
line is connected and the display shows the telephone number.

Any extension can route its incoming internal and external calls through any other
extension using the facility of boss secretary system. The first extension becomes
the boss, while the second extension works as secretary. All incoming calls for boss
will land at secretary extensions while only secretary is able to call the boss and
transfer calls to him. However, the boss can dial outside directly or ask the secretary
to make the call and transfer it to him. The feature broker’s call allows one to put a
call on hold and then converse with the third party, while switching between the two
calls. The feature call transfer allows any internal or external call received or
originated at any extension to be transferred from that extension to other extension.
The feature call consult allows consulting with a third party while conversing with an
external or internal caller. The call forwarding feature allows calls arriving at an
extension to be forwarded to any other extension. The call parking feature allows
holding a conversing party for a long time and then retrieving it at any extension or
that extension. The feature call pick up allows us to answer other ringing telephones
within the subsystem. There are two types of call pick up- pick ringing trunk line and
pick any ringing extension. The feature call privacy allows enables us to prevent any
other extension to listen to the conversation, if call privacy rights are enabled in the
extension being used.

5. Sound Power Telephone:

A Sound Power Telephone is an internal communication device which allows user to

talk to each other with the use of handset, similar to conventional telephone. But
this type of telephone does not use external power. This technology is being used
for both routine and emergency communication on ships to allow communication
between key locations on a vessel when power, including batteries, is no longer
available. A sound powered phone circuit can have two or more stations on the
same circuit. The circuit is always live.

At first, very small amount of power is generated by the generator which produces a
ring and facilitates selection of station to be called. Then the produced power
produces a ring at the called station. Then, the headset microphone transducer
converts sound pressure from the user’s voice into a minute electrical current, which
is then converted back to sound by a transducer at the other end. Thus, there is a
significant distinction between operation of microphone in ordinary telephone and
sound powered telephone. The incoming call in a sound powered telephone is
indicated by the hooter and dropped shutter. The number of dropped shutter
indicates the calling telephone number. This telephone answers a call, makes a call
and also terminates a call. The reliable, rigged and power free nature of this
telephone makes it still usable on all military vessels, commercial vessels and work
boats, although there has been many try to replace it.

6. Interphone:

The programmable Interphone System is a warship communication system designed

for Indian Navy. The system incorporates all state of the art features of a modem
intercom system along with built in safe mechanisms, high reliability and a rugged
design to withstand all ship borne hazards. The system comprises a central control
unit and a number of communication stations.

Different modes of communication are possible such as simple paging, simple

communication with press to talk microphone, duplex communication over a
headset, three party conferencing, group call, etc.
B. External Communication:
External communication is a part of the ship communication system which involves
the information exchange of the ship with any other information source or
destination outside the ship. Thus, the communication procedure which the ship
follows to communicate with other ship, with shore or with aircraft is accounted
under external communication. So, external communication cannot be achieved by
line communication. External communication thus occurs through transmitters,
receivers, Composite Communication System (CCS) etc. like the equipments used in
wireless or radio communication.

1. Radio Communication:

Radio communication is a part of the external communication system. It is generally

classified into two types- radio telegraphy and radio telephony. In radio telegraphy,
a message is transmitted by means of a telegraphic code that periodically interrupts
continuous radio waves. In radio telephony, speech or music is broadcast with the
help of radio waves modulated by the speech or the music. Radio communication
was previously known as wireless communication as wires are not necessary in the
transmission of information. Radio communication is done by the means of radio
waves.

The key elements of a radio communication system are:

i. A telegraphic key or a microphone that controls the radio waves in some
specified direction or in all directions;
ii. A transmitter to produce radio waves;
iii. A transmitting antenna that radiates the radio waves in some specified
direction or in all directions;
iv. A receiving antenna to receive a part of the radiated wave;
v. A receiver that selects, amplifies, and detects the desired signal;
vi. A headphone or loudspeaker that converts the detected electrical signal into
sound, thus reproducing information.

In a radio transmitter, a fixed frequency radio wave, referred to as carrier wave, is

generated. The electrical form of the intelligence to be broadcast is superimposed on
the carrier. In radio telephony, this is accomplished by modulating the amplitude or
the frequency of the carrier wave by means of the intelligence. The resulting wave is
carried to the transmitting antenna for radiation.

Antennas or aerials are necessary for the radiation or reception of radio waves which
are electromagnetic in character. A system of elevated conductors that couple or
match the transmitter or the receiver to space, can serve as antenna. A transmission
line is employed to connect the transmitting antenna to the transmitter.
Electromagnetic energy having the same frequency as the radio frequency current
flowing through the antenna is radiated in space. Fo0r a straight-wire antenna, the
radiation comprises an electric field vector in a plane containing the antenna and a
magnetic field vector transverse to the electric field. The orientation of the electric
field with respect to the earth is referred to as the polarization of the
electromagnetic wave. The orientation of the antenna determines the polarization of
the wave. Maximum radiation is found to occur at a direction at right angles, i.e.,
broadside to the antenna. Parallel to the antenna, the radiation is minimized.

The frequency of the radiated signal determines the length of the antenna for
effective radiation. The higher the frequency, the smaller the antenna length since,
for efficient radiation, the antenna length is of the same order as the wavelength to
be radiated. As the wavelength of audio frequencies lie in the range from about 10 7
to 104 m, inconveniently large antennas would be necessary for a direct radiation of
audio frequencies. Therefore, the audio signals containing the intelligence are used
to modulate an RF carrier which is then radiated from the transmitter. For long
distance communication, the choice of the carrier frequency is determined, apart
from the antenna size, by the absorption characteristics of the propagating medium
for the wave.

A transmitting antenna can also be used as a receiving antenna. The action of a

receiving antenna is opposite to that of a transmitting antenna. A small portion of
the radio waves radiated by the transmitting antenna is intercepted by a receiving
antenna. If the receiving antenna is parallel to the electric field vector of the
radiated wave, an electric current is induced in the antenna. The frequency and the
wavelength of the induced current are same as those of the radiated wave. The
small voltage produced by the induced current is amplified and demodulated by the
receiver.

Radio communication takes place through radio waves. Electromagnetic waves with
frequencies extending from about 10 kHz to 300 GHz are classed as radio waves.
These waves are subdivided into smaller ranges for convenience. The ranges are:

Frequency Wavelength
Frequency Band Principal application
range range

Very Low Frequency direct long range

10-30 kHz 30-10 km
(VLF) communication

Marine, navigational
Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz 10-1 km
aids

Medium Frequency
300 kHz-3 MHz 1 km-100 m Broadcasting
(MF)

All types of
High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz 100-10 m communication, ship to
ship and ship to shore
Very High Frequency TV, FM, radar, short
30-300 MHz 10-1 m
(VHF) wave communication,
 ship to ship, ship to
shore, ship to aircraft
communication
Microwave
communication, radar,
Ultra High Frequency
300 MHz-3 GHz 1m-10 cm ship to ship, ship to
(UHF)
shore, ship to aircraft
communication
Radio, relay, navigation,
Super High Frequency
3-30 GHz 10-1 cm radar, satellite
(SHF)
communication

Extremely High
30-300 GHz 1 cm-1 mm experimental
Frequency (EHF)

Depending primarily on the frequency, radio transmitters are classified on the range
of radio waves they transmit.

Basic antennas used in a naval ship are DGPS antenna, large whip antennas around
7 m as VHF/HF transmitter and receiver, short whip antenna for audio and DSC,
omni directional television antenna, world space radio antenna, INMARSAT antenna,
wind sensor antenna, timing unit antenna, cage shaped V/UHF antenna, radar
antenna.

Composite Communication System (CCS):

The Composite Communication System is an integrated communication system
designed to provide external and internal communication facilities onboard Naval
ships. It extends external communication facilities to various remote users by
integrating all the radio equipments and remote control units as a composite system.
It provides quick and reliable communication over MF, VHF and UHF bands onboard
modern warships. The system is highly flexible and can be configured for all classes
of ships and submarines. CCS supports Ship to Ship, Ship to Shore and Ship to Air
radio communication onboard Naval ships. The system consists of:

 MF Subsystem: It is used in telegraphy communication and for monitoring of

maritime distress frequency.
 HF Subsystem: It is used for long range communication on voice, telegraphy
and teletype (ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore) and for reception of broadcast
transmissions.
 VHF/UHF Subsystem: It is used for long range communication on voice,
telegraphy and teletype (ship-to-ship and ship-to-air).
 RATT Subsystem: It facilitates teleprinter and telegraphic communication
from a ship via radio or land/shore line.
 Control and Monitoring Subsystem: It interconnects controls and monitors the
entire network and enables operation of radios from remote positions with
optimum usage of facilities.
Thus, the radio communication system (RCS) consists of several exterior
communications subsystems which, in combination, provide all exterior
communications requirements for the ship with the exception of the Special
Intelligence Communications requirements. The RCS subsystems consists of the
following subsystems: High Frequency Communication System, Very High Frequency
Communications (VHF Communication) System, Ultra High Frequency Line-Of-Sight
Communications (UHF LOS Communication) System, Ultra High Frequency Satellite
Communications (UHF SATCOM) System, Extremely High Frequency Satellite
Communication (EHF SATCOM) System, Super High Frequency Satellite
Communications (SHF SATCOM) System, Communications Support Segment (CSS),
Naval Modular Automated Communication System (NAVMACS) and Bridge To Bridge
Communications Systems.

2. Satellite Communication:

Radio links over long distances over the earth surface can be established by multi-
hop transmission. But reliable communication by means of sky waves is hampered
due to problems like fading, ionospheric disturbances and storms. Artificial satellites
offer reliable communication links over long distances. Such communication is called
satellite communication. An artificial satellite is hurled into space in a circular orbit in
the equatorial plane at a height of 36000 km above the surface of the earth. The
period of revolution of the satellite round the earth is 24 hours, i.e. equal to the
period of rotation of the earth about its own axis. Such satellites are therefore
referred to as geostationary satellites and the orbit as synchronous orbit. The wave
containing information is transmitted to the satellite from a transmitter located on
the earth surface. The signal is processed by the equipment kept in the satellite,
amplified and retransmitted towards the receiving point on the surface of the earth.
The satellite being geostationary, the transmitting and the receiving antennas on the
earth’s surface can be oriented in fixed directions.

Satellites operating at or near the same frequency are separated in space by 3˚ to

6˚ to prevent mutual interference. The carrier frequency for the wave transmitted
from the earth station to the satellite is termed as uplink frequency and the carrier
frequency of the wave from the satellite to the earth station is termed as downlink
frequency. Different uplink and downlink frequencies are used to avoid an unwanted
feedback or ringaround from the downlink antenna into the receiver. The downlink
frequency is lower than the uplink frequency.

A satellite system primarily consists of an uplink, a satellite transponder and a

downlink. The uplink section is the earth station transmitter radiating the wave to
the satellite. The satellite transponder contains a frequency translator which
converts the uplink frequency to the down link frequency by feeding the incoming
uplink frequency wave and the signal from a 2GHz shift oscillator in a mixer. The
signal is amplified and transmitted to the earth station receivers.
 INMARSAT:INMARSAT plc is an international telecommunications
company founded in 1979, originally as an intergovernmental organization. It
operates a fleet of eleven INMARSAT, provides telephony and data services to
users world-wide, via special terminals. An INMARSAT terminal contacts the
satellite and communicates to a ground station through the satellite. It
provides reliable communications services to a range of governments, aid
agencies, media outlets and businesses needing to communicate in remote
regions where there is no reliable terrestrial network.

Aside from its commercial services, INMARST provides global distress and safety
services (GMDSS) to ships and aircraft as a public service. INMARSAT services
include traditional voice calls, low-level data tracking systems and a high-speed data
services as well as distress and safety services, and mobile ISDN services. The
satellites are digital transponders that receive digital signals, reform pulses and then
retransmit them to ground stations.

There are 3 types of coverage related to each INMARSAT satellite:

 Global beam coverage: Each satellite is equipped with a single global beam
that covers up to one-third of the earth’s surface, apart from the poles.
 Wide spot beam coverage: Wide spot beam coverage is optimized for
covering most areas of interest to INMARSAT customers and is thus limited as
compared to global beam coverage.
 Narrow spot beam coverage: Narrow spot beam coverage is designed to form
the backbone of INMARSAT broadband services, including the Broadband
Global Area Network (BGAN).

INMARSAT-B: It provides voice services, telex services, medium speed

fax/data services at 9.6 k bit/s and high speed data services at 56, 64 or 128 k bit/s.

INMARSAT-C: This is effectively a “satellite telex” terminal with store-and-

forward, polling, and etc. capabilities. Certain INMARSAT-C terminals are also
approved for usage in the GMDSS system, equipped with GPS.
C. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS:
Navigational Aids refer to those equipments which help the ship to navigate. Echo
Sounder, EM Log, Gyrocompass and anemometer are few such types of equipment.

1. RADAR:
The word RADAR is coined from the phrase “RAdio Detection And Ranging”. It is
basically an echo-ranging system in which electromagnetic energy in the form of
high-power short-duration pulses are sent out at distant objects or targets. The
reflected signal or echo is received at the transmitting station and analyzed to obtain
information on the location of targets. Thus, RADAR can also be defined as an object
detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircrafts, ships, motor
vehicles, weather formations and terrain.

The basic elements of a radar system are a transmitter, a receiver and a switching
arrangement, called duplexer, connecting both the transmitter and the receiver to a
directional antenna. A small portion of the pulse power generated by the transmitter
excites the duplexer which disconnects the receiver from the antenna and connects
the transmitter to the antenna. In most systems, the antenna scans, i.e. rotates to
direct the radiated beam as desired. The scanning speed is small compared to the
speed of light in free space, so that the antenna does not rotate significantly in the
time taken by the radiated signal to return from a normal range of targets.

When the transmitted pulse is over, the duplexer disconnects the transmitter from
the antenna, and reconnects the receiver to the antenna. The reflected pulses are
received and processed at the receiver which is invariably superheterodyne. The
demodulated pulses are then fed to an indicator or a display device for analysis. The
transmission and reception of pulses continue as the antenna scans in the
predetermined fashion.

As the information on the azimuth (horizontal direction) and elevation (vertical

direction) of the antenna is provided by the radar, the position of the target can be
found. The distance of the target (or the range) can be determined from the total
time τ (in sec) taken by the pulse to travel to the target and return to its initial point.
If c (= 3 X 108 m/s) is the velocity of light in free space, the distance to the target is
d= c τ/2 metre. The velocity of the target with respect to the radar set can be
obtained from the positions of the consecutive echoes.

The widths of the transmitted pulses must be much shorter than the interpulse
interval. Moreover, the pulse repetition frequency ought to be much higher than the
scanning speed of the antenna. Thus there is a limit on the smallest number of
pulses that can be transmitted per second. The pulse width should not be too small,
because of the receiver bandwidth and hence receiver noise power varies inversely
as the pulse width. In order that the target direction can be precisely found, the
radar antenna must have the dimensions of a few wavelengths to produce sharp,
narrow beams. Hence short wavelengths have to be used. Thus pulse-modulated
UHF (Ultra High Frequency) or microwave frequencies are employed in radar.

Radar range equation: The maximum range (dmax) is achieved when the received
power equals the minimum power (Pmin) that can be detected by the receiver, being
limited by receiver noise.

dmax = {(S PT A02)/ (4 π λ2 Pmin)}1/4 = [(S PT GT2 λ2)/ {(4π)3 Pmin}]1/4

where, S = effective area of the target,

PT= peak value of the transmitted pulsed power
A0= capture area of the receiving antenna
λ = wavelength
Pmin= minimum power that can be detected by the receiver
GT= power gain of the antenna relative to the isotropic radiator

Marine RADAR system

Basic pulsed RADAR set:
 Trigger source

Modulator
Antenna
Microwave oscillator
Duplexer

Video Amplifier Indicator

Angle data
from antenna
Detector IF Amplifier Mixer

Local Oscillator

The trigger source, the modulator, and the microwave oscillator constitute the
transmitter: whereas the mixer, the local oscillator, the IF amplifier, the detector,
and the video amplifier make up the receiver. The duplexer, the antenna and the
indicator are common to the transmitter and the receiver.

The trigger source supplies pulses for the modulator which, in turn, generates
rectangular voltage pulses that are used as the supply voltage for the microwave
oscillator. The oscillator is thus switched on and off, and the microwave oscillations
are pulse modulated. The operation of the oscillator by pulses reduces the heating of
the tube. The duplexer allows the output pulse to pass through to the antenna for
the radiation.

Radars use horizontal, vertical, linear and circular polarization to detect different
types of reflections. Radar systems must overcome unwanted signals in order to
focus only on the actual targets of interest. These unwanted signals may originate
from internal and external sources, both passive and active. The ability of the radar
system to overcome these unwanted signals defines its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
SNR is defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power within the desired
signal. Radio frequency (RF) echoes returned from targets which are uninteresting to
the radar operators are referred to as clutter. Such targets include natural objects
such as ground, sea, precipitation, sand storms, animals (especially birds),
atmospheric turbulence, and other atmospheric effects, such as ionosphere
reflections and meteor trails. Clutter may also be returned from man-made objects
such as buildings and, intentionally, by radar countermeasures such as chaff. Radar
jamming refers to radio frequency signals originating from sources outside the radar,
transmitting in the radar's frequency and thereby masking targets of interest.

RADAR Imaging:

Traditional radar sends directional pulses of electromagnetic energy and detects the
presence, position and motion of an object (such as an aircraft) by analyzing the
portion of the energy reflected from the object back to the radar station. Imaging
radar attempts to form a picture of the object as well. The image gives the two
dimensional map of a certain property of a scene. In optical images, it is the optical
reflective index of the material. Similarly in radar imaging a two dimensional map of
the electromagnetic scattering coefficient of a scene is generated.

RADAR navigation:

Radar ranges and bearings can be very useful for navigation. Marine radar systems
can provide very useful navigation information in a variety of situations. When the
vessel is within radar range of land or special radar aids to navigation, the navigator
can take distances and angular bearings to charted objects and use these to
establish arcs of position and lines of position on a chart.

Surveillance RADAR:

Surveillance RADAR surveys the area from which the ship has to pass. There are two
types of surveillance RADAR: - Air surveillance Radar and Surface surveillance Radar.

Air Surveillance radar surveys that whether there is any aircraft or not. Surface
surveillance radar surveys the water surface if there was any ship or any obstruction
is there or not.

Uses of Early Warning Radar, fire control radar, IFF during

war:

Warning Radar is long rage radar used to detect any aircraft or any ship is coming
towards one ship. The range is approximately 300-400 nautical miles. The radar
detects the target and gives its range, bearing, elevation and speed. Once the target
is detected its information are monitored and passed to the fire control radar. The
target may be that country’s ship /aircraft or may be of its enemy’s. To recognize
whether it is a friend or foe, IFF (interrogation friend or foe) system of the ship
transmits a frequency which is coded. If ship or aircraft is a friend, then
automatically reply comes from IFF of that ship/aircraft immediately which is also
coded. The receiver receives it, decodes it and it is friend or enemy. The target
received in the fire control radar thus analyzed and locks with the antenna.
Accordingly the antenna also follows the movement of the moving ship/aircraft. The
ships Gyro, Log, anemometer feeds all data to the radar for accuracy and when the
target is within the gun range it fires automatically or manually.

Pulse Radar Transmitter:

In warship, mainly pulsed radar is used. In this system, the transmitter is electric
wave which is converted into electromagnetic wave by crystal diode. Then the
electromagnetic wave is transferred to the antenna by the wave guide. If EM wave
transfer to the antenna by rectangular wave guide follows reflection property of
light, then antenna transmit it vertically or horizontally.

Pulse Radar Receiver:

Receiver consists of RF amplifier, mixture, IF amplifier, AFC discriminator, detector,

video amplifier, CRT and local oscillator. There is another factor PRT (Pulse Rate
Time). It has two diodes, connected back to back, which acts as a transmitter-
receiver switching circuit. When the first pulse is generated, then switching circuit
fixes the waveguide with the transmitter. After transmitting the first pulse,
transmitter wait for the next pulse. Then switching circuit fixes the waveguide with
the receiver. Then receiver receives the signal and the RF amplifier amplifies it and
sends it to the mixer. Local oscillator generates a frequency and the mixture mixes
those two frequencies and sends it to the IF amplifier which amplifies the frequency.
Then the detector detects the video signal and sends it to the video amplifier. The
video amplifier then amplifies it and sends it to the CRT. Thus we get the image on
the CRT.

2. Echo Sounder:
Echo Sounder is a device for determining the depth of the seabed or detecting
objects in water by measuring the time taken for sound echoes to return to the
listener. It can also be defined as marine instrument used primarily for determining
the depth of water by means of an acoustic echo. A pulse of sound sent from the
ship is reflected from the sea bottom back to the ship, the interval of time between
transmission and reception being proportional to the depth of the water. An echo
sounder is really a type of active sonar. It consists of a transducer located near the
keel of the ship which serves as both the transmitter and receiver of the acoustic
signal; the necessary oscillator, receiver and amplifier which generates and receives
the electrical impulses to and from the transducer; and a recorder or other indicator
which is calibrated in terms of the depth of the water.The distance is measured by
multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the speed
of sound in the water, which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second. The
transmit frequency generally used is naval ships and war ships are 33 kHz or 210
kHz. Transmit frequencies are digitally synthesized and based on the stable
frequency characteristics of a crystal controlled clock oscillator. The transmit pulse
length is varied automatically depending on the frequency. The receiver system
incorporates time varied gain and may also incorporate operator adjusted sensitivity.

3. Electromagnetic Log (EM Log):

An Electromagnetic Log is also sometimes called an EM Log. It measures the speed

of a vessel through water. It operates on the well proven electromagnetic principle
that when a conductor (such as water) passes through a moving electromagnetic
field, a voltage is created and the amount of voltage created increases as the speed
of the conductor increases. A sensor attached to the hull of the vessel produces an
electromagnetic field, by using the water as the conductor. The process is the EM
Log sensor creates an electromagnetic field. A voltage is induced in the water; the
magnitude of the voltage varies depending upon the speed of the water flow past
the sensor. The EM Log measures the voltage created and translates this into the
vessel's speed through water.

Generally Electromagnetic Log consists of Main Electronics Unit (MEU), User

Interface Panel (UIP), Underwater Sensors, and Speed & Distance Repeaters.

4. DGPS (Differential Global Positioning

System):
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global
Positioning System that uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to
broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and
the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the
measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges,
and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount.

The Global Positioning System is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS). The GPS uses a constellation of Medium Earth Orbit satellites that
transmit precise microwave signals that enable GPS receivers to determine their
location, speed, direction and time. A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully
timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS satellites high above the earth.
Each satellite continually transmits message containing the time the message was
sent, a precise orbit for the satellite sending the message and the general system
health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites. These signals travel at the speed of light
through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The receiver uses
the arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each satellite, from
which it determines the position of the receiver. The resulting coordinates are
converted to more user friendly forms such as latitude and longitude, or location on
a map, and then displayed to the user.
 5. Gyrocompass:

A Gyrocompass is similar to a gyroscope. Gyrocompasses are widely used on ships.

It indicates the course of a ship by showing the relative position of the ship with
respect to the true north of the earth.
Earlier for navigation ships used magnetic compass. But magnetic compass gets
easily deflected by external magnetic field and does not show proper north and gets
deflected at the poles. So, to avoid this problem gyrocompass was invented.
Gyrocompass is constructed following the principle that a rigid body in space, i.e. in
a frictionless medium, if rotated at the maximum possible speed, the body holds two
properties- rigidity in space and precision. The property Rigidity in space refers to
the characteristics that the body when rotated at the maximum rpm in a frictionless
medium maintains its direction and is rigid and does not change its direction. The
property of precision explains the characteristics that the body being in maximum
rpm in a frictionless medium moves 90˚ ahead of the direction of applied force in
the direction of the direction of rotation. Using this property the Gyrocompass is set
to point the true north at the time of manufacture, and the true north is then
marked with a mark known as labor’s line.

The body holding the principle is set in the direction of the ship head. This body
does not move, as per the principle. But the body must be placed in frictionless
medium. Frictionless medium being impossible on earth, a fluid of minimum viscosity
is used so as to attain the minimum rpm of 33000. So, the body being in
synchronization with the head of the ship, the ship with the body pointer shifts from
the labors line showing the relative change in position with respect to the true north.
So, a gyrocompass easily shows the course of a ship.

6. Anemometer:

An anemometer is a device that is used for measuring wind speed, and is one
instrument used in a weather station. The term is derived from the Greek word
anemos, meaning wind. Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that
measure the wind's velocity, and those that measure the wind's pressure; but as
there is a close connection between the pressure and the velocity, an anemometer
designed for one will give information about both. Velocity anemometers are of few
types such as - Cup anemometers, Windmill anemometers, Hot-wire anemometers,
Laser Doppler anemometers, Sonic anemometers and Ping-pong ball anemometers.
Pressure anemometers are also of few types such as - Plate anemometers and Tube
anemometers.
 WEAPONS:
1. GUN: - Gun is a weapon used for destroying a visual/distant target. In the
present warfare, guns are brought into three groups-

a) Small arms- These are manually handled and triggered manually to destroy
the target at the range of maximum 500 yards.
b) Medium range gun- These guns are comparatively heavier than small arms
and hence manual movement is not feasible. Therefore, installed either on
the land or on board warship and are manually stroke, battery operated for
destroying a target at the range of 2000 yards/ knotical mile. Sometimes,
these guns are seen installed on a vehicle and used by Indian Army.
c) Long range gun- These guns are installed on board warship and are
controlled by a fire control system may be semi-automatic or fully
automatic to destroy target at the range of 2000 yards to 15 knotical miles as
per the capability of FCS. Semi-automatic guns are controlled by FCS and
ammunitions are loaded manually and hence said to semi-automatic. Fully
automatic guns are having total operation by FCS, right from the ammunition
loading from magazine into the chamber, training and laying of gun, and
when ready to fire.

2. TORPEDO: - Torpedo is an underwater weapon used to destroy underwater

target (submarine or submerged part of surface ship). Torpedo can be launched in
three ways-
a) From surface ship torpedo launcher, fitted on board ship,
b) From submarine torpedo tube fitted on board submarine, and
c) From helicopter/ aircraft, in this case torpedoes are dropped.
Torpedoes are deigned with three modes -
a) Conventional torpedo,
b) Attacking torpedo, and
c) Nuclear head torpedo.

3. CHAFF LAUNCHER: - It is used as a defensive weapon by a ship. It is fired from

the ship, to form a metallic cloud in the atmosphere, to prevent any electromagnetic
wave or transmission to pass through. Thus, enemy cannot detect the ship.

4. TOTTED SONAR: - Totted Sonar is used to save the ship from a torpedo already
fired towards that ship. Totted system has got a transducer, called fish. It is dropped
in the water and towed by the cable connected to the control unit in the ship. From
control unit, the transducer is operated and a suitable sound is transmitted to attract
the torpedo. Thus, the torpedo will destroy the transducer or ‘fish’ and the ship is
saved.
5. MISSILES: - It says “HIT FAST, HIT HARD, KEEP ON HITTING TILL YOU
SUCCED”. In the modern warfare modern war tactics is to hit early with the highest
impact, you win. A Missile is the advanced version of gun. Weapon radars are of two
types:

a) Searching radar: It has omnidirectional transmission with longest possible

range and wide band transmission. On any bearing or elevation, a target is
acquired to be classified and the target is handed over to attacking radar.
b) Attacking radar: This is a narrow beam, comparatively lesser range (than
searching radar), used for FCS, which further classifies the target and starts
controlling the control system of the missile launchers giving a command
when to launch missile.

A missile is designed to have its inbuilt control system which carries out travelling
from launching station to the target and explode itself either in the vicinity of target
or directly hit on the target. Missiles are launched from the missile launcher.
Launchers are installed either on the land or on board ship, or on an aircraft. Modern
missiles are of two types:-

a) Active: This missile, after launching from its launcher, is capable of

transmitting and receiving echoes from the designated target. It can
independently calculate whether the target is within the impact range and
explode itself to destroy the target.
b) Passive: This type of missile does not transmit but remain on passive mode to
receive any type of transmissions from designated target and calculates
whether the target is within the impact areas. When confirmed, it either
directly hit on the target or explodes to destroy.
 CALIBRATION:
Calibration is the validation of specific measurement techniques and equipments. It
can also be defined as a comparison between measurements – one of known
magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measurement
made in as similar a way as the second device. The device with the known or
assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is the Unit Under
Test (UUT), Test Instrument (TI) or any of several other names for the device being
calibrated. This process establishes the calibration of the second device, with
important limitations.

The calibration process begins with the design of the measuring instrument that
needs to be calibrated. The design has to be able to “hold a calibration” through its
calibration interval. In other words, the design has to be capable of measurements
that are “within engineering tolerance” when used within the stated environmental
condition over some reasonable period of time. The exact mechanism for assigning
tolerance values varies by country and industry type. The measuring equipment
manufacturer generally assigns the measurement tolerance, suggests a calibration
interval and specifies the environmental range of use and storage.

Thus, Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a measuring

device and the units of measure. This is done by comparing a device or the output
of an instrument to a standard having known measurement characteristics. For
example, the length of a stick can be calibrated by comparing it to a standard that
has a known length. Once the relationship of the stick to the standard is known, the
stick is calibrated and can be used to measure the length of other things.

For many operations, the quality of the calibration needs to be known and is
quantified by an uncertainty estimate for calibration. This is so important for the
scientific community and manufacturing operations that it has been proposed that
an evaluation of the measurement uncertainty was added as part of calibration
process. Part of calibration is to zero the measuring device, the process of
establishing that the zero point of the device corresponds to zero on the relevant
scale.

Calibration can be called for:

o With anew instrument
o When a specified time period is elapsed
o When a specified usage (operating hours) has elapsed
o When an instrument has had a shock or vibration which potentially may have
put it out of calibration
o Whenever observations appear questionable

In non specialized use, calibration is often regarded as including the process of

adjusting the output or indication on a measurement instrument to agree with value
of the applied standard, within a specified accuracy. Various sorts of pressure and
temperature meters are usually calibrated.

Some instruments related to the Electronics and Weapons

workshop:

1. Tachometer:

A tachometer is used for non-contact measurements. The tachometer probe directs

a light beam against a piece of reflecting foil attached to the shaft wheel of the
equipment whose speed is to be found. The measuring circuit counts the reflected
light pulses.

2. Three Phase Current Injector:

It is used to inject current upto 200A. It consists of 3 meters displaying current. It

also consists of a phase sequence meter indicating direction of rotation of R, B and
Y. on the side of the device; various knobs representing different values of current
are present. It can be used to inject current in device having 3 phases only.

3. Micro-ohmmeter:

A micro-ohm meter is used to measure resistances of the order of micro ohms. It is

a digital display meter. The resistance to be measured is held across the probes
fitted to the meter. It has got various ranges of resistance for more accurate
measurement.

4. Analog multimeter:

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an

electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in
one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure
voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog
multimeters and digital multimeters. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful
for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can
measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot
electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as
batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. Analog
multimeters are often less susceptible to radio frequency interference. Digital
multimeters are often affected by a sharp rise in signal and hence a value higher
than the actual one is obtained, but analog multimeters are considered better for
detecting the rate of change of a reading. In major engineering firms still analog
multimeters are in use.
5. SPA (Shock Pulse Analyzer):

Shock Pulse Analyzer combines the function of a shock pulse meter, a vibration
meter and a tachometer. It is used to check the operating conditions of rotating
machine in order to detect mechanical faults and supply data for effective preventive
maintenance. All significant aspects of mechanical machine conditions can be
monitored through it. The conditions are: The mechanical condition of rolling
bearings (bearing damage development), the lubrication condition of rolling
bearings, and General machine condition (the effect of structural looseness,
misalignment and out of on machine vibration).

6. Master Calibrator (FLUKE 5500A):

It is a multifunctional measuring instrument, which can calibrate a wide range of

instruments. It is a precise instrument that calibrates a wide variety of electrical
measuring instruments. It is also a fully programmable precision source.
It is used to calibrate various sorts of meters like voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter,
frequency meter, oscilloscope etc. It has 2 digital display screens. One screen is
used to show input and edit data; the other is used to output the result. It has
provision to take in two pair of inputs. A knob is also provided for increasing or
decreasing the input to the desired value. It has got a number of soft keys to
operate it in various modes like STDBY, OPR etc. The data should be inputted in the
standby mode (STDBY) and operated on OPR mode. The soft keys include keys for
performing various arithmetic operations; enter data, cursor keys to shift the cursor
to right or left etc.
 CONCLUSION:
In our daily life, the importance of communication system is very well known.
However, we also need communication system in ship. Though without the help
of mechanical and electrical engineering we cannot think of a complete ship, but
communication cannot be neglected. Without navigation, a ship cannot move.
When the ship is in the middle of a sea, we need communication system to guide
through. It also gives the security. The purpose of communication system in ship
is not only to ensure the security when the ship is in danger, but it also serves as
an entertainment purpose for the navy.

So, the main conclusion is that the percentage of perfectness of a ship can be
judged only by the strength of its communication system.