CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE

EXTRA JUDICIAL KILLING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines are illegal executions unlawful or
felonious killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines. These are forms of extrajudicial
punishment, and include extrajudicial executions, summary executions, arbitrary arrest and detentions,
and failed prosecutions due to political activities of leading political, trade union members, dissident
and/or social figures, left-wing political parties, non-governmental organizations, political journalists,
outspoken clergy, anti-mining activists, agricultural reform activists, members of organizations that are
allied or legal fronts of the communist movement like "Bayan group" or suspected supporters of the NPA
and its political wing, the Communist Party of the Philippines
Extrajudicial killings are most commonly referred to as "salvaging" in Philippine English. The word is
believed to be a direct Anglicization of Tagalog salbahe ("cruel", "barbaric"), from Spanish salvaje ("wild",
"savage").

Nature
Philippine extrajudicial killings are politically motivated murders committed by government officers,
punished by local and international law or convention. They include assassinations; deaths due to strafing
or indiscriminate firing; massacre; summary execution is done if the victim becomes passive before the
moment of death (i.e., abduction leading to death); assassination means forthwith or instant killing while
massacre is akin to genocide or mass extermination; thus, killings occurred in many regions or places
throughout the Philippines in different times - 136 killings in Southern Tagalog region were recorded by
human rights group Karapatan from 2001 to May 19, 2006.
A forced disappearance (desaparecidos), on the other hand, as form of extrajudicial punishment is
perpetrated by government officers, when any of its public officers abducts an individual, to vanish from
public view, resulting to murder or plain sequestration.

Marcos regime
In 1995, 10,000 Filipinos won a U.S. class-suit against the Ferdinand Marcos estate. The charges were filed
by victims or their surviving relatives for torture, execution and disappearances. Human rights groups
placed the number of victims of extrajudicial killings under martial law at 1500 and over 800 abductions;
Karapatan (a local human rights group's) records show 759 involuntarily disappeared (their bodies never
found). Military historian Alfred McCoy in his book "Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine
Military Academy" and in his speech "Dark Legacy" cites 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 torture victims,
and 70,000 incarcerated during the Marcos years. The newspaper "Bulatlat" places the number of victims
of arbitrary arrest and detention at 120,000.
The New People's Army (NPA) groups known as "Sparrow Units" were active in the mid-1980s, killing
government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination

Malacaang's peace summit and Puno's killings summit

Because of the magnitude of Philippine killings and desaparecidos, 22nd Chief Justice Reynato Puno of the
Supreme Court of the Philippines called a National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings on July 16
and 17, 2007 at the Manila Hotel. Invited representatives from the branches of the government
participated (including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the PNP, Commission on Human Rights
(Philippines), media, academe, civil society and other stakeholders). On the other hand, the Malacaang-
sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit" (July 810, 2007 at Cagayan de Oro City) concentrated
on the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, to make it more acceptable to the public.
30] At the July 16 summit, Reynato Puno stated that he Commission on Human Rights reported the
number of victims at 403 from 2001 to May 31, 2007, while Karapatan reported 863 deaths until 2007,
and more than 900 as of May, 2008, and most of them were members of left wing groups. Karapatan
further officially placed the number of victims of human rights violations: forced evacuations or
displacement at 7,442, by indiscriminate firing with 5,459 victims, and food and economic blockade with
3,042.
The rights group Desparecidos officially reported as of May 15, 2008, 194 victims of enforced
disappearances under the Arroyo administration, with the latest abduction of National Democratic Front
political consultant for Cagayan Valley, activist Randy Felix Malayao, 39, a volunteer worker.
Counsels for the Defense of Liberties (CODAL), Philippines, a lawyers organization stated that since 2001,
26 lawyers and 10 judges were killed due to their professions; 755 civilians had been killed extrajudicially,
while 359 survived attacks, but 184 persons were still missing.

Promulgation of Writs of Amparo and Habeas Data

Because of the inefficacy and insufficiency of the Philippines Writ of Habeas Corpus, on September 25,
2007, Chief Justice Reynato Puno signed and released the Writ of Amparo: "This rule will provide the
victims of extralegal killings and enforced disappearances the protection they need and the promise of
vindication for their rights. This rule empowers our courts to issue reliefs that may be granted through
judicial orders of protection, production, inspection and other relief to safeguard one's life and liberty The
writ of amparo shall hold public authorities, those who took their oath to defend the constitution and
enforce our laws, to a high standard of official conduct and hold them accountable to our people. The
sovereign Filipino people should be assured that if their right to life and liberty is threatened or violated,
they will find vindication in our courts of justice'." Puno explained the interim reliefs under amparo:
temporary protection order (TPO), inspection order (IO), production order (PO), and witness protection
order (WPO, RA 6981).] As supplement to Amparo, on August 30, 2007, Puno (at Silliman University in
Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental) promised to release also the writ of habeas data (you should have the
idea or you should have the data) another new legal remedy to solve the extrajudicial killings and
enforced disappearances. Puno explained that the writ of amparo denies to authorities defense of simple
denial, and habeas data can find out what information is held by the officer, rectify or even the destroy
erroneous data gathered. Brazil used the writ, followed by Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Argentina and
Ecuador.

International groups' 2006 and 2008 probe of killings

In 2006, the Dutch Lawyers for Lawyers Foundation and Lawyers without Borders with the support of the
Netherlands Bar Association, the Amsterdam Bar Association and the International Association of
Democratic Lawyers created a fact-finding mission in different parts of the Philippines. The international
groups conducted interviews of various legal sectors from June 15 to June 20, 2006.

From November 412, 2008, the Dutch Lawyers for Lawyers Foundation will conduct a follow-up
verification and fact finding mission (IVFFM) in Manila and Mindanao, with the National Host Committee,
National Union of Peoples' Lawyers (NUPL) and the Counsels for the Defense of Liberties (CODAL).

International criticism
On September 28, 2007, the Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) criticized the Writ of Amparo and
Habeas Data (Philippines) for being insufficient: "Though it responds to practical areas it is still necessary
that further action must be taken in addition to this. The legislative bodies, House of Representatives and
Senate, should also initiate its own actions promptly and without delay. They must enact laws which
ensure protection of rightslaws against torture and enforced disappearance and laws to afford
adequate legal remedies to victims." AHRC objected since the writ failed to protect non-witnesses, even
if they too face threats or risk to their lives.

International reports - the root cause of killings

Alston UN report
Philip Alston submitted his final report on the killings; he found that the Armed Forces of the Philippines
killed left-wing activists to get rid of communist insurgents: "the executions had "eliminated civil society
leaders, including human rights defenders, trade unionists and land reform advocates, intimidated a vast
number of civil society actors, and narrowed the countrys political discourse." Alston denied for lack of
merit the government's claim that killings were perpetrated by communists to exterminate spies and to
make negative propaganda versus government. Alston, on February, 2007 stated that the military made
alibis or denials on its role about 800 deaths of activists and journalists since 2001. Alston blamed
"impunity" which caused the executions of journalists and leftist activists: "the priorities of the criminal
justice system had been "distorted," and had "increasingly focused on prosecuting civil society leaders
rather than their killers." But Alston noted the government's creation of special courts to try extrajudicial
killings, the Melo Commission and the Philippine National Police's Task Force Usig. In the November U.N.
Alston report - the killings in 2007 was only 68, huge drop from the 209 murdered in 2006. Karapatan
published its report however, listing 830 victims of extrajudicial killings since 2001, under Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo. On March 1, 2007, the Supreme Court of the Philippines issued Administrative Order
No. 25-2007, which created by designation 99 regional trial courts to try cases of killings and
desaparecidos.

Failed investigations and prosecutions

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Execution found that just on paper trails, cases are
filed; but Alston officially concluded that there is a passivity, bordering on an abdication of responsibility,
which affects the way in which key institutions and actors approach their responsibilities in relation to
such human rights concerns; prosecutors refused to take a role in gathering evidence, and instead being
purely passive, waiting for the police to present them with a file; the Ombudsmans office did almost
nothing in recent years in this regard, failing to act in any of the 44 complaints alleging extrajudicial
executions attributed to State agents submitted from 2002 to 2006." (Preliminary note on the visit of the
Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, to the Philippines (12
21 February 2007), A/HRC/4/20/Add.3, March 22, 2007, p. 4., etc.)

Eric G. John and G. Eugene Martin testimonies

On March 14, 2007, Eric G. John, Deputy Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs testified
before the USA Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations at Washington, D.C. John submitted his written
statement: a) the increase in extrajudicial killings, b) the Huk Rebellion in the 1940s and 50s causing
thousands of murdered victims; c) the communist New Peoples Army (NPA), which was listed in the U.S.
State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations campaigned to overthrow the government since
1968; d) Extrajudicial killings by the security forces, the NPA, etc. during the Marcos regime, were less;
and e) noted the report of UN Special Rapporteur Alston which submitted the Philippine Governments
recognition of the gravity of the problem, expresses concern about the views of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP) regarding the problem, but much had to submitted that the reforms made did not and
will not resolve the killings. Mr. Alston's March report stated that "the question of resources or technical
expertise will partly resolve the killings but the strong risk is that these measures will treat only some of
the symptoms of the crisis, and will fail to address meaningfully two of the most important underlying
causes of a great many of the killings." (A/HRC/4/20/Add.3, March 22, 2007) Alston named two root
causes of the killings: (1) 'vilification', 'labeling, or 'guilt by association' "characterization of most groups
on the left of the political spectrum as front organizations for armed groups whose aim is to destroy
democracy" making the groups "considered to be legitimate targets; and (2) the Governments counter-
insurgency strategy's extent of facilitating killings of activists and others. G. Eugene Martin specifically
expanded the 2 causes of the violence and killings: a) weak political and social institutions, corrupt and
ineffective judicial system, resulting to failure to obtain justice from corrupt Philippine courts; and b) the
legacy of the Ferdinand Marcos regime; Martial law caused the corrupt system where soldiers, police,
judges and prosecutors became principals of offenses like extralegal arrest, detention, incarceration,
disappearances and killings (salvaging), all permitted or allowed. He traced the spate of violence and
killings to political instability of President Arroyo government; while she created the Independent
Commission to Address Media and Activist Killings, Melo Commission, she had no capability to end the
killings, due to her political lameness because of the 2004 election controversy.

FIDH report
Three experts from the International Federation for Human Rights (abbreviated FIDH), Mr. Nabeel Rajab
(Bahrain), Mr. Mouloud Boumghar (France) and Mr. Frdric Ceuppens (Belgium), came to the Philippines
on August 13 to 23, 2007. Their FIDH mission report stated that torture and ill-treatment was widespread
versus suspected "terrorists". The Filipino government is a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the UN Convention against Torture (CAT). The FIDH dismissed the
Philippines government's claim doubts that mechanisms were placed to stop the killings, as it questioned
the efficiency of the corrupt judiciary, the government Witness Protection Programme ; also, judges
and lawyers were victims themselves of killings. It also found the Philippine anti-terrorism law ( Human
Security Act) to result in more torture and extrajudicial killings as a fight against terrorism.

2008 US Department of State report

On March 11, 2008, the US Department of State reported that "arbitrary, unlawful arrests and
extrajudicial and political killings continued to be a major problem in the Philippines in 2007. Washington
stated that "many of these killings went unsolved and unpunished despite intensified efforts of the
government to investigate and prosecute these cases."

Judicial corruption
On January 25, 2005, and on December 10, 2006, Philippines Social Weather Stations released the results
of its two surveys on corruption in the judiciary; it published that: a) like 1995, 1/4 of lawyers said
many/very many judges are corrupt. But (49%) stated that a judges received bribes, just 8% of lawyers
admitted they reported the bribery, because they could not prove it. judges, however, said, just 7% call
many/very many judges as corrupt) "Judges see some corruption; proportions who said - many/very many
corrupt judges or justices: 17% in reference to RTC judges, 14% to MTC judges, 12% to Court of Appeals
justices, 4% i to Shari'a Court judges, 4% to Sandiganbayan justices and 2% in reference to Supreme Court
justices

Maguindanao massacre

Symbolic 'Impuni-tree' planted for 3rd anniversary of Maguindanao massacre (University of the
Philippines College of Mass Communication, UP Diliman).
In the Maguindanao massacre in the Philippines on November 23, 2009, 57 people were killed while en
route to file an electoral certificate of candidacy for Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan town, in
upcoming gubernatorial elections for Maguindanao province.

War on Drugs
Main article: Philippine Drug War
On July 2, 2016, the Communist Party of the Philippines stated that it "reiterates its standing order for the
NPA to carry out operations to disarm and arrest the chieftains of the biggest drug syndicates, as well as
other criminal syndicates involved in human rights violations and destruction of the environment" after
its political wing Bagong Alyansang Makabayan accepted Cabinet posts in the new government.
On July 3, the Philippine National Police said they had killed 30 alleged drug dealers since Duterte was
sworn in as president on June 30. They later stated they had killed 103 suspects between May 10 and July
7.

Events
In February, 2007, The U.S. ambassador to the Philippines has broken her silence and called on Manila to
end extrajudicial killings. On Feb. 27, Kristie Kenney U.S. ambassador to the Philippines alerted Mrs.
Arroyo as she voiced her call to end these killings: "Let's beef up the human rights in the Armed Forces of
the Philippines and make every effort to investigate, prosecute those responsible, exonerate the
innocent."
In August, 2007, the International Day of the Disappeared, Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC)
ranked the Philippines among the top eight countries in Asia where forced disappearances of activists are
not just rampant but are done with impunity. Sri Lanka heads the list (statement posted on its website
(www.ahrchk.net)). The activists took part in the recent Human Rights School Session of the AHRC for
2007. The AHRC listed the other countries where forced disappearances take place with impunity:
Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, Philippines and parts of India.
In September, 2007, Marie Hilao-Enriquez, Karapatan secretary-general, formally petitioned the United
Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to direct the Philippine government to stop the extrajudicial
killings. She filed the report on 60 cases killings have been recorded by Karapatan from January to June,
2007, alone, with 17 cases of disappearances, 12 of torture and 113, of illegal arrests.
On October 3, 2007 at Tarlac City, 69-year-old Bishop Alberto Ramento of the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente (IFI), or Philippine Independent Church, and a vocal critic of killings under the Arroyo
government, was stabbed 7 times and killed.
The December 11, 2006 Philippines National Polices Task Force Usig submitted 115 cases of slain party
list /militant members since 2001, and 26 cases of mediamen. The Philippine Daily Inquirer published
299 killings from October 2001 and April 2007 (See e.g. Alcuin Papa, 3 US solons to PNP: Respect human
rights, Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 18, 2007)
The December 2007 year end report of Karapatan (Alliance for the Advance of Peoples Rights) noted only
68 extrajudicial killings vis-a-vis year 2006 209 victims. Karapatan also reported 16,307 human rights
violations just for 2007 (which include killings to forcible displacement of communities). Therefore, aside
from the 887 killings since 2001 under Mrs. Arroyo, Karapatan, just for 2007, underscored 35 victims of
political killings; 26, of enforced or involuntary disappearance; 8, of abduction; 29, of torture; 129, of
illegal arrest; 116, of illegal detention; 330, of threat, harassment and intimidation; 7,542, of forcible
evacuation or displacement, 3,600, of hamletting, interalia. As only solution, it petitioned the
resignation of Mrs. Arroyo. (with 356 left-wing activists murdered). The Philippines armed forces battled
the Communists since 1969, with about 40,000 victims killed, and it had to ward off killings by Muslim
radicals. However, Justice Undersecretary Ricardo Blancaflor, head of Task Force on Political Violence
contradicted Karapatan's submission only on the number of killings. PNP's Task Force Usig, according to
Blancaflor noted only 141 cases, of which, only 114 are party list members or leftist activists.
On December 13, 2007, Philippine Human Rights Commissioner Dominador Calamba II, at the Philippine
Working Group for an Asean Human Rights Mechanism forum denounced the failure of the government
in its treaty reporting to the United Nations, due to "13 reports overdue" (reports due on implementation
of international covenants signed by the Philippines to solve discrimination, forced disappearances and
extrajudicial killings). Calamba reported 383 killings filed with the CHR, of which 145 were extrajudicial or
political in form.
On January 1, 2008, the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) paid tribute to 171 journalists killed in 2007.
Citing data published by International Federation of Journalists: Iraq was number one, with 65 deaths; in
the Philippines, 6 journalists killed on 2007 were Hernani Pastolero (Sultan Kudarat), Carmelito Palacios
(Nueva Ecija), Dodie Nunez (Cavite), Geruncio "Oscar" Mondejar (Mandaue), Vicente Sumalpong (Tawi-
Tawi) and Fernando "Batman" Lintuan (Davao City); 54 journalists were murdered under the
administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. In 2006, INSI stated that the Philippines was the
2nd most dangerous country for journalists, next to Iraq, listing 15 work-related journalists murdered. On
January 4, 2008, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Asia-Pacific director Jacqueline Park
denounced the murders of broadcasters Fernando Lintuan in Davao City and former journalist Romelito
Oval, Jr. It petitioned the Philippine government to fully investigate 2007 journalists' killings: "5 journalists
as well as Oval were killed in the Philippines in 2007, which is shocking and reveals the extreme dangers
that journalists face every day in trying to carry out their work. There will be no press freedom in the
Philippines until this (situation) changes."
On January 4, 2008, Anakpawis Rep. Crispin Beltran filed House Resolution 299 with the House of
Representatives of the Philippines to investigate the murders and harassment of trade union/labor
leaders in the Philippines. He cited the 2007 annual Survey of Trade Union Rights Violations of the
International Trade Union Confederation: "33 of the total 144 cases of trade union killings worldwide
happened in the Philippines; and 800 cases of beatings and torture of trade unionists in the country."
On January 9, 2008, PNP Task Force Usig announced that 3 policemen, 11 soldiers and 3 militiamen had
been arrested or named suspects in killings of media men and militants since 2001. Director Jefferson P.
Soriano submitted the report with the 17 names to PNP chief Avelino Razon. As of December 10, TF Usig
prosecuted 113 killings cases of party-list members, leftist activists and 27 journalists.
Twin horrible deaths happened on/circa the same day last year, January 15, 2007, that the Supreme Court
of the Philippines' (logo or seal) was mysteriously burned into halves by an almost one hour afternoon
fire. Despite different appeals by local and international groups, the spate of extrajudicial killings in the
Philippines continued. On January 15, 2008, Reynato Puno condemned the murder of Judge Roberto
Navidad, Regional Trial Court, Branch 32, Calbayog City, Samar, the 15th judge to be ambushed since July
20, 1999, the 14th under the Arroyo government. Just starting his engine, black Nissan Patrol SUV (TPL-
911), Natividad was shot in the face/left eye, at 7:10 p.m. Monday, by a lone gunman, 54" tall and
medium-built, wearing black jacket, using a 45 caliber pistol. On Tuesday, Catholic missionary Rey Roda,
Oblates of Marry Immaculate (OMI), 54, was shot dead at 8:30 p.m., when he resisted abduction attempt
by unidentified 10 armed men in a chapel at ikud Tabawan village, South Ubian, Tawi-Tawi, South Ubian.
In February 1997, another OMI leader, Bishop Benjamin de Jesus was shot dead in front of the Jolo
cathedral. In 2006, the Asian Human Rights Commission stated that there had been 26 priests, pastors,
and churchmen who were executed or were victims of violence under the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
administration since 2001. This includes 3 priests who were reported killed just in 2007: Basilio Bautista
of the Iglesia Filipina Reform Group, in Surigao del Sur, Indonesian priest Fransiskus Madhu, in Kalinga
province, and Catholic priest Florante Rigonan, in Ilocos Norte. On January 19, 2008, the Catholic Bishops
Conference of the Philippines (quoting from a letter of Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarciso
Bertone), announced that Pope Benedict XVI "praised the courage of, and was saddened over the brutal
and tragic killing of Fr. Reynaldo Roda in his ministry as head of Notre Dame School." The Pope wrote Jolo
Bishop Angelito Lampon: "calls upon the perpetrators to renounce the ways of violence and to play their
part in building a just and peaceful society, where all can live together in harmony."
On January 16, 2008, the New York-based international democracy watchdog Freedom House dropped or
relegated the "freedom status" of the Philippines to partially free from a list of totally free countries. It
based its Philippine status downgrade on the spate of political killings, "specifically targeting left-wing
political activists in the country, freedom in the sloped downward."
On January 18, 2008, the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP), led by KMP chairman Rafael "Ka Paeng"
Mariano (president of the Anakpawis), condemned the January 12 kidnapping and January 16 extrajudicial
killing and torture of their farmer and local leader Teldo Rebamonte, 45, Masbate Peoples Organization
(who was supposed to join the commemoration of the Mendiola Massacre) in Barangay Nabasagan,
Concepcion in Claveria, Burias Island, Masbate.
On January 23, Karapatan announced that the two latest victims of extrajudicial killings were: Tildo
Rebamonte, 45, a Claveria, Masbate carpenter, who was gunned down on January 16, four days after he
was allegedly kidnapped by the Philippine National Polices Regional Mobile Group; and ex-political
prisoner Ronald Sendrijas, 35, who was shot dead in Tagbilaran City, Bohol on January 17.
On January 23, 2008, (or in just nine days after the murder of a priest) Pastor Felicisimo Catambis, 60, of
the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) in Catugan, Barangay (village) Balucawe, Leyte town
was shot dead by a still unknown assailant.
On March 14, 2008, Filipino lawyer Edre Olalia (lead officer of the National Union of Peoples Lawyers and
the Counsels for the Defense of Liberties) brought the Philippine case and appealed to the United Nations
Human Rights Council (UNHRC), in its 7th Geneva session "to stop the extrajudicial killings and abductions
in the Philippines". Philippines killings will be examined in the first UNHRC session, periodic review from
April 7 to 18, along with those in 15 others of 192 member-countries.
Deepak Obhrai, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in a statement at Canada's
House of Commons, commended "the laudable role of the Supreme Court in the preservation of human
rights and in the pursuit of justice." Canadian Ambassador Robert Desjanis sent the document to Chief
Justice Reynato Puno "to underline the value that the government of Canada attaches to your efforts in
this regard as well as to our continued collaboration in the Justice Reform Initiatives Support Project."
In the March, 2008 US Department of State, 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the US
found that extrajudicial and political killings, including those of journalists, by members of the military,
police, Communist rebels and other terrorist groups / perpetrators continue to be a major problem in the
Philippines. The report added that "despite intensified efforts by the Philippine government to investigate
and prosecute these cases, many went unsolved and unpunished."
The delegates to the 6th Congress of the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), led by
chairman Jose Torres Jr. renewed calls to an end to unabated media killing. It reported that the list of
journalists murdered swelled from 60 in 2001 to 96 in 2008. The most recent victims were gunned down
local radio broadcasters of Radio Mindanao Network, Dennis Cuesta from General Santos City, and Martin
Roxas of Roxas City, Capiz. The NUJP declared August 20, a "National Day of Mourning" as journalists wore
black in protest, as they paid tribute to slain media practitioners at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon
City.
 CHAPTER III

CASES OF EJK BY THE PAST QUARTER OF THIS YEAR

Death toll
Data below is as of March 13, 2017, 6 pm.

23 suspected drug personalities killed in police operations, since March 6, 2017

Before the suspension of PNP's anti-drug operations, there had been over 7,000 deaths linked to the "war
on drugs" both from legitimate police operations and vigilante-style or unexplained killings (including
deaths under investigation) from July 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017.

Below were the figures based on revised PNP data at the end of that period:

PNP DATA

922

3603

7080

2555

Number of people killed Suspected drug personalities

Death under investigation Death investigation concluded

7,080 total number of people killed in #WarOnDrugs since July 1, 2016

2,555 suspected drug personalities killed in police operations, as of January 31, 2017

3,603 victims in cases of deaths under investigation, as of January 9, 2017

922 victims in cases where investigation has concluded, as of January 9, 2017

As of 6 am of September 14, the number of suspects killed in police operations reached 1,506. But during
a Senate probe on extrajudicial killings that day, PNP Chief Ronald dela Rosa said that after validation by
its Directorate for Operations, the figure was corrected to only 1,105 deaths.
EJKs, deaths under investigation

The PNP also records reports of extrajudicial, vigilante-style, or unexplained killings. Many of these cases
are still being investigated by the police.

Data below is as of January 9, 2017.

3271

4146

Cases outside police operation Incidents of deaths under investigation

4,146 number of murder cases outside police operations

3,271 number of cases/incidents of deaths under investigation

875 number of cases/incidents with investigation concluded; among these:

Suspects at large
38%
Suspects arrested
Suspects at large
Suspects arrested
62%

- 543 are w/ suspects arrested

- 332 are w/ suspects at large
Police, military casualties

Revised data below is as of January 30, 2017.

35 police personnel killed during operations

(including 13 for validation)

3 AFP personnel killed in action

87 police personnel wounded during operations

(including 10 for validation)

8 AFP personnel wounded in action

As of October 15, the number of policemen killed during operations stood at 13, while there were 40
wounded.

On October 19, deaths among police personnel rose to 15, while the number of wounded was revised to
36 after validation. The PNP broke down the casualties between drug-related and non-drug-related
incidents, then reported only the drug-related casualties afterwards (7 dead, 24 wounded).

As of November 7, they returned to reporting all police casualties. (Related EXPLAINER: How serious is the
PH drug problem? Here's the data)

On January 30, PNP chief Ronald dela Rosa ordered a stop to police-initiated anti-illegal drug operations,
thereby ending Oplan Tokhang and related activities like buy-busts and the service of search warrants.
This is in accordance with President Duterte's pronouncement to "cleanse the police ranks" first after the
PNP came under fire for the killing of South Korean businessman Jee Ick Joo in October 2016. with
reports from Bea Cupin/Rappler.com
Effects of EJK to Society

4 4 2

12

49
14

17
7 8

Received bribes Admits bribery Judges corrupted

RTC Judges references MTC judges Court of Appeals justice
Shari'a Court judges Sandiganbayan justice Supreme Court justice

On January 25, 2005, and on December 10, 2006, Philippines Social Weather Stations released the results
of its two surveys on corruption in the judiciary; it published that: a) like 1995, 1/4 of lawyers said
many/very many judges are corrupt. But (49%) stated that a judges received bribes, just 8% of lawyers
admitted they reported the bribery, because they could not prove it. judges, however, said, just 7% call
many/very many judges as corrupt) "Judges see some corruption; proportions who said - many/very many
corrupt judges or justices: 17% in reference to RTC judges, 14% to MTC judges, 12% to Court of Appeals
justices, 4% i to Shari'a Court judges, 4% to Sandiganbayan justices and 2% in reference to Supreme Court
justices. If our government corrupt such as this? How could our society survive if it has a government not
worth to be trusted.
 CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

From the information given in the previous chapter that the effects of EJK in our country is
heavily affecting the reputation in our country and its relations to soviring nations. Thus influencing
chaos throughout the nation, exploiting corrupt officials of high merits thus concluding and showing
that the government itself is compromised of corruption through humorous acts through drugs,
business self interest/benefits, bribery and etc.; the showing our society is diminishing from standards
of self sustaining due to the lack of governments full conventional supports.

Conclusion

1. The impact of corruption is very hard on public life.

2. It appears that the corruption is ever rising and unstoppable.
3. Further people involved in corruption seem to be hiding themselves by blaming others.
4. They proud of themselves as they made more money in short time.
5. To worsen the condition further, those involved in corruption are able to get better
promotions and opportunities.

Recommendation

1. Corrupting money in our government it should cause trouble in our country.

2. Drugs, corruption, bribes, business self interests and etc. can cause EJK.
3. Conduct further study on the causes of extrajudicial killing.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Internet Source
G. Eugene Martin. "Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: Strategies to
End the Violence". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 28
October 2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing
Nathan Ela. "On Salvaging". Task Force Detainees of the Philippines.
Retrieved 28 October 2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearan
ces_in_the_Philippines
Teddy Casio. "Ozamiz gang incident shows "salvaging" still a practice
among cops, soldiers". International Coalition for Human Rights in the
Philippines. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/INF4260/h10/.../DataAnalysis.pdf